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Szczesna M, Huang Y, Lacoursiere RE, Bonini F, Pol V, Koc F, Ward B, Geurink PP, Pruneda JN, Thurston TL. Dedicated bacterial esterases reverse lipopolysaccharide ubiquitylation to block immune sensing. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2986327. [PMID: 37503018 PMCID: PMC10371091 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2986327/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved diverse mechanisms to counteract cell-autonomous immunity, which otherwise guards both immune and non-immune cells from the onset of an infection1,2. The versatile immunity protein Ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)3-6 mediates the non-canonical ester-linked ubiquitylation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), marking bacteria that sporadically enter the cytosol for destruction by antibacterial autophagy4. However, whether cytosol-adapted pathogens are ubiquitylated on their LPS and whether they escape RNF213-mediated immunity, remains unknown. Here we show that Burkholderia deubiquitylase (DUB), TssM7-9, is a potent esterase that directly reverses the ubiquitylation of LPS. Without TssM, cytosolic Burkholderia became coated in polyubiquitin and autophagy receptors in an RNF213-dependent fashion. Whereas the expression of TssM was sufficient to enable the replication of the non-cytosol adapted pathogen Salmonella, we demonstrate that Burkholderia has evolved a multi-layered defence system to proliferate in the host cell cytosol, including a block in antibacterial autophagy10-12. Structural analysis provided insight into the molecular basis of TssM esterase activity, allowing it to be uncoupled from isopeptidase function. TssM homologs conserved in another Gram-negative pathogen also reversed non-canonical LPS ubiquitylation, establishing esterase activity as a bacterial virulence mechanism to subvert host cell-autonomous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szczesna
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rachel E. Lacoursiere
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Francesca Bonini
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vito Pol
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fulya Koc
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Beatrice Ward
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul P. Geurink
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Zhou Y, Xiong D, Guo Y, Liu Y, Kang X, Song H, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis RfbD enhances bacterial colonization and virulence through inhibiting autophagy. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127338. [PMID: 36854232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial innate immune response that clears pathogens intracellularly. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S.E) has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens. Here, we reported that dTDP-4-dehydro-β-ւ-rhamnose reductase (RfbD) was able to enhance bacterial colonization in vivo and in vitro by regulating autophagy. We screened the transposon mutant library of Salmonella Enteritidis strain Z11 by High-Content Analysis System, found that rfbD gene has an effect on autophagy. The Z11ΔrfbD-infected group showed greater expression of LC3-II than the Z11-infected group in HeLa, RAW264.7, and J774A.1 cells. Overall, the survival of Z11ΔrfbD in RAW264.7 cells was reduced after 8 h of infection compared to that of the Z11 wild-type strain. In addition, we observed that inhibition of autophagic flux significantly increased the survival of Z11ΔrfbD in RAW264.7 cells. Mice infection experiments revealed that Z11ΔrfbD virulence was significantly reduced, and bacterial load was reduced in the liver and cecum in mice model, and LC3-II expression was significantly increased. These findings indicate an important role of Salmonella Enteritidis protein as a strategy to suppress autophagy and provides new ideas for manipulating autophagy as a novel strategy to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqin Song
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Hu T, Wu C, Jian W, Wu L, Zuo P, Zeng Q, Luo P. Effect of PINK1 and Parkin gene silencing on sodium arsenite-induced mitophagy in normal rat liver cells (BRL-3A). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 11:52-59. [PMID: 35237411 PMCID: PMC8882795 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NaAsO2-induced liver damage leads to autophagy, which plays an important role in cell quality control. Mitophagy plays an important role in hepatocyte damage, and PINK1 and Parkin constitute an important pathway in mitophagy. PINK1 selectively degrades abnormal mitochondria, and Parkin can recognize damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanism underlying the involvement of PINK1/Parkin in NaAsO2-induced mitophagy is unclear. Transfection plasmids containing dsRNA were used to interfere with the expression of Parkin in the following groups: the empty plasmid group was established by add the empty plasmid only, the PINK1-knockdown (KD) group was established by adding 5 μg of PINK1 dsRNA and then by adding 10 mM NaAsO2, and the Parkin-KD group was established by adding 5 μg of Parkin dsRNA and then by adding 10 mM NaAsO2. The expression of PINK1 and Parkin in autophagy was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The ultrastructures of autophagosomes and mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The successful KD of PINK1 and Parkin aggravated the NaAsO2-induced damage to mitophagy. The degeneration of mitochondrial vacuoles and the appearance of autophagosomes were detected in the NaAsO2, NaAsO2 + PINK1-KD and NaAsO2 + Parkin-KD groups. NaAsO2 can induce mitophagy in rat hepatocytes, and the silencing of PINK1 and Parkin can aggravate mitochondrial damage during this process. This study explored the mechanism of NaAsO2-induced mitophagy in BRL-3A cells after PINK1 and Parkin gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Jian
