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Rakhshandehroo M, van Eijkeren RJ, Gabriel TL, de Haar C, Gijzel SMW, Hamers N, Ferraz MJ, Aerts JMFG, Schipper HS, van Eijk M, Boes M, Kalkhoven E. Adipocytes harbor a glucosylceramide biosynthesis pathway involved in iNKT cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1157-1167. [PMID: 31051284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells in adipose tissue (AT) contribute to whole body energy homeostasis. RESULTS Inhibition of the glucosylceramide synthesis in adipocytes impairs iNKT cell activity. CONCLUSION Glucosylceramide biosynthesis pathway is important for endogenous lipid antigen activation of iNKT cells in adipocytes. SIGNIFICANCE Unraveling adipocyte-iNKT cell communication may help to fight obesity-induced AT dysfunction. Overproduction and/or accumulation of ceramide and ceramide metabolites, including glucosylceramides, can lead to insulin resistance. However, glucosylceramides also fulfill important physiological functions. They are presented by antigen presenting cells (APC) as endogenous lipid antigens via CD1d to activate a unique lymphocyte subspecies, the CD1d-restricted invariant (i) natural killer T (NKT) cells. Recently, adipocytes have emerged as lipid APC that can activate adipose tissue-resident iNKT cells and thereby contribute to whole body energy homeostasis. Here we investigate the role of the glucosylceramide biosynthesis pathway in the activation of iNKT cells by adipocytes. UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (Ugcg), the first rate limiting step in the glucosylceramide biosynthesis pathway, was inhibited via chemical compounds and shRNA knockdown in vivo and in vitro. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (B4Galt) 5 and 6, enzymes that convert glucosylceramides into potentially inactive lactosylceramides, were subjected to shRNA knock down. Subsequently, (pre)adipocyte cell lines were tested in co-culture experiments with iNKT cells (IFNγ and IL4 secretion). Inhibition of Ugcg activity shows that it regulates presentation of a considerable fraction of lipid self-antigens in adipocytes. Furthermore, reduced expression levels of either B4Galt5 or -6, indicate that B4Galt5 is dominant in the production of cellular lactosylceramides, but that inhibition of either enzyme results in increased iNKT cell activation. Additionally, in vivo inhibition of Ugcg by the aminosugar AMP-DNM results in decreased iNKT cell effector function in adipose tissue. Inhibition of endogenous glucosylceramide production results in decreased iNKT cells activity and cytokine production, underscoring the role of this biosynthetic pathway in lipid self-antigen presentation by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rakhshandehroo
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Eijkeren
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tanit L Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne M W Gijzel
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hamers
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk S Schipper
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Somasundaram R, Fernandes S, Deuring JJ, de Haar C, Kuipers EJ, Vogelaar L, Middleton FA, van der Woude CJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Kerr WG, Fuhler GM. Analysis of SHIP1 expression and activity in Crohn's disease patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182308. [PMID: 28767696 PMCID: PMC5540589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SH2 domain containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP1) is an important modulator of innate and adaptive immunity. In mice, loss of SHIP1 provokes severe ileitis resembling Crohn’s disease (CD), as a result of deregulated immune responses, altered cytokine production and intestinal fibrosis. Recently, SHIP1 activity was shown to be correlated to the presence of a CD-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in ATG16L1. Here, we studied SHIP1 activity and expression in an adult cohort of CD patients. Methods SHIP1 activity, protein and mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CD patients in clinical remission were determined by Malachite green assay, Western blotting and qRT-PCR respectively. Genomic DNA was genotyped for ATG16L1 rs2241880. Results SHIP1 protein levels are profoundly diminished in a subset of patients; however, SHIP1 activity and expression are not correlated to ATG16L1 SNP status in this adult cohort. Conclusions Aberrant SHIP1 activity can contribute to disease in a subset of adult CD patients, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Jasper J Deuring
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lauran Vogelaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Vogelaar L, de Haar C, Aerts BR, Peppelenbosch MP, Timman R, Hanssen BE, van der Woude CJ. Fatigue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with distinct differences in immune parameters. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:83-90. [PMID: 28496351 PMCID: PMC5422327 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is well recognized that fatigue is an important problem in many of the quiescent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, it is unknown whether the immune status is different in fatigued versus non-fatigued patients. In this study, we contrasted various characteristics of the immune system in fatigued against non-fatigued patients with IBD in clinical remission. Patients and methods Patients with IBD in clinical remission were phenotyped according to the Montreal classification, and the checklist individual strength-fatigue (CIS-fatigue) was used to assess fatigue (CIS-fatigue ≥ 35). Flow cytometry on peripheral blood samples was used to investigate differences in leukocyte subsets. The expression of various cytokines was determined in stimulated whole blood and serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differences between fatigued and non-fatigued patients with IBD were assessed. Results In total, 55 patients were included in the fatigue group (FG) and 29 patients in the non-fatigue group (NFG). No differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were observed between the groups. Flow cytometry data showed a significantly lower percentage of monocytes (p = 0.011) and a higher percentage of memory T-cells (p = 0.005) and neutrophils (p = 0.033) in the FG compared with the NFG. Whole blood stimulation showed increased TNF-α (p = 0.022) and IFN-γ (p = 0.047) in the FG. The median serum level was significantly higher for IL-12 (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.005) and lower for IL-6 (p = 0.002) in the FG compared with NFG. Conclusion Significant differences in immune profile between fatigued and non-fatigued patients with IBD in clinical remission were found, which point out to a chronically active and Th1-skewed immune system in patients with fatigue. Whether these immune differences are directly involved in the fatigue complaints via immune-to-brain communication pathways remains to be determined. As such, further exploration of the underlying immune effects associated with fatigue is warranted to determine potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauran Vogelaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
| | - Colin de Haar
- Applied Tumor Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - Bas Rj Aerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
| | | | - Reinier Timman
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bettina E Hanssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
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de Haar C, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S, Dunnebach E, Plantinga M. Development of a GMP Production Protocol for a Cord Blood-Derived Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine to Prevent Relapses after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Children with AML. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Haar CD, Dunnebach E, Til NV, Plantinga MC, Blokland NJG, Nierkens S, Boelens JJ. Abstract B038: GMP production of cord blood-derived dendritic cell-based vaccine to prevent relapses after hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with AML. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-b038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Pediatric patients with refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have only one treatment option: hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Using cord blood (CB)-derived stem cells, instead of cells from bone marrow cells or peripheral blood, results in less relapses (increased anti-tumor reactivity) and less graft-versus-host disease (increased safety). Although this treatment is potentially curative, still more than half of the children die from relapses. We therefore aim to develop additional powerful and safe CB-derived immunotherapies for pediatric AML.
