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Kumar A, Gwalani P, Iyer PG, Wang KK, Falk GW, Ginsberg GG, Lightdale CJ, Del Portillo A, Lagana SM, Li Y, Li H, Genkinger J, Jin Z, Rustgi AK, Wang TC, Wang HH, Quante M, Abrams JA. Shifts in Serum Bile Acid Profiles Associated With Barrett's Esophagus and Stages of Progression to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024:01720094-990000000-00302. [PMID: 39166758 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reflux bile acids are believed to promote esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), but the role of systemic bile acids is unknown. This study aimed to assess associations between systemic bile acids and stages of Barrett's esophagus (BE) progression. METHODS Subjects with and without BE were enrolled in this multicenter cross-sectional study. Targeted serum bile acid profiling was performed, and a subset of subjects completed a validated food frequency questionnaire. RNA sequencing was performed on BE or gastric cardia tissue to assess bile acid associations with gene expression. RESULTS A total of 141 subjects were enrolled with serum bile acids profiled (49 non-BE; 92 BE: 44 no dysplasia, 25 indefinite/low grade dysplasia, 23 high-grade dysplasia/EAC). Lower Healthy Eating Index score, older age, higher body mass index, and no proton pump inhibitor use were associated with increased levels of multiple bile acids. Global bile acid pools were distinct between non-BE and stages of BE neoplasia ( P = 0.004). Increasing cholic acid was associated with high-grade dysplasia/EAC compared with non-BE, even after adjusting for EAC risk factors (adjusted odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.71) as was the combination of unconjugated primary bile acids (adjusted odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.13). High cholic acid levels were associated with tissue gene expression changes including increased DNA replication and reduced lymphocyte differentiation genes. DISCUSSION Alterations in serum bile acids are independently associated with advanced neoplasia in BE and may contribute to neoplastic progression. Future studies should explore associated gut microbiome changes, proneoplastic effects of bile acids, and whether these bile acids, particularly cholic acid, represent potential biomarkers or viable therapeutic targets for advanced neoplasia in BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kumar
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pranav Gwalani
- Division of Internal Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prasad G Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth K Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles J Lightdale
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Armando Del Portillo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen M Lagana
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeanine Genkinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhezhen Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New Yok, New York, USA
| | | | - Julian A Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Passi G, Lieberman S, Zahdeh F, Murik O, Renbaum P, Beeri R, Linial M, May D, Levy-Lahad E, Schneidman-Duhovny D. Discovering predisposing genes for hereditary breast cancer using deep learning. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae346. [PMID: 39038933 PMCID: PMC11262808 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting Western women today. It is estimated that as many as 10% of BC cases can be attributed to germline variants. However, the genetic basis of the majority of familial BC cases has yet to be identified. Discovering predisposing genes contributing to familial BC is challenging due to their presumed rarity, low penetrance, and complex biological mechanisms. Here, we focused on an analysis of rare missense variants in a cohort of 12 families of Middle Eastern origins characterized by a high incidence of BC cases. We devised a novel, high-throughput, variant analysis pipeline adapted for family studies, which aims to analyze variants at the protein level by employing state-of-the-art machine learning models and three-dimensional protein structural analysis. Using our pipeline, we analyzed 1218 rare missense variants that are shared between affected family members and classified 80 genes as candidate pathogenic. Among these genes, we found significant functional enrichment in peroxisomal and mitochondrial biological pathways which segregated across seven families in the study and covered diverse ethnic groups. We present multiple evidence that peroxisomal and mitochondrial pathways play an important, yet underappreciated, role in both germline BC predisposition and BC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Passi
- The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sari Lieberman
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem PO Box 12271 Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Fouad Zahdeh
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
| | - Omer Murik
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
| | - Paul Renbaum
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
| | - Rachel Beeri
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
| | - Michal Linial
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dalit May
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- The Fuld Family Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- The Eisenberg R&D Authority, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Bayit St., Jerusalem 9103101, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem PO Box 12271 Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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3
