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Vosburg SK, Dailey-Govoni T, Beaumont J, Butler SF, Green JL. Characterizing the Experience of Tapentadol Nonmedical Use: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e16996. [PMID: 35687397 PMCID: PMC9233245 DOI: 10.2196/16996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of abuse, diversion, and web-based endorsement of tapentadol (extended-release [ER], immediate-release [IR]) has been characterized as low compared with other prescription opioids. Little is known about individual experience with tapentadol nonmedical use (NMU). Objective This study aims to pilot web-based survey technologies to investigate the motivation for tapentadol NMU, sources of procurement, routes of administration, tampering methods, doses used, and impressions of tapentadol products (Nucynta and Nucynta ER). Methods Recruitment flyers and banner advertisements were placed on the Bluelight website [DragonByte Technologies Ltd] with a link to a web-based survey (Qualtrics) designed to query about individuals’ lifetime tapentadol NMU. This web-based survey was followed by an interactive web-based chat (Cryptocat) with respondents who were willing to be contacted. Respondents were queried about sources for obtaining tapentadol, motives for use, routes of administration, tampering methods, drugs used in combination, tablet strengths and dosages, and reasons for continued or discontinued use. Desirability and attractiveness for NMU was rated. Results Web-based recruitment successfully attracted difficult-to-find study participants. A total of 78 participants reported that tapentadol was obtained from friends and family (ER 11/30, 37%; IR 18/67, 27%), the internet (ER 11/30, 37%; IR 12/67, 18%) or participants’ own prescriptions from a doctor (ER 9/30, 30%; IR 17/67, 25%). It was used nonmedically for pain relief (ER 18/30, 60%; IR 33/67, 49%) and multiple psychotropic effects, including relaxation (ER 13/30, 43%; IR 29/67, 43%), reduction in depression or anxiety (ER 7/30, 23%; IR 30/67, 45%), or getting high (ER 12/30, 40%; IR 33/67, 49%). Tapentadol was primarily swallowed (ER 22/30, 73%; IR 55/67, 82%), although snorting (ER 2/30, 7%; IR 8/67, 12%) and injection (ER 2/30, 7%; IR 5/67, 8%) were also reported. The preferred dose for NMU was 100 mg (both ER and IR). The participants reported tapentadol use with benzodiazepines (ER 12/21, 57%; IR 28/47, 60%). Most participants had discontinued tapentadol NMU at the time of survey completion (ER 22/30, 73%; IR 55/67, 82%). Reasons for discontinued ER NMU included side effects (10/22, 46%) and lack of effective treatment (10/22, 46%). Reasons for discontinued IR NMU included lack of access (26/55, 47%) and better NMU options (IR 21/55, 38%). Few individuals were willing to divulge identifying information about themselves for the interactive chat (8/78, 10%), demonstrating the strength of anonymous, web-based surveys. Interactive chat supported the survey findings. A subgroup of participants (4/78, 5%) reported hallucinogenic side effects with high doses. Conclusions Web-based surveys can successfully recruit individuals who report drug NMU and those who are difficult to find. Tapentadol NMU appears to occur primarily for pain relief and for its psychotropic effects. Although it was liked by some, tapentadol did not receive a robust pattern of endorsement for NMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne K Vosburg
- Inflexxion, An Uprise Health | IBH Company, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Jared Beaumont
- Inflexxion, An Uprise Health | IBH Company, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stephen F Butler
- Inflexxion, An Uprise Health | IBH Company, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jody L Green
- Inflexxion, An Uprise Health | IBH Company, Irvine, CA, United States
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Zangani C, Ostinelli EG, Giordano B, D’Agostino A, Martinotti G, Clerici M, Gambini O, Schifano F. Knowledge and Use of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Italy: a Survey-Based Study in the General Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Batistic FK, Rhumorbarbe D, Lefrancois E, Tettey J, Raithelhuber M, Rossy Q, Morelato M. Analysis of Google Trends to monitor new psychoactive substance. Is there an added value? Forensic Sci Int 2021; 326:110918. [PMID: 34325112 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increase in the development and availability of a broad category of drugs, known as new psychoactive substances (NPS). NPS are challenging for public health authorities, therefore the two major drug monitoring bodies - the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) - have implemented the EU Early Warning System (EWS) and Early Warning Advisory (EWA), respectively. While these monitoring systems are informative, it is difficult to keep up with the constant and rapid developmental rate of NPS. The EMCDDA has recognised the need for an alternative and technologically derived early warning system. The aim of this research is to determine whether Google Trends and drug discussion forum data can be used to complement early warning systems for NPS. Forty-eight substances were used in this study and classed into groups based on their chemical structure, following the UNODC classification system. Google Trends data (time range: 2004-2019) and drug forum data (time range: 2003-2018) were extracted for each substance and visual