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Zuo
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qibing Zeng
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring Control Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Food Nutrition and Health, Dongqing south road, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Correspondence address. School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Gui’an District, University City, Guiyang 550025, China. Tel: 0851-88416010; E-mail:
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Methodological tools to study species of the genus Burkholderia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9019-9034. [PMID: 34755214 PMCID: PMC8578011 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus are extremely versatile and diverse. They can be environmental isolates, opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised or chronic granulomatous disease patients, or cause disease in healthy people (e.g., Burkholderia pseudomallei) or animals (as in the case of Burkholderia mallei). Since the genus was separated from the Pseudomonas one in the 1990s, the methodological tools to study and characterize these bacteria are evolving fast. Here we reviewed the techniques used in the last few years to update the taxonomy of the genus, to study gene functions and regulations, to deepen the knowledge on the drug resistance which characterizes these bacteria, and to elucidate their mechanisms to establish infections. The availability of these tools significantly impacts the quality of research on Burkholderia and the choice of the most appropriated is fundamental for a precise characterization of the species of interest. Key points • Updated techniques to study the genus Burkholderia were reviewed. • Taxonomy, genomics, assays, and animal models were described. • A comprehensive overview on recent advances in Burkholderia studies was made.
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Hu ZQ, Li Q, Hu ZH, Liu HC, Rao CL, Zhang MJ, Xia YP, Deng L, Mao XH, Fang Y. MicroRNA-146a inhibits autophagy to maintain the intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei by targeting LIPA. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:104969. [PMID: 34044047 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, which is an emerging infectious disease endemic to many tropical regions. Autophagy is an intrinsic cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic components and plays an important role in protecting the host against pathogens. Like many intracellular pathogens, B. pseudomallei can evade the autophagy-dependent cellular clearance. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of multiple assays to monitor autophagy processes and found that B. pseudomallei induced an incomplete autophagic flux and eliminate autophagy clearance in macrophages by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Based on a high-throughput microarray screening, we found that LIPA (lysosomal acid LIPAse A) was downregulated during B. pseudomallei infection. MiR-146a was then identified to be specifically upregulated upon infection with B. pseudomallei and further regulated LIPA expression by interacting with 3'UTR of LIPA. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-146a contributed to the defect of autophagic flux caused by B. pseudomallei and was beneficial for the survival of B. pseudomallei in macrophages. Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-146a inhibits autophagy via posttranscriptional suppression of LIPA expression to maintain B. pseudomallei survival in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China; Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Army 953 Hospital, Army Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hong Hu
- Department of Respiratory, General Hospital of Center Theater of PLA, PLA's Health Service Scientific Research Plan, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hai-Chao Liu
- Department of Respiratory, General Hospital of Center Theater of PLA, PLA's Health Service Scientific Research Plan, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cheng-Long Rao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei-Juan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu-Pei Xia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xu-Hu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yao Fang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China; Department of Respiratory, General Hospital of Center Theater of PLA, PLA's Health Service Scientific Research Plan, Wuhan, PR China.