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Mokhlesi A, Sharifi Z, Berimipour A, Taleahmad S, Talkhabi M. Identification of hub genes and microRNAs with prognostic values in esophageal cancer by integrated analysis. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:459-470. [PMID: 37416747 PMCID: PMC10319852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer in the world, and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The aim of the present study was to identify cell and molecular mechanisms involved in EC, and to provide the potential targets for diagnosis and treatment. Here, a microarray dataset (GSE20347) was screened to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Different bioinformatic methods were used to analyze the identified DEGs. The up-regulated DEGs were significantly involved in different biological processes and pathways including extracellular matrix organization and ECM-receptor interaction. FN1, CDK1, AURKA, TOP2A, FOXM1, BIRC5, CDC6, UBE2C, TTK, and TPX2 were identified as the most important genes among the up-regulated DEGs. Our analysis showed that has-miR-29a-3p, has-miR-29b-3p, has-miR-29c-3p, and has-miR-767-5p had the largest number of common targets among the up-regulated DEGs. These findings strengthen the understanding of EC development and progression, as well as representing potential markers for EC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mokhlesi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Berimipour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Taleahmad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Zhu Y, Yang H, Han L, Mervin LH, Hosseini-Gerami L, Li P, Wright P, Trapotsi MA, Liu K, Fan TP, Bender A. In silico prediction and biological assessment of novel angiogenesis modulators from traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1116081. [PMID: 36817116 PMCID: PMC9937659 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled angiogenesis is a common denominator underlying many deadly and debilitating diseases such as myocardial infarction, chronic wounds, cancer, and age-related macular degeneration. As the current range of FDA-approved angiogenesis-based medicines are far from meeting clinical demands, the vast reserve of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers an alternative source for developing pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic modulators. Here, we investigated 100 traditional Chinese medicine-derived individual metabolites which had reported gene expression in MCF7 cell lines in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE85871). We extracted literature angiogenic activities for 51 individual metabolites, and subsequently analysed their predicted targets and differentially expressed genes to understand their mechanisms of action. The angiogenesis phenotype was used to generate decision trees for rationalising the poly-pharmacology of known angiogenesis modulators such as ferulic acid and curculigoside and validated by an in vitro endothelial tube formation assay and a zebrafish model of angiogenesis. Moreover, using an in silico model we prospectively examined the angiogenesis-modulating activities of the remaining 49 individual metabolites. In vitro, tetrahydropalmatine and 1 beta-hydroxyalantolactone stimulated, while cinobufotalin and isoalantolactone inhibited endothelial tube formation. In vivo, ginsenosides Rb3 and Rc, 1 beta-hydroxyalantolactone and surprisingly cinobufotalin, restored angiogenesis against PTK787-induced impairment in zebrafish. In the absence of PTK787, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid did not affect angiogenesis. Despite some limitations, these results suggest further refinements of in silico prediction combined with biological assessment will be a valuable platform for accelerating the research and development of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine and understanding their mechanisms of action, and also for other traditional medicines for the prevention and treatment of angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liwen Han
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lewis H. Mervin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Layla Hosseini-Gerami
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peihai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Peter Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Anna Trapotsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kechun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Tai-Ping Fan, ; Andreas Bender,
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Tai-Ping Fan, ; Andreas Bender,
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5
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Liu J, Wei Y, Jia W, Can C, Wang R, Yang X, Gu C, Liu F, Ji C, Ma D. Chenodeoxycholic acid suppresses AML progression through promoting lipid peroxidation via ROS/p38 MAPK/DGAT1 pathway and inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102452. [PMID: 36084349 PMCID: PMC9465103 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bile acids are steroid synthesized in liver, which are essential for fat emulsification, cholesterol excretion and gut microbial homeostasis. However, the role of bile acids in leukemia progression remains unclear. We aim at exploring the effects and mechanisms of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a type of bile acids, on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression. Results Here, we found that CDCA was decreased in feces and plasma of AML patients, positively correlated with the diversity of gut microbiota, and negatively associated with AML prognosis. We further demonstrated that CDCA suppressed AML progression both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, CDCA bound to mitochondria to cause mitochondrial morphology damage containing swelling and reduction of cristae, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated mitochondrial calcium level, which resulted in the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevated ROS further activated p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which collaboratively promoted the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) through upregulating the expression of the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1). As the consequence of the abundance of ROS and LDs, lipid peroxidation was enhanced in AML cells. Moreover, we uncovered that CDCA inhibited M2 macrophage polarization and suppressed the proliferation-promoting effects of M2 macrophages on AML cells in co-cultured experiments. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that CDCA suppresses AML progression through synergistically promoting LDs accumulation and lipid peroxidation via ROS/p38 MAPK/DGAT1 pathway caused by mitochondrial dysfunction in leukemia cells and inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yihong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Wenbo Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Can Can