Methods: We have successfully translated our pre-clinical protocol for generations of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine from CD34+ CB stem cells into GMP production. This production process enables us to generate sufficient CBDC for at least 4 vaccinations when using the 20% fraction of the CB unit. After CliniMACS isolation the CD34+ cells are expanded in culture bags using medium containing FLT3L, SCF, IL-3 and IL-6. When sufficient expansion is reached the cells are differentiated into DCs using medium containing FLT3L, SCF, GM-CSF and IL-4. The CBDCs are then matured using proinflammatory cytokines and electroporated with Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1) mRNA as tumor antigen. After 4 hours recovery, cells are cryopreserved until time of validation or intradermal vaccination
Results: CD34+ CB stem cells were expanded and differentiated into DCs. CBDCs upregulated co-stimulatory molecules after maturation and showed enhanced CCR7-dependent migration towards CCL19 in a trans-well migrations assay. In addition, CBDCs expressed the tumor antigen Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1) protein after electroporation with WT1-mRNA. These WT1 expressing CBDCs were not only able to stimulate T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction but in an antigen-specific setting as well.
Conclusions: We are able to produce a GMP CBDC vaccine with the goal to stimulate the anti-tumor reactivity of the newly developing immune system in AML patients after CB-HCT in a Phase 2 clinical trial starting early 2016.
Citation Format: Colin de Haar, Ester Dunnebach, Niek van Til, Maud C. Plantinga, Nina JG Blokland, Stefan Nierkens, Jaap Jan Boelens. GMP production of cord blood-derived dendritic cell-based vaccine to prevent relapses after hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with AML. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B038.
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de Haar C, Plantinga M, Blokland NJ, van Til NP, Flinsenberg TW, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Boon L, Spel L, Boes M, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Generation of a cord blood-derived Wilms Tumor 1 dendritic cell vaccine for AML patients treated with allogeneic cord blood transplantation. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1023973. [PMID: 26451309 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1023973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor survival rates of refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients after haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) requires the development of additional immune therapeutic strategies. As the elicitation of tumor-antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is associated with reduced relapses and enhanced survival, enhanced priming of these CTLs using an anti-AML vaccine may result in long-term immunity against AML. Cord blood (CB), as allogeneic HCT source, may provide a unique setting for such post-HCT vaccination, considering its enhanced graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects and population of highly responsive naïve T cells. It is our goal to develop a powerful and safe immune therapeutic strategy composed of CB-HCT followed by vaccination with CB CD34+-derived dendritic cells (DCs) presenting the oncoprotein Wilms Tumor-1 (WT1), which is expressed in AML-blasts in the majority of patients. Here, we describe the optimization of a clinically applicable DC culture protocol. This two-step protocol consisting of an expansion phase followed by the differentiation toward DCs, enables us to generate sufficient cord blood-derived DCs (CBDCs) in the clinical setting. At the end of the culture, the CBDCs exhibit a mature surface phenotype, are able to migrate, express tumor antigen (WT1) after electroporation with mRNA encoding the full-length WT1 protein, and stimulate WT1-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin de Haar
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Plantinga
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Jg Blokland
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Wh Flinsenberg
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp ; Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE); University of Antwerp ; Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium ; Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital ; Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros B.V. ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Spel
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Clinical Immunology Section; LTI; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department Pediatrics; Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- U-DANCE; Laboratory for Translational Immunology; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; U-DAIR; LTI; UMC Utrecht ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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de Haar C, Plantinga M, Blokland N, Dunnebach E, Boes M, Boelens J, Nierkens S. Preclinical Development of Cord Blood-Derived Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapies after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Children with AML. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.11.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parikh K, Zhou L, Somasundaram R, Fuhler GM, Deuring JJ, Blokzijl T, Regeling A, Kuipers EJ, Weersma RK, Nuij VJ, Alves M, Vogelaar L, Visser L, de Haar C, Krishnadath KK, van der Woude CJ, Dijkstra G, Faber KN, Peppelenbosch MP. Suppression of p21Rac signaling and increased innate immunity mediate remission in Crohn's disease. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:233ra53. [PMID: 24760188 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), large areas of apparently healthy mucosa lie adjacent to ulcerated intestine. Knowledge of the mechanisms that maintain remission in an otherwise inflamed intestine could provide important clues to the pathogenesis of this disease and provide rationale for clinical treatment strategies. We used kinome profiling to generate comprehensive descriptions of signal transduction pathways in inflamed and noninflamed colonic mucosa in a cohort of IBD patients, and compared the results to non-IBD controls. We observed that p21Rac1 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling was strongly suppressed in noninflamed colonic mucosa in IBD. This suppression was due to both reduced guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity and increased intrinsic GTPase activity. Pharmacological p21Rac1 inhibition correlated with clinical improvement in IBD, and mechanistically unrelated pharmacological p21Rac1 inhibitors increased innate immune functions such as phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and interleukin-8 production in healthy controls and patients. Thus, suppression of p21Rac activity assists innate immunity in bactericidal activity and may induce remission in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Parikh
