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Nugteren S, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Menckeberg CL, Hulleman-van Haaften DH, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Samsom JN. Endogenous secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor inhibits microbial-induced monocyte activation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249964. [PMID: 36480463 PMCID: PMC10107746 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the intestine, epithelial factors condition incoming immune cells including monocytes to adapt their threshold of activation and prevent undesired inflammation. Colonic epithelial cells express Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI), an inhibitor of NF kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) that mediates epithelial hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimuli. Uptake of extracellular SLPI by monocytes has been proposed to inhibit monocyte activation. We questioned whether monocytes can produce SLPI and whether endogenous SLPI can inhibit monocyte activation. We demonstrate that human THP-1 monocytic cells produce SLPI and that CD68+ SLPI-producing cells can be detected in human intestinal lamina propria. Knockdown of SLPI in human THP-1 cells significantly increased NF-κB activation and subsequent C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) and TNF-α production in response to microbial stimulation. Reconstitution of SLPI-deficient cells with either full-length SLPI or SLPI lacking its signal peptide rescued inhibition of NF-κB activation and cytokine production, demonstrating that endogenous SLPI inhibits monocytic cell activation. Unexpectedly, exogenous SLPI did not inhibit CXCL8 or TNF-α production, despite efficient uptake. Our data argue that endogenous SLPI can regulate the threshold of activation in monocytes, thereby preventing activation by commensal bacteria in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Nugteren
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ytje Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia L Menckeberg
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle H Hulleman-van Haaften
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Nugteren S, den Uil SH, Delis-van Diemen PM, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Haaften DH, Stockmann HBAC, Sanders J, Meijer GA, Fijneman RJA, Samsom JN. High expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in stage III micro-satellite stable colorectal cancer is associated with reduced disease recurrence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12174. [PMID: 35842496 PMCID: PMC9288430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a pleiotropic protein produced by healthy intestinal epithelial cells. SLPI regulates NF-κB activation, inhibits neutrophil proteases and has broad antimicrobial activity. Recently, increased SLPI expression was found in various types of carcinomas and was suggested to increase their metastatic potential. Indeed, we demonstrated that SLPI protein expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases and matched primary tumors is associated with worse outcome, suggesting that SLPI promotes metastasis in human CRC. However, whether SLPI plays a role in CRC before distant metastases have formed is unclear. Therefore, we examined whether SLPI expression is associated with prognosis in CRC patients with localized disease. Using a cohort of 226 stage II and 160 stage III CRC patients we demonstrate that high SLPI protein expression is associated with reduced disease recurrence in patients with stage III micro-satellite stable tumors treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, independently of established clinical risk factors (hazard rate ratio 0.54, P-value 0.03). SLPI protein expression was not associated with disease-free survival in stage II CRC patients. Our data suggest that the role of SLPI in CRC may be different depending on the stage of disease. In stage III CRC, SLPI expression may be unfavorable for tumors, whereas SLPI expression may be beneficial for tumors once distant metastases have established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Nugteren
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H den Uil
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ytje Simons-Oosterhuis
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle H van Haaften
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nugteren S, Goos JACM, Delis-van Diemen PM, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Haaften DH, Sanders J, Meijer GA, Fijneman RJA, Samsom JN. Expression of the immune modulator secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in colorectal cancer liver metastases and matched primary tumors is associated with a poorer prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1832761. [PMID: 33101778 PMCID: PMC7556627 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1832761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a pleiotropic protein expressed by healthy intestinal epithelial cells, functions as an inhibitor of NF-κB and neutrophil proteases and exerts antimicrobial activity. We previously showed SLPI suppresses intestinal epithelial chemokine production in response to microbial contact. Increased SLPI expression was recently detected in various types of carcinoma. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates SLPI expression is favorable for tumor cells. In view of these findings and the abundance of SLPI in the colonic epithelium, we hypothesized SLPI promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis. Here, we aimed to establish whether SLPI expression in CRC is related to clinical outcome. Using a cohort of 507 patients with CRC who underwent resection of liver metastases, we show that high SLPI protein expression in both liver metastases and primary CRC is associated with significantly shorter overall survival after resection of liver metastases. The prognostic value of SLPI in CRC patients with liver metastases implies a role for SLPI in the formation of metastasis of human CRC. Based on the immune regulatory functions of SLPI, we anticipate that expression of SLPI provides tumors with a mechanism to evade infiltration by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Nugteren