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Gu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Fabao Liu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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Soroush A, Etemadi A, Abrams JA. Non-Acid Fluid Exposure and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2754-2762. [PMID: 34236559 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for the large majority of esophageal cancer cases worldwide. In this review, we examine the potential role of non-acidic fluid (NAF) exposure in ESCC carcinogenesis. Esophageal NAF consists of a mixture of salivary, esophageal, gastric, and duodenal fluids, containing inflammatory constituents such as digestive enzymes and bile acids that induce DNA damage, as well as known carcinogens such as acetaldehyde and N-nitrosamines. Exposure to NAF can occur in the setting of increased non-acid reflux, decreased gastric acidity, and decreased esophageal fluid clearance. Non-acid reflux has been associated with ESCC in small observational studies, and in animal models bile reflux can promote the development of ESCC. Associations have been found between increased ESCC risk and atrophic gastritis, a history of partial gastrectomy, and proton pump inhibitor use, all of which raise the pH of refluxate. Additionally, a minimally or non-acidic gastric environment contains an altered microbiome that can increase the production of acetaldehyde and N-nitrosamines. Esophageal motility disorders such as achalasia and opioid-induced esophageal dysfunction result in increased stasis and exposure to these potentially proinflammatory constituents of NAF. NAF may promote the development of ESCC via multiple mechanisms and is an understudied area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soroush
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 3-401, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Arash Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 3-401, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 3-401, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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7
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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8
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Fu J, Yu M, Xu W, Yu S. Research Progress of Bile Acids in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:778258. [PMID: 35127481 PMCID: PMC8810494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) were originally known as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. And our current knowledge of BAs has been extended to potential carcinogenic or cancer suppressor factors due to constant research. In fact, BAs were regarded as a tumor promoters as early as the 1940s. Differential bile acid signals emitted by various bile acid profiles can produce distinct pathophysiological traits, thereby participating in the occurrence and development of tumors. Nevertheless, in recent years, more and more studies have noticed the value of BAs as therapeutic targets. And several studies have applied BAs as a therapeutic agent for various diseases including cancer. Based on the above evidence, we acknowledge that the role of BAs in cancer has yet to be exploited, although considerable efforts have been made to probe the functions of BAs. In this review, we describe the characteristics of BAs as a double-edged sword in cancer, hoping to provide references for future cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Fu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Shian Yu,
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Gong Y, Li K, Qin Y, Zeng K, Liu J, Huang S, Chen Y, Yu H, Liu W, Ye L, Yang Y. Norcholic Acid Promotes Tumor Progression and Immune Escape by Regulating Farnesoid X Receptor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:711448. [PMID: 34888230 PMCID: PMC8648605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.711448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a close association between various types of bile acids (BAs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and they have been revealed to affect tumor immune response and progression mainly by regulating Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Nevertheless, the roles of Norcholic acid(NorCA) in HCC progression remain unknown yet. In this study, herein we demonstrate that NorCA can promote HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion through negatively regulating FXR. Additionally, NorCA can increase PD-L1 level on the surfaces of HCC cells and their exosomes, and NorCA-induced exosomes dramatically dampen the function of CD4+T cells, thereby inducing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Meanwhile, a negative correlation between PD-L1 and FXR expression in human HCC specimens was identified, and HCC patients with FXRlowPD-L1high expression exhibit a rather dismal survival outcome. Importantly, FXR agonist (GW4064) can synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab) to inhibit HCC growth in tumor-bearing models. Taken together, NorCA can promote HCC progression and immune invasion by inhibiting FXR signaling, implying a superiority of the combination of FXR agonist and anti-PD-1 Ab to the monotherapy of immune checkpoint inhibitor in combating HCC. However, more well-designed animal experiments and clinical trials are warranted to further confirm our findings in future due to the limitations in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Gong
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Qin
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaining Zeng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaozhuo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yewu Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Yu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linsen Ye