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6
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Liu Y, Liao R, Qiang Z, Yang W, Cao J, Zeng H. Exogenous H 2S Protects Colon Cells in Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 and Activating Autophagy. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:748-756. [PMID: 33983842 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to participate in intestinal mucosal defense and repair. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms of H2S in ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unclear. We explored the effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. The pathologic features were determined by analyzing the hematoxylin and eosin-stained samples. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined using ELISA. The presence of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and light chain 3B (LC3B) were determined using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence (IF) approaches, respectively. Next, we investigated the effects of NaHS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colonic smooth muscle cells (H2940). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using IF. NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) and CSE were detected using western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Autophagy was determined using western blot, IF, and electron microscopy. NaHS treatment considerably diminished colitis-induced histological injury and proinflammatory cytokine expressions. MPO, CSE, and H2S were downregulated, whereas LC3B was upregulated after NaHS administration in colitic rats. NaHS remarkably attenuated the levels of ROS, CSE, and NLRP3 in LPS-stimulated cells and enhanced autophagy, as was revealed by increased LC3-II-to-LC3-I ratio, elevated LC3, and decreased p62. Importantly, NaHS promoted autophagosome formation in LPS-treated cells. Exogenous H2S ameliorates intestinal injury by downregulating inflammation and activation of autophagy, suggesting the potential of NaHS as a therapeutic agent for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
| | - Ribin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
| | - Zhanrong Qiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
| | - Honghua Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, P.R. China
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Saikh KU, Ranji CM, Ulrich RG, Corea E, De Silva AD, Natesan M. An increase in p62/NBR1 levels in melioidosis patients of Sri Lanka exhibit a characteristic of potential host biomarker. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1240-1248. [PMID: 32815800 PMCID: PMC7660894 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, in endemic areas, poses a challenge for treating the diseased populations without accurate diagnosis, and the disease-specific biomarkers linked with the infection have yet to be reported. Due to the invasive nature of the causative agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, host innate effector mechanisms, including autophagy are known to be activated, resulting in differential expression of cellular proteins and immune markers. Identification of a disease-specific biomarker associated with B. pseudomallei infection will be helpful to facilitate rapid confirmation of melioidosis, which would enable early treatment and therapeutic success.Aim. We aimed to assess the levels of a host autophagy component, p62/NBR1, which function as a cargo-receptor in the process of autophagy activation leading to the degradation of ubiquitin-coated intracellular bacteria in which p62/NBR1 itself is degraded in the clearance of the pathogen. We further probed the extent of intracellular p62/NBR1 degradation and assessed its potential as a melioidosis biomarker.Methodology. We analysed peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysates using an ELISA-based assay for detecting cytosolic autophagy-related proteins p62/NBR1. We measured p62/NBR1 levels in diseased (confirmed B. pseudomallei infection) and non -diseased populations and utilized receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and max Youden index analysis for evaluating potential disease biomarker characteristics.Results. Our results revealed a three to fivefold increase in p62/NBR1 levels confirmed melioidosis cases compared to uninfected healthy donors. Comparable to p62/NBR1, levels of cytosolic LC3-I levels also increased, whereas the levels of degraded membrane bound form LC3-II was low, suggesting autophagy deficiency. Proinflammatory serum cytokine response, particularly IL-6, was consistently higher alongside B. pseudomallei infection in comparison to healthy controls.Conclusions. ROC curve and max Youden index analysis suggest that increased p62/NBR1 levels in diseased populations display characteristics of a potential disease biomarker in melioidosis and illustrates that an elevated p62/NBR1 level, in conjunction with B. pseudomallei infection associated with autophagy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U. Saikh
- Department of Immunology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Cyra M. Ranji
- Department of Immunology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert G. Ulrich
- Department of Immunology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Enoka Corea
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohan Natesan
- Department of Immunology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
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Chen S, Tan S, Yang S, Chen G, Zhu L, Sun Z, Li H, Yao S. Nicotine induces apoptosis through exacerbation of blocked alveolar macrophage autophagic degradation in silicosis. Toxicol Lett 2020; 334:94-101. [PMID: 33010382 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silica dust mainly attacks alveolar macrophages (AMs). The apoptosis of AMs is correlated with the progress of silicosis. Our previous study showed that autophagic degradation was blocked in AMs from silicosis patients. However, the effects of nicotine on AM autophagy and apoptosis in silicosis are unknown. In this study, we collected AMs from twenty male workers exposed to silica and divided them into observer and silicosis patient groups, according to the tuberous pathological changes observed by X-ray. The AMs from both groups were exposed to nicotine. We found increased levels of LC3, p62, and cleaved caspase-3, decreased levels of LAMP2, and damaged lysosomes after nicotine stimulation of the AMs from both groups. We also found that the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) inhibited nicotine-induced apoptosis in the AMs. Furthermore, 3MA reversed both the nicotine-induced decrease in Bcl-2 and the increase in Bax in both groups. These results suggest that nicotine may induce apoptosis by blocking AM autophagic degradation in human silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Shiyi Tan
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Shang Yang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pneumoconiosis, Beidaihe Sanitarium for China Coal Miners, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066104, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pneumoconiosis, Beidaihe Sanitarium for China Coal Miners, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066104, PR China
| | - Zhiqian Sun
- Department of Pneumoconiosis, Beidaihe Sanitarium for China Coal Miners, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066104, PR China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China.
