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Hervault M, Wessel JR. Common and unique neurophysiological signatures for the stopping and revising of actions reveal the temporal dynamics of inhibitory control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.597172. [PMID: 38948849 PMCID: PMC11212930 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.597172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a crucial cognitive-control ability for behavioral flexibility that has been extensively investigated through action-stopping tasks. Multiple neurophysiological features have been proposed to represent 'signatures' of inhibitory control during action-stopping, though the processes signified by these signatures are still controversially discussed. The present study aimed to disentangle these processes by comparing simple stopping situations with those in which additional action revisions were needed. Three experiments in female and male humans were performed to characterize the neurophysiological dynamics involved in action-stopping and - changing, with hypotheses derived from recently developed two-stage 'pause-then-cancel' models of inhibitory control. Both stopping and revising an action triggered an early broad 'pause'-process, marked by frontal EEG β-bursts and non-selective suppression of corticospinal excitability. However, partial-EMG responses showed that motor activity was only partially inhibited by this 'pause', and that this activity can be further modulated during action-revision. In line with two-stage models of inhibitory control, subsequent frontocentral EEG activity after this initial 'pause' selectively scaled depending on the required action revisions, with more activity observed for more complex revisions. This demonstrates the presence of a selective, effector-specific 'retune' phase as the second process involved in action-stopping and -revision. Together, these findings show that inhibitory control is implemented over an extended period of time and in at least two phases. We are further able to align the most commonly proposed neurophysiological signatures to these phases and show that they are differentially modulated by the complexity of action-revision. Significance Statement Inhibitory control is one of the most important control processes by which humans can regulate their behavior. Multiple neurophysiological signatures have been proposed to reflect inhibitory control. However, these play out on different time scales and appear to reflect different aspects of cognitive control, which are controversially debated.Recent two-stage models of inhibitory control have proposed that two phases implement the revisions of actions: 'pause' and 'retune'. Here, we provide the first empirical evidence for this proposition: Action revisions engendered a common initial low-latency 'pause', during which motor activity is broadly suppressed. Later activity, however, distinguishes between simple stopping of actions and more complex action revisions. These findings provide novel insights into the sequential dynamics of human action control.
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Beinhölzl N, Molloy EN, Zsido RG, Richter T, Piecha FA, Zheleva G, Scharrer U, Regenthal R, Villringer A, Okon-Singer H, Sacher J. The attention-emotion interaction in healthy female participants on oral contraceptives during 1-week escitalopram intake. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:809269. [PMID: 36161146 PMCID: PMC9500523 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.809269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings in healthy humans suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) modulate emotional processing via earlier changes in attention. However, many previous studies have provided inconsistent findings. One possible reason for such inconsistencies is that these studies did not control for the influence of either sex or sex hormone fluctuations. To address this inconsistency, we administered 20 mg escitalopram or placebo for seven consecutive days in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to sixty healthy female participants with a minimum of 3 months oral contraceptive (OC) intake. Participants performed a modified version of an emotional flanker task before drug administration, after a single dose, after 1 week of SSRI intake, and after a 1-month wash-out period. Supported by Bayesian analyses, our results do not suggest a modulatory effect of escitalopram on behavioral measures of early attentional-emotional interaction in female individuals with regular OC use. While the specific conditions of our task may be a contributing factor, it is also possible that a practice effect in a healthy sample may mask the effects of escitalopram on the attentional-emotional interplay. Consequently, 1 week of escitalopram administration may not modulate attention toward negative emotional distractors outside the focus of attention in healthy female participants taking OCs. While further research in naturally cycling females and patient samples is needed, our results represent a valuable contribution toward the preclinical investigation of antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Beinhölzl
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nathalie Beinhölzl,
| | - Eóin N. Molloy
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- University Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rachel G. Zsido
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thalia Richter
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fabian A. Piecha
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gergana Zheleva
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scharrer
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, MindBrainBody Institute, Charité—Berlin University of Medicine and Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hadas Okon-Singer
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Julia Sacher
- Emotion and Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Helios Park Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Julia Sacher,
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Inhibition-related differences between tic-free and tic-related obsessive–compulsive disorder: evidence from the N2 and P3. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3449-3459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Richards JS, Vásquez AA, van Rooij D, van der Meer D, Franke B, Hoekstra PJ, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Faraone SV, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:308-321. [PMID: 27170266 PMCID: PMC5435559 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments. METHODS Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were assessed during a Stop-signal task in participants with (N = 197) and without (N = 295) ADHD, from N = 278 families (age M = 17.18, SD =3.65). We examined GxE between candidate plasticity genes (DAT1, 5-HTT, DRD4) and social environments (maternal expressed emotion, peer affiliation). RESULTS A DRD4 × Positive peer affiliation interaction was found on the right fusiform gyrus (rFG) activation during successful inhibition. Further, 5-HTT short allele carriers showed increased rFG activation during failed inhibitions. Maternal warmth and positive peer affiliation were positively associated with right inferior frontal cortex activation during successful inhibition. Deviant peer affiliation was positively related to the error rate. CONCLUSIONS While a pattern of differential genetic susceptibility was found, more clarity on the role of the FG during response inhibition is warranted before firm conclusions can be made. Positive and negative social environments were related to inhibitory control. This extends previous research emphasizing adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Center, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Syracuse, USA and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nautiyal KM, Okuda M, Hen R, Blanco C. Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1394:106-127. [PMID: 28486792 PMCID: PMC5466885 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD), previously called pathological gambling and classified as an impulse control disorder in DSM-III and DSM-IV, has recently been reclassified as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5. It is widely recognized as an important public health problem associated with substantial personal and social costs, high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, poor physical health, and elevated suicide rates. A number of risk factors have been identified, including some genetic polymorphisms. Animal models have been developed in order to study the underlying neural basis of GD. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the risk factors, disease course, and pathophysiology. A focus on a phenotype-based dissection of the disorder is included in which known neural correlates from animal and human studies are reviewed. Finally, current treatment approaches are discussed, as well as future directions for GD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Nautiyal
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mayumi Okuda
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rene Hen
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Blanco
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland
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Forsyth B, Machado L, Jowett T, Jakobi H, Garbe K, Winter H, Glue P. Effects of low dose ibogaine on subjective mood state and psychological performance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 189:10-13. [PMID: 27180314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Root bark from Tabernanthe iboga has been used traditionally in West Africa as a psychoactive substance in religious rituals. In smaller doses it is reported anecdotally to have stimulant properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the influence of a single 20mg ibogaine dose on psychological variables reflecting subjective mood state and a range of cognitive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 healthy male volunteers received single 20mg doses of ibogaine after 6 days pretreatment with double-blind paroxetine or placebo. We compared responses to a battery of psychometric tests and subjective mood ratings performed before and 2h after ibogaine dosing, and assessed relationships between changes in test scores and concentrations of active moiety (the sum of molar noribogaine and ibogaine concentrations). Psychological tests were chosen based on responsiveness to opioid and serotonergic ligands. RESULTS Ibogaine had minimal influence on psychological tests and mood ratings. The ability to selectively ignore distracting spatial information showed some evidence of modulation; however because this effect was limited to the less challenging condition calls into question the reliability of this result. CONCLUSION We were unable to identify stimulant effects after single 20mg doses of ibogaine. Future research is needed to confirm whether active moiety concentrations impact selective attention abilities while leaving other cognitive functions and mood state unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Forsyth
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Jowett
- Department of Mathematics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Hannah Jakobi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kira Garbe
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Helen Winter
- Departments of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Paul Glue
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. METHODS OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. RESULTS OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. CONCLUSIONS Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785-789).
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Enhancement of Healthy Personality Through Psychiatric Medication: The Influence of SSRIs on Neuroticism and Extraversion. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-014-9226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with various psychopathologies, and elevated impulsivity is typically disadvantageous. This manuscript reviews recent investigations into the neurobiology of impulsivity using human imaging techniques and animal models. Both human imaging and preclinical pharmacological manipulations have yielded important insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity. A more thorough understanding of the complex neurobiology underlying aspects of impulsivity may provide insight into new treatment options that target elevated impulsivity and psychopathologies such as addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci R Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT ; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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van Velzen LS, Vriend C, de Wit SJ, van den Heuvel OA. Response inhibition and interference control in obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:419. [PMID: 24966828 PMCID: PMC4052433 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, motor response inhibition and interference control have received considerable scientific effort and attention, due to their important role in behavior and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Results of neuroimaging studies indicate that motor response inhibition and interference control are dependent on cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuits. Structural and functional abnormalities within the CSTC circuits have been reported for many neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and trichotillomania. These disorders also share impairments in motor response inhibition and interference control, which may underlie some of their behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Results of task-related neuroimaging studies on inhibitory functions in these disorders show that impaired task performance is related to altered recruitment of the CSTC circuits. Previous research has shown that inhibitory performance is dependent upon dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin signaling, neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the common and disorder-specific pathophysiological mechanisms of inhibition-related dysfunction in OCD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Ye Z, Altena E, Nombela C, Housden CR, Maxwell H, Rittman T, Huddleston C, Rae CL, Regenthal R, Sahakian BJ, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition modulates response inhibition in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2014; 137:1145-55. [PMID: 24578545 PMCID: PMC3959561 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is common in Parkinson's disease even in the absence of impulse control disorders. It is likely to be multifactorial, including a dopaminergic 'overdose' and structural changes in the frontostriatal circuits for motor control. In addition, we proposed that changes in serotonergic projections to the forebrain also contribute to response inhibition in Parkinson's disease, based on preclinical animal and human studies. We therefore examined whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram improves response inhibition, in terms of both behaviour and the efficiency of underlying neural mechanisms. This multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study used a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover design with an integrated Stop-Signal and NoGo paradigm. Twenty-one patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (46-76 years old, 11 male, Hoehn and Yahr stage 1.5-3) received 30 mg citalopram or placebo in addition to their usual dopaminergic medication in two separate sessions. Twenty matched healthy control subjects (54-74 years old, 12 male) were tested without medication. The effects of disease and drug on behavioural performance and regional brain activity were analysed using general linear models. In addition, anatomical connectivity was examined using diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics. We confirmed that Parkinson's disease caused impairment in response inhibition, with longer Stop-Signal Reaction Time and more NoGo errors under placebo compared with controls, without affecting Go reaction times. This was associated with less stop-specific activation in the right inferior frontal cortex, but no significant difference in NoGo-related activation. Although there was no beneficial main effect of citalopram, it reduced Stop-Signal Reaction Time and NoGo errors, and enhanced inferior frontal activation, in patients with relatively more severe disease (higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score). The behavioural effect correlated with the citalopram-induced enhancement of prefrontal activation and the strength of preserved structural connectivity between the frontal and striatal regions. In conclusion, the behavioural effect of citalopram on response inhibition depends on individual differences in prefrontal cortical activation and frontostriatal connectivity. The correlation between disease severity and the effect of citalopram on response inhibition may be due to the progressive loss of forebrain serotonergic projections. These results contribute to a broader understanding of the critical roles of serotonin in regulating cognitive and behavioural control, as well as new strategies for patient stratification in clinical trials of serotonergic treatments in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellemarije Altena
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Nombela
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helen Maxwell
- 2 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chelan Huddleston
- 2 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlotte L. Rae
- 3 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- 4 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Roger A. Barker
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 2 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,5 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B. Rowe
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,3 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,5 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Guitart-Masip M, Economides M, Huys QJM, Frank MJ, Chowdhury R, Duzel E, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Differential, but not opponent, effects of L -DOPA and citalopram on action learning with reward and punishment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:955-66. [PMID: 24232442 PMCID: PMC3923110 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Decision-making involves two fundamental axes of control namely valence, spanning reward and punishment, and action, spanning invigoration and inhibition. We recently exploited a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action to show that these axes are inextricably coupled during learning. This results in a disadvantage in learning to go to avoid punishment and in learning to no-go to obtain a reward. The neuromodulators dopamine and serotonin are likely to play a role in these asymmetries: Dopamine signals anticipation of future rewards and is also involved in an invigoration of motor responses leading to reward, but it also arbitrates between different forms of control. Conversely, serotonin is implicated in motor inhibition and punishment processing. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of dopamine and serotonin in the interaction between action and valence during learning.Methods We combined computational modeling with pharmacological manipulation in 90 healthy human volunteers, using levodopa and citalopram to affect dopamine and serotonin, respectively. RESULTS We found that, after administration of levodopa,action learning was less affected by outcome valence when compared with the placebo and citalopram groups. This highlights in this context a predominant effect of levodopa in controlling the balance between different forms of control.Citalopram had distinct effects, increasing participants'tendency to perform active responses independent of outcome valence, consistent with a role in decreasing motor inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the rich complexities of the roles played by dopamine and serotonin during instrumental learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Guitart-Masip
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Ageing Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos Economides
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Frank
- Department of Cognition, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Rumana Chowdhury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK
| | - Emrah Duzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK ,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK
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Drueke B, Schlaegel SMA, Seifert A, Moeller O, Gründer G, Gauggel S, Boecker M. The role of 5-HT in response inhibition and re-engagement. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:830-41. [PMID: 23816061 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In animal and human research, the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in inhibitory control. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study investigated the acute effects of pharmacological modulation of the serotonergic system on brain activation during response inhibition and re-engagement in healthy human volunteers. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design 14 men received either a single oral dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram (10mg) or a placebo. At the time of the expected plasma peak concentration, participants performed a stop-change task during fMRI. Escitalopram did not affect behavioural performance, since the main effect did not reveal significant differences between reaction times of go-, stop- or change-trials. During successful response inhibition, escitalopram, however, was associated with enhanced brain activation in right prefrontal cortex, right supplementary/pre-motor and bilateral cingulate cortex, and subcortical regions. During inhibition failures, escitalopram also modulated a broad network of brain regions, including anterior cingulate, right parietal cortex, right orbitofrontal cortex, and areas in right temporal cortex and subcortical regions. During response re-engagement escitalopram increased brain activation in right inferior frontal gyrus and precuneus as well as in left middle temporal gyrus. The results implicate the involvement of 5-HT in neural regulation of response inhibition and re-engagement. This study also provides evidence that 5-HT affects both action restraint and action cancellation through modulation of activation of brain areas. The results support the view for a fronto-striatal circuitry for response inhibition in conjunction with serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Drueke
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
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Cowen P, Sherwood AC. The role of serotonin in cognitive function: evidence from recent studies and implications for understanding depression. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:575-83. [PMID: 23535352 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113482531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of cognitive impairment such as poor concentration, memory loss and difficulty with decision making are prevalent in patients with depression, but currently are not specific targets for treatment. However, patients can continue to demonstrate cognitive impairments even when apparently clinically recovered. Drugs that potentiate serotonin (5-HT) function, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are the mainstay of treatment for depression. Nevertheless, our understanding of the effects of SSRIs and other conventional antidepressant therapy on cognitive function in healthy humans and depressed patients remains limited. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview for clinicians on the impact of pharmacological manipulation of 5-HT on cognitive function in healthy humans with additional reference to animal models where human data are lacking, particularly regarding specific 5-HT receptor subtype modulation. FINDINGS The most consistent observation following manipulation of serotonin levels in humans is that low extracellular 5-HT levels are associated with impaired memory consolidation. Preclinical data show that agonism and antagonism at specific 5-HT receptors can exert effects in animal models of cognition. CONCLUSIONS Larger, consistently designed studies are needed to understand the roles of 5-HT in cognition in healthy and depressed individuals. Efforts to target specific 5-HT receptors to improve cognitive outcomes are warranted.
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Boecker M, Gauggel S, Drueke B. Stop or stop-change — Does it make any difference for the inhibition process? Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Dopamine is widely observed to signal anticipation of future rewards and thus thought to be a key contributor to affectively charged decision making. However, the experiments supporting this view have not dissociated rewards from the actions that lead to, or are occasioned by, them. Here, we manipulated dopamine pharmacologically and examined the effect on a task that explicitly dissociates action and reward value. We show that dopamine enhanced the neural representation of rewarding actions, without significantly affecting the representation of reward value as such. Thus, increasing dopamine levels with levodopa selectively boosted striatal and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental representations associated with actions leading to reward, but not with actions leading to the avoidance of punishment. These findings highlight a key role for dopamine in the generation of appetitively motivated actions.
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Winstanley CA. The utility of rat models of impulsivity in developing pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1301-21. [PMID: 21410459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of impulsive behaviours are a clinically significant symptom in a range of psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, pathological gambling and substance abuse. Although often measured using questionnaire assessments, levels of different types of impulsivity can also be determined using behavioural tests. Rodent analogues of these paradigms have been developed, and similar neural circuitry has been implicated in their performance in both humans and rats. In the current review, the methodology underlying the measurement of different aspects of impulsive action and choice are considered from the viewpoint of drug development, with a focus on the continuous performance task (CPT), stop-signal task (SST), go/no-go and delay-discounting paradigms. Current issues impeding translation between animal and human studies are identified, and comparisons drawn between the acute effects of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic compounds across species. Although the field could benefit from a more systematic determination of different pharmacological agents across paradigms, there are signs of strong concordance between the animal and human data. However, the type of impulsivity measured appears to play a significant role, with the SST and delay discounting providing more consistent effects for dopaminergic drugs, while the CPT and SST show better predictive validity so far for serotonergic and noradrenergic compounds. Based on the available data, it would appear that these impulsivity models could be used more widely to identify potential pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders. Novel targets within the glutamatergic and serotonergic system are also suggested.
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Contributions of serotonin in addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:421-32. [PMID: 21466815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system has long been associated with mood and its dysregulation implicated in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. While modulation of 5-HT neurotransmission by drugs of abuse is also recognized, its role in drug addiction and vulnerability to drug relapse is a more recent focus of investigation. First, we review preclinical data supporting the serotonergic raphe nuclei and their forebrain projections as targets of drugs of abuse, with emphasis on the effects of psychostimulants, opioids and ethanol. Next, we examine the role of 5-HT receptors in impulsivity, a core behavior that contributes to the vulnerability to addiction and relapse. Finally, we discuss evidence for serotonergic dysregulation in comorbid mood and addictive disorders and suggest novel serotonergic targets for the treatment of addiction and the prevention of drug relapse.
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