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Preliminary Study on the Expression of Testin, p16 and Ki-67 in the Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081010. [PMID: 34440214 PMCID: PMC8391355 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers in women worldwide. The 5-year survival rate is 65%; nevertheless, it depends on race, age, and clinical stage. In the oncogenesis of cervical cancer, persistent HPV infection plays a pivotal role. It disrupts the expression of key proteins as Ki-67, p16, involved in regulating the cell cycle. This study aimed to identify the potential role of testin in the diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions (CIN). The study was performed on selected archival paraffin-embedded specimens of CIN1 (31), CIN2 (75), and CIN3 (123). Moderate positive correlation was observed between testin and Ki-67 as well as testin and p16 expression in all dysplastic lesions (r = 0.4209, r = 0.5681; p < 0.0001 for both). Statistical analysis showed stronger expression of the testin in dysplastic lesions vs. control group (p < 0.0001); moreover, expression was significantly higher in HSIL than LSIL group (p < 0.0024). In addition, a significantly stronger expression of testin was observed in CIN3 vs. CIN1 and CIN3 vs. CIN2. In our study, expression of Ki-67, p16, and testin increased gradually as the lesion progressed from LSIL to HSIL. The three markers complemented each other effectively, which may improve test sensitivity and specificity when used jointly.
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Silencing of Testin expression is a frequent event in spontaneous lymphomas from Trp53-mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16255. [PMID: 33004921 PMCID: PMC7530732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene, TES, is frequently methylated in many human tumours. Previously, we demonstrated that TES promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing was the most common molecular abnormality detected in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Trp53-mutant mouse models predominantly develop B- and T-cell lymphomas, which are widely considered equivalent to childhood T and B ALL. In this study, we examined expression of Tes transcript and Testin protein in spontaneous tumours obtained from three Trp53-mutant mouse models. Using immunohistochemistry, we report that 47% of lymphomas lacked Testin protein compared to only 7% of non-lymphoid tumours. Further examination of the lymphomas from Trp53-null and Trp53-mΔpro homozygous mutant mice revealed that 63% and 69% respectively of the isolated lymphomas were Testin negative, which is similar to reported rates in childhood T-ALL. Surprisingly, lymphomas from Trp53-Δ122 mice were frequently Testin positive (> 60%), suggesting that the presence of the Trp53-Δ122 protein appeared to mitigate the requirement for Tes silencing in lymphomagenesis. Quantitative RT-PCR results confirmed that this lack of Testin protein was due to Tes transcriptional silencing, although bisulfite sequencing demonstrated that this was not due to promoter methylation. These results are consistent with the Testin protein having lymphoid tumour suppressor activity in both mice and humans.
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Bakrania A, Aubé M, Desjardins R, Sabbagh R, Day R. Upregulation of PACE4 in prostate cancer is not dependent on E2F transcription factors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:477-481. [PMID: 32119574 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in prostate cancer have identified PACE4, a proprotein convertase enzyme, as an emerging therapeutic target. Inhibition of PACE4-altCT, an oncogenic isoform of PACE4, using molecular or pharmacological approaches results in decreased cell proliferation and tumor progression in xenograft models. Although several validations have confirmed PACE4-altCT as a novel therapeutic target, the transcriptional regulation of PACE4 isoforms and mechanism of action remain a challenge. Previously, it has been reported that the human PACE4 promoter possesses potential binding sites for the E2F family of transcription factors, all of which are involved in cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells. Therefore, we attempted to conduct in-depth evaluation of E2Fs on PACE4 and PACE4 isoform expression in prostate cancer. We conducted in vitro molecular silencing studies in various prostate cancer cell lines and determined the change in PACE4 expression levels. The results clearly show that the E2Fs alone do not alter PACE4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bakrania
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Aubé
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Roxane Desjardins
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Robert Sabbagh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Szymańska-Chabowska A, Juzwiszyn J, Jankowska-Polańska B, Tański W, Chabowski M. Chitinase 3-Like 1, Nestin, and Testin Proteins as Novel Biomarkers of Potential Clinical Use in Colorectal Cancer: A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1279:1-8. [PMID: 32170669 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second most common in females. Only 10-20% of patients are diagnosed at the early stage of disease. Recently, the role of novel biomarkers of the neoplastic process in the early detection of colorectal cancer has been widely discussed. In this review, we focused on the three novel biomarkers that are of potential clinical importance in diagnosing and monitoring colorectal cancer. Chitinase 3-like 1 protein, also known as YKL-40, and nestin and testin proteins are produced by colorectal cancer cells. YKL-40 protein is a marker of proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenetic changes. The level of YKL-40 is elevated in about 20% of patients with colorectal cancer. An increased expression of nestin indicates immaturity. It is a marker of angiogenesis in neoplastic processes. Testin protein is a component of cell-cell connections and focal adhesions. The protein is produced in normal human tissues, but not in tumor tissues. Downregulation of testin increases cell motility, spread, and proliferation, and decreases apoptosis. The usefulness and role of these biomarkers, both alone and combined, in the diagnostics of colorectal cancer should be further explored as early cancer detection may substantially improve treatment outcome and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymańska-Chabowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Juzwiszyn
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Jankowska-Polańska
- Division of Nursing in Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tański