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
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Regeling A, Somasundaram R, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ, Braat H, Peppelenbosch MP. Role of defective autophagia and the intestinal flora in Crohn disease. Self Nonself 2014; 1:323-327. [PMID: 21487507 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms underlying the development of Crohn disease (CD) remain controversial, but sufficient data have been collected to suggest that an uncontrolled immune response within the intestinal mucosa leads to inflammation in a genetically susceptible host. Although lack of mucosal regulatory T cells causes colitis in humans and experimental rodents, patients with CD have more rather than less regulatory activity in the intestine, apparently excluding defects in tolerance as the cause of CD. Genome-wide association studies have identified many gene variants that confer susceptibility and which seem associated to diminished functioning of especially innate immunity. In apparent agreement, CD patients are impaired with respect to innate immune responses and controlling bacterial flora in the intestine. Furthermore, severe genetic deficiencies in innate immunity, like e.g., lack of NADP oxidase activity or diminished function of the Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein are associated with colitis in mice and men, and are often mistakenly diagnosed as CD. Thus we favor the view that the primary defect in CD is a lack in innate immunity, causing second tier immunological defenses to combat otherwise easily controlled bacterial breaches of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Regeling
- Diseases University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Braat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Deuring JJ, Fuhler GM, Konstantinov SR, Peppelenbosch MP, Kuipers EJ, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ. Genomic ATG16L1 risk allele-restricted Paneth cell ER stress in quiescent Crohn's disease. Gut 2014; 63:1081-91. [PMID: 23964099 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although genome wide association studies have partly uncovered the genetic basis of Crohn's disease (CD), it remains a challenge to link genetic polymorphisms to functional intestinal phenotypes. Paneth cells are specialised antimicrobial epithelial cells localised to the small-intestinal crypt-base. Here, we investigate whether genomic variations in ATG16L1 affect Paneth cell function. DESIGN Genomic variation of ATG16L1 (T300A, rs2241880) was determined in DNA from 78 patients with CD and 12 healthy controls. Paraffin-embedded ileal biopsies from patients with genotype AA (n=17), GA (n=38) and patients with the GG allele (n=23) were stained for GRP78, phospho-EIF2α, lysozyme, cleaved-caspase 3, phosphohistone H3, phospho-IκB, p65, phospho-p38MAPK and PHLDA1. Microbial composition of biopsies was assessed by PCR. Disease phenotype was scored. RESULTS In patients with quiescent disease but with an ATG16L1 risk allele, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers GRP78 and pEIF2α were highly expressed in Paneth cells. Other CD risk gene variations did not correlate with Paneth cell ER stress. Functionally, patients with ER-stressed Paneth cells showed no changes in intestinal epithelial cells proliferation or apoptosis, Paneth cell or stem cell numbers, p65, phospho-IκB and phospho-p38 staining. However, a significantly increased presence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli was observed in biopsies from patients with ER-stressed Paneth cells. Phenotypically, patients with GRP78 positive Paneth cells have relatively less colonic disease over ileal disease (-21%, p=0.04), more fistulas (+21%, p=0.05) and an increased need for intestinal surgery (+38%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism defines a specific subtype of patients with CD, characterised by Paneth cell ER stress even during quiescent disease. Paneth cell ER stress correlates with bacterial persistence, and is thus likely to modulate antimicrobial functionality of this cell type in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jasper Deuring
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey R Konstantinov
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rakhshandehroo M, Gijzel SMW, Siersbæk R, Broekema MF, de Haar C, Schipper HS, Boes M, Mandrup S, Kalkhoven E. CD1d-mediated presentation of endogenous lipid antigens by adipocytes requires microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22128-39. [PMID: 24966328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction results in a chronic low-grade inflammation that predisposes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. During the development of obesity, the AT-resident immune cell profile alters to create a pro-inflammatory state. Very recently, CD1d-restricted invariant (i) natural killer T (NKT) cells, a unique subset of lymphocytes that are reactive to so called lipid antigens, were implicated in AT homeostasis. Interestingly, recent data also suggest that human and mouse adipocytes can present such lipid antigens to iNKT cells in a CD1d-dependent fashion, but little is known about the lipid antigen presentation machinery in adipocytes. Here we show that CD1d, as well as the lipid antigen loading machinery genes pro-saposin (Psap), Niemann Pick type C2 (Npc2), α-galactosidase (Gla), are up-regulated in early adipogenesis, and are transcriptionally controlled by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-β and -δ. Moreover, adipocyte-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine release by iNKT cells also occurred in the absence of exogenous ligands, suggesting the display of endogenous lipid antigen-D1d complexes by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, we identified microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, which we show is also under the transcriptional regulation of C/EBPβ and -δ, as a novel player in the presentation of endogenous lipid antigens by adipocytes. Overall, our findings indicate that adipocytes can function as non-professional lipid antigen presenting cells, which may present an important aspect of adipocyte-immune cell communication in the regulation of whole body energy metabolism and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanne M W Gijzel
