1
|
Zogorean R, Wirtz S. The yin and yang of B cells in a constant state of battle: intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260266. [PMID: 37849749 PMCID: PMC10577428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, defined by a clinical relapse-remitting course. Affecting people worldwide, the origin of IBD is still undefined, arising as a consequence of the interaction between genes, environment, and microbiota. Although the root cause is difficult to identify, data clearly indicate that dysbiosis and pathogenic microbial taxa are connected with the establishment and clinical course of IBD. The composition of the microbiota is shaped by plasma cell IgA secretion and binding, while cytokines such as IL10 or IFN-γ are important fine-tuners of the immune response in the gastrointestinal environment. B cells may also influence the course of inflammation by promoting either an anti-inflammatory or a pro-inflammatory milieu. Here, we discuss IgA-producing B regulatory cells as an anti-inflammatory factor in intestinal inflammation. Moreover, we specify the context of IgA and IgG as players that can potentially participate in mucosal inflammation. Finally, we discuss the role of B cells in mouse infection models where IL10, IgA, or IgG contribute to the outcome of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Zogorean
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frede A, Czarnewski P, Monasterio G, Tripathi KP, Bejarano DA, Ramirez Flores RO, Sorini C, Larsson L, Luo X, Geerlings L, Novella-Rausell C, Zagami C, Kuiper R, Morales RA, Castillo F, Hunt M, Mariano LL, Hu YOO, Engblom C, Lennon-Duménil AM, Mittenzwei R, Westendorf AM, Hövelmeyer N, Lundeberg J, Saez-Rodriguez J, Schlitzer A, Das S, Villablanca EJ. B cell expansion hinders the stroma-epithelium regenerative cross talk during mucosal healing. Immunity 2022; 55:2336-2351.e12. [PMID: 36462502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic promotion of intestinal regeneration holds great promise, but defining the cellular mechanisms that influence tissue regeneration remains an unmet challenge. To gain insight into the process of mucosal healing, we longitudinally examined the immune cell composition during intestinal damage and regeneration. B cells were the dominant cell type in the healing colon, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed expansion of an IFN-induced B cell subset during experimental mucosal healing that predominantly located in damaged areas and associated with colitis severity. B cell depletion accelerated recovery upon injury, decreased epithelial ulceration, and enhanced gene expression programs associated with tissue remodeling. scRNA-seq from the epithelial and stromal compartments combined with spatial transcriptomics and multiplex immunostaining showed that B cells decreased interactions between stromal and epithelial cells during mucosal healing. Activated B cells disrupted the epithelial-stromal cross talk required for organoid survival. Thus, B cell expansion during injury impairs epithelial-stromal cell interactions required for mucosal healing, with implications for the treatment of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frede
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar P Tripathi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A Bejarano
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Sorini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Luo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Geerlings
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudio Novella-Rausell
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Zagami
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raoul Kuiper
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Aquatic Biosecurity Research, Elisabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway; Core Facility for Morphologic Phenotype Analysis, Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Hunt
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yue O O Hu
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Engblom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Romy Mittenzwei
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Srustidhar Das
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maerz JK, Trostel C, Lange A, Parusel R, Michaelis L, Schäfer A, Yao H, Löw HC, Frick JS. Bacterial Immunogenicity Is Critical for the Induction of Regulatory B Cells in Suppressing Inflammatory Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3093. [PMID: 32038631 PMCID: PMC6993086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells fulfill multifaceted functions that influence immune responses during health and disease. In autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, depletion of functional B cells results in an aggravation of disease in humans and respective mouse models. This could be due to a lack of a pivotal B cell subpopulation: regulatory B cells (Bregs). Although Bregs represent only a small proportion of all immune cells, they exhibit critical properties in regulating immune responses, thus contributing to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in healthy individuals. In this study, we report that the induction of Bregs is differentially triggered by the immunogenicity of the host microbiota. In comparative experiments with low immunogenic Bacteroides vulgatus and strong immunogenic Escherichia coli, we found that the induction and longevity of Bregs depend on strong Toll-like receptor activation mediated by antigens of strong immunogenic commensals. The potent B cell stimulation via E. coli led to a pronounced expression of suppressive molecules on the B cell surface and an increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10. These