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth Military Teaching Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Chabowski
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Department of Surgery, Fourth Military Teaching Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Testin is a protein expressed in almost all normal human tissues. It locates in the cytoplasm along stress fibers being recruited to focal adhesions. Together with zyxin and vasodilator stimulated protein it forms complexes with various cytoskeleton proteins such as actin, talin and paxilin. They jointly play significant role in cell motility and adhesion. In addition, their involvement in the cell cycle has been demonstrated. Expression of testin protein level correlates positively with percentage of cells in G1 phase, while overexpression can induce apoptosis and decreased colony forming ability. Decreased testin expression associate with loss by cells epithelial morphology and gain migratory and invasive properties of mesenchymal cells. Latest reports indicate that TES is a tumor suppressor gene which can contribute to cancerogenesis but the mechanism of loss TES gene expression is still unknown. Some authors point out hypermethylation of the CpG island as a main factor, however loss of heterozygosity may also play an important role [4, 5]. The altered expression of testin was found in malignant neoplasm, i.a. ovarian, lung, head and neck squamous cell cancer, breast, endometrial, colorectal, prostate and gastric cancers [1-9]. Testin participate in the processes of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis [10]. Many researchers stated involvement of testin in tumor progression, what suggest its potential usage in immunotherapy [7, 11]. Understanding the molecular functions of testin may be crucial in development personalized treatment. In the present manuscript up-to-date review of literature can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Popiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Christopher Kobierzycki
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang M, Wang Q, Peng WJ, Hu JF, Wang ZY, Liu H, Huang LN. Testin is a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:1027-1035. [PMID: 28000866 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Testin gene was previously identified in the fragile chromosomal region FRA7G at 7q31.2. It has been implicated in several types of cancers including prostate, ovarian, breast and gastric cancer. In the present study, we investigated the function of the candidate tumor-suppressor Testin gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In NSCLC cell lines, we observed lower expression of Testin compared to that noted in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. MTT assays, flow cytometry, clonogenic assay and invasion assay showed that the overexpression of the Testin gene inhibited cancer cell proliferation, invasion and colony formation. In tumor xenograft models, Testin markedly inhibited lung cancer cell xenograft formation and growth in athymic nude mice. Taken together, these data suggest that Testin plays an important role in the development and progression of NSCLC. Testin may be an effective novel target in NSCLC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Basic Research on Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Respiration, The People's Hospital of Lingbi, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jia Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Basic Research on Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Yi Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Li-Nian Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Basic Research on Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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Weeks RJ, Ludgate JL, LeMée G, Morison IM. TESTIN Induces Rapid Death and Suppresses Proliferation in Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151341. [PMID: 26985820 PMCID: PMC4795691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. Despite high cure rates, side effects and late consequences of the intensive treatments are common. Unquestionably, the identification of new therapeutic targets will lead to safer, more effective treatments. We identified TES promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing as a very common molecular abnormality in childhood ALL, irrespective of molecular subtype. The aims of the present study were to demonstrate that TES promoter methylation is aberrant, to determine the effects of TES re-expression in ALL, and to determine if those effects are mediated via TP53 activity. Methods Normal fetal and adult tissue DNA was isolated and TES promoter methylation determined by Sequenom MassARRAY. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot were used to confirm re-expression of TES in ALL cell lines after 5’-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (decitabine) exposure or transfection with TES expression plasmids. The effects of TES re-expression on ALL cells were investigated using standard cell proliferation, cell death and cell cycle assays. Results In this study, we confirm that the TES promoter is unmethylated in normal adult and fetal tissues. We report that decitabine treatment of ALL cell lines results in demethylation of the TES promoter and attendant expression of TES mRNA. Re-expression of TESTIN protein in ALL cells using expression plasmid transfection results in rapid cell death or cell cycle arrest independent of TP53 activity. Conclusions These results suggest that TES is aberrantly methylated in ALL and that re-expression of TESTIN has anti-leukaemia effects which point to novel therapeutic opportunities for childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Weeks
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Jackie L. Ludgate
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gwenn LeMée
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian M. Morison