trend profiles were created for class groups as well as individual substances. Analysis was conducted to determine when a substance first appeared on Google Trends and a drug discussion forum as well as their trends over time. This date of first appearance was then compared to the date the substance was first reported to UNODC. Of the three data sources utilised, substances were most likely to appear on Google Trends first. Amongst the different classes of NPS, discernible trends ('block', 'successive', and 'generational' trends) were observed. These trends reflect the evolution of the manufacture of substances or generations of substances that has been observed in the literature. For example, in the synthetic cannabinoids' category, a generational trend is observed that corresponds to the different generations of synthetic cannabinoids. When comparing Google Trends and Drugs-Forum directly, the order of appearance and duration of presence for substances aligns accurately for most classes. Google Trends showed the emergence, persistence, or transient nature of substances, which could direct the focus of law enforcement, health organisation and laboratory resources towards a limited number of substances. When one considers the reliance of individual information seeking on the Web as well as the prominence of NPS on the Web, it becomes clear that Google Trends and drug discussion forums could be used as a complement to current early warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frana-Katica Batistic
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Damien Rhumorbarbe
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Elodie Lefrancois
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Justice Tettey
- Laboratory and Scientific Section, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Raithelhuber
- Laboratory and Scientific Section, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Quentin Rossy
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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Sanchez C, Grzenda A, Varias A, Widge AS, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, Nemeroff CB, Kalin NH, Martin G, Tohen M, Filippou-Frye M, Ramsey D, Linos E, Mangurian C, Rodriguez CI. Social media recruitment for mental health research: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 103:152197. [PMID: 32992073 PMCID: PMC7704547 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media holds exciting promise for advancing mental health research recruitment, however, the extent and efficacy to which these platforms are currently in use are underexplored. OBJECTIVE A systematic review was conducted to characterize the current use and efficacy of social media in recruiting participants for mental health research. METHOD A literature review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO. Only non-duplicative manuscripts written in the English language and published between 1/1/2004-3/31/2019 were selected for further screening. Data extracted included study type and design, participant inclusion criteria, social media platform, advertising strategy, final recruited sample size, recruitment location, year, monetary incentives, comparison to other recruitment methods if performed, and final cost per participant. RESULTS A total of 176 unique studies that used social media for mental health research recruitment were reviewed. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (62.5%) in design and recruited adults. Facebook was overwhelmingly the recruitment platform of choice (92.6%), with the use of paid advertisements being the predominant strategy (60.8%). Of the reviewed studies, substance abuse (43.8%) and mood disorders (15.3%) were the primary subjects of investigation. In 68.3% of studies, social media recruitment performed as well as or better than traditional recruitment methods in the number and cost of final enrolled participants. The majority of studies used Facebook for recruitment at a median cost per final recruited study participant of $19.47. In 55.6% of the studies, social media recruitment was the more cost-effective recruitment method when compared to traditional methods (e.g., referrals, mailing). CONCLUSION Social media appears to be an effective and economical recruitment tool for mental health research. The platform raises methodological and privacy concerns not covered in current research regulations that warrant additional consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne Grzenda
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Varias
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glenn Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maria Filippou-Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Drew Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleni Linos