bacteria-primed Bregs were capable of efficiently inhibiting the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), preventing the proliferation and polarization of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells while simultaneously promoting Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. In addition, Bregs facilitated the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in a possible feedback cooperation to establish immune homeostasis. Moreover, the colonization of germfree wild type mice with E. coli but not B. vulgatus significantly reduced intestinal inflammatory processes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis associated with an increase induction of immune suppressive Bregs. The quantity of Bregs directly correlated with the severity of inflammation. These findings may provide new insights and therapeutic approaches for B cell-controlled treatments of microbiota-driven autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kevin Maerz
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Trostel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Parusel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Michaelis
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Yao
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna-Christine Löw
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammed AD, Khan MAW, Chatzistamou I, Chamseddine D, Williams-Kang K, Perry M, Enos R, Murphy A, Gomez G, Aladhami A, Oskeritzian CA, Jolly A, Chang Y, He S, Pan Z, Kubinak JL. Gut Antibody Deficiency in a Mouse Model of CVID Results in Spontaneous Development of a Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2484. [PMID: 31708923 PMCID: PMC6820504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are heritable disorders of immune function. CD19 is a B cell co-receptor important for B cell development, and CD19 deficiency is a known genetic risk factor for a rare form of primary immunodeficiency known as “common variable immunodeficiency” (CVID); an antibody deficiency resulting in low levels of serum IgG and IgA. Enteropathies are commonly observed in CVID patients but the underlying reason for this is undefined. Here, we utilize CD19−/− mice as a model of CVID to test the hypothesis that antibody deficiency negatively impacts gut physiology under steady-state conditions. As anticipated, immune phenotyping experiments demonstrate that CD19−/− mice develop a severe B cell deficiency in gut-associated lymphoid tissues that result in significant reductions to antibody concentrations in the gut lumen. Antibody deficiency was associated with defective anti-commensal IgA responses and the outgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the gut. Expansion of anaerobic bacteria coincides with the development of a chronic inflammatory condition in the gut of CD19−/− mice that results in an intestinal malabsorption characterized by defects in lipid metabolism and transport. Administration of the antibiotic metronidazole to target anaerobic members of the microbiota rescues mice from disease indicating that intestinal malabsorption is a microbiota-dependent phenomenon. Finally, intestinal malabsorption in CD19−/− mice is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy as exposure to a gluten-free diet also significantly reduces disease severity in CD19−/− mice. Collectively, these results support an effect of antibody deficiency on steady-state gut physiology that compliment emerging data from human studies linking IgA deficiency with non-infectious complications associated with CVID. They also demonstrate that CD19−/− mice are a useful model for studying the role of B cell deficiency and gut dysbiosis on gluten-sensitive enteropathies; a rapidly emerging group of diseases in humans with an unknown etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Dawood Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Md A Wadud Khan
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Douja Chamseddine
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Katie Williams-Kang
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Mason Perry
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Reilly Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Aladhami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amy Jolly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yan Chang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Shuqian He
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Zui Pan
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Post-transcriptional regulator Rbm47 elevates IL-10 production and promotes the immunosuppression of B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:580-589. [PMID: 29844590 PMCID: PMC6804925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a functionally defined B cell subset, and IL-10 is crucial for the suppressive functions of Bregs. However, little is known regarding how IL-10 production is regulated in B cells. To explore the mechanisms by which IL-10 is regulated in B cells, we used mRNA microarrays to screen for molecules that are upregulated in IL-10-producing B cells and identified RNA-binding motif protein 47 (Rbm47) as a post-transcriptional regulator. Rbm47 was found to promote IL-10 production in B cells. We found that Rbm47 promotes the stability of IL-10 mRNA by binding to AU-rich elements in the 3′ untranslated region of Il10 mRNA. In addition, we demonstrated that the overexpression of Rbm47 enabled B cells to facilitate Foxp3+ regulator T-cell induction and reduce the severity of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. Taken together, these results suggest that Rbm47 plays an important role in regulating IL-10 at the post-transcriptional level, thus