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Rauschenberger L, Staar D, Thom K, Scharf C, Venz S, Homuth G, Schlüter R, Brandenburg LO, Ziegler P, Zimmermann U, Weitschies W, Völker U, Lendeckel U, Walther R, Burchardt M, Stope MB. Exosomal particles secreted by prostate cancer cells are potent mRNA and protein vehicles for the interference of tumor and tumor environment. Prostate 2016; 76:409-24. [PMID: 26643154 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of the tumor environment and the modulation of tumor associated non-malignant cells are essential events in tumor progression. Exosomes are small membranous vesicles of 50-150 nm in diameter, which are secreted into the extracellular space and supposedly serve as vehicles for signal and effector molecules to modulate adjacent target cells. We characterized the mRNA and protein composition as well as cellular functions of prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes. METHODS Exosomes were prepared from prostate cancer cell culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation and subsequently characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Exosomal mRNA and protein composition were analyzed by DNA microarrays and gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Physiological effects of exosomes were studied by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase release cell assays. Using a SILAC approach, putative uptake of exosomal human proteins in canine cells and canine de novo synthesis of proteins specified by exosome-transferred human mRNA was analyzed in MDCK cells via mass spectrometry. RESULTS Preparations of exosomes revealed typical cup shaped particles of 150 nm in diameter. Analysis of mRNA and protein composition of exosomes exhibited a wide range of mRNA and protein species. Interestingly, the packaging of at least small proteins into exosomes was apparently unspecific, as shown with the example of two model proteins. In cell culture incubation experiments exosomal preparations of prostate cancer cells caused anti-proliferative effects. MS analysis revealed the uptake of exosomal human proteins into canine cells after 6 hr of incubation. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal a distinct exosomal functionality in the modulation of the prostatic tumor adjacent environment. The multitude of translocated factors implies the induction of numerous effects in tumor-associated target cells, including impact on cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Staar
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathleen Thom
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Ziegler
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Dong R, Pu H, Wang Y, Yu J, Lian K, Mao C. TESTIN was commonly hypermethylated and involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial cancer. APMIS 2015; 123:394-400. [PMID: 25720371 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Dong
- Department of Reproductive Center; First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu Province China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi; Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Hong Pu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi; Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi; Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University and the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi; Wuxi Jiangsu Province China
| | - Kuixian Lian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College; Binzhou Shandong Province China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Department of Reproductive Center; First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu Province China
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Bai Y, Zhang QG, Wang XH. Downregulation of TES by hypermethylation in glioblastoma reduces cell apoptosis and predicts poor clinical outcome. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:66. [PMID: 25498217 PMCID: PMC4279594 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-014-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common human brain tumors. Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiform (GBM), is the most aggressive, malignant, and lethal glioma. The investigation of prognostic and diagnostic molecular biomarkers in glioma patients to provide direction on clinical practice is urgent. Recent studies demonstrated that abnormal DNA methylation states play a key role in the pathogenesis of this kind of tumor. In this study, we want to identify a novel biomarker related to glioma initiation and find the role of the glioma-related gene. METHODS We performed a methylation-specific microarray on the promoter region to identify methylation gene(s) that may affect outcome of GBM patients. Normal and GBM tissues were collected from Tiantan Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted from these tissues and analyzed with a DNA promoter methylation microarray. Testis derived transcript (TES) protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded patient tissues. Western blotting was used to detect TES protein expression in the GBM cell line U251 with or without 5-aza-dC treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/PI staining. RESULTS We found that the TES promoter was hypermethylated in GBM compared to normal brain tissues under DNA promoter methylation microarray analysis. The GBM patients with TES hypermethylation had a short overall survival (P <0.05, log-rank test). Among GBM samples, reduced TES protein level was detected in 33 (89.2%) of 37 tumor tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Down regulation of TES was also correlated with worse patient outcome (P <0.05, log-rank test). Treatment on the GBM cell line U251 with 5-aza-dC can greatly increase TES expression, confirming the hypermethylation of TES promoter in GBM. Up-regulation of TES prompts U251 apoptosis significantly. This study demonstrated that both TES promoter hypermethylation and down-regulated protein expression significantly correlated with worse patient outcome. Treatment on the GBM cell line (U251) with 5-aza-dC can highly release TES expression resulting in significant apoptosis in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the TES gene is a novel tumor suppressor gene and might represent a valuable prognostic marker for glioblastoma, indicating a potential target for future GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Department of Blood transfusion, The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Quan-Geng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Department of Blood transfusion, The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yongbin Y, Jinghua L, Zhanxue Z, Aimin Z, Youchao J, Yanhong S, Manjing J. TES was epigenetically silenced and suppressed the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11381-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Gu Z, Ding G, Liang K, Zhang H, Guo G, Zhang L, Cui J. TESTIN suppresses tumor growth and invasion via manipulating cell cycle progression in endometrial carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:980-7. [PMID: 24929083 PMCID: PMC4067424 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TESTIN gene was demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor in prostate and breast cancer through inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. Herein, we aimed to investigate the detailed functions of TESTIN in the highly sexual hormone (estrogen)-dependent malignancy, endometrial carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS TESTIN mRNA and protein expression were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Upregulation of TESTIN was achieved by transfecting the pcDNA3.1-TESTIN plasmids into AN3CA cells. Knockdown of TESTIN was achieved by transfecting the shRNA-TESTIN into Ishikawa cells. MTT assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay were used to investigate the effects of TESTIN on cellular proliferation and invasion. The apoptotic status and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry. MMP2 secretion was determined by ELISA assay. The xenograft assay was used to investigate the functions of TESTIN in nude mice. RESULTS Compared to the non-malignant adjacent endometrium, 54% of tumor samples presented downregulation of TESTIN (P<0.001). Loss of TESTIN protein was correlated with advanced tumor stage (P=0.047), high grade (P=0.034), and lymphatic vascular space invasion (P=0.036). In vitro, overexpression of TESTIN suppressed cell proliferation, induced dramatic G1 arrest, and inhibited tumor invasion through blocking the secretion of MMP2. Loss of TESTIN accelerated cellular proliferation, promoted cell cycle progression, and enhanced tumor invasion by increasing the secretion of MMP2. Consistently, TESTIN could significantly delay the growth of xenografts in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS TESTIN was commonly downregulated in human endometrial carcinoma and was associated with poor prognostic markers. Moreover, TESTIN significantly inhibited tumor growth and invasion via arresting cell cycle in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Therefore, we propose that TESTIN might be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Guofeng Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Kuixiang Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Guanghong Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Jinxiu Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China (mainland)
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Chen HT, Wu YC, Chen ST, Tsai HC, Chien YC. Androgen receptor CAG repeats, non-random X chromosome inactivation, and loss of heterozygosity at Xq25 in relation to breast cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:144. [PMID: 24581183 PMCID: PMC3975944 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the association of non-random X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at Xq25 with breast cancer development. Methods Seventy-nine breast cancer patients, 39 female lung cancer patients, 30 other cancer patients and 77 healthy females were analysed for LOH using a panel of 11 microsatellite markers spanning Xq25. The androgen receptor (AR) gene was chosen as an XCI marker. Results LOH of at least one microsatellite locus at Xq25 was identified in 46/65 breast cancers examined, while only 10/25 cancers of other origins demonstrated LOH in this region (p = 0.014). The critical deletion region in breast cancer was around marker DXS1047 (47.23%). Moreover, we found that tissues from eight breast cancers showed LOH at all of the informative loci tested at Xq25, while the other 38 showed partial (interstitial or telomeric) alterations at Xq25. Interestingly, the pattern of XCI of these eight breast cancers tended to be non-random. We estimated the frequencies of AR alleles and found that women with two long AR alleles (≥21 CAG repeats) had an increased risk of developing breast cancer, while those with two short AR alleles (<21 CAG repeats) were likely to be normal (p = 0.00069). Conclusions The extraordinary high frequencies of LOH at Xq25 found in this study strongly imply that there might be one or more tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) related to the development of breast cancer at Xq25 in the Taiwanese female population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Chih Chien
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, No,1, Jin-De Road, 50058 Changhua City, Taiwan.
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He M, Fan J, Jiang R, Tang WX, Wang ZW. Expression of DNMTs and genomic DNA methylation in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:942-8. [PMID: 23820855 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and genomic DNA methylation status of genomes in gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC). Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze DNMT expression and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation microarray (MeDIP‑chip) and MeDIP quantitative real‑time PCR (MeDIP‑qPCR) were performed to analyze the genomic DNA methylation status in gastric SRC tissue. An increase in DNMT1 and decrease in DNMT3A expression in SRC tissue was observed compared with matched non‑cancerous tissue. However, expression of other DNMTs, DNMT2, DNMT3B and DNMT3L, was not found to differ significantly between carcinoma and control. The MeDIP‑chip assay revealed that methylation of gene promoters and CpG islands in SRC was higher than those in matched control tissue. However, MeDIP‑qPCR analysis demonstrated that specific tumor‑related genes, including ABL2, FGF18, TRAF2, EGFL7 and RAB33A were aberrantly hypomethylated in SRC tissue. Results of the current study indicate that gastric SRC may produce complex patterns of aberrant DNA methylation and DNMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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15
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Malhotra A, Shibata Y, Hall IM, Dutta A. Chromosomal structural variations during progression of a prostate epithelial cell line to a malignant metastatic state inactivate the NF2, NIPSNAP1, UGT2B17, and LPIN2 genes. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:840-52. [PMID: 23792589 PMCID: PMC3909553 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. A significant number of tumors advance to a highly invasive and metastatic stage, which is typically resistant to traditional cancer therapeutics. In order to identify chromosomal structural variants that may contribute to prostate cancer progression we sequenced the genomes of a HPV-18 immortalized nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE1, and compared it to its malignant, metastatic derivative, WPE1-NB26. There were a total of 34 large (> 1 Mbp) and 38 small copy number variants (<100 kbp) in WPE1-NB26 that were not present in the precursor cell line. We also identified and validated 46 structural variants present in the two cell lines, of which 23 were unique to WPE1-NB26. Structural variants unique to the malignant cell line inactivated: (1) the neurofibromin2 (NF2) gene, a known tumor suppressor; (2) its neighboring gene NIPSNAP1, another putative tumor suppressor that inhibits TRPV6, an anti-apoptotic oncogene implicated in prostate cancer progression; (3) UGT2B17, a gene that inactivates dihydrotestosterone, a known activator of prostate cancer progression; and (4) LPIN2, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase and a co-factor of PGC1a that is important for lipid metabolism and for suppressing autoinflammation. Our results illustrate the value of comparing the genomes of defined related pairs of cell lines to discover chromosomal structural variants that may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Ira M Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA
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16
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Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14024-63. [PMID: 23880854 PMCID: PMC3742230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is responsible for approximately half of the human annual background radiation exposure globally. Chronic exposure to radon and its decay products is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer behind smoking, and links to other forms of neoplasms have been postulated. Ionizing radiation emitted during the radioactive decay of radon and its progeny can induce a variety of cytogenetic effects that can be biologically damaging and result in an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Suggested effects produced as a result of alpha particle exposure from radon include mutations, chromosome aberrations, generation of reactive oxygen species, modification of the cell cycle, up or down regulation of cytokines and the increased production of proteins associated with cell-cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. A number of potential biomarkers of exposure, including translocations at codon 249 of TP53 in addition to HPRT mutations, have been suggested although, in conclusion, the evidence for such hotspots is insufficient. There is also substantial evidence of bystander effects, which may provide complications when calculating risk estimates as a result of exposure, particularly at low doses where cellular responses often appear to deviate from the linear, no-threshold hypothesis. At low doses, effects may also be dependent on cellular conditions as opposed to dose. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure have been observed to be both numerous and complex and the elevated chronic exposure of man may therefore pose a significant public health risk that may extend beyond the association with lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Robertson
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-1872-256-432; Fax: +44-1872-256-497
| | - James Allen
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Robin Laney
- Clinical Oncology, Sunrise Centre, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3LJ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Alison Curnow
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
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Zhu J, Li X, Kong X, Moran MS, Su P, Haffty BG, Yang Q. Testin is a tumor suppressor and prognostic marker in breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2092-101. [PMID: 22957844 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The testin (TES) gene was previously identified in the fragile chromosomal region FRA7G at 7q31.2. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the candidate tumor suppressor function of TES and explore its correlations to clinicopathologic features and prognosis in breast cancer. In clinical samples, we showed that the expression of TES decreased gradually from normal through ductal hyperplasia without atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ, to invasive ductal carcinoma. To explore the possible tumor suppressing function of TES, the expression of TES in breast cancer cells was manipulated by ectopic expression or by RNAi. We revealed that ectopic TES expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, invasive ability, and angiogenesis, whereas knockdown of TES by RNAi enhanced cell proliferation, invasive ability, and angiogenesis. In an animal model, TES markedly inhibited breast cancer cell xenograft formation in athymic nude mice and reduced breast cancer cell metastasis to lung. Moreover, we revealed that TES inhibited the invasion and angiogenesis of breast cancer partially through miR-29b-mediated MMP-2 inhibition. Using the tissue microarray of breast cancer from Yale University, we found that lower TES expression was an independent prognostic factor for shorter overall survival and disease-free survival with univariate and multivariate analyses. Taken together, these data suggest that TES, as a valuable marker of breast cancer prognosis, plays an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. TES may be an effective novel target in breast cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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18
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Molecular Validation of PACE4 as a Target in Prostate Cancer. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:157-72. [PMID: 21633671 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the single most prevalent cancer in men. Standard therapies are still limited and include androgen ablation that initially causes tumor regression. However, tumor cells eventually relapse and develop into a hormone-refractory prostate cancer. One of the current challenges in this disease is to define new therapeutic targets, which have been virtually unchanged in the past 30 years. Recent studies have suggested that the family of enzymes known as the proprotein convertases (PCs) is involved in various types of cancers and their progression. The present study examined PC expression in prostate cancer and validates one PC, namely PACE4, as a target. The evidence includes the observed high expression of PACE4 in all different clinical stages of human prostate tumor tissues. Gene silencing studies targeting PACE4 in the DU145 prostate cancer cell line produced cells (cell line 4-2) with slower proliferation rates, reduced clonogenic activity, and inability to grow as xenografts in nude mice. Gene expression and proteomic profiling of the 4-2 cell line reveals an increased expression of known cancer-related genes (e.g., GJA1, CD44, IGFBP6) that are downregulated in prostate cancer. Similarly, cancer genes whose expression is decreased in the 4-2 cell line were upregulated in prostate cancer (e.g., MUC1, IL6). The direct role of PACE4 in prostate cancer is most likely through the upregulated processing of growth factors or through the aberrant processing of growth factors leading to sustained cancer progression, suggesting that PACE4 holds a central role in prostate cancer.