- From the Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine and
| | - Rasmus Siersbæk
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Colin de Haar
- the Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands and
| | - Henk S Schipper
- From the Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine and the Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands and
| | - Marianne Boes
- the Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands and
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- From the Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine and
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12
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Plantinga M, de Haar C, Nierkens S, Boelens JJ. Dendritic Cell Therapy in an Allogeneic-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Setting: An Effective Strategy toward Better Disease Control? Front Immunol 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 24904573 PMCID: PMC4032952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a last treatment resort and only potentially curative treatment option for several hematological malignancies resistant to chemotherapy. The induction of profound immune regulation after allogeneic HCT is imperative to prevent graft-versus-host reactions and, at the same time, allow protective immune responses against pathogens and against tumor cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that are essential in regulating this balance and are of major interest as a tool to modulate immune responses in the complex and challenging phase of immune reconstitution early after allo-HCT. This review focuses on the use of DC vaccination to prevent cancer relapses early after allo-HCT. It describes the role of host and donor-DCs, various vaccination strategies, different DC subsets, antigen loading, DC maturation/activation, and injection sites and dose. At last, clinical trials using DC vaccination post-allo-HCT and the future perspectives of DC vaccination in combination with other cancer immunotherapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Plantinga
- Utrecht - Dendritic cells AgaiNst CancEr (U-DANCE), Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Utrecht - Dendritic cells AgaiNst CancEr (U-DANCE), Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Utrecht - Dendritic cells AgaiNst CancEr (U-DANCE), Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Utrecht - Dendritic cells AgaiNst CancEr (U-DANCE), Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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13
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de Haar C, Plantinga M, Blokland N, Spel L, Boes M, Nierkens S, Boelens JJ. Development of a unique anti-AML immune therapy consisting of cord blood HSCT and cord blood stem cell-derived dendritic cell (CB-DC) vaccination. J Immunother Cancer 2013. [PMCID: PMC3990352 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-s1-p206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Deuring JJ, de Haar C, Kuipers EJ, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Woude CJ. The cell biology of the intestinal epithelium and its relation to inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:798-806. [PMID: 23291352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial layer of our intestines must meet two opposing requirements. On one hand it must allow for efficient uptake of nutrients and fluids, on the other hand it is a vital defence barrier between the milieu interior and the milieu exterior. In contrast to the lung that by virtue of cilia movement is kept virtually sterile, the gut epithelium is confronted by a stupendous microbiological load and a substantial xenobiotic challenge. The efficiency by which our intestinal epithelium manages to deal with the challenge of efficient nutrient absorption while simultaneously fulfilling its barrier function is testimony to what the forces of evolution can accomplish. Importantly, our understanding as to how our gut epithelial compartment manages this balancing act is now rapidly emerging, answering one of the oldest questions in cell biology. Importantly, when aberrations in this balance occur, for instance as a consequence genetic polymorphisms, increased propensity to develop chronic inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease is the result. Thus the knowledge on intestinal cell biology and biochemistry is not only of academic interest but may also aid design of novel avenues for the rational treatment of mucosal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jasper Deuring
- Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Netherlands
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15
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Li Y, Nuij VJAA, Baars JE, Biermann K, Kuipers EJ, Peppelenbosch MP, de Haar C, Janneke van der Woude C. Increased suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression predicts mucosal relapse in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:132-40. [PMID: 22535619 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most biomarkers predicting mucosal relapse of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in clinical remission represent low levels of mucosal inflammation. Since SOCS3 expression may increase the vulnerability of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to various insults, we investigated whether its expression predicts mucosal relapse in UC patients in clinical remission without any signs of mucosal inflammation. METHODS UC patients (n = 32) in clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission were followed up for 9 years. IEC expression of SOCS3, p-STAT3, and p-STAT1 were assessed with biopsies from the baseline colonoscopy, last colonoscopy before relapse, and colonoscopy at relapse. Clinical data, endoscopy, and histology reports were collected from patient charts. RESULTS Twenty-six (81%) patients had histological relapse, 19 (59%) developed an endoscopic relapse, and 17 (53%) had a clinical relapse during follow-up. SOCS3 expression at first colonoscopy during remission correlated with shorter time to histological, endoscopic, and clinical relapse. SOCS3 expression was increased at the last colonoscopy before relapse, approaching relapse levels, whereas