1
|
Song Y, Kerr TD, Sanders C, Dai L, Baxter SS, Somerville B, Baugher RN, Mellott SD, Young TB, Lawhorn HE, Plona TM, Xu B, Wei L, Hu Q, Liu S, Hutson A, Karim B, Burkett S, Difilippantonio S, Pinto L, Gebert J, Kloor M, Lipkin SM, Sei S, Shoemaker RH. Organoids and metastatic orthotopic mouse model for mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1223915. [PMID: 37746286 PMCID: PMC10516605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1223915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome integrity is essential for the survival of an organism. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (e.g., MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) play a critical role in the DNA damage response pathway for genome integrity maintenance. Germline mutations of MMR genes can lead to Lynch syndrome or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, resulting in an increased lifetime risk of developing cancer characterized by high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and high mutation burden. Although immunotherapy has been approved for MMR-deficient (MMRd) cancer patients, the overall response rate needs to be improved and other management options are needed. Methods To better understand the biology of MMRd cancers, elucidate the resistance mechanisms to immune modulation, and develop vaccines and therapeutic testing platforms for this high-risk population, we generated organoids and an orthotopic mouse model from intestine tumors developed in a Msh2-deficient mouse model, and followed with a detailed characterization. Results The organoids were shown to be of epithelial origin with stem cell features, to have a high frameshift mutation frequency with MSI-H and chromosome instability, and intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. An orthotopic model using intra-cecal implantation of tumor fragments derived from organoids showed progressive tumor growth, resulting in the development of adenocarcinomas mixed with mucinous features and distant metastasis in liver and lymph node. Conclusions The established organoids with characteristics of MSI-H cancers can be used to study MMRd cancer biology. The orthotopic model, with its distant metastasis and expressing frameshift peptides, is suitable for evaluating the efficacy of neoantigen-based vaccines or anticancer drugs in combination with other therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Travis D. Kerr
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Chelsea Sanders
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lisheng Dai
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shaneen S. Baxter
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brandon Somerville
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ryan N. Baugher
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie D. Mellott
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Todd B. Young
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Heidi E. Lawhorn
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Teri M. Plona
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Bingfang Xu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Genomics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alan Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ligia Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert H. Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao W, Ma X, Fischer JV, Sun C, Kong B, Zhang Q. Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer: rationale, practice and perspectives. Biomark Res 2021; 9:49. [PMID: 34134781 PMCID: PMC8207707 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has attracted more and more attention nowadays, and multiple clinical trials have confirmed its effect in a variety of solid tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), and lymphocyte-promoting cytokines are the main immunotherapy methods. Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent tumors in women and the prognosis of recurrent or metastatic EC is poor. Since molecular classification has been applied to EC, immunotherapy for different EC subtypes (especially POLE and MSI-H) has gradually attracted attention. In this review, we focus on the expression and molecular basis of the main biomarkers in the immunotherapy of EC firstly, as well as their clinical application significance and limitations. Blocking tumor immune checkpoints is one of the most effective strategies for cancer treatment in recent years, and has now become the focus in the field of tumor research and treatment. We summarized clinical date of planned and ongoing clinical trials and introduced other common immunotherapy methods in EC, such as cancer vaccine and ACT. Hormone aberrations, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and p53 mutant and that affect the immunotherapy of endometrial cancer will also be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jean Victoria Fischer
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine, Gynecologic Pathology Fellow, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China. .,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haupt S, Zeilmann A, Ahadova A, Bläker H, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Kloor M, Heuveline V. Mathematical modeling of multiple pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis using dynamical systems with Kronecker structure. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008970. [PMID: 34003820 PMCID: PMC8162698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many other types of cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through multiple pathways of carcinogenesis. This is also true for colorectal carcinogenesis in Lynch syndrome (LS), the most common inherited CRC syndrome. However, a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of these pathways of carcinogenesis, which allows for tailored clinical treatment and even prevention, is still lacking. We suggest a linear dynamical system modeling the evolution of different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis based on the involved driver mutations. The model consists of different components accounting for independent and dependent mutational processes. We define the driver gene mutation graphs and combine them using the Cartesian graph product. This leads to matrix components built by the Kronecker sum and product of the adjacency matrices of the gene mutation graphs enabling a thorough mathematical analysis and medical interpretation. Using the Kronecker structure, we developed a mathematical model which we applied exemplarily to the three pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis in LS. Beside a pathogenic germline variant in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, driver mutations in APC, CTNNB1, KRAS and TP53 are considered. We exemplarily incorporate mutational dependencies, such as increased point mutation rates after MMR deficiency, and based on recent experimental data, biallelic somatic CTNNB1 mutations as common drivers of LS-associated CRCs. With the model and parameter choice, we obtained simulation results that are in concordance with clinical observations. These include the evolution of MMR-deficient crypts as early precursors in LS carcinogenesis and the influence of variants in MMR genes thereon. The proportions of MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient APC-inactivated crypts as first measure for the distribution among the pathways in LS-associated colorectal carcinogenesis are compatible with clinical observations. The approach provides a modular framework for modeling multiple pathways of carcinogenesis yielding promising results in concordance with clinical observations in LS CRCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Haupt
- Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL), Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Data Mining and Uncertainty Quantification (DMQ), Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Zeilmann
- Image and Pattern Analysis Group (IPA), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aysel Ahadova
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology (ATB), Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology (ATB), Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology (ATB), Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Heuveline
- Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL), Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Data Mining and Uncertainty Quantification (DMQ), Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Michalak M, Katzenmaier EM, Roeckel N, Woerner SM, Fuchs V, Warnken U, Yuan YP, Bork P, Neu-Yilik G, Kulozik A, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Kloor M, Kopitz J, Gebert J. (Phospho)proteomic Profiling of Microsatellite Unstable CRC Cells Reveals Alterations in Nuclear Signaling and Cholesterol Metabolism Caused by Frameshift Mutation of NMD Regulator UPF3A. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155234. [PMID: 32718059 PMCID: PMC7432364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers (CRCs) accumulate numerous frameshift mutations at repetitive sequences recognized as microsatellite instability (MSI). When coding mononucleotide repeats (cMNRs) are affected, tumors accumulate frameshift mutations and premature termination codons (PTC) potentially leading to truncated proteins. Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) can degrade PTC-containing transcripts and protect from such faulty proteins. As it also regulates normal transcripts and cellular physiology, we tested whether NMD genes themselves are targets of MSI frameshift mutations. A high frequency of cMNR frameshift mutations in the UPF3A gene was found in MSI CRC cell lines (67.7%), MSI colorectal adenomas (55%) and carcinomas (63%). In normal colonic crypts, UPF3A expression was restricted to single chromogranin A-positive cells. SILAC-based proteomic analysis of KM12 CRC cells revealed UPF3A-dependent down-regulation of several enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, reconstituted UPF3A expression caused alterations of 85 phosphosites in 52 phosphoproteins. Most of them (38/52, 73%) reside in nuclear phosphoproteins involved in regulation of gene expression and RNA splicing. Since UPF3A mutations can modulate the (phospho)proteomic signature and expression of enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism in CRC cells, UPF3A may influence other processes than NMD and loss of UPF3A expression might provide a growth advantage to MSI CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Katzenmaier
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Nina Roeckel
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Stefan M. Woerner
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Fuchs
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Yan P. Yuan
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Peer Bork
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Neu-Yilik
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulozik
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.M.); (E.-M.K.); (N.R.); (V.F.); (M.v.K.D.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.W.); (P.B.); (G.N.-Y.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-564223
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cerretelli G, Ager A, Arends MJ, Frayling IM. Molecular pathology of Lynch syndrome. J Pathol 2020; 250:518-531. [PMID: 32141610 DOI: 10.1002/path.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is characterised by predisposition to colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers and is caused by inherited pathogenic variants affecting the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. It is probably the most common predisposition to cancer, having an estimated prevalence of between 1/100 and 1/180. Resources such as the International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Cancer's MMR gene variant database, the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database (PLSD), and the Colon Cancer Family Register (CCFR), as well as pathological and immunological studies, are enabling advances in the understanding of LS. These include defined criteria by which to interpret gene variants, the function of MMR in the normal control of apoptosis, definition of the risks of the various cancers, and the mechanisms and pathways by which the colorectal and endometrial tumours develop, including the critical role of the immune system. Colorectal cancers in LS can develop along three pathways, including flat intramucosal lesions, which depend on the underlying affected MMR gene. This gives insights into the limitations of colonoscopic surveillance and highlights the need for other forms of anti-cancer prophylaxis in LS. Finally, it shows that the processes of autoimmunisation and immunoediting fundamentally constrain the development of tumours in LS and explain the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in MMR-deficient tumours. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guia Cerretelli
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian M Frayling