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A C M Goos
- Departments of Clinical Neuroscience, Radiopharmacy, and Oncology & Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ytje Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle H van Haaften
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Veenbergen S, Li P, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Farrel A, Costes LMM, Joosse ME, van Berkel LA, de Ruiter LF, van Leeuwen MA, Winter D, Holland SM, Freeman AF, Wakabayashi Y, Zhu J, de Ridder L, Driessen GJ, Escher JC, Leonard WJ, Samsom JN. IL-10 signaling in dendritic cells controls IL-1β-mediated IFNγ secretion by human CD4 + T cells: relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1201-1211. [PMID: 31417161 PMCID: PMC6752724 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled interferon γ (IFNγ)-mediated T-cell responses to commensal microbiota are a driver of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is crucial for controlling these T-cell responses, but the precise mechanism of inhibition remains unclear. A better understanding of how IL-10 exerts its suppressive function may allow identification of individuals with suboptimal IL-10 function among the heterogeneous population of IBD patients. Using cells from patients with an IL10RA deficiency or STAT3 mutations, we demonstrate that IL-10 signaling in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), but not T cells, is essential for controlling IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells. Deficiency in IL-10 signaling dramatically increased IL-1β release by moDCs. IL-1β boosted IFNγ secretion by CD4+ T cells either directly or indirectly by stimulating moDCs to secrete IL-12. As predicted a signature of IL-10 dysfunction was observed in a subgroup of pediatric IBD patients having higher IL-1β expression in activated immune cells and macroscopically affected intestinal tissue. In agreement, reduced IL10RA expression was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a subgroup of pediatric IBD patients exhibited diminished IL-10 responsiveness. Our data unveil an important mechanism by which IL-10 controls IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells in humans and identifies IL-1β as a potential classifier for a subgroup of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veenbergen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , Dr. Janneke N. Samsom, PhD; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Tel: +31-(0)10-7043444; Fax: +31-(0)10-7044761; Sharon Veenbergen:
| | - P Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - HC Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - DJ Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Farrel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - LMM Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - ME Joosse
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - LA van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - LF de Ruiter
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - MA van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Winter
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - SM Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - AF Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Y Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - J Zhu
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - L de Ridder
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - GJ Driessen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Haga Teaching Hospital, Juliana Children’s Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - JC Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - WJ Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - JN Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , Dr. Janneke N. Samsom, PhD; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Tel: +31-(0)10-7043444; Fax: +31-(0)10-7044761; Sharon Veenbergen:
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5
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Costes LMM, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Berkel LA, Veenbergen S, Raatgeep HRC, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, van Haaften DH, Karrich JJ, Escher JC, Groeneweg M, Clausen BE, Cupedo T, Samsom JN. IL-10 signaling prevents gluten-dependent intraepithelial CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and epithelial damage in the small intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:479-490. [PMID: 30542112 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breach of tolerance to gluten leads to the chronic small intestinal enteropathy celiac disease. A key event in celiac disease development is gluten-dependent infiltration of activated cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which cytolyze epithelial cells causing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy. The mechanisms leading to gluten-dependent small intestinal IEL infiltration and activation remain elusive. We have demonstrated that under homeostatic conditions in mice, gluten drives the differentiation of anti-inflammatory T cells producing large amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Here we addressed whether this dominant IL-10 axis prevents gluten-dependent infiltration of activated cytotoxic IEL and subsequent small intestinal enteropathy. We demonstrate that IL-10 regulation prevents gluten-induced cytotoxic inflammatory IEL infiltration. In particular, IL-10 suppresses gluten-induced accumulation of a specialized population of cytotoxic CD4+CD8αα+ IEL (CD4+ CTL) expressing Tbx21, Ifng, and Il21, and a disparate non-cytolytic CD4+CD8α- IEL population expressing Il17a, Il21, and Il10. Concomitantly, IL-10 suppresses gluten-dependent small intestinal epithelial hyperproliferation and upregulation of stress-induced molecules on epithelial cells. Remarkably, frequencies of granzyme B+CD4+CD8α+ IEL are increased in pediatric celiac disease patient biopsies. These findings demonstrate that IL-10 is pivotal to prevent gluten-induced small intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage, and imply that CD4+ CTL are potential new players into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M M Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - D J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - S Veenbergen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - H R C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - D H van Haaften