promoting the regulatory functions of B cells. The findings presented in this study not only increase our understanding of the post-translational regulation of IL-10 in B cells but also identify a novel strategy for the potential application of Bregs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu X, Wang Y, Zhang B, Lan X, Lu S, Sun P, Li X, Shi G, Zhao Y, Han H, Du C, Wang H. Treatment of experimental colitis by endometrial regenerative cells through regulation of B lymphocytes in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:146. [PMID: 29784012 PMCID: PMC5963178 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial regenerative cells (ERCs), a novel type of mesenchymal-like stem cell derived from menstrual blood, have been recently evaluated as an attractive candidate source in ulcerative colitis (UC); however, the mechanism is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ERCs, especially on B-cell responses in UC. METHODS In this study, colitis was induced by administering 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) via free drinking water for 7 days to BALB/c mice. In the treated group, mice were injected intravenously with 1 × 106 ERCs on days 2, 5, and 8 after DSS induction. Therapeutic effects were assessed by monitoring body weight, disease activity, and pathological changes. Subpopulations of lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. IgG deposition in the colon was examined by immunohistochemistry staining. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Adoptive transfer of regulatory B cells (Bregs) into colitis mice was performed. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that ERC treatment prolonged the survival of colitis mice and attenuated disease activity with fewer pathological changes in colon tissue. ERCs decreased the proportion of immature plasma cells in the spleen and IgG deposition in the colon. On the other hand, ERCs increased the production of Bregs and the interleukin (IL)-10 level. Additionally, adoptive transferred Bregs exhibited significant therapeutic effects on colitis mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results unravel the therapeutic role of ERCs on experimental colitis through regulating the B-lymphocyte responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoren Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Lan
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanzheng Lu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, People's Hospital of Hunan Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqiu Han
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sutavani RV, Phair IR, Barker R, McFarlane A, Shpiro N, Lang S, Woodland A, Arthur JSC. Differential control of Toll-like receptor 4-induced interleukin-10 induction in macrophages and B cells reveals a role for p90 ribosomal S6 kinases. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2302-2317. [PMID: 29229781 PMCID: PMC5818195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has linked dysregulated interleukin (IL)-10 production by IL-10+ve B cells to autoimmunity, highlighting the importance of improving the understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production in these cells. In both B cells and myeloid cells, IL-10 can be produced in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. In macrophages, previous studies have established that mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases (MSKs) regulate IL-10 production via the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein on the IL-10 promoter. We found here that although MSKs are activated in peritoneal B cells in response to TLR4 agonists, neither MSKs nor CREB are required for IL-10 production in these cells. Using a combination of chemical inhibitors and knockout mice, we found that IL-10 induction in B cells was regulated by an ERK1/2- and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-dependent mechanism, unlike in macrophages in which p90 ribosomal S6 kinase was not required. This observation highlights fundamental differences in the signaling controlling IL-10 production in B cells and macrophages, even though these two cell types respond to a common TLR stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain R Phair
- From the Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology
| | | | | | - Natalia Shpiro
- the MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, and
| | - Stuart Lang
- the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Woodland
- the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huangqin-Tang and Ingredients in Modulating the Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7016468. [PMID: 28690663 PMCID: PMC5485339 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7016468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common inflammatory bowel disease worldwide. Current therapies in UC cause limitations, and herb medicine provides an important choice for UC treatment. Huangqin-Tang (HQT) is a well-known classical traditional Chinese herbal formula and has been used in China for thousands of years. A large number of pharmacological studies demonstrated HQT and its ingredients to be effective in treating UC. Though the therapeutic effect has been evaluated, comprehensive up-to-date reviews in this field are not yet available. Here we aim to review our current understanding of HQT and its ingredients in treating UC and how the agents modulate the main pathogenesis of the disease, including the intestinal environment, immune imbalance, inflammatory pathways, and oxidative stress. The summary on this issue may provide better understanding of HQT and its ingredients in treating UC and possibly help in promoting its clinical application.