- Inherited Tumour Syndromes Research Group, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramchander NC, Ryan NAJ, Walker TDJ, Harries L, Bolton J, Bosse T, Evans DG, Crosbie EJ. Distinct Immunological Landscapes Characterize Inherited and Sporadic Mismatch Repair Deficient Endometrial Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3023. [PMID: 31998307 PMCID: PMC6970202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 30% of endometrial cancers (EC) are mismatch repair (MMR) deficient, mostly as a consequence of mutations acquired during tumorigenesis, but a significant minority is caused by Lynch syndrome (LS). This inherited cancer predisposition syndrome primes an anti-cancer immune response, even in healthy carriers. We sought to explore the intra-tumoral immunological differences between genetically confirmed LS-associated MMR-deficient (MMRd), sporadic MMR-deficient, and MMR-proficient (MMRp) EC. Endometrial tumors from women with known LS were identified (n = 25). Comparator tumors were recruited prospectively and underwent microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR expression and MLH1 methylation testing. Those found to have MLH1 hypermethylation formed the sporadic MMR-deficient group (n = 33). Those found to be mismatch repair proficient and microsatellite stable formed the MMR-proficient group (n = 35). A fully automated monoplex IHC panel was performed on sequential formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor sections to identify CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, FoxP3+, and PD-1+ immune cells, and PD-L1 expression by tumor/immune cells. Two independent observers quantified immune marker expression at the tumor center and invasive margin. Mean and overall compartmental T-cell counts generated standard (binary: Low/High) and higher resolution (quaternary: 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100%) immune scores, which were used as explanatory features in neural network, support vector machine, and discriminant predictive modeling. Overall T-cell counts were significantly different between the three cohorts: CD3+ (p = <0.0001), CD8+ (p = <0.0001), CD45RO+ (<0.0001), FoxP3+ (p = <0.0001), and PD1+ (p = <0.0001), with LS-associated MMR-deficient tumors having highest infiltrations. There were significant differences in CD8+ (p = 0.02), CD45RO+ (p = 0.007), and PD-1+ (p = 0.005) T-cell counts at the invasive margin between LS-associated and sporadic MMR-deficient tumors, but not between sporadic MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient tumors. Predictive modeling could accurately determine MMR status based on CD8+ T-cell counts within the tumor center alone. This study shows that LS-associated and sporadic MMR-deficient EC are distinct immunological entities, which has important implications for treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal C Ramchander
- University of Manchester Medical School, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A J Ryan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D J Walker
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Harries
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Bolton
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - D G Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quantitative next-generation sequencing-based analysis indicates progressive accumulation of microsatellite instability between atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and paired endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1508-1520. [PMID: 31186530 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia is an accepted precursor to endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma. Mismatch repair-deficient endometrial carcinomas are also known to be a biologically and clinically distinct subset of tumors. However, the development of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinogenesis has not yet been evaluated by novel next-generation sequencing-based methods. We examined 17 mismatch repair-deficient endometrioid endometrial carcinomas and their paired atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia precursors using a next-generation sequencing panel with quantitative microsatellite instability detection at 336 loci. Findings were compared to histological features, polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite instability testing, immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair proteins, and tumor mutational burden calculations. All 17 endometrial carcinomas and 8/17 atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia showed microsatellite instability by next-generation sequencing-based testing. Endometrial carcinoma specimens showed significantly more unstable microsatellite loci than paired atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (mean: 40.0% vs 19.9 unstable loci, respectively). Out of nine microsatellite-stable atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia specimens, four showed mismatch repair loss by immunohistochemistry. All atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and endometrial carcinoma specimens with microsatellite instability were also mismatch repair-deficient by immunohistochemistry. Tumor mutational burden was significantly greater in endometrial carcinoma than in paired atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia specimens, and tumor mutational burden was significantly correlated with percent unstable microsatellite loci. Paired atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and endometrial carcinoma specimens show progressive accumulation of unstable microsatellite loci following loss of mismatch repair protein expression. Comprehensive next-generation sequencing-based testing of endometrial carcinomas offers new insights into endometrial carcinogenesis and opportunities for improved tumor surveillance, diagnosis, and management.
Collapse
|
8
|
SILAC-Based Quantification of TGFBR2-Regulated Protein Expression in Extracellular Vesicles of Microsatellite Unstable Colorectal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174162. [PMID: 31454892 PMCID: PMC6747473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite unstable (MSI) colorectal cancers (CRCs) are characterized by mutational inactivation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor Type 2 (TGFBR2). TGFBR2-deficient CRCs present altered target gene and protein expression. Such cellular alterations modulate the content of CRC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs function as couriers of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in intercellular communication. At a qualitative level, we have previously shown that TGFBR2 deficiency causes overall alterations in the EV protein content. To deepen the basic understanding of altered protein dynamics, this work aimed to determine TGFBR2-dependent EV protein signatures in a quantitative manner. Using a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) approach for mass spectrometry-based quantification, 48 TGFBR2-regulated proteins were identified in MSI CRC-derived EVs. Overall, TGFBR2 deficiency caused upregulation of several EV proteins related to the extracellular matrix and nucleosome as well as downregulation of proteasome-associated proteins. The present study emphasizes the general overlap of proteins between EVs and their parental CRC cells but also highlights the impact of TGFBR2 deficiency on EV protein composition. From a clinical perspective, TGFBR2-regulated quantitative differences of protein expression in EVs might nominate novel biomarkers for liquid biopsy-based MSI typing in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Willis JA, Reyes-Uribe L, Chang K, Lipkin SM, Vilar E. Immune Activation in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Carcinogenesis: More Than Just Mutational Rate. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:11-17. [PMID: 31383734 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancers (dMMR colorectal cancer) are characterized by the expression of highly immunogenic neoantigen peptides, which stimulate lymphocytic infiltration as well as upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. These features are key to understanding why immunotherapy (specifically PD-1 and/or CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade) has proved to be highly effective for the treatment of patients with advanced dMMR colorectal cancer. Importantly, preclinical studies also suggest that this correlation between potent tumor neoantigens and the immune microenvironment is present in early (premalignant) stages of dMMR colorectal tumorigenesis as well, even in the absence of a high somatic mutation burden. Here, we discuss recent efforts to characterize how neoantigens and the tumor immune microenvironment coevolve throughout the dMMR adenoma-to-carcinoma pathway. We further highlight how this preclinical evidence forms the rational basis for developing novel immunotherapy-based colorectal cancer prevention strategies for patients with Lynch syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Willis
- Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle Chang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vymetalkova V, Vodicka P, Vodenkova S, Alonso S, Schneider-Stock R. DNA methylation and chromatin modifiers in colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:73-92. [PMID: 31028771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic alterations over time that ultimately leads to disease progression and metastasis. Binding of transcription factors to gene promoter regions alone cannot explain the complex regulation pattern of gene expression during this process. It is the chromatin structure that allows for a high grade of regulatory flexibility for gene expression. Posttranslational modifications on histone proteins such as acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation determine the accessibility of transcription factors to DNA. DNA methylation, a chemical modification of DNA that modulates chromatin structure and gene transcription acts in concert with these chromatin conformation alterations. Another epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression is represented by small non-coding RNAs. Only very recently epigenetic alterations have been included in molecular subtype classification of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this chapter, we will provide examples of the different epigenetic players, focus on their role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic processes and discuss their prognostic value in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Alonso
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, (IGTP-PMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu S, Kong P, Wang X, Yang L, Jiang C, He W, Quan Q, Huang J, Xie Q, Xia X, Zhang B, Xia L. Tumor microenvironment classification based on T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 in patients with mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2335-2343. [PMID: 30675299 PMCID: PMC6341814 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of tumor microenvironments according to the presence or absence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression has been used to predict the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies in several cancer types, not including colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study investigated the TIL/PD-L1 status of patients with CRC, particularly patients who presented as mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) and mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR). A total of 243 patients with CRC were enrolled and defined as pMMR (121 patients) or dMMR (122 patients). Using Pearson's χ2 test and multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis, the associations between MMR status, TIL presence and PD-L1 expression were investigated, in addition to the association between TIL/PD-L1 status and clinicopathological features. The results demonstrated that the dMMR group more frequently exhibited TIL+ (85/122 vs. 61/121) and PD-L1+ (49/122 vs. 32/121) phenotypes compared with the pMMR group. PD-L1+ expression was identified in 42.4% of TIL+ cases in the dMMR group, while only 18.0% of TIL+ cases were PD-L1+ in the pMMR group. High programmed death-1 expression and dMMR status were revealed as two independent risk factors for TIL+ PD-L1+ status. In conclusion, compared with the pMMR group, the dMMR group was more likely to present with a TIL+ PD-L1+ status, which suggests that a TIL+ PD-L1+ tumor microenvironment may partly contribute to the improved response of dMMR patients to anti-PD-1/L1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qiankun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of The VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wolff RK, Hoffman MD, Wolff EC, Herrick JS, Sakoda LC, Samowitz WS, Slattery ML. Mutation analysis of adenomas and carcinomas of the colon: Early and late drivers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 57:366-376. [PMID: 29575536 PMCID: PMC5951744 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for about 8% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the US. We used whole exome sequence data from triplet samples (colon carcinoma, colon adenoma, and normal tissue) from 18 individuals to assess gene mutation rates. Of the 2 204 genes that were mutated, APC, TTN, TP53, KRAS, OBSCN, SOX9, PCDH17, SIGLEC10, MYH6, and BRD9 were consistent with genes being an early driver of carcinogenesis, in that they were mutated in multiple adenomas and multiple carcinomas. Fifty-two genes were mutated in ≥12.5% of microsatellite stable (MSS) carcinomas but not in any of the adenomas, in line with the profile of a late driver event involved in tumor progression. Thirty-eight genes were sequenced in a larger independent set of 148 carcinoma/normal tissue pairs to obtain more precise mutation frequencies. Eight of the genes, APC, TP53, ATM, CSMD3, LRP1B, RYR2, BIRC6, and MUC17, contained mutations in >20% of the carcinomas. Interestingly, mutations in four genes in addition to APC that are associated with dysregulation of Wnt signaling, were all classified as early driver events. Most of the genes that are commonly associated with colon cancer, including APC, TP53, and KRAS, were all classified as being early driver genes being mutated in both adenomas and carcinomas. Classifying genes as potential early and late driver events points to candidate genes that may help dissect pathways involved in both tumor initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Michael D Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Erica C Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Jennifer S Herrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Wade S Samowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cho J, Chang YH, Heo YJ, Kim S, Kim NK, Park JO, Kang WK, Lee J, Kim KM. Four distinct immune microenvironment subtypes in gastric adenocarcinoma with special reference to microsatellite instability. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000326. [PMID: 29636988 PMCID: PMC5890063 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) can be overexpressed in tumours other than Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive (EBV+) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) gastric cancer (GC) subtypes. We aimed to determine the tumour immune microenvironment (TME) classification of GC to better understand tumour-immune interactions and help patient selection for future immunotherapy with special reference to MSI-H. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-L1 and CD8+ T cells in three distinct subtypes of GC (43 EBV+, 79 MSI-H and 125 EBV-/MSS) were performed and analysed. In 66 MSI-H GC, mutation counts were compared with PD-L1 expression and survival of the patients. Results GC TME divided by PD-L1 IHC and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) measured by intratumoural CD8 density showed: (1) about 40% of GC are type I (PD-L1+/TIL+) consisting ~70% of MSI-H or EBV+ GC, and ~15% of EBV-/microsatellite stable (MSS) GC patients show the best survival in both disease-free (HR 2.044) and overall survival (HR 1.993); this type would respond to a checkpoint blockade therapy; (2) almost 30% of GC are type II (PD-L1-/TIL-) with the worst survival; (3) approximately 10% of GC are type III (PD-L1+/TIL-); and (4) up to 20% are type IV (PD-L1-/TIL+) and, unexpectedly, ~25% of EBV+ or MSI-H GC are within this subtype. In MSI-H GC, frequent frameshift mutations were observed in ARID1A, RNF43, NF1, MSH6, BRD3, NCOA3, BCORL1, TNKS2 and NPM1 and the numbers of frameshift mutation correlated significantly with PD-L1 expression (P<0.05). Discussion GC can be classified into four TME types based on PD-L1 and TIL, and numbers of frameshift mutation correlate well with PD-L1 expression in MSI-H GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhun Cho
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - You Jeong Heo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kd Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maletzki C, Beyrich F, Hühns M, Klar E, Linnebacher M. The mutational profile and infiltration pattern of murine MLH1-/- tumors: concurrences, disparities and cell line establishment for functional analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53583-53598. [PMID: 27447752 PMCID: PMC5288207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lines homozygous negative for one of the four DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6) were generated as models for MMR deficient (MMR-D) diseases. Clinically, hereditary forms of MMR-D include Lynch syndrome (characterized by a germline MMR gene defect) and constitutional MMR-D, the biallelic form. MMR-D knockout mice may be representative for both diseases. Here, we aimed at characterizing the MLH1-/- model focusing on tumor-immune microenvironment and identification of coding microsatellite mutations in lymphomas and gastrointestinal tumors (GIT). All tumors showed microsatellite instability (MSI) in non-coding mononucleotide markers. Mutational profiling of 26 coding loci in MSI+ GIT and lymphomas revealed instability in half of the microsatellites, two of them (Rfc3 and Rasal2) shared between both entities. MLH1-/- tumors of both entities displayed a similar phenotype (high CD71, FasL, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression). Additional immunofluorescence verified the tumors’ natural immunosuppressive character (marked CD11b/CD200R infiltration). Vice versa, CD3+ T cells as well as immune checkpoints molecules were detectable, indicative for an active immune microenvironment. For functional analysis, a permanent cell line from an MLH1-/- GIT was established. The newly developed MLH1-/- A7450 cells exhibit stable in vitro growth, strong invasive potential and heterogeneous drug response. Moreover, four additional MSI target genes (Nktr1, C8a, Taf1b, and Lig4) not recognized in the primary were identified in this cell line. Summing up, molecular and immunological mechanisms of MLH1-/- driven carcinogenesis correlate well with clinical features of MMR-D. MLH1-/- knockout mice combine characteristics of Lynch syndrome and constitutional MMR-D, making them suitable models for preclinical research aiming at MMR-D related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Beyrich
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Hühns
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Immune checkpoint inhibition and its relationship with hypermutation phenoytype as a potential treatment for Glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:359-372. [PMID: 28293764 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. Current prognosis with standard treatment is poor. Immunotherapy is a new paradigm in tumour management. Specifically, recent advances in the field of immune checkpoint molecules have led to dramatic results in many cancers. Inhibition of one particular, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has recently been shown to be highly effective in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. There has also been recent data to suggest potential benefit in GBM. There also appears to be a relationship between immune checkpoint inhibition and hypermutation, in particular with the mismatch repair process. In this review we look at the current knowledge of immune checkpoint inhibitors with a focus on the PD-1 pathway. We will also review the evidence of PD-1 inhibition in GBM and the role of hypermutation in PD-1 inhibition.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma Y, Chen Y, Petersen I. Expression and promoter DNA methylation of MLH1 in colorectal cancer and lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:333-338. [PMID: 28214209 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Aberrant DNA methylation is a common molecular feature in human cancer. The aims of this study were to analyze the methylation status of MLH1, one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, in human colorectal and lung cancer and to evaluate its clinical relevance. METHODS The expression of MLH1 was analyzed in 8 colorectal cancer (CRC) and 8 lung cancer cell lines by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. The MLH1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays including 121 primary CRC and 90 lung cancer patient samples. In cancer cell lines, the methylation status of MLH1 promoter and exon 2 was investigated by bisulfite sequencing (BS). Methylation-specific-PCR (MSP) was used to evaluate methylation status of MLH1. RESULTS The expression of MLH1 mRNA was detected in 8 CRC cell lines as well as normal colonic fibroblast cells CCD-33Co. At protein levels, MLH1 was lost in one CRC cell line HCT-116 and normal cells CCD-33Co. No methylation was found in the promoter and exon 2 of MLH1 in CRC cell lines. MLH1 was expressed in 8 lung cancer cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Compared to cancer cells, normal bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) had lower expression of MLH1 protein. In primary CRC, 54.5% of cases exhibited positive staining, while 47.8% of lung tumors were positive for MLH1 protein. MSP analysis showed that 58 out of 92 (63.0%) CRC and 41 out of 73 (56.2%) lung cancer exhibited MLH1 methylation. In CRC, the MLH1 methylation was significantly associated with tumor invasion in veins (P=0.012). However, no significant links were found between MLH1 expression and promoter methylation in both tumor entities. CONCLUSIONS MLH1 methylation is a frequent molecular event in CRC and lung cancer patients. In CRC, methylation of MLH1 could be linked to vascular invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Ma
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07740 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gebert J, Schnölzer M, Warnken U, Kopitz J. Combining Click Chemistry-Based Proteomics With Dox-Inducible Gene Expression. Methods Enzymol 2016; 585:295-327. [PMID: 28109436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in single genes can trigger, prevent, promote, or alleviate diseases. Identifying such disease-related genes is a main pillar of medical research. Since proteins play a crucial role in mediating these effects, their impact on the diseased cells' proteome including posttranslational modifications has to be elucidated for a detailed understanding of the role of these genes in the disease process. In complex disorders, like cancer, several genes contribute to the disease process, thereby hampering the assignment of a proteomic change to the corresponding causative gene. To enable comprehensive screening for the impact of inactivation of a gene, e.g., loss of a tumor suppressor in cancer, on the cellular proteome, we present a strategy based on combination of three technologies that is recombinase-mediated cassette exchange, click chemistry, and mass spectrometry. The methodology is exemplified by the analysis of the proteomic changes induced by the loss of a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer cells. To demonstrate the applicability to screen for posttranslational modification changes, we also describe the analysis of protein glycosylation changes caused by the tumor suppressor inactivation. In principle, this strategy can be applied to analyze the effects of any gene of interest on protein expression as well as posttranslational modification by glycosylation. Moreover adaptation of the strategy to an appropriate cell culture model has the potential for application on a broad range of diseases where the disease-promoting mutations have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gebert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bupathi M, Wu C. Biomarkers for immune therapy in colorectal cancer: mismatch-repair deficiency and others. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:713-720. [PMID: 27747085 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease for which the treatment backbone has primarily been cytotoxic chemotherapy. With better understanding of the involved molecular mechanisms, it is now known that there are a number of epigenetic and genetic events, which are involved in CRC pathogenesis. Specific biomarkers have been identified which can be used to determine the clinical outcome of patients beyond tumor staging and predict for treatment efficacy. Molecular testing is now routinely performed to select for patients that will benefit the most from targeted agents and immunotherapy. In addition to KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutation (MT), analysis of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and checkpoint protein expression may be helpful to determine whether patients are eligible for certain therapies. The focus of this article is to discuss present and upcoming biomarkers for immunotherapy in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Bupathi
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Richard Solove Research Institute and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina Wu
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Richard Solove Research Institute and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee J, Katzenmaier EM, Kopitz J, Gebert J. Reconstitution of TGFBR2 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells causes increased LFNG expression and enhanced N-acetyl-d-glucosamine incorporation into Notch1. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
20
|