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J J Karrich
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J C Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Groeneweg
- Department of Pediatrics, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, 3079 DZ, The Netherlands
| | - B E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - T Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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6
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van Leeuwen MA, Costes LMM, van Berkel LA, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, du Pré MF, Kozijn AE, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Rooijen N, Koning F, Samsom JN. Macrophage-mediated gliadin degradation and concomitant IL-27 production drive IL-10- and IFN-γ-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation in a murine model for gluten tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:635-649. [PMID: 27579860 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is caused by inflammatory T-cell responses against the insoluble dietary protein gliadin. We have shown that, in humanized mice, oral tolerance to deamidated chymotrypsin-digested gliadin (CT-TG2-gliadin) is driven by tolerogenic interferon (IFN)-γ- and interleukin (IL)-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T-like cells (Tr1-like cells) generated in the spleen but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes. We aimed to uncover the mechanisms underlying gliadin-specific Tr1-like-cell differentiation and hypothesized that proteolytic gliadin degradation by splenic macrophages is a decisive step in this process. In vivo depletion of macrophages caused reduced differentiation of splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-producing Tr1-like cells after CT-TG2-gliadin but not gliadin peptide feed. Splenic macrophages, rather than dendritic cells, constitutively expressed increased mRNA levels of the endopeptidase Cathepsin D; macrophage depletion significantly reduced splenic Cathepsin D expression in vivo and Cathepsin D efficiently degraded recombinant γ-gliadin in vitro. In response to CT-TG2-gliadin uptake, macrophages enhanced the expression of Il27p28, a cytokine that favored differentiation of gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells in vitro, and was previously reported to increase Cathepsin D activity. Conversely, IL-27 neutralization in vivo inhibited splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation after CT-TG2-gliadin feed. Our data infer that endopeptidase mediated gliadin degradation by macrophages and concomitant IL-27 production drive differentiation of splenic gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M M Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M F du Pré
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital -Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Kozijn
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Mooij MG, de Koning BEA, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, van Groen BD, Tibboel D, Samsom JN, de Wildt SN. Human Intestinal PEPT1 Transporter Expression and Localization in Preterm and Term Infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1014-9. [PMID: 27079248 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal influx oligopeptide transporter peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) (SLC15A1) is best known for nutrient-derived di- and tripeptide transport. Its role in drug absorption is increasingly recognized. To better understand the disposition of PEPT1 substrate drugs in young infants, we studied intestinal PEPT1 mRNA expression and tissue localization across the pediatric age range. PEPT1 mRNA expression was determined using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in small intestinal tissues collected from surgical procedures (neonates and infants) or biopsies (older children and adolescents). PEPT1 mRNA relative to villin mRNA expression was compared between neonates/infants and older children/adolescents. PEPT1 was visualized in infant tissue using immunohistochemical staining. Other transporters [multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-like protein 2 (MRP2), and organic anion transporter polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1)] were also stained to describe the localization in relation to PEPT1. Twenty-six intestinal samples (n = 20 neonates/infants, n = 2 pediatric, n = 4 adolescents) were analyzed. The young infant samples were collected at a median (range) gestational age at birth of 29.2 weeks (24.7-40) and postnatal age of 2.4 weeks (0-16.6). The PEPT1 mRNA expression of the neonates/infants was only marginally lower (0.8-fold) than the older children (P < 0.05). Similar and clear apical PEPT1 and MRP2 staining, apical and lateral MDR1 staining, and intraepithelial OATP2B1 staining at the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte were detected in 12 infant and 2 adolescent samples. Although small intestinal PEPT1 expression tended to be lower in neonates than in older children, this difference is small and tissue distribution is similar. This finding suggests similar oral absorption of PEPT1 substrates across the pediatric age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam G Mooij
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Barbara E A de Koning
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Dicky J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Ytje Simons-Oosterhuis
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Bianca D van Groen
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery (M.G.M., B.E.A.K., B.D.G., D.T., S.N.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (D.J.L.-K., Y.S.-O., J.N.S.), Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.N.W.)