Collapse
|
9
|
Novel Foxp3(-) IL-10(-) Regulatory T-cells Induced by B-Cells Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation in Vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32415. [PMID: 27581189 PMCID: PMC5007537 DOI: 10.1038/srep32415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed various Foxp3(-) regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets effectively protect mice from colitis. In the present study, we demonstrated that B cells induced a particular subset of regulatory T (Treg-of-B) cells, expressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), inducible costimulator (ICOS), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and OX-40, did not express Foxp3. Treg-of-B cells produced abundant levels of IL-10 and low levels of IL-4 and TGF-β. Adoptive transfer of Treg-of-B cells protected mice from CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T-cell-induced colitis, including infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of goblet cells, epithelial hyperplasia, and inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. These features were similar to IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells; however, IL-10-deficient Treg-of-B cells maintained their suppressive function in vitro as well as in vivo, while the regulation of Tr1 cells depended on IL-10. In conclusion, Treg-of-B cells protected against experimental colitis through an IL-10-independent mechanism. We reported a novel subpopulation of regulatory T cells was different from conventional Foxp3(+) Treg and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Enlarged colitogenic T cell population paradoxically supports colitis prevention through the B-lymphocyte-dependent peripheral generation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28573. [PMID: 27353032 PMCID: PMC4926115 DOI: 10.1038/srep28573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation can be induced by the reconstitution of T/B cell-deficient mice with low numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes depleted of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Using RAG-knockout mice as recipients of either splenocytes exclusively depleted of CD25+ cells or FACS-purified CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells, we found that the augmentation of potentially colitogenic naïve T cell numbers in the inoculum was unexpectedly beneficial for the suppression of colon disease and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Protection against T cell-mediated colitis correlated with a significant increment in the frequency of peripherally-induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (pTreg) cells, especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes, an effect that required the presence of B cells and CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ cells in physiological proportions. Our findings support a model whereby the interplay between B lymphocytes and a diversified naïve T cell repertoire is critical for the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ pTreg cells and colitis suppression.
Collapse
|
11
|
T regulatory cells and B cells cooperate to form a regulatory loop that maintains gut homeostasis and suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1297-312. [PMID: 25807185 PMCID: PMC4583327 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells present in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are both implicated in the resolution of colitis. However, how the functions of these cells are coordinated remains elusive. We used the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model combined with gene-modified mice to monitor the progression of colitis, and simultaneously examine the number of Tregs and B cells, and the production of IgA antibodies. We found that DSS-treated mice exhibited more severe colitis in the absence of B cells, and that the adoptive transfer of B cells attenuated the disease. Moreover, the transfer of IL-10(-/-) B cells also attenuated colitis, suggesting that B cells inhibited colitis through an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-independent pathway. Furthermore, antibody depletion of Tregs resulted in exacerbated colitis. Intriguingly, the number of GALT Tregs in B cell-deficient mice was significantly decreased during colitis and the adoptive transfer of B cells into these mice restored the Treg numbers, indicating that B cells contribute to Treg homeostasis. We also found that B cells induced the proliferation of Tregs that in turn promoted B-cell differentiation into IgA-producing plasma cells. These results demonstrate that B cells and Tregs interact and cooperate to prevent excessive immune responses that can lead to colitis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Miyagaki T, Fujimoto M, Sato S. Regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: from mouse models to clinical research. Int Immunol 2015; 27:495-504. [PMID: 25957264 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been generally considered to be positive regulators of immune responses because of their ability to produce antigen-specific antibodies and to activate T cells through antigen presentation. Impairment of B cell development and function may cause inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, specific B cell subsets that can negatively regulate immune responses have been described in mouse models of a wide variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The concept of those B cells, termed regulatory B cells, is now recognized as important in the murine immune system. Among several regulatory B cell subsets, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are the most widely investigated. On the basis of discoveries from studies of such mice, human regulatory B cells that produce IL-10 in most cases are becoming an active area of research. There have been emerging data suggesting the importance of human regulatory B