Ohtake J, Wada S, Yada E, Fujimoto Y, Uchiyama H, Yoshida S, Itoh K, Sasada T. Personalized immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1174060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Kloor M, von Knebel Doeberitz M. The Immune Biology of Microsatellite-Unstable Cancer. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:121-133. [PMID: 28741532 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) boosts the accumulation of frameshift mutations in genes encompassing coding microsatellites (cMS). This results in the translation of proteins with mutation-induced frameshift peptides (neoantigens) rendering microsatellite-unstable (MSI) cancers highly immunogenic. MSI cancers express a defined set of neoantigens resulting from functionally relevant driver mutations, which are shared by most MSI cancers. Patients with MSI cancers and healthy individuals affected by Lynch syndrome, an inherited predisposition for MSI cancers, develop specific immune responses against these neoantigens. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the immune biology of MSI cancers and outline new concepts and research directions to develop not only therapeutic treatments, but also preventive vaccines based on the MSI cancer genome landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU 105) of the German Cancer Research Center and Molecular Medicine Partner Unit (MMPU) of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU 105) of the German Cancer Research Center and Molecular Medicine Partner Unit (MMPU) of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kurz C, Hakimi M, Kloor M, Grond-Ginsbach C, Gross-Weissmann ML, Böckler D, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Dihlmann S. Coding Microsatellite Frameshift Mutations Accumulate in Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Lesions: Evaluation of 26 Cases and Literature Review. Mol Med 2015; 21:479-86. [PMID: 26070012 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic DNA alterations are known to occur in atherosclerotic carotid artery lesions; however, their significance is unknown. The accumulation of microsatellite mutations in coding DNA regions may reflect a deficiency of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Alternatively, accumulation of these coding microsatellite mutations may indicate that they contribute to the pathology. To discriminate between these two possibilities, we compared the mutation frequencies in coding microsatellites (likely functionally relevant) with those in noncoding microsatellites (likely neutral). Genomic DNA was isolated from carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens of 26 patients undergoing carotid surgery and from 15 nonatherosclerotic control arteries. Samples were analyzed by DNA fragment analysis for instability at three noncoding (BAT25, BAT26, CAT25) and five coding (AIM2, ACVR2, BAX, CASP5, TGFBR2) microsatellite loci, with proven validity for detection of microsatellite instability in neoplasms. We found an increased frequency of coding microsatellite mutations in CEA specimens compared with control specimens (34.6 versus 0%; p = 0.0013). Five CEA specimens exhibited more than one frameshift mutation, and ACVR2 and CASP5 were affected most frequently (5/26 and 6/26). Moreover, the rate of coding microsatellite alterations (15/130) differed significantly from that of noncoding alterations (0/78) in CEA specimens (p = 0.0013). In control arteries, no microsatellite alterations were observed, neither in coding nor in noncoding microsatellite loci. In conclusion, the specific accumulation of coding mutations suggests that these mutations play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic carotid lesions, since the absence of mutations in noncoding microsatellites argues against general microsatellite instability, reflecting MMR deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kurz
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maani Hakimi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Luise Gross-Weissmann
- General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Pathologie Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dittmar Böckler
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Dihlmann
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maby P, Tougeron D, Hamieh M, Mlecnik B, Kora H, Bindea G, Angell HK, Fredriksen T, Elie N, Fauquembergue E, Drouet A, Leprince J, Benichou J, Mauillon J, Le Pessot F, Sesboüé R, Tuech JJ, Sabourin JC, Michel P, Frébourg T, Galon J, Latouche JB. Correlation between Density of CD8+ T-cell Infiltrate in Microsatellite Unstable Colorectal Cancers and Frameshift Mutations: A Rationale for Personalized Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3446-55. [PMID: 26060019 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI) represent 15% of all colorectal cancers, including Lynch syndrome as the most frequent hereditary form of this disease. Notably, MSI colorectal cancers have a higher density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) than other colorectal cancers. This feature is thought to reflect the accumulation of frameshift mutations in sequences that are repeated within gene coding regions, thereby leading to the synthesis of neoantigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells. However, there has yet to be a clear link established between CD8(+) TIL density and frameshift mutations in colorectal cancer. In this study, we examined this link in 103 MSI colorectal cancers from two independent cohorts where frameshift mutations in 19 genes were analyzed and CD3(+), CD8(+), and FOXP3(+) TIL densities were quantitated. We found that CD8(+) TIL density correlated positively with the total number of frameshift mutations. TIL densities increased when frameshift mutations were present within the ASTE1, HNF1A, or TCF7L2 genes, increasing even further when at least one of these frameshift mutations was present in all tumor cells. Through in vitro assays using engineered antigen-presenting cells, we were able to stimulate peripheral cytotoxic T cells obtained from colorectal cancer patients with peptides derived from frameshift mutations found in their tumors. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of a CD8(+) T cell immune response against MSI colorectal cancer-specific neoantigens, establishing a preclinical rationale to target them as a personalized cellular immunotherapy strategy, an especially appealing goal for patients with Lynch syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Maby
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France. Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France. Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Bernhard Mlecnik
- Inserm U1138, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Cordeliers Research Centre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Kora
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Gabriela Bindea
- Inserm U1138, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Cordeliers Research Centre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Helen K Angell
- Inserm U1138, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Cordeliers Research Centre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Fredriksen
- Inserm U1138, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Cordeliers Research Centre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Imaging Core Facility, CMABIO, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Emilie Fauquembergue
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Drouet
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, France
| | - Jacques Benichou
- Biostatistics Unit, Inserm U657, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Jacques Mauillon
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France. Department of Gastroenterology, Le Havre Hospital, Le Havre, France
| | | | - Richard Sesboüé
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Tuech
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sabourin
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France. Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Michel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frébourg
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France. Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- Inserm U1138, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. Cordeliers Research Centre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- Inserm U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France. Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuehn F, Klar E, Bliemeister A, Linnebacher M. Reactivity against microsatellite instability-induced frameshift mutations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:221-228. [PMID: 25574094 PMCID: PMC4284338 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the cellular immune response towards microsatellite-instability (MSI)-induced frameshift-peptides (FSPs) in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with and without thiopurine-based immunosuppressive treatment.
METHODS: Frequencies of peripheral blood T cell responses of IBD patients (n = 75) against FSPs derived from 14 microsatellite-containing candidate genes were quantified by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot. T cells derived from 20 healthy individuals served as controls.
RESULTS: Significant T cell reactivities against MSI-induced FSPs were observed in 59 of 75 IBD patients (78.7%). This was significantly more as we could observe in 20 healthy controls (P = 0.001). Overall, the reactivity was significantly influenced by thiopurine treatment (P = 0.032) and duration of disease (P = 0.002) but not by duration or cumulative amount of thiopurine therapy (P = 0.476). Unexpected, 15 of 24 (62.5%) IBD patients without prior thiopurine treatment also showed increased FSP-specific immune responses (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: These findings propose FSPs as potential novel class of inflammation-associated antigens and this in turn may have implications for screening, diagnosis as well as clinical management of patients suffering from IBD and other inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Woerner SM, Tosti E, Yuan YP, Kloor M, Bork P, Edelmann W, Gebert J. Detection of coding microsatellite frameshift mutations in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mouse intestinal tumors. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1376-86. [PMID: 25213383 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different DNA mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient mouse strains have been developed as models for the inherited cancer predisposing Lynch syndrome. It is completely unresolved, whether coding mononucleotide repeat (cMNR) gene mutations in these mice can contribute to intestinal tumorigenesis and whether MMR-deficient mice are a suitable molecular model of human microsatellite instability (MSI)-associated intestinal tumorigenesis. A proof-of-principle study was performed to identify mouse cMNR-harboring genes affected by insertion/deletion mutations in MSI murine intestinal tumors. Bioinformatic algorithms were developed to establish a database of mouse cMNR-harboring genes. A panel of five mouse noncoding mononucleotide markers was used for MSI classification of intestinal matched normal/tumor tissues from MMR-deficient (Mlh1(-/-) , Msh2(-/-) , Msh2(LoxP/LoxP) ) mice. cMNR frameshift mutations of candidate genes were determined by DNA fragment analysis. Murine MSI intestinal tumors but not normal tissues from MMR-deficient mice showed cMNR frameshift mutations in six candidate genes (Elavl3, Tmem107, Glis2, Sdccag1, Senp6, Rfc3). cMNRs of mouse Rfc3 and Elavl3 are conserved in type and length in their human orthologs that are known to be mutated in human MSI colorectal, endometrial and gastric cancer. We provide evidence for the utility of a mononucleotide marker panel for detection of MSI in murine tumors, the existence of cMNR instability in MSI murine tumors, the utility of mouse subspecies DNA for identification of polymorphic repeats, and repeat conservation among some orthologous human/mouse genes, two of them showing instability in human and mouse MSI intestinal tumors. MMR-deficient mice hence are a useful molecular model system for analyzing MSI intestinal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Woerner
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Tosti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yan P Yuan
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) changes sialylation in the microsatellite unstable (MSI) Colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57074. [PMID: 23468914 PMCID: PMC3584148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of many malignancies including colorectal cancers (CRCs). About 15% of CRC show the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype that is associated with a high frequency of biallelic frameshift mutations in the A10 coding mononucleotide microsatellite of the transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) gene. If and how impaired TGFBR2 signaling in MSI CRC cells affects cell surface glycan pattern is largely unexplored. Here, we used the TGFBR2-deficient MSI colon carcinoma cell line HCT116 as a model system. Stable clones conferring doxycycline (dox)-inducible expression of a single copy wildtype TGFBR2 transgene were generated by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). In two independent clones, dox-inducible expression of wildtype TGFBR2 protein and reconstitution of its signaling function was shown. Metabolic labeling experiments using the tritiated sialic acid precursor N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) revealed a significant decline (∼30%) of its incorporation into newly synthesized sialoglycoproteins in a TGFBR2-dependent manner. In particular, we detected a significant decrease of sialylated ß1-integrin upon reconstituted TGFBR2 signaling which did not influence ß1-integrin protein turnover. Notably, TGFBR2 reconstitution did not affect the transcript levels of any of the known human sialyltransferases when examined by real-time RT- PCR analysis. These results suggest that reconstituted TGFBR2 signaling in an isogenic MSI cell line model system can modulate sialylation of cell surface proteins like ß1-integrin. Moreover, our model system will be suitable to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms of altered MSI tumor glycobiology.