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8
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Menckeberg CL, Hol J, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Raatgeep HRC, de Ruiter LF, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Korteland-van Male AM, El Aidy S, van Lierop PPE, Kleerebezem M, Groeneweg M, Kraal G, Elink-Schuurman BE, de Jongste JC, Nieuwenhuis EES, Samsom JN. Human buccal epithelium acquires microbial hyporesponsiveness at birth, a role for secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Gut 2015; 64:884-93. [PMID: 25056659 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repetitive interaction with microbial stimuli renders epithelial cells (ECs) hyporesponsive to microbial stimulation. Previously, we have reported that buccal ECs from a subset of paediatric patients with Crohn's disease are not hyporesponsive and spontaneously released chemokines. We now aimed to identify kinetics and mechanisms of acquisition of hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimulation using primary human buccal epithelium. DESIGN Buccal ECs collected directly after birth and in later stages of life were investigated. Chemokine release and regulatory signalling pathways were studied using primary buccal ECs and the buccal EC line TR146. Findings were extended to the intestinal mucosa using murine model systems. RESULTS Directly after birth, primary human buccal ECs spontaneously produced the chemokine CXCL-8 and were responsive to microbial stimuli. Within the first weeks of life, these ECs attained hyporesponsiveness, associated with inactivation of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the novel NF-κB inhibitor SLPI but no other known NF-κB inhibitors. SLPI protein was abundant in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of hyporesponsive buccal ECs. Knock-down of SLPI in TR146-buccal ECs induced loss of hyporesponsiveness with increased NF-κB activation and subsequent chemokine release. This regulatory mechanism extended to the intestine, as colonisation of germfree mice elicited SLPI expression in small intestine and colon. Moreover, SLPI-deficient mice had increased chemokine expression in small intestinal and colonic ECs. CONCLUSIONS We identify SLPI as a new player in acquisition of microbial hyporesponsiveness by buccal and intestinal epithelium in the first weeks after microbial colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Menckeberg
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hol
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ytje Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rolien C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian F de Ruiter
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anita M Korteland-van Male
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Industrial Biotechnology, GEBRI, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Pieter P E van Lierop
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Groeneweg
- Department of Pediatrics, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Kraal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan C de Jongste
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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van Dieren JM, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Raatgeep HCR, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Lambers MEH, van der Woude CJ, Kuipers EJ, Snoek GT, Potman R, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EES. Anti-inflammatory actions of phosphatidylinositol. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1047-57. [PMID: 21360703 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory T-cell-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often treated with immunosuppressants including corticosteroids. In addition to the intended T-cell suppression, these farmacons give rise to many side effects. Recently, immunosuppressive phospholipids have been proposed as less-toxic alternatives. We aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory capacities of the naturally occurring phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (PI). Systemic PI treatment dramatically reduced disease severity and intestinal inflammation in murine 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis. Moreover, PI treatment inhibited the inflammatory T-cell response in these mice, as T cells derived from colon-draining LN of PI-treated mice secreted less IL-17 and IFN-γ upon polyclonal restimulation when compared to those of saline-treated mice. Further characterization of the suppressive capacity of PI revealed that the phospholipid suppressed Th cell differentiation in vitro irrespective of their cytokine profile by inhibiting proliferation and IL-2 release. In particular, PI diminished IL-2 mRNA expression and inhibited ERK1-, ERK-2-, p38- and JNK-phosphorylation. Crucially, PI did not ablate Treg differentiation or the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs in vitro. These data validate PI as a pluripotent inhibitor that can be applied mucosally as well as systemically. Its compelling functions render PI a promising novel physiological immune suppressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M van Dieren
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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van Lierop PPE, de Haar C, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, van Rijt LS, Lambrecht BN, Escher JC, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EES. T-cell regulation of neutrophil infiltrate at the early stages of a murine colitis model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:442-51. [PMID: 19714763 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cells are a main target for antiinflammatory drugs in inflammatory bowel disease. As the innate immune system is also implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, T-cell suppressors may not only inhibit T-cell-dependent production of proinflammatory mediators but also affect innate immune cell function. Specifically, these drugs may impair innate immune cell recruitment and activation through inhibition of T-cells or act independent of T-cell modulation. We explored the extent of immune modulation by the T-cell inhibitor tacrolimus in a murine colitis model. METHODS We assessed the effects of tacrolimus on trinitro-benzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis in wildtype and Rag2-deficient mice. The severity of colitis was assessed by means of histological scores and weight loss. We further characterized the inflammation using immunohistochemistry and by analysis of isolated intestinal leukocytes at various stages of disease. RESULTS Tacrolimus-treated wildtype mice were less sensitive to colitis and had fewer activated T-cells. Inhibition of T-cell function was associated with strongly diminished recruitment of infiltrating neutrophils in the colon at the early stages of this model. In agreement, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that tacrolimus inhibited production of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2. Rag2-deficient mice displayed an enhanced baseline level of lamina propria neutrophils that was moderately increased in TNBS colitis and remained unaffected by tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS Both the innate and the adaptive mucosal immune system contribute to TNBS colitis. Tacrolimus suppresses colitis directly through inhibition of T-cell activation and by suppression of T-cell-mediated recruitment of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P E van Lierop