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Ma H, Weng D, Chen Y, Huang W, Pan K, Wang H, Sun J, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Wang H, Xia J. Extensive analysis of D7S486 in primary gastric cancer supports TESTIN as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:190. [PMID: 20626849 PMCID: PMC2915979 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was found at D7S486 in primary gastric cancer (GC). And we found a high frequency of LOH region on 7q31 in primary GC from China, and identified D7S486 to be the most frequent LOH locus. This study was aimed to determine what genes were affected by the LOH and served as tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in this region. Here, a high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) microarray fabricated in-house was used to analyze the LOH status around D7S486 on 7q31 in 75 patients with primary GC. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR were used to assess the protein and mRNA expression of TESTIN (TES) in 50 and 140 primary GC samples, respectively. MTS assay was used to investigate the effect of TES overexpression on the proliferation of GC cell lines. Mutation and methylation analysis were performed to explore possible mechanisms of TES inactivation in GC. RESULTS LOH analysis discovered five candidate genes (ST7, FOXP2, MDFIC, TES and CAV1) whose frequencies of LOH were higher than 30%. However, only TES showed the potential to be a TSG associated with GC. Among 140 pairs of GC samples, decreased TES mRNA level was found in 96 (68.6%) tumor tissues when compared with matched non-tumor tissues (p < 0.001). Also, reduced TES protein level was detected in 36 (72.0%) of all 50 tumor tissues by Western blot (p = 0.001). In addition, immunohistochemical staining result was in agreement with that of RT-PCR and Western blot. Down regulation of TES was shown to be correlated with tumor differentiation (p = 0.035) and prognosis (p = 0.035, log-rank test). Its overexpression inhibited the growth of three GC cell lines. Hypermethylation of TES promoter was a frequent event in primary GC and GC cell lines. However, no specific gene mutation was observed in the coding region of the TES gene. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, all results support the role of TES as a TSG in gastric carcinogenesis and that TES is inactivated primarily by LOH and CpG island methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
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20
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Weeks RJ, Kees UR, Song S, Morison IM. Silencing of TESTIN by dense biallelic promoter methylation is the most common molecular event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:163. [PMID: 20573277 PMCID: PMC3224738 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant promoter DNA methylation has been reported in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and has the potential to contribute to its onset and outcome. However, few reports demonstrate consistent, prevalent and dense promoter methylation, associated with tumour-specific gene silencing. By screening candidate genes, we have detected frequent and dense methylation of the TESTIN (TES) promoter. RESULTS Bisulfite sequencing showed that 100% of the ALL samples (n = 20) were methylated at the TES promoter, whereas the matched remission (n = 5), normal bone marrow (n = 6) and normal PBL (n = 5) samples were unmethylated. Expression of TES in hyperdiploid, TEL-AML+, BCR-ABL+, and E2A-PBX+ subtypes of B lineage ALL was markedly reduced compared to that in normal bone marrow progenitor cells and in B cells. In addition TES methylation and silencing was demonstrated in nine out of ten independent B ALL propagated as xenografts in NOD/SCID mice. CONCLUSION In total, 93% of B ALL samples (93 of 100) demonstrated methylation with silencing or reduced expression of the TES gene. Thus, TES is the most frequently methylated and silenced gene yet reported in ALL. TES, a LIM domain-containing tumour suppressor gene and component of the focal adhesion complex, is involved in adhesion, motility, cell-to-cell interactions and cell signalling. Our data implicate TES methylation in ALL and provide additional evidence for the involvement of LIM domain proteins in leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Weeks
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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21
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Consolidation of the cancer genome into domains of repressive chromatin by long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES) reduces transcriptional plasticity. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:235-46. [PMID: 20173741 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silencing of individual genes can occur by genetic and epigenetic processes during carcinogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By creating an integrated prostate cancer epigenome map using tiling arrays, we show that contiguous regions of gene suppression commonly occur through long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES). We identified 47 LRES regions in prostate cancer, typically spanning about 2 Mb and harbouring approximately 12 genes, with a prevalence of tumour suppressor and miRNA genes. Our data reveal that LRES is associated with regional histone deacetylation combined with subdomains of different epigenetic remodelling patterns, which include re-enforcement, gain or exchange of repressive histone, and DNA methylation marks. The transcriptional and epigenetic state of genes in normal prostate epithelial and human embryonic stem cells can play a critical part in defining the mode of cancer-associated epigenetic remodelling. We propose that consolidation or effective reduction of the cancer genome commonly occurs in domains through a combination of LRES and LOH or genomic deletion, resulting in reduced transcriptional plasticity within these regions.