Collapse
|
27
|
Colas C, Coulet F, Svrcek M, Collura A, Fléjou JF, Duval A, Hamelin R. Lynch or not Lynch? Is that always a question? Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:121-66. [PMID: 22429854 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The familial cancer syndrome referred to as Lynch I and II was renamed hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) only to revert later to Lynch syndrome (LS). LS is the most frequent human predisposition for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), and probably also for endometrial and gastric cancers, although it has yet to acquire a consensus name. Its estimated prevalence ranges widely from 2% to 7% of all CRCs due to the fact that tumors from patients with LS are difficult to recognize at both the clinical and molecular level. This review is based on two assumptions. First, all LS patients inherit a predisposition to develop CRC (without polyposis) and/or other tumors from the Lynch spectrum. Second, all LS patients have a germline defect in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. When a somatic second hit inactivates the relevant MMR gene, the consequence is instability of DNA repeat sequences such as microsatellites and the tumors are referred to as having the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. However, some of the inherited predisposition to develop CRC without concurrent polyposis, termed HNPCC, is found in non-LS patients, while not all MSI tumors are from LS cases. LS tumors are therefore at the junction of inherited and MSI cases. We describe here the defining characteristics of LS tumors that differentiate them from inherited non-MSI tumors and from non-inherited MSI tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Colas
- INSERM, UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancers, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Liu X, Li Y. Target genes of microsatellite sequences in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mononucleotide repeats are not detected. Gene 2012; 506:195-201. [PMID: 22771919 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is detected in a wide variety of tumors. It is thought that mismatch repair gene mutation or inactivation is the major cause of MSI. Microsatellite sequences are predominantly distributed in intergenic or intronic DNA. However, MSI is found in the exonic sequences of some genes, causing their inactivation. In this report, we searched GenBank for candidate genes containing potential MSI sequences in exonic regions. Twenty seven target genes were selected for MSI analysis. Instability was found in 70% of these genes (14/20) with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Interestingly, no instability was detected in mononucleotide repeats in genes or in intergenic sequences. We conclude that instability of mononucleotide repeats is a rare event in HNSCC. High MSI phenotype in young HNSCC patients is limited to noncoding regions only. MSI percentage in HNSCC tumor is closely related to the repeat type, repeat location and patient's age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University, The key laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
An MSI tumor specific frameshift mutation in a coding microsatellite of MSH3 encodes for HLA-A0201-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cell epitopes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26517. [PMID: 22110587 PMCID: PMC3215711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) resulting from inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) characterizes a highly immunological subtype of colorectal carcinomas. Those tumors express multiple frameshift-mutated proteins which present a unique pool of tumor-specific antigens. The DNA MMR protein MSH3 is frequently mutated in MSI(+) colorectal tumors, thus making it an attractive candidate for T cell-based immunotherapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS FSP-specific CD8(+) T cells were generated from a healthy donor using reverse immunology. Those T cells specifically recognized T2 cells sensitized with the respective peptides. Specific recognition and killing of MSI(+) colorectal carcinoma cells harbouring the mutated reading frame was observed. The results obtained with T cell bulk cultures could be reproduced with T cell clones obtained from the same cultures. Blocking experiments (using antibodies and cold target inhibition) confirmed peptide as well as HLA-A0201-specificity. CONCLUSIONS We identified two novel HLA-A0201-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes derived from a (-1) frameshift mutation of a coding A(8) tract within the MSH3 gene. These were (386)-FLLALWECSL (FSP18) and (387)-LLALWECSL (FSP19) as well as (403)-IVSRTLLLV (FSP23) and (402)-LIVSRTLLLV (FSP31), respectively. These results suggest that MSH3(-1) represents another promising MSI(+)-induced target antigen. By identifying two distinct epitopes within MSH3(-1), the sustained immunogenicity of the frameshift mutated sequence was confirmed. Our data therefore encourage further exploitation of MSH3 as a piece for peptide-based vaccines either for therapeutic or--even more important--preventive purposes.
Collapse
|
30
|
Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) is an important mediator of interferon-dependent and -independent HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB gene expression in colorectal cancers. Oncogene 2011; 31:1242-53. [PMID: 21804607 PMCID: PMC3307062 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a member of the HIN-200 family of hematopoietic, IFN-inducible, nuclear proteins, associated with both, infection defense and tumor pathology. Recently, AIM2 was found to act as a DNA sensor in innate immunity. In addition, we and others have previously demonstrated a high frequency of AIM2-alterations in microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) tumors. To further elucidate AIM2 function in colorectal tumors, we here addressed AIM2-responsive target genes by microarray based gene expression profiling of 22 244 human genes. A total of 111 transcripts were significantly upregulated, whereas 80 transcripts turned out to be significantly downregulated in HCT116 cells, constitutively expressing AIM2, compared with AIM2-negative cells. Among the upregulated genes that were validated by quantitative PCR and western blotting we recognized several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, IRF7, ISG15, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB, TLR3 and CIITA), as well as genes involved in intercellular adhesion and matrix remodeling. Expression of ISGs correlated with expression of AIM2 in 10 different IFN-γ treated colorectal cancer cell lines. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of AIM2 resulted in reduced expression of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB and CIITA in IFN-γ-treated cells. IFN-γ independent induction of HLA-DR genes and their encoded proteins was also demonstrated upon doxycyclin-regulated transient induction of AIM2. Luciferase reporter assays revealed induction of the HLA-DR promoter upon AIM2 transfection in different cell lines. STAT-signaling was not involved in IFN-γ independent induction of ISGs, arguing against participation of cytokines released in an autostimulating manner. Our data indicate that AIM2 mediates both IFN-γ dependent and independent induction of several ISGs, including genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens HLA-DR-α and -β. This suggests a novel role of the IFN/AIM2/ISG cascade likewise in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
31
|
Galindo CL, McIver LJ, Tae H, McCormick JF, Skinner MA, Hoeschele I, Lewis CM, Minna JD, Boothman DA, Garner HR. Sporadic breast cancer patients' germline DNA exhibit an AT-rich microsatellite signature. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:275-83. [PMID: 21319262 PMCID: PMC3107400 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a custom CGH-like oligonucleotide array to measure the global microsatellite content in the genomes of 72 cancer, cancer-free, and high risk patient and cell line samples (56 germline DNA and 16 in tumor or tumor cell line DNA) we found a unique, reproducible, and statistically significant pattern of 18 motif-specific microsatellite families (out of 962 possible 1-6 mer repeats) in breast cancer patient germline and tumor DNA, but not in germline DNA of cancer-free volunteer controls or in breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. These high-similarity A/T rich repetitive motifs were also more pronounced in the germlines and tumors of colon cancer tumor patients (3/6 samples) and microsatellite unstable colon cancer cell lines; however, germline DNA of sporadic breast cancer patients exhibited the largest global content shift for those motifs with extreme AT/GC ratios. These results indicate that global microsatellite variability is complex, suggest the existence of a previously unknown genomic destabilization mechanism in breast cancer patients' germline DNA, and warrant further testing of such microsatellite variability as a predictor of future breast cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongseok Tae
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | | | - Ina Hoeschele
- Department of Statistics of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - John D. Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, Dallas, TX
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David A. Boothman
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Williams DS, Bird MJ, Jorissen RN, Yu YL, Walker F, Zhang HH, Nice EC, Burgess AW. Nonsense mediated decay resistant mutations are a source of expressed mutant proteins in colon cancer cell lines with microsatellite instability. PLoS One 2010; 5:e16012. [PMID: 21209843 PMCID: PMC3013145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frameshift mutations in microsatellite instability high (MSI-High) colorectal cancers are a potential source of targetable neo-antigens. Many nonsense transcripts are subject to rapid degradation due to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), but nonsense transcripts with a cMS in the last exon or near the last exon-exon junction have intrinsic resistance to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). NMD-resistant transcripts are therefore a likely source of expressed mutant proteins in MSI-High tumours. Methods Using antibodies to the conserved N-termini of predicted mutant proteins, we analysed MSI-High colorectal cancer cell lines for examples of naturally expressed mutant proteins arising from frameshift mutations in coding microsatellites (cMS) by immunoprecipitation and Western Blot experiments. Detected mutant protein bands from NMD-resistant transcripts were further validated by gene-specific short-interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. A genome-wide search was performed to identify cMS-containing genes likely to generate NMD-resistant transcripts that could encode for antigenic expressed mutant proteins in MSI-High colon cancers. These genes were screened for cMS mutations in the MSI-High colon cancer cell lines. Results Mutant protein bands of expected molecular weight were detected in mutated MSI-High cell lines for NMD-resistant transcripts (CREBBP, EP300, TTK), but not NMD-sensitive transcripts (BAX, CASP5, MSH3). Expression of the mutant CREBBP and EP300 proteins was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. Five cMS-bearing genes identified from the genome-wide search and without existing mutation data (SFRS12IP1, MED8, ASXL1, FBXL3 and RGS12) were found to be mutated in at least 5 of 11 (45%) of the MSI-High cell lines tested. Conclusion NMD-resistant transcripts can give rise to expressed mutant proteins in MSI-High colon cancer cells. If commonly expressed in primary MSI-High colon cancers, MSI-derived mutant proteins could be useful as cancer specific immunological targets in a vaccine targeting MSI-High colonic tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Williams
