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Gomez DA, Ahmad-Waqar M, Brookes MJ, Kumar A. IBD-related mental health disorders: where do we go from here? Frontline Gastroenterol 2023; 14:512-520. [PMID: 37854787 PMCID: PMC10579553 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex and debilitating disease which is known to cause mental burden for patients. Even though few studies look at mental health disease in this cohort of patients, there is growing evidence of a correlation between disease activity and prevalence of mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In this literature review, the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and mental health disorders is explored, with an emphasis on recognition, screening and therapeutic options and special considerations for these complex comorbidities. The relationship between medical and psychological disease is not often considered and less well understood and there is a need for further research in these fields. Patients would have much to gain both medically and psychologically from a multidisciplinary approach to this chronic disease association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Ahmad-Waqar
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Matthew James Brookes
- Department of Gastroenterology, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science (RIHS), University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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2
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El-Dallal M, Saroufim A, Systrom H, Ballou S, Farhoud A, Pasam RT, Gadupudi SS, Osman K, Chaudrey K, Cheifetz A, Feuerstein JD. Assessing the repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on symptoms, disease management, and emotional well-being in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multi-site survey study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:406-414. [PMID: 34894999 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.2013527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created numerous challenges in provision of safe and effective care for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In this study, we surveyed patients with IBD to highlight the impact of the pandemic on their IBD symptoms, management, and well-being. METHODS A multi-site survey was administered to patients with IBD. We evaluated patient's symptoms, medications changes, seeking medical attention, eating behaviors, sleep patterns, stress, self-reported anxiety and depression. The survey also measured emotional impact of the pandemic using the validated Pandemic Emotional Impact Scale (PEIS) and resilience using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Logistic, ordinal, and linear regression models were utilized to perform sensitivity analyses. RESULTS The response rate to the survey was 61%. Of 391 surveyed patients, 21.1% reported worsened gastrointestinal symptoms, 17.5% reported changing biologic medication infusion schedule, 18.7% reported changing medication regimen, 43.6% attended at least one telemedicine visit with their gastroenterologist, 16.5% reported a less healthy diet, 40.5% reported worsening sleep, 63.7% reported more stress, and 65.3% reported feeling more vulnerable than before the pandemic. Women and participants with self-reported anxiety and depression were more likely to have worse symptoms, psychological well-being and daily functioning. Increased PEIS scores and decreased BRS scores were associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 pandemic has impacted symptoms, disease management and well-being for patient with IBD, more prominently in patients who suffer from anxiety and depression. Utilizing PEIS and BRS scores as screening tools could help better tailor outreach and follow-up to support these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El-Dallal
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariana Saroufim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Systrom
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Ballou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adel Farhoud
- Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Ravi Teja Pasam
- Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | | | - Karim Osman
- Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Khadija Chaudrey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Adam Cheifetz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Feuerstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dubinsky MC, Dotan I, Rubin DT, Bernauer M, Patel D, Cheung R, Modesto I, Latymer M, Keefer L. Burden of comorbid anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:985-997. [PMID: 34130572 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1911644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, often have comorbid anxiety and depression that affects their quality of life (QoL) and management of their IBD. AREAS COVERED A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify articles and conference abstracts on comorbid anxiety and depression in IBD patients using MEDLINE® and Embase® (January 2003 - June 2018). The impact of these psychological comorbidities on QoL and economic burden was examined. Non-pharmacologic interventions and disease-specific unmet clinical needs associated with these comorbidities were also evaluated. EXPERT OPINION There is evidence that individual and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce rates of anxiety and depression in adults and adolescents with IBD. Patients with IBD and anxiety or depression had an increased risk of hospitalization, emergency department visits, readmission, and used outpatient services more often than people without these conditions. Several disease-specific unmet clinical needs for IBD patients were identified. These included lack of reimbursement for mental-health care, inconsistent screening for psychological comorbidities and patients not consulting mental-health professionals when needed. IBD patients may benefit from integrated medical and psychological treatment, and should be considered for behavioral treatment.Plain Language Summary. BACKGROUND People with IBD may have mental-health conditions, such as anxiety and depression. These conditions can affect people's quality of life and how they manage their IBD. WHAT DID THIS REVIEW LOOK AT? We found 79 publications on anxiety or depression in people with IBD, published between January 2003 and June 2018. In people with IBD and anxiety or depression, researchers looked at: the impact on health-related quality of life and healthcare utilization, including