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22
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Vanaja DK, Grossmann ME, Cheville JC, Gazi MH, Gong A, Zhang JS, Ajtai K, Burghardt TP, Young CYF. PDLIM4, an actin binding protein, suppresses prostate cancer cell growth. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:264-72. [PMID: 19212833 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802406319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular function of PDLIM4 in prostate cancer cells. PDLIM4 mRNA and protein-expression levels were reduced in LNCaP, LAPC4, DU145, CWR22, and PC3 prostate cancer cells. The re-expression of PDLIM4 in prostate cancer cells has significantly reduced the cell growth and clonogenicity with G1 phase of cell-cycle arrest. We have shown the direct interaction of PDLIM4 with F-actin. Restoration of PDLIM4 expression resulted in reduction of tumor growth in xenografts. These results suggest that PDLIM4 may function as a tumor suppressor, involved in the control of cell proliferation by associating with actin in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donkena Krishna Vanaja
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Italiano A, Chambonniere ML, Attias R, Chibon F, Coindre JM, Pedeutour F. Monosomy 7 and absence of 12q amplification in two cases of spindle cell liposarcomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 184:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bachmann N, Haeusler J, Luedeke M, Kuefer R, Perner S, Assum G, Paiss T, Hoegel J, Vogel W, Maier C. Expression changes of CAV1 and EZH2, located on 7q31 approximately q36, are rarely related to genomic alterations in primary prostate carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:103-10. [PMID: 18406871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal region 7q was repeatedly found to be rearranged in prostate carcinoma. It harbors several well described candidate tumor suppressor and oncogenes. We addressed two genes with opposite roles in cancer; CAV1, a putative tumor suppressor gene at 7q31, and EZH2 at 7q36, which is believed to promote tumor progression. Our primary aim was to assess their expression changes in primary tumors, and then to elucidate the underlying mechanism, assuming that genomic alterations of either locus could affect the other gene as well. In 35 prostate tumor samples, compared with adjacent tissues, CAV1 was overall downregulated (P < 10(-06)), whereas EZH2 was significantly overexpressed (P < 10(-06)). The observed dysregulations were coincident in nearly 70% of the cases. Copy number changes occurred in few tumors. Loss of CAV1 DNA was only marginally associated with reduced expression (P = 0.07), however, and genomic amplification of EZH2 could not explain its upregulation. Through bisulfite sequencing of four tumor samples, CpG-hypermethylation was verified as an alternative mechanism for CAV1 silencing, as reported previously. Moreover, it could also be involved in the reactivation of EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Bachmann
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Fang C, Dean J, Smith JW. A novel variant of ileal bile acid binding protein is up-regulated through nuclear factor-kappaB activation in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9039-46. [PMID: 17909007 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP) is the only cytosolic protein known to bind and transport bile acids. Because IBABP is reportedly up-regulated in colorectal cancer, it has been suggested as a link between bile acids and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, in this study, we show that IBABP is not up-regulated. Rather, a novel transcript of the IBABP gene, which encodes an additional 49 NH(2)-terminal amino acid residues, is up-regulated in colorectal cancer (P < 0.001). The novel transcript, called IBABP-L, is also distinct from IBABP because its transcription is controlled by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) rather than by the farnesoid X receptor. Most significantly, IBABP-L is necessary for the survival of HCT116 colon cancer cells in the presence of physiologic levels of the secondary bile acid deoxycholate. Collectively, the studies point toward a unique bile acid response pathway involving NF-kappaB and IBABP-L that could be useful for diagnosis and could potentially be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Fang
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Liu X, Cicek MS, Plummer SJ, Jorgenson E, Casey G, Witte JS. Association of testis derived transcript gene variants and prostate cancer risk. J Urol 2007; 177:894-8. [PMID: 17296370 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The testis derived transcript gene has been suggested as a tumor suppressor gene for prostate cancer at 7q31. To investigate this concept we evaluated the effects of 7 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms that comprehensively captured the common genetic variants in TES on aggressive prostate cancer in a case-control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 506 cases diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer, and an equal number of age, institute and ethnicity matched controls, were recruited from the major medical institutions in Cleveland, Ohio. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between SNPs/multimarker haplotypes and prostate cancer. RESULTS When looking at all study subjects and white men only, no statistically significant associations were observed between any variants and more aggressive disease. However, 3 variants showed inverse associations with disease in black men (178), including 2 intronic SNPs (rs2402056, rs1004109) and 1 SNP close to the 3' untranslated region (rs4730721) with ORs of 0.57 (95% CI 0.36-0.90, under an additive mode of inheritance), 0.57 (95% CI 0.36-0.91, under an additive mode of inheritance) and 0.45 (95% CI 0.21-0.98, under a dominant mode of inheritance), respectively. Variants rs2402056 and rs1004109 are in tight linkage disequilibrium (r2=0.8) and the reconstructed haplotype did not provide any additional evidence for association than their genotype level results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the variants in TES, or in a nearby gene, may be associated with prostate cancer in black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0794, USA
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27