p-STAT3 expression was low during the entire remission. A positive correlation between IEC SOCS3 and its inducer p-STAT1 was shown. CONCLUSIONS SOCS3 IEC expression during remission may be useful in predicting mucosal relapse in patients without any signs of mucosal inflammation. These data strengthen our hypothesis that SOCS3 contributes to enhanced vulnerability of IEC during remission. Thus, SOCS3 levels during remission may function as a therapeutic target for clinical monitoring and early induction of mucosal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Li Y, Deuring J, Peppelenbosch MP, Kuipers EJ, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ. STAT1, STAT6 and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) signaling drive SOCS3 expression in inactive ulcerative colitis. Mol Med 2012; 18:1412-9. [PMID: 23154639 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease associated with long periods of quiescent disease followed by fulminant exacerbation. Imminent relapse in UC is associated with high mucosal expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3); hence, knowledge of the mechanisms driving mucosal SOCS3 expression may provide important clues as to rational therapy. Thus, here we aim to characterize the molecular forces driving SOCS3 expression in the mucosal compartment, focusing on druggable pathways. The colon epithelial cell line Caco-2 was stimulated with interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) to allow correlations between SOCS3 expression with signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT6 and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, respectively. The physiological relevance of the findings obtained was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for the activated forms of STAT1, STAT6, protein kinase A (PKA)-Cγ and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in biopsies from inactive UC patients and controls. Stimulation with IFN-γ, IL-4 or PGE(2) induced activation of STAT1, STAT6 and cAMP, respectively, in colonic cells, without any signs of concomitant STAT3 activation. Forced activation of all these signaling pathways was sufficient for SOCS3 expression. Biopsies from patients with inactive UC showed significant increase of phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) (p < 0.0001), p-STAT6 (p = 0.0001), p-PKA-Cγ (p = 0.0003) and p-CREB (p = 0.0025) expression compared with controls. STAT3-independent SOCS3 induction in inactive UC involves multiple proinflammatory signaling pathways and contradicts the usefulness of pathway-specific antiinflammatory drugs for preventing relapse. Our findings suggest that broad-spectrum antiinflammatory drugs are essential to counteract increases in SOCS3 expression and exacerbation of disease. Our results highlight the multifactorial nature of the factors that cause exacerbation in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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17
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Tamoutounour S, Henri S, Lelouard H, de Bovis B, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ, Woltman AM, Reyal Y, Bonnet D, Sichien D, Bain CC, Mowat AM, Reis e Sousa C, Poulin LF, Malissen B, Guilliams M. CD64 distinguishes macrophages from dendritic cells in the gut and reveals the Th1-inducing role of mesenteric lymph node macrophages during colitis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3150-66. [PMID: 22936024 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MΦs) are key components of intestinal immunity. However, the lack of surface markers differentiating MΦs from DCs has hampered understanding of their respective functions. Here, we demonstrate that, using CD64 expression, MΦs can be distinguished from DCs in the intestine of both mice and humans. On that basis, we revisit the phenotype of intestinal DCs in the absence of contaminating MΦs and we delineate a developmental pathway in the healthy intestine that leads from newly extravasated Ly-6C(hi) monocytes to intestinal MΦs. We determine how inflammation impacts this pathway and show that T cell-mediated colitis is associated with massive recruitment of monocytes to the intestine and the mesenteric lymph node (MLN). There, these monocytes differentiate into inflammatory MΦs endowed with phagocytic activity and the ability to produce inducible nitric oxide synthase. In the MLNs, inflammatory MΦs are located in the T-cell zone and trigger the induction of proinflammatory T cells. Finally, T cell-mediated colitis develops irrespective of intestinal DC migration, an unexpected finding supporting an important role for MLN-resident inflammatory MΦs in the etiology of T cell-mediated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tamoutounour
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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18
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Li Y, Deuring J, Peppelenbosch MP, Kuipers EJ, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ. IL-6-induced DNMT1 activity mediates SOCS3 promoter hypermethylation in ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1889-96. [PMID: 22739025 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The mechanisms by which chronic inflammatory responses in the colon may promote CRC remain only partially understood, but may involve reduced negative regulation of interleukin (IL)-6 signaling towards signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation through the loss of SOCS3 expression, unleashing the full carcinogenic potential of this transcription factor. Thus, we analyzed SOCS3 expression in the colon of healthy controls, as well as in a cohort of UC patients with varying degrees of dysplasia. We observe that the loss of epithelial SOCS3 expression delimits the areas subject to dysplasia in UC, suggesting an important tumour-suppressive role of SOCS3 downregulation, early in the transformation process. Importantly, methylation of the SOCS3 promotor appears to constitute an important regulatory mechanism for colonic SOCS3 expression as SOCS3 methylation status in CRC cells correlates with a disability to upregulate SOCS3 upon IL-6 stimulation, whereas forced demethylation using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restores SOCS3 expression and inhibits IL-6-induced p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and proliferation. Expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DMNT1 is prominent in dysplastic cells and correlates with low or absent SOCS3 expression. Thus, induction of DNMT1 expression in the