access to and reimbursement for mental-health services how effective interventions that do not involve the use of medicines were (known as non-pharmacologic therapy). WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS FROM THIS REVIEW? People with IBD and anxiety or depression were more likely to be admitted to hospital and visit emergency departments than people without these conditions. Access to mental-health care varied and some people with IBD were not screened for depression.Individual and group-based talking therapy (known as cognitive behavioral therapy) reduced rates of anxiety and depression in some people with IBD. WHAT WERE THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS REVIEW? We found evidence that people with IBD and anxiety or depression may benefit from certain non-pharmacologic interventions. However, many people with IBD and anxiety or depression did not have access to mental-health services. Healthcare professionals should address gaps in patient care to improve outcomes in people with IBD and anxiety or depression.See Additional file 1 for an infographic plain language summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla C Dubinsky
- Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - David T Rubin
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurie Keefer
- Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
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4
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Witges KM, Bernstein CN, Sexton KA, Afifi T, Walker JR, Nugent Z, Lix LM. The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health Care Use in the Manitoba IBD Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1700-1710. [PMID: 30919910 PMCID: PMC6749885 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and whether having ACEs was associated with health care utilization post-IBD diagnosis. METHOD Three hundred forty-five participants from the population-based Manitoba IBD Cohort Study self-reported ACEs (ie, physical abuse, sexual abuse, death of a very close friend or family member, severe illness or injury, upheaval between parents, and any other experience thought to significantly impacts one's life or personality) at a median of 5.3 years following IBD diagnosis. Cohort study data were linked to administrative health databases that captured use of hospitals, physician visits, and prescription drugs; use was classified as IBD-related and non-IBD-related. Mean annual estimates of health care use were produced for the 60-month period following the ACE report. Generalized linear models (GLMs) with generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with and without covariate adjustment were fit to the data. RESULTS The prevalence of at least 1 ACE was 74.2%. There was no statistically significant association between having experienced an ACE and health care use. However, unadjusted mean annual non-IBD-related general practitioner visits were significantly higher for participants exposed to physical and sexual abuse than those not exposed. Selected adjusted rates of IBD-related health care use were lower for participants who reported exposure to an upheaval between parents and high perceived trauma from ACEs. CONCLUSION The estimated prevalence of at least 1 self-reported ACE in persons with diagnosed IBD was high. Health care use among those who experienced ACEs may reflect the impacts of ACE on health care anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcie M Witges
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Kathryn A Sexton
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.,Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Tracie Afifi
- Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - John R Walker
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.,Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Zoann Nugent
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Lisa M Lix
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.,Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
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5
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Bernstein CN, Zhang L, Lix LM, Graff LA, Walker JR, Fisk JD, Patten SB, Hitchon CA, Bolton JM, Sareen J, El-Gabalawy R, Marriott J, Marrie RA. The Validity and Reliability of Screening Measures for Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1867-1875. [PMID: 29668911 PMCID: PMC6124738 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the validity and reliability of multiple symptom scales for depression and anxiety for persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS IBD participants in a cohort study completed a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID) and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Kessler-6 Distress Scale, PROMIS Emotional Distress Depression Short-Form 8a (PROMIS Depression) and Anxiety Short-Form 8a (PROMIS Anxiety), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, and Overall Anxiety and Severity Impairment Scale. We computed sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the screening measures with the SCID diagnoses as the reference standard, conducted receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, and assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability. RESULTS Of 242 participants, the SCID classified 8.7% as having major depression and 17.8% as having anxiety disorders. Among the depression scales, the PHQ-9 had the highest sensitivity (95%). Specificity was generally higher than sensitivity and was highest for the HADS-D (cut-point of 11; 97%). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) did not differ significantly among depression scales. Among the anxiety scales, sensitivity was highest for the PROMIS (79%). Specificity ranged from 82% to 88% for all tools except the HADS-A (cut-point of 8; 65%). The AUC did not differ between depression and anxiety tools. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the symptom scales for depression and anxiety were similar in their psychometric properties. The anxiety scales did not perform as well as the depression scales. Alternate cut-points may be more relevant when these scales are used in an IBD sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lisa M Lix
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lesley A Graff
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - John R Walker
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - John D Fisk
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carol A Hitchon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James M Bolton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Renée El-Gabalawy