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Cigognini D, Corneo G, Fermo E, Zanella A, Tripputi P. HIC gene, a candidate suppressor gene within a minimal region of loss at 7q31.1 in myeloid neoplasms. Leuk Res 2007; 31:477-82. [PMID: 17064770 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied monosomy and deletions of chromosome 7 in 170 patients with myeloid disorders and we identified a minimal region of loss in 7q31.1 spanning between the D7S2554 and D7S2460 markers. The closest gene to our most deleted microsatellite, D7S2554, is the human I-mfa domain containing (HIC) gene, alias MyoD family inhibitor domain containing (MDFIC). We investigated the involvement of HIC in myeloid neoplasms by screening for mutations the coding regions and the intron-exon boundaries of this gene in 15 patients who presented chromosome 7 deletions in the region of HIC. No mutations were found in the coding region of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cigognini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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Takayama K, Kaneshiro K, Tsutsumi S, Horie-Inoue K, Ikeda K, Urano T, Ijichi N, Ouchi Y, Shirahige K, Aburatani H, Inoue S. Identification of novel androgen response genes in prostate cancer cells by coupling chromatin immunoprecipitation and genomic microarray analysis. Oncogene 2007; 26:4453-63. [PMID: 17297473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role as a transcriptional factor in prostate development and carcinogenesis. Identification of androgen-regulated genes is essential to elucidate the AR pathophysiology in prostate cancer. Here, we identified androgen target genes that are directly regulated by AR in LNCaP cells, by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with tiling microarrays (ChIP-chip). ChIP-enriched or control DNAs from the cells treated with R1881 were hybridized with the ENCODE array, in which a set of regions representing approximately 1% of the whole genome. We chose 10 bona fide AR-binding sites (ARBSs) (P<1e-5) and validated their significant AR recruitment ligand dependently. Eight upregulated genes by R1881 were identified in the vicinity of the ARBSs. Among the upregulated genes, we focused on UGT1A and CDH2 as AR target genes, because the ARBSs close to these genes (in UGT1A distal promoter and CDH2 intron 1) were most significantly associated with acetylated histone H3/H4, RNA polymerase II and p160 family co-activators. Luciferase reporter constructs including those two ARBSs exhibited ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator/enhancer activities. The present study would be powerful to extend our knowledge of the diversity of androgen genetic network and steroid action in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takayama
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Nicolle G, Comperat E, Nicolaïew N, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O. Metastin (KISS-1) and metastin-coupled receptor (GPR54) expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Ann Oncol 2006; 18:605-7. [PMID: 17164231 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kisspeptins
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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30
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Imreh MP, Gertow K, Cedervall J, Unger C, Holmberg K, Szöke K, Csöregh L, Fried G, Dilber S, Blennow E, Ahrlund-Richter L. In vitro culture conditions favoring selection of chromosomal abnormalities in human ES cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:508-16. [PMID: 16622834 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in several laboratories have demonstrated inadvertent chromosomal abnormalities in long-term cultured human embryonic stem cells (HESC). Here, using a two-step selection process we report a functional adaptation of a HESC line, HS181, towards a decreased dependence of extra cellular matrix (ECM) for in vitro survival, that is for growth directly onto a plastic surface. Successful adaptation was paralleled with a karyotype change in 100% of the cells to 47,XX,del(7)(q11.2),+i(12)(p10). The resulting adapted population showed increased survival and growth on plastic and also maintained expression of HESC markers, but showed a decreased pluripotency, as demonstrated by results from embryoid body (EB) formation in vitro. The finding of reduced pluripotency may not be totally unexpected since the variant cells were selected for self-renewal and proliferation, not differentiation during the adaptation to growth on plastic. In the light of recent models of a germ cell origin of HESC it is of particular interest that similar to many of the reported spontaneous HESC mutants, one of the identified specific chromosome abnormalities, i(12p), has also been strongly implicated for human germ cell cancer. However, the mutated HESC variant carrying this mutation failed to grow as a xeno-graft in a mouse model in vivo. This is surprising and needs a further mechanistic analysis for its explanation. Increased knowledge of genetic integrity of HESC may have significance on the understanding of mechanisms for tumor progression and thus strategy for treatments, particularly for tumors occurring in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Imreh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bachmann N, Hoegel J, Haeusler J, Kuefer R, Herkommer K, Paiss T, Vogel W, Maier C. Mutation screen and association study of EZH2 as a susceptibility gene for aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 65:252-9. [PMID: 16015586 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several linkage studies have provided evidence for a prostate cancer aggressiveness gene on chromosome 7q. This report details the results of the first mutation screen and association study of EZH2 (located at 7q35) as a potential candidate gene for the development of aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS In 10 families with linkage of chromosome 7q31-33 to aggressive prostate cancer, we sequenced the promoter region and all 20 exons of EZH2. We genotyped 11 variants in 287 prostate cancer probands and 96 controls. Association between the disease and the variants/haplotypes was evaluated taking into account clinical data and disease recurrence. RESULTS The individual variation sites did not show significant differences in the allele frequencies between cases and controls. In contrast, one haplotype had a higher frequency in controls, and another haplotype was significantly more frequent in cases with low grade tumors (GI/II) and progression free survival (NED). CONCLUSION We have possibly identified haplotypes which mark alleles that have a beneficial effect on the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, our results suggest that genetic variations of the EZH2 gene are not responsible for the linkage of 7q to aggressive prostate cancer.
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Haeusler J, Hoegel J, Bachmann N, Herkommer K, Paiss T, Vogel W, Maier C. Association of a CAV-1 haplotype to familial aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 65:171-7. [PMID: 15948133 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of evidence have implicated the CAV-1 gene in prostate cancer progression. CAV-1 is located within the prostate cancer aggressiveness locus at 7q31-33, and was identified as being overexpressed in prostate tumors. Mutation screening was performed as well as a case-control study to examine if polymorphisms in CAV-1 are associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness in a German population. METHODS We sequenced the CAV-1 promoter region and its open reading frame in prostate cancer families with linkage to chromosome 7q31-33. Additionally, 105 unrelated familial prostate cancer probands, 190 sporadic cases, and 191 controls were genotyped at four intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Resulting haplotypes were tested for association using age at diagnosis, tumor grade, TNM stage, and follow up information to stratify for aggressive disease. RESULTS No mutation was found in the CAV-1 coding region or in the promoter. One of the 11 observed haplotypes showed an increased frequency in cases with high tumor stage (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report providing evidence for CAV-1 being involved in predisposition to aggressive prostate cancer. The association of a potential risk haplotype agrees well with a role of CAV-1 in tumor progression but needs further confirmation.
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