chronically inflamed colon may release IL-6 signaling towards signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 from inhibition through SOCS3 increasing the propensity to malignant transformation. Hence, DNMT1 emerges as a rational target in preventive strategies aimed at counteracting UC-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Li Y, de Haar C, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Woude CJ. New insights into the role of STAT3 in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1177-83. [PMID: 21994179 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is clear that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an inappropriate immune response to floral components, the molecular determinants that mediate the gene transcription underlying and aggravating disease remain poorly understood. There is building momentum, however, that implicates differential regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 as an important factor in mediating pathogenic gene transcription in IBD, and this notion was reinforced by studies presented at the recent 2011 Digestive Disease Week (DDW) conference in Chicago. In the present report we integrate the existing body of literature with the novel data presented at this meeting to present a kaleidoscopic scheme so as to provide further insight into the role of STAT3 in IBD. A genetic propensity to its overactivation in the monocyte and epithelial compartment compromises the innate defense to allow low-level bacterial infection to fester and eventually initiate disease. The subsequent STAT3 activation in various relevant mucosal immune compartments, in particular epithelial cell proliferation and survival, and the function of the regulatory T cells and Th17 cells allow the mucosal immune system to fight the infection and return to steady state. As such, the action of STAT3 in IBD is highly context-dependent but always important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Li Y, de Haar C, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Woude CJ. SOCS3 in immune regulation of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease-related cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:127-38. [PMID: 22591635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has unclear pathogenesis and it is related to the increasing risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have uncovered the molecular mechanism of intracellular signaling pathways of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6. The major transcription factors including STAT3 have been shown to play a major role in transmitting inflammatory cytokine signals to the nucleus. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 protein is the key physiological regulators of cytokine-mediated STAT3 signaling. As such it influences the development of inflammatory and malignant disorders like this associated with IBD. Here we review the complex function of SOCS3 in innate and adaptive immunity, different cell types (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, T cells and intestinal epithelial cells) and the role of SOCS3 on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD-related cancer. Finally, we explore how this knowledge may open novel avenues for the rational treatment of IBD and IBD-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rieder F, Karrasch T, Ben-Horin S, Schirbel A, Ehehalt R, Wehkamp J, de Haar C, Velin D, Latella G, Scaldaferri F, Rogler G, Higgins P, Sans M. Results of the 2nd scientific workshop of the ECCO (III): basic mechanisms of intestinal healing. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:373-85. [PMID: 22405177 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The second scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal healing for the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand basic mechanisms, markers for disease prediction, detection and monitoring of intestinal healing, impact of intestinal healing on the disease course of IBD as well as therapeutic strategies. The results of this workshop are presented in four separate manuscripts. This section describes basic mechanisms of intestinal healing, identifies open questions in the field and provides a framework for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA.
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Buschard K, Hansen AK, Jensen K, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, de Ruiter LF, Krohn TC, Hufeldt MR, Vogensen FK, Aasted B, Osterbye T, Roep BO, de Haar C, Nieuwenhuis EE. Alcohol facilitates CD1d loading, subsequent activation of NKT cells, and reduces the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17931. [PMID: 21483778 PMCID: PMC3069977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanol (‘alcohol’) is a partly hydrophobic detergent that may affect the accessibility of glycolipids thereby influencing immunological effects of these molecules. Methods The study included cellular in vitro tests using α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), and in vivo NOD mice experiments detecting diabetes incidence and performing behavioural and bacterial analyses. Results Alcohol in concentrations from 0.6% to 2.5% increased IL-2 production from NKT cells stimulated with αGalCer by 60% (p<0.05). CD1d expressed on HeLa cells contained significantly increasing amounts of αGalCer with increasing concentrations of alcohol, suggesting that alcohol facilitated the passive loading of αGalCer to CD1d. NOD mice were found to tolerate 5% ethanol in their drinking water without signs of impairment in liver function. Giving this treatment, the diabetes incidence declined significantly. Higher numbers of CD3+CD49b+ NKT cells were found in spleen and liver of the alcohol treated compared to the control mice (p<0.05), whereas the amount of CD4+Foxp3+ regulator T cells did not differ. Increased concentrations of IFN-γ were detected in 24-hour blood samples of alcohol treated mice. Behavioural studies showed no change in attitude of the ethanol-consuming mice, and bacterial composition of caecum samples was not affected by alcohol, disqualifying these as protective mechanisms. Conclusion Alcohol facilitates the uptake of glycolipids and the stimulation of NKT cells, which are known to counteract Type 1 diabetes development. We propose that this is the acting mechanism by which treatment with alcohol reduces the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. This is corroborated by epidemiology showing beneficial effect of alcohol to reduce the severity of atherosclerosis and related diseases.