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James Marriott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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6
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Tamara VDS. "Role of Psychosocial Factors on the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Associated Psychotherapeutic Approaches. A Fresh Perspective and Review". ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15406/ghoa.2015.02.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes severe physical symptoms and is also associated with psychological comorbidities. Abnormal anxiety levels are found in up to 40% of patients with IBD. Anxiety symptoms are often related to flares of IBD but may persist in times of remission. Detection of anxiety disorder (AD) in patients with IBD can be challenging. Patients with anxiety may also exhibit symptoms in keeping with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological therapies for anxiety stems from patients without IBD. Studies in patients with IBD have either been small or shown negative results. In light of this, a combined approach involving IBD physicians to improve disease control and psychologists or psychiatrists to treat anxiety is advised. This review examines the evidence of anxiety issues in IBD with a focus on extent of the problem, risk factors for anxiety, and the effectiveness of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster, UK
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8
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Filipovic BR, Filipovic BF. Psychiatric comorbidity in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3552-3563. [PMID: 24707138 PMCID: PMC3974522 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), draw attention from specialists of various disorders, including gastroenterology, psychiatry, and radiology. The involvement of a cortical influence in the brain-gut axis as well as the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the peripheral nervous system provide an initial explanation of the psychological symptoms associated with IBD. The involvement of structures the limbic system, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala, paves the way for the discovery of the mechanisms underlying depression depression, anxiety, alexithymia, personality traits, and other psychological impairments following the onset of IBD. Psychiatric therapy in IBD patients is almost as important as the gastroenterological approach and consists of pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy. Neither of the available psychiatric treatment methods is considered the golden standard because both methods have side effects, and psychotropic medication can provoke the worsening of IBD symptoms. Thus, both approaches must be applied with awareness of the possibility of side effects. We suggest that psychiatrists and gastroenterologists work together to reach a consensus on IBD therapy to ensure success and to reduce side effects and relapse to the lowest possible rates.
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9
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Panara AJ, Yarur AJ, Rieders B, Proksell S, Deshpande AR, Abreu MT, Sussman DA. The incidence and risk factors for developing depression after being diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:802-10. [PMID: 24588323 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have found that depression is more frequent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than the general population. Clinicians are now trying to pinpoint risk factors for psychological impairment in the IBD population. AIMS To examine the demographic and phenotypic variables associated with the development of depression among a diverse cohort of IBD patients. We also sought to describe psychotropic therapy prescribed to IBD patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study including patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) without a prior psychiatric diagnosis and followed in the gastroenterology clinics of the private university hospital and public safety net hospital at a large academic centre in Miami (Florida). Predictive variables included demographic characteristics, IBD phenotype, exposure to IBD medications, history of a surgical stoma or seton placement, extra-intestinal manifestations, laboratory indices, aggressive disease and disease activity (based on imaging and endoscopic parameters). Proportional hazard regression models and stepwise Cox regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Independent predictors of depression were female gender [HR: 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1-1.7), P = 0.01], aggressive disease [HR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.02-1.9), P = 0.03] and active disease [HR: 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.0), P = 0.04]. In the group that did develop a depressive disorder, 65% received pharmacologic therapy with one or more psychotropic agents. CONCLUSIONS We found female gender, aggressive disease and increased endoscopic/radiological activity to be independently associated with the development of depression in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Panara
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life in Crohn's Disease Patients With an Ostomy. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/01.won.0000436670.56153.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Knowles SR, Cook SI, Tribbick D. Relationship between health status, illness perceptions, coping strategies and psychological morbidity: a preliminary study with IBD stoma patients. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e471-8. [PMID: 23541738 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individuals living with IBD and a stoma are at an increased risk of anxiety and depression and it is likely that several factors mediate these relationships, including illness perceptions and coping strategies. Using the Common Sense Model (CSM), this study aimed to characterize the mediators of anxiety and depression in an IBD stoma cohort. METHODS Eighty-three adults (23 males) with a stoma (25 ileostomy, 58 colostomy; 26 emergency, 57 planned, 55 permanent, 28 temporary) completed an online survey. Health status was measured with the Health Orientation Scale (HOS), coping styles assessed with the Carver Brief COPE scale, illness perceptions explored with the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (BIPQ), and anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS Combining the questionnaire data using structural equation modeling resulted in a final model with an excellent fit (χ(2) (11)=12.86, p=0.30, χ(2)/N=1.17, SRMR<0.05, RMSEA<0.05, GFI>0.96, CFI>0.99). Consistent with the CSM, health status directly influenced illness perceptions, which in turn, influenced coping (emotion-focused and maladaptive coping). Interestingly, months since surgery was found to influence illness perceptions and emotion-focused coping directly, but not health status. While depression was influenced by illness perceptions, emotion-focused coping and maladaptive coping, anxiety was only influenced by illness perceptions and maladaptive coping. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results provide further evidence for the complex interplay between psychological processes. In terms of directions for psychological interventions, a focus on identifying and working with illness perceptions is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Knowles