cells in various diseases. Revealing the immune regulation mechanisms of human regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases could lead to the development of novel B cell targeted therapies. This review highlights the current knowledge on regulatory B cells, mainly IL-10-producing regulatory B cells, in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and in clinical research using human samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mishima Y, Liu B, Hansen JJ, Sartor RB. Resident bacteria-stimulated IL-10-secreting B cells ameliorate T cell-mediated colitis by inducing Tr-1 cells that require IL-27-signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:295-310. [PMID: 26034781 PMCID: PMC4448782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulatory roles of IL-10-producing B cells in colitis are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms by which these cells modulate mucosal homeostasis. METHODS CD4+ T cells from WT, Il10-/- or Il27ra-/- mice were co-transferred with B cells from specific pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) WT or Il10-/- mice into Rag2-/-Il10-/- (DKO) mice and the severity of colitis and intestinal regulatory T cell populations were characterized. In vitro, WT or Il10-/- B cells were co-cultured with unfractionated, naïve or regulatory T cells plus Il10-/- antigen-presenting cells and stimulated with cecal bacterial lysate (CBL) with or without IL-27 or anti-IL-10R blockade. Gene expressions, cytokines in the supernatant and cell populations were assessed. RESULTS WT but not Il10-/- B cells attenuate Th1/Th17-mediated colitis in DKO mice that also received WT but not Il10-/- T cells. In vitro, CBL-stimulated WT B cells secrete abundant IL-10 and suppress IFNγ and IL-17a-production by T cells without requiring cell contact. Although both WT and Il10-/- B cells induce Foxp3+CD4+ Tregs, only WT B cells induce IL-10-producing (Foxp3-negative) T regulatory-1 (Tr-1) cells both in vivo and in vitro. However, IL-10-producing B cells did not attenuate colitis or induce Tr-1 cells in the absence of T cell IL-27-signaling in vivo. WT B cell-dependent Tr-1 induction and concomitant decreased IFNγ-secretion were also mediated by T-cell IL-27-signaling in vitro. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-secreting B cells activated by physiologically-relevant bacteria ameliorate T cell-mediated colitis and contribute to intestinal homeostasis by suppressing effector T cells and inducing Tr-1 cells via IL-27-signaling on T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mishima
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Institute of Zoonesis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jonathan J. Hansen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: R. Balfour Sartor, MD, Room 7309A MBRB, CB# 7032, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7032. fax: (919) 843-6899.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the observation that mice genetically deficient in IL-10 spontaneously developed severe intestinal inflammation, revealed an essential role for IL-10 in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In the intervening period much has been learned about the cellular and molecular factors that are involved in IL-10-mediated regulatory pathways. Elegant experiments with conditional cell-type specific knockout strains have illustrated that IL-10 acts on both myeloid cells and T cells within the intestine to suppress innate and adaptive inflammatory responses and enhance regulatory circuits. Although several distinct cellular sources of IL-10 have been identified in the gut, CD4(+) T cells are a crucial non-redundant source of IL-10 for the regulation of intestinal inflammation. Induction of IL-10 may represent an important means through which intestinal microbiota establishes mutually beneficial commensalism with mammalian hosts, but can be exploited by certain pathogens to facilitate infection. Recent genetic studies in humans have confirmed the essential role of IL-10 in preventing deleterious inflammation in the gut. A better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in IL-10 induction and function in the intestine may facilitate the development of novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of regulatory B cells in chronic intestinal inflammation: association with pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:315-28. [PMID: 24390063 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000437983.14544.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) producing interleukin (IL)-10 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases remains unknown. We investigated IL-10 production in B cells from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and immunoregulatory functions of Bregs in experimental colitis mouse models. CpG DNA-induced IL-10 production in peripheral blood B cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and control subjects was examined. CD19 and CD1d were used for evaluating possible cell surface markers of Bregs. Colitis models of severe combined immunodeficiency mice were established by adoptive transfer of whole CD4 T cells or regulatory T cell (Treg)-depleted T cells (CD4CD25) isolated from SAMP1/Yit mice and the function of Bregs in intestinal inflammation was elucidated by evaluating the effects of cotransfer of whole or Breg-depleted B cells. CpG DNA-induced IL-10 production was significantly decreased in B cells from patients with Crohn's disease (CD), as compared with those from healthy controls, whereas Bregs were found to be enriched in a population of CD19 and CD1d B cells isolated from both human and mouse samples. The severity of intestinal inflammation was significantly increased in the Breg-depleted mice, with similar results also found in adoptive transfer colitis model mice even after Treg depletion. Our findings show that Bregs, characterized by the cell surface markers CD19 and