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn I Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Simonis S, Canfyn M, Van Dijck A, Van Havere T, Deconinck E, Blanckaert P, Gremeaux L. Awareness of users and motivational factors for using new psychoactive substances in Belgium. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:52. [PMID: 32711526 PMCID: PMC7382100 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data on motivations for using new psychoactive substances (NPS) are available. However, the cost, the legal status, and their accessibility through channels like internet contributed to the popularity of NPS. The objective of this article are first to gain a deeper understanding of the culture surrounding NPS in Belgium and second to define the awareness of the users concerning the content of the NPS they are consuming. METHODS Snowball sampling and partners in the drug demand reduction field were used as a gateway in order to reach a heterogeneous study population. In total, 45 users were recruited and in-depth interviews were conducted. The personal experiences of NPS users and their needs for support along the continuum of care were explored through an interview guideline, while subjects were given the opportunity to deposit a NPS sample for forensic analysis in a recognized laboratory. RESULTS A diversity of profiles was found among NPS users but also a wide diversity in the motives to consume NPS: personal reasons such as pleasure, mind exploration, being connected to others, or out of curiosity, but also external reasons such as price, accessibility or the specific effects procured by certain NPS. The results showed as well that a majority of NPS users seem to be aware of the substances they are using. CONCLUSION Understanding the motivations of use is of importance to determine which type of NPS targeted interventions are adapted to different profiles of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Simonis
- D.O. Public Health and Epidemiology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium. .,Present address: Faculté des Sciences Sociales - Service de Criminologie, Quartier Agora, Bâtiment B31, Place des Orateurs 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Michaël Canfyn
- D.O. Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Eric Deconinck
- D.O. Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Blanckaert
- D.O. Public Health and Epidemiology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lies Gremeaux
- D.O. Public Health and Epidemiology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Deligianni E, Daniel OJ, Corkery JM, Schifano F, Lione LA. Impact of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act on awareness, use, experiences and knowledge of potential associated health risks of novel psychoactive substances. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:505-516. [PMID: 31495968 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The risk of potential harms prompted the UK government to introduce the Psychoactive Substances Act in 2016. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of this new legislation on patterns of novel psychoactive substance (NPS) awareness, use, experiences and risk awareness in a self-selected sample of UK consumers to inform education and policy. METHODS The Bristol Online Survey was advertised on the Bluelight drug forum and social media Facebook pages and University email between 7 January and 7 February 2015 (168 responses) and 9 March to 18 September 2017 (726 responses). UK country of residence responses were extracted for analysis (SPSS). RESULTS In a predominantly university-educated, young (< 25 years) self-selecting sample, 1 year after introduction of the legislation, NPS use (in males, under 18s, those educated to school/college level, P < .001) has increased, whilst health risk awareness has not changed and remains poor. Users are switching to sourcing NPSs via street dealers (49%) and the darknet (31%) and showing an increase in preference for the herbal NPS Salvia divinorum (P < .05). The main reasons for NPS use remain the influence of friends (69%) in a social setting and to get high (76%) usually in combination with alcohol, cannabis or ecstasy. CONCLUSION Regulation alone, so far, has not impacted on health risk awareness, NPS drug demand and culture in our UK survey sample. Alongside regulation, NPS health promotion education (particularly in schools, colleges) is needed that addresses resilience and both the risks and beneficial effects of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deligianni
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Omari J Daniel
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - John M Corkery
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lisa A Lione
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Orsolini L, Chiappini S, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Papanti D, Schifano F. The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in young people and their role in mental health care: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:1253-1264. [PMID: 31503507 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1666712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the past 10 years, a large number of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) have entered the recreational drug scenario. NPS intake has been associated with health-related risks, and especially so for vulnerable populations such as the youngsters. Currently, most knowledge on the NPS health effects is learnt from both a range of users' reports, made available through the psychonauts' web fora, and from the few published, related toxicity, clinical observations.Areas covered: This paper aims at providing an overview of NPS effects on youngsters' mental health, whilst performing a systematic review of the current related knowledge.Expert opinion: NPS consumption poses serious health risks, due to both a range of unpredictable clinical pharmacological properties and the typical concomitant use of other psychoactive molecules; overall, this can lead to near misses and fatalities. In comparison with adults, the central nervous system of children/adolescents may be more vulnerable to the activity of these molecules, hence raising even further the levels of health-related concerns. More research is needed to provide evidence of both short- and long-term effects of NPS, related health risks, and their addiction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy.,Polyedra, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Chiappini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - John M Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales
| | - Duccio Papanti
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Higgins K, O’Neill N, O’Hara L, Jordan JA, McCann M, O’Neill T, Clarke M, O’Neill T, Campbell A. Evidence for public health on novel psychoactive substance use: a mixed-methods study. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) contribute to the public health impact of substance misuse. This report provides research evidence addressing 11 research questions related to NPSs, covering types, patterns and settings of use; supply sources; and implications for policy and practice.
Methods
The study used a conceptually linked three-phase mixed-methods design with a shared conceptual framework based on multiple-context risk and protective factors. Phase 1 was a quantitative phase involving secondary data analysis of the longitudinal Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS), a latent class analysis using the 2039 BYDS participants. Phase 2 was an extensive qualitative analysis via narrative interviews with participants, sampled from BYDS, drug/alcohol services and prisons, to explore NPS use trajectories. Phase 3 was the final quantitative phase; generalisability of the shared risk factor part of the model was tested using the manual three-step approach to examine risk factors associated with latent class membership. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were integrated, thus allowing emerging findings to be further explored.
Results
The data suggest that NPSs have a place within a range of polydrug use trajectories. Models showed no distinctive NPS class, with no clear evidence of differential risks for NPS use compared with the use of other substances. From the qualitative analysis, a taxonomy of groups was derived that explored how and where NPSs featured in a range of trajectories. This taxonomy was used to structure the analysis of factors linked to use within a risk and protective framework. Drivers for use were considered alongside knowledge, perceptions and experience of harms. Suggestions about how interventions could best respond to the various patterns of use – with special consideration of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), including how they relate to the use of heroin and the potential for NPSs to operate as a ‘snare’ to more problem use – were also presented.
Limitations
The study was conducted during 2016/17; generalisability beyond this sample and time point is limited. The level of missing data for some of the BYDS analysis was a limitation, as was the fact that the BYDS data were collected in 2011, so in a different context from the data collected during the narrative interviews. The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Great Britain. Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. London: The Stationery Office; 2016) came into force during qualitative fieldwork and, although not particularly influential in this study, may be influential in future work. It is acknowledged that many of the data related to SCs and mephedrone. Although drug use was measured by self-report, the strength of rapport within interviews, reflective diaries and methodological acceptability checks helped to mitigate self-report bias.
Conclusions
NPSs continue to present significant challenges for legislation and monitoring, researching and developing interventions. Understanding of usage patterns remains poor, with most information based on populations and settings where problems have already occurred. This research contributes to the evidence base by providing much needed further empirical data on the lived experiences of NPS users across a range of settings. In the light of these data, implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Future work
Future research must generate improved epidemiological data on the extent, patterns and motivations for use longitudinally. The uniqueness of the information concerning SC use points to a specific set of findings not evidenced in other literature (e.g. intensity of SC withdrawal). Future research should focus on the symbiotic link between SC and heroin use.
Funding
The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Higgins
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nina O’Neill
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Leeanne O’Hara
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Julie-Ann Jordan
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark McCann
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tara O’Neill
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mike Clarke
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tony O’Neill
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anne Campbell
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification and General Information. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78707-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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