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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12
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Knowles SR, Gass C, Macrae F. Illness perceptions in IBD influence psychological status, sexual health and satisfaction, body image and relational functioning: A preliminary exploration using Structural Equation Modeling. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e344-50. [PMID: 23453888 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to characterize the relationships between illness perceptions, body image and self-consciousness, sexual health (sexual problems and sexual satisfaction), anxiety and depression, and marital and family functioning in patients with IBD. METHODS Seventy-four IBD patients (44 CD, 13 males, 61 females, mean age 38 years) completed an online questionnaire. Illness perceptions explored with the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire, and anxiety and depression measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Sexual Problems Scale, Sexual Satisfaction Scale, Marital Functioning Scale, Family Functioning Scale, and Body Image and Self-Consciousness During Intimacy Scale. RESULTS Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) provided a final model with an excellent fit (χ(2) (25)=27.84, p=.32, χ(2)/N=1.11, CFI>0.99, RMSEA<0.04, SRMR<0.07, GFI>0.93). Illness perceptions had a significant direct influence on depression (β=0.49, p<0.001), anxiety (β=0.55, p<0.001), and family functioning (β=-0.17, p<0.001). Several mediating pathways were also found involving sexual problems, sexual satisfaction, and body image and self-consciousness during intimacy. Being female was associated with increased sexual problems but increased sexual satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide further evidence for the adverse impact of patient IBD-related illness perceptions on anxiety and depression. The findings also provide the preliminary evidence for the impact of illness perceptions and psychological comorbidity in relation to sexual health and relationship and family functioning. These aspects of psychological processing provide a framework and direction for further research into the nature of IBD and its influence on the patient and their family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Knowles
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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13
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Bennebroek Evertsz' F, Thijssens NAM, Stokkers PCF, Grootenhuis MA, Bockting CLH, Nieuwkerk PT, Sprangers MAG. Do Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients with anxiety and depressive symptoms receive the care they need? J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:68-76. [PMID: 22261530 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms may not receive the care they need. Provision of care requires insight into the factors affecting these psychiatric symptoms. The study was designed to examine the extent to which: (1) IBD patients with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms receive mental treatment and (2) clinical and socio-demographic variables are associated with these symptoms. METHODS 231 adult IBD patients (79% response rate), attending a tertiary care center, completed standardized measures on anxiety and depressive symptoms (HADS), quality of life (SF-12) and mental health care use (TIC-P). Diagnosis and disease activity were determined by the gastroenterologist. RESULTS 43% had high levels of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, indicative of a psychiatric disorder (HADS ≥ 8), of whom 18% received psychological treatment and 21% used psychotropic medication. In multivariate analysis, high disease activity was associated with anxiety (OR=2.72 | p<0.03) and depression (OR=3.36 | p<0.01), while Crohn's disease was associated with anxiety (OR=2.60 | p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS Despite high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms and poor quality of life, psychiatric complaints in IBD patients were undertreated. Screening for and treatment of psychiatric symptoms should become an integral part of IBD medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bennebroek Evertsz'
- Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Knowles SR, Wilson JL, Connell WR, Kamm MA. Preliminary examination of the relations between disease activity, illness perceptions, coping strategies, and psychological morbidity in Crohn's disease guided by the common sense model of illness. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2551-7. [PMID: 21425208 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An individual's psychological adjustment to illness is influenced by disease severity, illness perceptions, and coping strategies. A more precise understanding of the contribution of each of these factors to a patient's well-being may influence the kind of psychological support required by patients. This study therefore aimed to characterize the contributors to psychological well-being in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The design was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. METHODS Ninety-six CD patients (34 males, 62 females, mean age 38 years) attending a tertiary hospital inflammatory bowel disease outpatient clinic were studied. Disease severity was evaluated according to the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), coping styles assessed with the Carver Brief COPE scale, illness perceptions explored with the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (BIPQ), and