CD1d, significantly reduced experimental colitis regardless of the presence or absence of Tregs. These results suggest that a deficiency or decrease of Bregs function exacerbates intestinal inflammation, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of CD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nishida A, Lau CW, Mizoguchi E, Mizoguchi A. Regulatory B cells in mouse models of intestinal inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1190:227-41. [PMID: 25015284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition with increasing incidence and prevalence around the world. Although B cells had generally been believed to play a pathogenic role in IBD due to the production of autoantibodies, a growing body of evidence from mouse models suggests the coexistence of pathogenic B cells and regulatory B cells, termed Breg, in this disorder. Since some unique techniques are required to closely study the Breg in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), we herein describe how to induce colitis in mice and how to analyze the phenotype and function of GALT-specific Breg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishida
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 CNY-6024, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Venning FA, Trempenau ML, Schmidt E, Claesson MH. Enteroantigen (eAg)-binding B lymphocytes in the mouse - phenotype, distribution, function and eAg-specific antibody secretion. APMIS 2013; 122:616-27. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freja Albjerg Venning
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; The Panum Institute; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mette Louise Trempenau
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; The Panum Institute; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Esben Schmidt
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; The Panum Institute; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mogens Helweg Claesson
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; The Panum Institute; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maseda D, Candando KM, Smith SH, Kalampokis I, Weaver CT, Plevy SE, Poe JC, Tedder TF. Peritoneal cavity regulatory B cells (B10 cells) modulate IFN-γ+CD4+ T cell numbers during colitis development in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2780-2795. [PMID: 23918988 PMCID: PMC3770313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spleen regulatory B cell subset with the functional capacity to express IL-10 (B10 cells) modulates both immune responses and autoimmune disease severity. However, the peritoneal cavity also contains relatively high frequencies of functionally defined IL-10-competent B10 cells. In this study, peritoneal cavity B10 cells shared similar cell surface phenotypes with their spleen counterparts. However, peritoneal cavity B10 cells were 10-fold more frequent among B cells than occurred within the spleen, intestinal tract, or mesenteric lymph nodes and were present at higher proportions among the phenotypically defined peritoneal B1a > B1b > B2 cell subpopulations. The development or localization of B10 cells within the peritoneal cavity was not dependent on the presence of commensal microbiota, T cells, IL-10 or B10 cell IL-10 production, or differences between their fetal liver or adult bone marrow progenitor cell origins. The BCR repertoire of peritoneal cavity B10 cells was diverse, as occurs in the spleen, and predominantly included germline-encoded VH and VL regions commonly found in either the conventional or B1 B cell compartments. Thereby, the capacity to produce IL-10 appears to be an intrinsic functional property acquired by clonally diverse B cells. Importantly, IL-10 production by peritoneal cavity B cells significantly reduced disease severity in spontaneous and induced models of colitis by regulating neutrophil infiltration, colitogenic CD4(+) T cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production during colitis onset. Thus, the numerically small B10 cell subset within the peritoneal cavity has regulatory function and is important for maintaining homeostasis within gastrointestinal tissues and the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Susan H. Smith
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ioannis Kalampokis
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Scott E. Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27559
| | - Jonathan C. Poe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas F. Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, de Haar C, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Woude CJ. SOCS3 in immune regulation of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease-related cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:127-38. [PMID: 22591635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has unclear pathogenesis and it is related to the increasing risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have uncovered the molecular mechanism of intracellular signaling pathways of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6. The major transcription factors including STAT3 have been shown to play a major role in transmitting inflammatory cytokine signals to the nucleus. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 protein is the key physiological regulators of cytokine-mediated STAT3 signaling. As such it influences the development of inflammatory and malignant disorders like this associated with IBD. Here we review the complex function of SOCS3 in innate and adaptive immunity, different cell types (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, T cells and intestinal epithelial cells) and the role of SOCS3 on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD-related cancer. Finally, we explore how this knowledge may open novel avenues for the rational treatment of IBD and IBD-related cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|