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (DSW); (AWB)
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert N. Jorissen
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yen Lin Yu
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franscesa Walker
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Hua Zhang
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony W. Burgess
- Epithelial Biochemistry Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (DSW); (AWB)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shin N, You KT, Lee H, Kim WK, Song M, Choi HJ, Rhee H, Nam SW, Kim H. Identification of frequently mutated genes with relevance to nonsense mediated mRNA decay in the high microsatellite instability cancers. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2872-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
34
|
Kloor M, Michel S, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Immune evasion of microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1001-10. [PMID: 20198617 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) develop through 2 major pathways of genetic instability. In contrast to the majority of CRCs, which are characterized by chromosomal instability, high-level microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) CRCs arise as a consequence of the loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) functions and show accumulation of insertion and deletion mutations particularly in microsatellite sequences. MSI-H occurs in about 15% of CRCs, and virtually all CRCs occurring in the context of the hereditary cancer-predisposing Lynch syndrome. These tumors are characterized by a comparably good prognosis and a low frequency of distant metastases. Because of the expression of a defined set of tumor-specific antigens, MSI-H CRCs elicit a strong local and systemic antitumoral immune response of the host and therefore use different strategies to evade the control of the immune system. In this review, we will summarize novel molecular mechanisms that at the same time drive pathogenesis, immunogenicity and immune evasion during the development and progression of MSI-H CRCs. We will focus on the current knowledge about alterations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen presentation and discuss how immune evasion-while offering protection against local antitumoral immune responses-paradoxically might interfere with the ability of the tumor to form distant organ metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Drescher KM, Sharma P, Lynch HT. Current hypotheses on how microsatellite instability leads to enhanced survival of Lynch Syndrome patients. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:170432. [PMID: 20631828 PMCID: PMC2901607 DOI: 10.1155/2010/170432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-high) are a cardinal feature of colorectal tumors from patients with Lynch Syndrome. Other key characteristics of Lynch Syndrome are that these patients experience fewer metastases and have enhanced survival when compared to patients diagnosed with microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer. Many of the characteristics associated with Lynch Syndrome including enhanced survival are also observed in patients with sporadic MSI-high colorectal cancer. In this review we will present the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that are utilized by the host to control colorectal cancer in Lynch Syndrome and why these same mechanisms fail in MSS colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Michel S, Kloor M, Singh S, Gdynia G, Roth W, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Schirmacher P, Bläker H. Coding microsatellite instability analysis in microsatellite unstable small intestinal adenocarcinomas identifies MARCKS as a common target of inactivation. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:175-82. [PMID: 19852062 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of small intestinal adenocarcinomas show inactivation of DNA-mismatch repair (MMR) and display high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H). MSI-H tumors progress as a result of mutations affecting coding microsatellites (coding microsatellite instability, cMSI) that may result in a functional inactivation of the encoded proteins and provide a selective growth advantage for the affected cell. To investigate the cMSI selection in small intestinal carcinogenesis 56 adenocarcinomas were tested for MSI. Eleven MSI-H carcinomas (19.6%) were identified and subjected to cMSI analysis in 24 potentially tumor relevant genes. Mutation frequencies were similar to those observed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Beside high frequencies of cMSI in TGFbetaR2, ACVR2, and AIM2 we detected MARCKS mutations in 10 out of 11 (91%) tumors with a 30% share of biallelic mutations. Since little is known about MARCKS expression in the intestine, we analyzed MARCKS protein expression in 31 carcinomas. In non-neoplastic mucosa, MARCKS was found to be expressed with a concentration gradient along the crypt-villus axis. In line with cMSI induced functional inactivation of MARCKS, 8 out of 11 MSI-H adenocarcinomas showed regional or complete loss of the protein. In microsatellite stable (MSS) small bowel adenocarcinoma, loss of MARCKS expression was seen in 2 out of 20 tumors (10%). In conclusion, we herein present a cMSI profile of MSI-H small intestinal adenocarcinomas identifying MARCKS as a frequent target of mutation. Loss of MARCKS protein expression suggests a significant role of MARCKS inactivation in the pathogenesis of small intestinal adenocarcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Michel
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Paun BC, Cheng Y, Leggett BA, Young J, Meltzer SJ, Mori Y. Screening for microsatellite instability identifies frequent 3'-untranslated region mutation of the RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 gene in colon tumors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7715. [PMID: 19888451 PMCID: PMC2766054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coding region microsatellite instability (MSI) results in loss of gene products and promotion of microsatellite-unstable (MSI-H) carcinogenesis. Recent studies have indicated that MSI within 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) may post-transcriptionally dysregulate gene products. Within this context, we conducted a broad mutational survey of 42 short 3′UTR microsatellites (MSs) in 45 MSI-H colorectal tumors and their corresponding normal colonic mucosae. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to estimate the overall susceptibility of MSs to MSI in MSI-H tumors, the observed MSI frequency of each MS was correlated with its length, interspecies sequence conservation level, and distance from some genetic elements (i.e., stop codon, polyA signal, and microRNA binding sites). All MSs were stable in normal colonic mucosae. The MSI frequency at each MS in MSI-H tumors was independent of sequence conservation level and distance from other genetic elements. In contrast, MS length correlated significantly with MSI frequency in MSI-H tumors (r = 0.86, p = 7.2×10−13). 3′UTR MSs demonstrated MSI frequencies in MSI-H tumors higher than the 99% upper limit predicted by MS length for RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1(RB1CC1, mutation frequency 68.4%), NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 1(NUAK1, 31.0%), and Rtf1, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (RTF1, 25.0%). An in silico prediction of RNA structure alterations was conducted for these MSI events to gauge their likelihood of affecting post-transcriptional regulation. RB1CC1 mutant was predicted to lose a microRNA-accessible loop structure at a putative binding site for the tumor-suppressive microRNA, miR-138. In contrast, the predicted 3′UTR structural change was minimal for NUAK1- and RTF1 mutants. Notably, real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed significant RB1CC1 mRNA overexpression vs. normal colonic mucosae in MSI-H cancers manifesting RB1CC1 3′UTR MSI (9.0-fold; p = 3.6×10−4). Conclusions This mutational survey of well-characterized short 3′UTR MSs confirms that MSI incidence in MSI-H colorectal tumors correlates with MS length, but not with sequence conservation level or distance from other genetic elements. This study also identifies RB1CC1 as a novel target of frequent mutation and aberrant upregulation in MSI-H colorectal tumors. The predicted loss of a microRNA-accessible structure in mutant RB1CC1 RNA fits the hypothesis that 3′UTR MSI involves in aberrant RB1CC1 posttranscriptional upregulation. Further direct assessments are indicated to investigate this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan C. Paun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Leggett
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Lab, Royal Brisbane Hospital Foundation, Clinical Research Centre, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Young
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuriko Mori