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Amemiya K, Zeng X, Bearss JJ, Cote CK, Soffler C, Bernhards RC, Dankmeyer JL, Ribot WJ, Trevino SR, Welkos SL, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Was Used to Validate the Presence of Burkholderia Pseudomallei or B. Mallei in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020065. [PMID: 32365605 PMCID: PMC7345562 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Currently, there are no vaccines for these two diseases. Animal models have been developed to evaluate vaccines and therapeutics. Tissues from infected animals, however, must be fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) before analysis. A brownish staining material in infected tissues that represents the exopolysaccharide of the pathogen was seen by bright field microscopy but not the actual microorganism. Because of these results, FFPE tissue was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in an attempt to see the microorganism. Archival FFPE tissues were examined from ten mice, and five nonhuman primates after exposure to B. pseudomallei or B.mallei by LSCM. Additionally, a historical spleen biopsy from a human suspected of exposure to B. mallei was examined. B. pseudomallei was seen in many of the infected tissues from mice. Four out of five nonhuman primates were positive for the pathogen. In the human sample, B. mallei was seen in pyogranulomas in the spleen biopsy. Thus, the presence of the pathogen was validated by LSCM in murine, nonhuman primate, and human FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-2182
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Wilson J. Ribot
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
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10
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Saikh KU, Dankmeyer JL, Zeng X, Ulrich RG, Amemiya K. An increase in intracellular p62/NBR1 and persistence of Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei in infected mice linked to autophagy deficiency. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 7:7-21. [PMID: 30569531 PMCID: PMC6416765 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are invasive intracellular pathogens that actively multiply in phagocytic and non‐phagocytic cells. Activation of cell‐autonomous autophagy mechanism eliminate intracellular pathogens in which p62 a cytosolic cargo protein is selectively degraded, and an accumulation of this marker occurs if autophagy is deficient. Recurrent, relapsed and reinfection of B. pseudomallei in melioidosis patients in endemic area indicative of lack of complete of clearance and persistence of the pathogen. Reasoning that abundance in the levels of p62 may provide an indication of the intracellular infection, we sought to examine whether increase in intracellular p62 and bacterial burden with Burkholderia infection are linked to autophagy deficiency. Methods In this study, we investigated cell culture and mouse models of disease to identify an association between autophagy biomarkers (p62/NBR1) accumulation and intracellular persistence of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Results We demonstrate, that elevated levels of intracellular p62/NBR1 correlated with bacterial persistence, while pre‐treatment with a pharmacological inducer of autophagy, rapamycin, reduced both intracellular p62, and bacterial survival. Our results showed an elevated p62 levels (2‐5 fold) in spleen and liver cells of Burkholderia‐infected BALB/c mice, as well as in spleen cells of Burkholderia‐infected C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that an increase in p62/NBR1 was due to an autophagy deficiency. Similar to p62, cytosolic LC3‐I levels were also elevated, while the characteristic conversion to the autophagosome‐associated membrane bound form LC3‐II was low in spleens of the infected mice further supporting the conclusion that autophagy was deficient. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that an increase in intracellular p62/NBR1 may be a potential host cell biomarker of B. mallei or B. pseudomallei infections, and identifying autophagy manipulation may potentially aid to therapeutic approach for complete clearance of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert G Ulrich
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Department of Bacteriology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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