anxiety and depression measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS Combining the questionnaire data using structural equation modeling resulted in a final model with an excellent fit (χ(2) (7) = 10.42, P = 0.17, χ(2) /N = 1.49, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) < 0.07, comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.97, Goodness-of-fit index (GFI) > 0.97). Disease activity had a significant direct influence on illness perceptions (β = 51, P < 0.001). In turn, illness perceptions had a significant direct influence on depression and anxiety (β = 41, P < 0.001, β = 0.40, P < 0.001, respectively). Use of emotional coping strategies was associated significantly (P < 0.001) with the presence of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS There is an interrelationship between disease activity, illness perceptions, coping strategies, and depression and anxiety. These aspects of psychological processing provide a framework and direction for the psychological support that patients with CD require.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Knowles
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Timmer A, Preiss JC, Motschall E, Rücker G, Jantschek G, Moser G. Psychological interventions for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD006913. [PMID: 21328288 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006913.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of psychological interventions in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is controversial. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of psychological interventions (psychotherapy, patient education, relaxation techniques) on health related quality of life, coping, emotional state and disease activity in IBD. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the specialized register of the IBD/FBD Group, CENTRAL (Issue 5, 2010) and from inception to April 2010: Medline, Embase, LILACS, Psyndex, CINAHL, PsyInfo, CCMed, SOMED and Social SciSearch. Conference abstracts and reference lists were also checked. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized, quasi-randomized and non randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions in children or adults with IBD with a minimum follow up time of 2 months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted and study quality was independently assessed by two raters. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion (1745 participants, 8 RCT, 4 QRCT, 8 NRCT; 19 in adults, 2 in adolescents). Most studies used multimodular approaches. The risk of bias was high for all studies.In adults, psychotherapy had no effect on quality of life at around 12 months (3 studies, 235 patients, SMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.33 to 0.19), emotional status (depression, 4 studies, 266 patients, SMD 0.03; 95% CI -0.22 to 0.27) or proportion of patients not in remission (5 studies, 287 patients, OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.48). Results were similar at 3 to 8 months. There was no evidence for statistical heterogeneity or subgroup effects based on type of disease or intensity of the therapy. In adolescents, there were positive short term effects of psychotherapy on most outcomes assessed including quality of life (2 studies, 71 patients, SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.18) and depression (1 study, 41 patients, SMD -0.62; 95% CI -1.25 to 0.01).Educational interventions were ineffective with respect to quality of life at 12 months (5 studies, 947 patients, SMD 0.11; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.24), depression (3 studies, 378 patients, SMD -0.08; 95% CI -0.29 to 0.12) and proportion of patients not in remission (3 studies, 434 patients, OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.53). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence for efficacy of psychological therapy in adult patients with IBD in general. In adolescents, psychological interventions may be beneficial, but the evidence is limited. Further evidence is needed to assess the efficacy of these therapies in subgroups identified as being in need of psychological interventions, and to identify what type of therapy maybe most useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Timmer
- Clinical Epidemiology, Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Achterstrasse 30, Bremen, Germany, 28359
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Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1105-18. [PMID: 19161177 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While there has been a great deal of speculation over the years on the importance of emotional factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is only in the last decade or so that studies with stronger designs have been available to clarify the nature of this relationship. This review considers recent evidence on the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in IBD, the role of these disorders as a risk factor for IBD onset, the degree to which they affect the course of the IBD, and the contribution of corticosteroid treatment to psychiatric symptom onset. There is evidence that anxiety and depression are more common in patients with IBD and that the symptoms of these conditions are more severe during periods of active disease. The few studies that address the issue of anxiety and depression as risk factors for IBD do not yet provide enough information to support definite conclusions. There is evidence, however, that the course of the disease is worse in depressed patients. Treatment with corticosteroids can induce mood disorders or other psychiatric symptoms. The second part of the review focuses on patient management issues for those with comorbid anxiety or depression. Practical approaches to screening are discussed, and are recommended for routine use in the IBD clinic, especially during periods of active disease. We review evidence-based pharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety and depression and discuss practical considerations in treating these conditions in the context of IBD to facilitate overall management of the IBD patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Graff
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Mekechuk J, Dieleman LA. Are clinical outcomes in IBD improved by multidisciplinary clinics? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2:S65. [PMID: 18816703 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mekechuk
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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