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Woerner SM, Yuan YP, Benner A, Korff S, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Bork P. SelTarbase, a database of human mononucleotide-microsatellite mutations and their potential impact to tumorigenesis and immunology. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D682-9. [PMID: 19820113 PMCID: PMC2808963 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15% of human colorectal cancers and, at varying degrees, other tumor entities as well as nearly all tumors related to Lynch syndrome are hallmarked by microsatellite instability (MSI) as a result of a defective mismatch repair system. The functional impact of resulting mutations depends on their genomic localization. Alterations within coding mononucleotide repeat tracts (MNRs) can lead to protein truncation and formation of neopeptides, whereas alterations within untranslated MNRs can alter transcription level or transcript stability. These mutations may provide selective advantage or disadvantage to affected cells. They may further concern the biology of microsatellite unstable cells, e.g. by generating immunogenic peptides induced by frameshifts mutations. The Selective Targets database (http://www.seltarbase.org) is a curated database of a growing number of public MNR mutation data in microsatellite unstable human tumors. Regression calculations for various MSI–H tumor entities indicating statistically deviant mutation frequencies predict TGFBR2, BAX, ACVR2A and others that are shown or highly suspected to be involved in MSI tumorigenesis. Many useful tools for further analyzing genomic DNA, derived wild-type and mutated cDNAs and peptides are integrated. A comprehensive database of all human coding, untranslated, non-coding RNA- and intronic MNRs (MNR_ensembl) is also included. Herewith, SelTarbase presents as a plenty instrument for MSI-carcinogenesis-related research, diagnostics and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Woerner
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Woerner SM, Yuan YP, Benner A, Korff S, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Bork P. SelTarbase, a database of human mononucleotide-microsatellite mutations and their potential impact to tumorigenesis and immunology. Nucleic Acids Res 2009. [PMID: 19820113 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp839gkp839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15% of human colorectal cancers and, at varying degrees, other tumor entities as well as nearly all tumors related to Lynch syndrome are hallmarked by microsatellite instability (MSI) as a result of a defective mismatch repair system. The functional impact of resulting mutations depends on their genomic localization. Alterations within coding mononucleotide repeat tracts (MNRs) can lead to protein truncation and formation of neopeptides, whereas alterations within untranslated MNRs can alter transcription level or transcript stability. These mutations may provide selective advantage or disadvantage to affected cells. They may further concern the biology of microsatellite unstable cells, e.g. by generating immunogenic peptides induced by frameshifts mutations. The Selective Targets database (http://www.seltarbase.org) is a curated database of a growing number of public MNR mutation data in microsatellite unstable human tumors. Regression calculations for various MSI-H tumor entities indicating statistically deviant mutation frequencies predict TGFBR2, BAX, ACVR2A and others that are shown or highly suspected to be involved in MSI tumorigenesis. Many useful tools for further analyzing genomic DNA, derived wild-type and mutated cDNAs and peptides are integrated. A comprehensive database of all human coding, untranslated, non-coding RNA- and intronic MNRs (MNR_ensembl) is also included. Herewith, SelTarbase presents as a plenty instrument for MSI-carcinogenesis-related research, diagnostics and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Woerner
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bertagnolli MM, Niedzwiecki D, Compton CC, Hahn HP, Hall M, Damas B, Jewell SD, Mayer RJ, Goldberg RM, Saltz LB, Warren RS, Redston M. Microsatellite instability predicts improved response to adjuvant therapy with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in stage III colon cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 89803. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:1814-21. [PMID: 19273709 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colon cancers exhibiting DNA mismatch repair (MMR) defects demonstrate distinct clinical and pathologic features, including better prognosis and reduced response to fluorouracil (FU) -based chemotherapy. This prospective study investigated adjuvant chemotherapy containing FU and irinotecan in patients with MMR deficient (MMR-D) colon cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803 randomly assigned 1,264 patients with stage III colon cancer to postoperative weekly bolus FU/leucovorin (LV) or weekly bolus irinotecan, FU, and LV (IFL). The primary end point was overall survival; disease-free survival (DFS) was a secondary end point. Tumor expression of the MMR proteins, MLH1 and MSH2, was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). DNA microsatellite instability was also assessed using a panel of mono- and dinucleotide markers. Tumors with MMR defects were those demonstrating loss of MMR protein expression (MMR-D) and/or microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) genotype. RESULTS Of 723 tumor cases examined by genotyping and IHC, 96 (13.3%) were MMR-D/MSI-H. Genotyping results were consistent with IHC in 702 cases (97.1%). IFL-treated patients with MMR-D/MSI-H tumors showed improved 5-year DFS as compared with those with mismatch repair intact tumors (0.76; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88 v 0.59; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.64; P = .03). This relationship was not observed among patients treated with FU/LV. A trend toward longer DFS was observed in IFL-treated patients with MMR-D/MSI-H tumors as compared with those receiving FU/LV (0.57; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.71 v 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88; P = .07; hazard ratio interaction between tumor status and treatment, 0.51; likelihood ratio P = .117). CONCLUSION Loss of tumor MMR function may predict improved outcome in patients treated with the IFL regimen as compared with those receiving FU/LV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Bertagnolli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
High Frequency of LMAN1 Abnormalities in Colorectal Tumors with Microsatellite Instability. Cancer Res 2008; 69:292-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Korff S, Woerner SM, Yuan YP, Bork P, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Gebert J. Frameshift mutations in coding repeats of protein tyrosine phosphatase genes in colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:329. [PMID: 19000305 PMCID: PMC2586028 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) like their antagonizing protein tyrosine kinases are key regulators of signal transduction thereby assuring normal control of cellular growth and differentiation. Increasing evidence suggests that mutations in PTP genes are associated with human malignancies. For example, mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) gene superfamily uncovered genetic alterations in about 26% of colorectal tumors. Since in these studies tumors have not been stratified according to genetic instability status we hypothesized that colorectal tumors characterized by high-level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) might show an increased frequency of frameshift mutations in those PTP genes that harbor long mononucleotide repeats in their coding region (cMNR). RESULTS Using bioinformatic analysis we identified 16 PTP candidate genes with long cMNRs that were examined for genetic alterations in 19 MSI-H colon cell lines, 54 MSI-H colorectal cancers, and 17 MSI-H colorectal adenomas. Frameshift mutations were identified only in 6 PTP genes, of which PTPN21 show the highest mutation frequency at all in MSI-H tumors (17%). CONCLUSION Although about 32% of MSI-H tumors showed at least one affected PTP gene, and cMNR mutation rates in PTPN21, PTPRS, and PTPN5 are higher than the mean mutation frequency of MNRs of the same length, mutations within PTP genes do not seem to play a common role in MSI tumorigenesis, since no cMNR mutation frequency reached statistical significance and therefore, failed prediction as a Positive Selective Target Gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Korff
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fischer JM, Stringer JR. Mutation in aging mice occurs in diverse cell types that proliferate postmutation. Aging Cell 2008; 7:667-80. [PMID: 18652575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the relationship between aging, cell proliferation and mutation in different cell types, hearts, brains and kidneys from G11 PLAP mice between 1 week and 24 months of age were examined. Mutant cells were detected in tissue sections by staining for Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) activity, an activity that marks cells that have sustained a frameshift mutation in a mononucleotide tract inserted into the coding region of the human gene encoding PLAP. The number of PLAP(+) cells increased with age in all three tissues. The types of cells exhibiting a mutant phenotype included cells that are proliferative, such as kidney epithelial cells, and cells that do not frequently replicate, such as cardiac muscle cells and neurons. In the brain, PLAP(+) cells appeared in various locations and occurred at similar frequencies in different regions. Within the cerebellum, PLAP(+) Purkinje cell neurons appeared at a rate similar to that seen in the brain as a whole. PLAP(+) cells were observed in kidney-specific cell types such as those in glomeruli and collecting tubules, as well as in connective tissue and blood vessels. In the heart, PLAP(+) cells appeared to be cardiac muscle cells. Regardless of tissue and cell type, PLAP(+) cells occurred as singletons and in clusters, both of which increased in frequency with age. These data show that age-associated accumulation of mutant cells occurs in diverse cell types and is due to both new mutation and proliferation of mutant cells, even in cell types that tend to not proliferate.
Collapse
|
44
|
Dierssen JWF, van Puijenbroek M, Dezentjé DA, Fleuren GJ, Cornelisse CJ, van Wezel T, Offringa R, Morreau H. Frequent mutations in the 3'-untranslated region of IFNGR1 lack functional impairment in microsatellite-unstable colorectal tumours. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1235-9. [PMID: 18414508 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite repeats are frequently found to be mutated in microsatellite-instable colorectal tumours. This suggests that these mutations are important events during tumour development. We have observed frequent mutations in microsatellite-instable (MSI-H) tumours and cell lines of a conserved A14 repeat within the 3'-untranslated region of the interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene (IFNGR1). The repeat was mutated in 59% (41 of 70) of colon carcinomas and in all four MSI-H colon cancer cell lines tested. In-vitro analysis of these cell lines did not show a decreased responsiveness to standard IFNgamma concentrations when compared to microsatellite-stable colon cancer cell lines. A functional consequence of the frequently found microsatellite instability in IFNGR1 is therefore not evident.