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Nieuwenhuis EES, Matsumoto T, Lindenbergh D, Willemsen R, Kaser A, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Brugman S, Yamaguchi K, Ishikawa H, Aiba Y, Koga Y, Samsom JN, Oshima K, Kikuchi M, Escher JC, Hattori M, Onderdonk AB, Blumberg RS. Cd1d-dependent regulation of bacterial colonization in the intestine of mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1241-50. [PMID: 19349688 PMCID: PMC2673876 DOI: 10.1172/jci36509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of certain species of bacteria in the intestine is involved in both tissue homeostasis and immune-mediated pathologies. The host mechanisms involved in controlling intestinal colonization with commensal bacteria are poorly understood. We observed that under specific pathogen-free or germ-free conditions, intragastric administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Lactobacillus gasseri resulted in increased colonization of the small intestine and bacterial translocation in mice lacking Cd1d, an MHC class I-like molecule, compared with WT mice. In contrast, activation of Cd1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) with alpha-galactosylceramide caused diminished intestinal colonization with the same bacterial strains. We also found prominent differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota, including increased adherent bacteria, in Cd1d-/- mice in comparison to WT mice under specific pathogen-free conditions. Germ-free Cd1d-/- mice exhibited a defect in Paneth cell granule ultrastructure and ability to degranulate after bacterial colonization. In vitro, NKT cells were shown to induce the release of lysozyme from intestinal crypts. Together, these data support a role for Cd1d in regulating intestinal colonization through mechanisms that include the control of Paneth cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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12
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Samsom JN, van der Marel APJ, van Berkel LA, van Helvoort JMLM, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Jansen W, Greuter M, Nelissen RLH, Meeuwisse CML, Nieuwenhuis EES, Mebius RE, Kraal G. Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor in mucosal lymph node dendritic cells regulates the threshold for mucosal tolerance. J Immunol 2007; 179:6588-95. [PMID: 17982048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The notion that the mucosal immune system maintains a tolerogenic response to harmless Ags while continually being challenged with microbial products seems an enigma. The aim of this study was to unravel mechanisms that are involved in regulating the development of tolerance under constant microbial pressure. The tolerogenic response to Ags administered via the nasal mucosa is dependent on the organized lymphoid tissue of the cervical lymph nodes (LN). We show that cervical LN differentially express secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) compared with peripheral LN. SLPI was expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) and because SLPI is known to suppress LPS responsiveness, it was hypothesized that its expression in mucosal DCs may be required to regulate cellular activation to microbial products. Indeed, compared with wild-type controls, bone marrow-derived DCs from SLPI(-/-) mice released more inflammatory cytokines and enhanced T cell proliferation after stimulation with low dose LPS. This increased sensitivity to LPS was accompanied by increased NF-kappaB p65 activation in SLPI(-/-) DCs. In vivo, nasal application of OVA with LPS to SLPI(-/-) mice resulted in enhanced DC activation in the cervical LN reflected by increased costimulatory molecule expression and release of inflammatory cytokines. This led to failure to maintain tolerance to nasal OVA application in the presence of low doses of LPS. We propose that expression of SLPI functions as a rheostat by controlling the level of bacterial stimuli that induce mucosal DC activation. As such, it regulates the quality of the ensuing Ag-specific immune response in the mucosa draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Boshuizen JA, Rossen JWA, Sitaram CK, Kimenai FFP, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Laffeber C, Büller HA, Einerhand AWC. Rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 binds to the extracellular matrix proteins laminin-beta3 and fibronectin. J Virol 2004; 78:10045-53. [PMID: 15331737 PMCID: PMC514988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.10045-10053.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most important cause of viral gastroenteritis and dehydrating diarrhea in young children. Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) is an enterotoxin that was identified as an important agent in symptomatic rotavirus infection. To identify cellular proteins that interact with NSP4, a two-hybrid technique with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used. NSP4 cDNA, derived from the human rotavirus strain Wa, was cloned into the yeast shuttle vector pGBKT7. An intestinal cDNA library derived from Caco-2 cells cloned into the yeast shuttle vector pGAD10 was screened for proteins that interact with NSP4. Protein interactions were confirmed in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical colocalization. After two-hybrid library screening, we repeatedly isolated cDNAs encoding the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin-beta3 (amino acids [aa] 274 to 878) and a cDNA encoding the ECM protein fibronectin (aa 1755 to 1884). Using deletion mutants of NSP4, we mapped the region of interaction with the ECM proteins between aa 87 and 145. Deletion analysis of laminin-beta3 indicated that the region comprising aa 726 to 875 of laminin-beta3 interacts with NSP4. Interaction of NSP4 with either laminin-beta3 or fibronectin was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. NSP4 was present in infected enterocytes and in the basement membrane (BM) of infected neonatal mice and colocalized with laminin-beta3, indicating a physiological interaction. In conclusion, two-hybrid screening with NSP4 yielded two potential target proteins, laminin-beta3 and fibronectin, interacting with the enterotoxin NSP4. The release of NSP4 from the basal side of infected epithelial cells and the subsequent binding to ECM proteins localized at the BM may signify a new mechanism by which rotavirus disease is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boshuizen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Erasmus MC, Rm. Ee1571A, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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