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van Lierop PPE, de Haar C, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, van Rijt LS, Lambrecht BN, Escher JC, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EES. T-cell regulation of neutrophil infiltrate at the early stages of a murine colitis model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:442-51. [PMID: 19714763 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cells are a main target for antiinflammatory drugs in inflammatory bowel disease. As the innate immune system is also implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, T-cell suppressors may not only inhibit T-cell-dependent production of proinflammatory mediators but also affect innate immune cell function. Specifically, these drugs may impair innate immune cell recruitment and activation through inhibition of T-cells or act independent of T-cell modulation. We explored the extent of immune modulation by the T-cell inhibitor tacrolimus in a murine colitis model. METHODS We assessed the effects of tacrolimus on trinitro-benzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis in wildtype and Rag2-deficient mice. The severity of colitis was assessed by means of histological scores and weight loss. We further characterized the inflammation using immunohistochemistry and by analysis of isolated intestinal leukocytes at various stages of disease. RESULTS Tacrolimus-treated wildtype mice were less sensitive to colitis and had fewer activated T-cells. Inhibition of T-cell function was associated with strongly diminished recruitment of infiltrating neutrophils in the colon at the early stages of this model. In agreement, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that tacrolimus inhibited production of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2. Rag2-deficient mice displayed an enhanced baseline level of lamina propria neutrophils that was moderately increased in TNBS colitis and remained unaffected by tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS Both the innate and the adaptive mucosal immune system contribute to TNBS colitis. Tacrolimus suppresses colitis directly through inhibition of T-cell activation and by suppression of T-cell-mediated recruitment of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P E van Lierop
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Li Y, de Haar C, Chen M, Deuring J, Gerrits MM, Smits R, Xia B, Kuipers EJ, van der Woude CJ. Disease-related expression of the IL6/STAT3/SOCS3 signalling pathway in ulcerative colitis and ulcerative colitis-related carcinogenesis. Gut 2010; 59:227-35. [PMID: 19926618 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models have shown that interleukin (IL)6 stimulates survival, proliferation and progression to cancer of intestinal epithelial cells via activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of IL6/phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3)/suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) in biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and UC-related colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. METHODS Biopsy specimens from patients with inactive UC (n=18), active UC (n=28), UC with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) (n=9), UC with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) (n=7), UC-CRC (n=11) and sporadic CRC (n=14) were included. Biopsy specimens (n=9) from patients without colonic abnormalities served as control. The protein expression of IL6, p-STAT3 and SOCS3 was determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Patients with active UC had significantly more IL6 and p-STAT3-positive epithelial cells than both patients with inactive UC and controls (strong positive IL6: 53.6%, 11.1% and 0%, respectively; p-STAT3: 64.3%, 22.2% and 11.1%, respectively; all p<or=0.012). SOCS3-positive cells were significantly increased in colonic epithelium of both inactive and active UC compared with controls (strong positive: 94.4%, 96.4% and 11.1%, respectively; both p<0.001). In dysplasia and cancer, significantly more epithelial cells expressed IL6 and p-STAT3 compared with controls (strong positive IL6: 72.7% and 0% respectively; p-STAT3: 54.5% and 11.1%, respectively; both p<0.05), whereas the proportion of SOCS3-positive cells in this progression reduced (LGD 33.3%; HGD 14.3%; UC-CRC 9.1%). In addition, methylation of the SOCS3 gene was detected in epithelial cells from UC-CRC biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION The importance of IL6/p-STAT3 in patients with inflammation-induced CRC was demonstrated. Moreover, SOCS3 may be involved in UC pathogenesis and the absence of SOCS3 seems critical for CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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25
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de Haar C, Kool M, Hassing I, Bol M, Lambrecht BN, Pieters R. Lung dendritic cells are stimulated by ultrafine particles and play a key role in particle adjuvant activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1246-54. [PMID: 18313130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adjuvant activity of air pollution particles on allergic airway sensitization is well known, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this adjuvant potential are not clear. OBJECTIVE We sough to study the role of dendritic cells and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in the adjuvant activity of ultrafine carbon black particles (CBP). METHODS The proliferation of CFSE-labeled DO11.10 CD4 cells was studied after intranasal exposure to particles and ovalbumin (OVA). Next the frequency of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their expression of CD80 and CD86 were studied in the peribronchial lymph nodes (PBLNs). The expression of costimulatory molecules was also studied on bone marrow-derived mDCs after exposure to CBPs in vitro, and the importance of costimulation in CBP adjuvant activity was assessed by using CD80/CD86-deficient mice or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)-Ig in vivo. RESULTS Our data show that CBPs plus OVA caused proliferation of DO11.10 CD4 cells and high levels of cytokine production in the PBLNs. Furthermore, the combined CBP plus OVA exposure increased the number of mDCs and expression of costimulatory molecules in the PBLNs. In addition, CBPs upregulated the expression of CD80/CD86 molecules on dendritic cells in vitro, which are necessary for the particle adjuvant effects in vivo. CONCLUSION Together this study shows the importance of dendritic cells and costimulation in particle adjuvant activity. Furthermore, we show for the first time that CBPs can also directly induce maturation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin de Haar
- Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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de Haar C, Hassing I, Bol M, Bleumink R, Pieters R. Ultrafine carbon black particles cause early airway inflammation and have adjuvant activity in a mouse allergic airway disease model. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:409-18. [PMID: 16014737 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain more insight into the mechanisms of particulate matter (PM)-induced adjuvant activity, we studied the kinetics of airway toxicity/inflammation and allergic sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) in response to ultrafine carbon black particles (CBP). Mice were exposed intranasally to OVA alone or in combination with different concentrations of CBP. Airway toxicity and inflammation were assessed at days 4 and 8. Immune adjuvant effects were studied in the lung draining peribronchial lymph nodes (PBLN) at day 8. Antigen-specific IgE was measured at days 21 and 28, whereas allergic airway inflammation was studied after OVA challenges (day 28). Results show that a total dose of 200 microg CBP per mouse, but not 20 microg or 2 microg, induced immediate airway inflammation. This 200 microg CBP was the only dose that had immune adjuvant activity, by inducing enlargement of the PBLN and increasing OVA-specific production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10). The immune adjuvant activity of 200 microg CBP dosing was further examined. Whereas increased OVA-specific IgE levels in serum on day 21 confirms systemic sensitization, this was further supported by allergic airway inflammation after challenges with OVA. Our data show a link between early airway toxicity and adjuvant effects of CBP. In addition, results indicate that local cytokine production early after exposure to CBP is predictive of allergic airway inflammation. In addition this model appears suitable for studying the role of airway toxicity, inflammation and other mechanisms of particle adjuvant activity, and predicting the adjuvant potential of different particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin de Haar
- Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Veronesi B, de Haar C, Lee L, Oortgiesen M. The surface charge of visible particulate matter predicts biological activation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 178:144-54. [PMID: 11858730 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical complexity of airborne particulate matter (PM) has hampered identifying a specific mechanism(s) for its toxicity. In this study, selected physicochemical characteristics (i.e., size, particle number, acidity, and surface charge) were measured on various field PM, derived from urban ambient (St. Louis, Ottawa, Canada), residential (Woodstove), volcanic dust from Mt. St. Helen (MSH), and industrial [oil fly ash (OFA) coal fly ash (CFA)] sources. Morphometric analysis of visible (< or = 2.0 to >10 microm) field particles indicated that the industrial PM (OFA, CFA) had the smallest diameter and lowest total number of particles per weight while Woodstove and Ottawa had the largest diameter and highest number of particles. All PM lowered the pH of an unbuffered 10 mM NaCl solution from pH 7.4 to pH 4.7-6.8 but did not change the neutral pH of the cell culture medium, keratinocyte growth media (KGM). The surface charge (i.e., zeta potential) of microscopically visible (> or = 2.0 microm) field particles, suspended in either a Hepes-buffered KCl solution or in KGM, was measured by microelectrophoresis. In KCl solution, the mean zeta potential of all tested PM ranged from -36 +/- 2 (Woodstove) to -27 +/- 4.3 mV (MSH). When measured in KGM medium, the mean zeta potential value of each PM was significantly less (p > 0.001) than those measured in KCl solution, with values ranging from -17 +/- 0.3 mV (St. Louis) to -9 +/- 0.6 mV (MSH). Suspensions of field PM, its soluble and washed particulate fractions, were next prepared from each PM. The biological effects (i.e., increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), cytokine release) of their exposure were measured in human, immortalized, tracheal-bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to each fraction produced an immediate, but differential increase in [Ca2+]i and the subsequent release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, 4 and 16 h later. Increases in [Ca2+]i by field PM significantly correlated with the IL-6 released by each fraction (r2 > or = 0.76) after both 4 and 16 h exposures. The biological effects of each PM were compared with their physicochemical characteristics. No correlation was found between increases in [Ca2+]i or cytokine release and a PM's acidity or the number or size of its visible (> or = 2.0 microm) particles. However, the surface charge of PM field particles, when measured in the KGM exposure medium, showed a high correlation (r2 > or = 0.94) with the IL-6 release by field PM after both 4 and 16 h exposure. Increases in [Ca2+]i also correlated (r2 = 0.85) with the surface charge of PM field particles when measured in KGM. These data indicate that the surface charge (i.e., zeta potential) carried on PM's visible field particles predicts their differential release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in cultures of human respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellina Veronesi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Abstract
The complexity of primary source particulate matter (PM) and the various cell types encountered by its inhalation raise the possibility that target cells are differentially activated. Since epithelial cells, which line the nasal-tracheal-bronchial airways, and sensory C fibers, which terminate throughout this epithelial layer, are initially targeted by inhaled PM, we compared their relative biological response in vitro to PM originating from volcanic (MSH), anthropogenic (diesel), residential (woodstove), urban ambient (St. Louis, Ottawa), and industrial emission (coal fly ash, CFA; residual oil fly ash, ROFA; oil fly ash, OFA) sources. Increases in intracellular calcium (i.e., [Ca(2+)](i)) are a second-messenger event that indicates cellular activation and signal transduction, in both nerve and epithelial cells. Single-cell calcium imaging recordings were taken of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to selected PM (50 microg/ml or 30 microg/cm(2)). These cells responded with variable increases in [Ca(2+)](i) ranging from abrupt increases, which returned to baseline upon washing of the cells, to oscillations of the [Ca(2+)](i) that did not wash out. Increases in [Ca(2+)](i) and inflammatory cytokine (i.e., interleukin 6, IL-6) release were measured in populations of BEAS-2B cells exposed to PM (50 microg/ml) and were shown to significantly correlate (r(2) =.80). BEAS-2B cells, stained histochemically with cobalt, displayed a concentration-dependent precipitation in response to acid pH and capsaicin, indicating the presence of acid-sensitive pathways (e.g., VR1 and acid-sensitive receptors). To demonstrate the relevance of these pathways to inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-6) release, BEAS-2B cells were pretreated (15 min) with antagonists to the vanilloid (VR1) receptor (i.e., capsazepine, CPZ) or acid-sensitive pathways (i.e., amiloride) before their exposure to the selected PM. A significant reduction of IL-6 release occurred in response to all PM, except for MSH and diesel exhaust. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which innervate the tracheal airways, were dissociated from fetal mice and pretreated with CPZ or amiloride before exposure (4 h) to the selected PM (50 microg/ml). Overall, significantly higher release occurred in PM-exposed sensory neurons relative to that of BEAS-2B epithelial cells. Although both CPZ and amiloride significantly reduced IL-6 release for all PM, the degree of inhibition was less for the PM-exposed DRG relative to BEAS-2B cells. These data show that differential increases in [Ca(2+)](i) and IL-6 release occur in BEAS-2B epithelial cells and DRG sensory neurons, when exposed to PM derived from different sources. The degree of this activation, however, depends not only on the source of the PM, but also on its cellular target. This differential sensitivity of target cells may contribute to the organism's overall inflammatory response to PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellina Veronesi
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NHEERL, NTD MD 74B, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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