Collapse
|
45
|
Deschoolmeester V, Van Damme N, Baay M, Claes K, Van Marck E, Baert FJ, Wuyts W, Cabooter M, Weyler J, Vermeulen P, Lardon F, Vermorken JB, Peeters M. Microsatellite instability in sporadic colon carcinomas has no independent prognostic value in a Belgian study population. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2288-95. [PMID: 18707864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathological stage is currently the most important determinant of colorectal cancer prognosis. Hence, identification of additional prognostic markers is warranted. This study aimed to analyse the prognostic relevance of microsatellite instability (MSI) in 241 colon and 90 rectal tumours, using a mononucleotide loci multiplex PCR assay and immunohistochemistry. Thirty (12.4%) colon tumours and one rectal tumour showed MSI. Although MSI was associated with proximal location and poor differentiation, no survival benefit was observed. The prognostic value of stage and differentiation was confirmed in this study. Analysis by stage revealed a longer overall (stage II/III) and disease free survival (stage II) for patients with well differentiated tumours. In addition, age and distal localisation were related to longer overall survival in stage II tumours. In conclusion, our findings show an association of MSI in sporadic colon tumours and certain clinical features; however, they do not suggest a survival benefit for MSI tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Deschoolmeester
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, University of Antwerp (UA) and Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital (UZA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Deschoolmeester V, Baay M, Wuyts W, Van Marck E, Van Damme N, Vermeulen P, Lukaszuk K, Lardon F, Vermorken JB. Detection of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer using an alternative multiplex assay of quasi-monomorphic mononucleotide markers. J Mol Diagn 2008; 10:154-9. [PMID: 18258928 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal malignancies demonstrating microsatellite instability (MSI) have a very heterogeneous histological appearance, better prognosis, and altered response to therapy. Consequently, identification of the MSI phenotype is both relevant and interesting as a screening and prognostic tool and as a potential predictive factor of chemotherapeutic response. Several groups have argued for the exclusive use of mononucleotide markers for MSI analysis. In this study, an alternative MSI typing multiplex system of mononucleotide microsatellite repeats was developed. This system obviates the need to compare allelic profiles between tumor and matching normal DNA, rendering MSI analysis amenable to high throughput. The quasi-monomorphic allelic distribution of five alternative mononucleotide markers was evaluated in genomic DNA. Only SEC63 and CAT25 were found to be quasi-monomorphic and were thus combined with BAT25 and BAT26 from the Bethesda panel. Consequently, 177 colorectal cancer samples previously analyzed by the Bethesda panel were tested for MSI using this alternative mononucleotide panel. In an attempt to resolve discordant cases, immunohistochemistry of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 was performed. The concordance between both panels reached 99.4% when microsatellite stability and MSI-L were grouped together. These new markers were subsequently multiplexed in a single polymerase chain reaction assay. The resulting mononucleotide fluorescent multiplex MSI assay has high accuracy, reliability, and throughput, thus reducing the time and cost involved in MSI testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Deschoolmeester
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Antwerp (UA/UZA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abdel-Rahman WM, Knuutila S, Peltomäki P, Harrison DJ, Bader SA. Truncation of MBD4 predisposes to reciprocal chromosomal translocations and alters the response to therapeutic agents in colon cancer cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 7:321-8. [PMID: 18162445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel genomic instability phenotype of multiple reciprocal chromosomal translocations in a MLH1-defective, microsatellite unstable (MSI) colon cancer cell line (HCA7) and, further, showed that it was unlikely to be directly caused by the mismatch repair (MMR) defect in this cell line. To gain insight into the molecular basis to this novel translocation phenotype, we examined coding and splice-site nucleotide repeat tracts in DNA repair genes for mutations by direct sequencing together with RT-PCR expression analysis of the associated transcript. The material was a selected panel of 8 MSI cell lines including HCA7. A strong candidate identified through this approach was MBD4 as it showed a homozygous truncating mutation associated with substantial loss of the transcript in HCA7 not seen in the other lines. In previous published studies, heterozygous MBD4 mutations were observed in up to 89% of sporadic MSI microdissected colon tumor foci. Using MFISH, we show that over-expression of the truncated MBD4 (+MBD4(tru)) in DLD1, a MSH6 defective, MSI human colon carcinoma cell line predisposed these cells to acquire structural chromosomal rearrangements including multiple reciprocal translocations after irradiation, reminiscent of those seen in HCA7. We also show that over-expression of MBD4(tru) in DLD1 alters the colony survival after exposure to cisplatin or etoposide. These data suggest a wide role for MBD4 in DNA damage response and maintaining chromosomal stability.
Collapse
|
48
|
Woerner SM, Kloor M, Schwitalle Y, Youmans H, Doeberitz MVK, Gebert J, Dihlmann S. The putative tumor suppressor AIM2 is frequently affected by different genetic alterations in microsatellite unstable colon cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1080-9. [PMID: 17726700 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is a major mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis that is observed in 10-15% of sporadic colorectal cancers and those associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. MMR deficiency leads to the accumulation of mutations mainly at short repetitive sequences termed microsatellites, constituting the high level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype. In recent years, several genes have been described that harbor microsatellites in their coding region (coding microsatellites, cMS) and are frequently affected by mutations in MMR-deficient cancers. However, evidence for a functional role of most of the known cMS-containing genes is missing, and further analyses are needed for a better understanding of MSI tumorigenesis. Here, we examined in detail alterations of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) gene that shows a high frequency of cMS frameshift mutations in MSI-H colorectal, gastric, and endometrial tumors. AIM2 belongs to the HIN-200 family of interferon (IFN)-inducible proteins, its role in colon carcinogenesis, however, is unknown. Sequencing of the entire coding region of AIM2 revealed a high frequency of frameshift and missense mutations in primary MSI-H colon cancers (9/20) and cell lines (9/15). Biallelic AIM2 alterations were detected in 8 MSI-H colon tumors and cell lines. In addition, AIM2 promoter hypermethylation conferred insensitivity to IFN-gamma-induced AIM2 expression of three MSI-H colon cancer cell lines. These results demonstrate that inactivation of AIM2 by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms is frequent in MMR-deficient colorectal cancers, thus suggesting that AIM2 is a mutational target relevant for the progression of MSI-H colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Woerner
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Eckert A, Kloor M, Giersch A, Ahmadi R, Herold‐Mende C, Hampl JA, Heppner FL, Zoubaa S, Holinski‐Feder E, Pietsch T, Wiestler OD, Von Knebel Doeberitz M, Roth W, Gebert J. Microsatellite instability in pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:146-50. [PMID: 17388945 PMCID: PMC8095570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15% of sporadic gastrointestinal and endometrial tumors show the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype because of loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) function. The incidence of MSI in tumors of the central nervous system still remains controversial. Previous studies reported a particular high frequency of MSI (approximately 25%) in young patients suffering from high-grade gliomas. Based on these data and the fact that in different tumor entities MMR deficiency defines a subgroup of tumors with distinct pathogenesis and particular clinicopathological features that may have impact on prognosis and therapy, we screened 624 gliomas from 71 young and 553 adult patients for MMR deficiency by MSI analysis using three highly sensitive diagnostic markers. Alterations of MMR protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. A malignant glioma from an adult patient displayed MSI and concomitant loss of nuclear MSH2 and MSH6 protein expression (0.16%; 1/619). No evidence for MSI or loss of MMR protein expression was observed in 71 gliomas from young patients (0%; 0/71) including 41 high-grade astrocytic tumors. Overall, we observed a much lower incidence of MSI among high-grade pediatric gliomas than initially reported and suggest that MMR deficiency does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of glial neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Eckert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank L. Heppner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Holinski‐Feder
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Otmar D. Wiestler
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Roth
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hirata T, Yamamoto H, Taniguchi H, Horiuchi S, Oki M, Adachi Y, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Characterization of the immune escape phenotype of human gastric cancers with and without high-frequency microsatellite instability. J Pathol 2007; 211:516-523. [PMID: 17318812 DOI: 10.1002/path.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancers with and without high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) represent distinctive pathways of carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to clarify if human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen subunits and antigen processing machinery (APM) components are differentially downregulated in these two groups of tumours. Using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, methylation-specific PCR (MSP), DNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry, we analysed expression and/or alteration of HLA class I antigen subunits and APM components, including low molecular weight polypeptide proteasome subunit (LMP)2, LMP7, LMP10, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)1, TAP2, tapasin, proteasome activator (PA) 28alpha, and PA28beta in two stage-matched panels of 30 MSI-H and 30 microsatellite stable (MSS) gastric cancers. Mutations at coding microsatellites (cMS) located within beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and genes encoding APM components, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein genes, such as calnexin, SEC63, SEC31, and P4HB (p55), were also analysed. HLA class Ia transcripts were totally downregulated in 18.3% of cancer cases. Locus-specific downexpression of HLA-A, -B, and -C was detected in 41.7%, 45.0%, and 31.7% of cases. Loss of HLA-A was significantly more frequent in MSI-H cancers. The LOH ratios of the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci microsatellite markers were relatively low: 5/32 (15.6%) for D6S306, 4/32 (12.5%) for D6S258, 4/33 (12.1%) for D6S273, and 4/30 (13.3%) for D6S1666. Methylation of HLA-A, -B, and -C was detected in 38.3%, 40.0%, and 28.3% of cases. A significant association between methylation and reduction in expression was observed in gastric cancer tissues. Mutations at cMS of beta2m and APM components were detected in 3.3-46.7% of MSI-H cancers but in none of MSS cancers. These data show that gastric cancers have various defects in HLA class I antigen subunits and APM components and that the MSI phenotype is associated with frequent HLA-A inactivation and frameshift mutations of the beta2m and APM genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hirata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - H Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - H Taniguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - S Horiuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - M Oki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Y Adachi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - K Imai
- Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8557, Japan
| | - Y Shinomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| |
Collapse
|