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Wang S, Chen J, Li H, Qi X, Liu X, Guo X. Metabolomic Detection Between Pancreatic Cancer and Liver Metastasis Nude Mouse Models Constructed by Using the PANC1-KAI1/CD 82 Cell Line. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211045204. [PMID: 34605330 PMCID: PMC8493323 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis and is prone to liver metastasis. The KAI1/CD82 gene inhibits PC metastasis. This study aimed to explore differential metabolites and enrich the pathways in serum samples between PC and liver metastasis nude mouse models stably expressing KAI1/CD82. Methods: KAI1/CD82-PLV-EF1α-MCS-IRES-Puro vector and PANC1 cell line stably expressing KAI1/CD82 were constructed for the first time. This cell line was used to construct 3 PC nude mouse models and 3 liver metastasis nude mouse models. The different metabolites and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and human metabolome database (HMDB) enrichment pathways were analyzed using the serum samples of the 2 groups of nude mouse models on the basis of untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform. Results: KAI1/CD82-PLV-EF1α-MCS-IRES-Puro vector and PANC1 cell line stably expressing KAI1/CD82 were constructed successfully, and all nude mouse models survived and developed cancers. Among the 1233 metabolites detected, 18 metabolites (9 upregulated and 9 downregulated) showed differences. In agreement with the literature data, the most significant differences between both groups were found in the levels of bile acids (taurocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid), glycine, prostaglandin E2, vitamin D, guanosine monophosphate, and inosine. Bile recreation, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and purine metabolism KEGG pathways and a series of HMDB pathways (P < .05) contained differential metabolites that may be associated with liver metastasis from PC. However, the importance of these metabolites on PC liver metastases remains to be elucidated. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the metabolomic approach may be a useful method to detect potential biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Chen
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xingshun Qi
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Guo
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
- Xiaozhong Guo, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840 Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Sadatomi D, Kono T, Mogami S, Fujitsuka N. Weak acids induce PGE 2 production in human oesophageal cells: novel mechanisms underlying GERD symptoms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20775. [PMID: 33247192 PMCID: PMC7695745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of weak acids with pH values in the range of 4–7 has been implicated in the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with heartburn symptom in GERD patients; however, the precise productive mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that exposure to weak acids increases PGE2 production with a peak at pH 4–5, slightly in human normal oesophageal cells (Het-1A), and robustly in oesophageal squamous carcinoma cells (KYSE-270). Release of PGE2 from the oesophageal mucosa was augmented by weak acid treatment in rat. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a bile acid, upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Het-1A and KYSE-270 and induced PGE2 production in KYSE-270 cells. Weak acid-induced PGE2 production was significantly inhibited by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), ERK, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), a pH-sensing ion channel, inhibitors. Hangeshashinto, a potent inhibitor of COX-2, strongly decreased weak acid- and CDCA-induced PGE2 levels in KYSE-270. These results indicated that weak acids induce PGE2 production via TRPV4/ERK/cPLA2 in oesophageal epithelial cells, suggesting a role in GERD symptoms like heartburn. Interventions targeting pH values up to 5 may be necessary for the treatment of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sadatomi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Kono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Peroxisomes and cancer: The role of a metabolic specialist in a disease of aberrant metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:103-121. [PMID: 30012421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is irrevocably linked to aberrant metabolic processes. While once considered a vestigial organelle, we now know that peroxisomes play a central role in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, bile acids, ether phospholipids (e.g. plasmalogens), very-long chain, and branched-chain fatty acids. Immune system evasion is a hallmark of cancer, and peroxisomes have an emerging role in the regulation of cellular immune responses. Investigations of individual peroxisome proteins and metabolites support their pro-tumorigenic functions. However, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding how individual functions of proteins and metabolites of the peroxisome orchestrate its potential role as a pro-tumorigenic organelle. This review highlights new advances in our understanding of biogenesis, enzymatic functions, and autophagic degradation of peroxisomes (pexophagy), and provides evidence linking these activities to tumorigenesis. Finally, we propose avenues that may be exploited to target peroxisome-related processes as a mode of combatting cancer.
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13
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Kundu S, Bansal S, Muthukumarasamy KM, Sachidanandan C, Motiani RK, Bajaj A. Deciphering the role of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bile acids in angiogenesis using in vitro and in vivo model systems. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2248-2257. [PMID: 30108740 PMCID: PMC6071941 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as strong signaling molecules capable of influencing various biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cancer progression and atherosclerosis depending on their chemistry. In the present study, we investigated the effect of major hydrophobic bile acids lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) and hydrophilic bile acids cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on angiogenesis. We employed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and zebrafish embryos as model systems for studying the role of bile acids in angiogenesis. Our studies revealed that the hydrophilic CDCA enhanced ectopic vessel formation as observed by the increase in the number of sub-intestinal vessels (SIVs) in the zebrafish embryos. The pro-angiogenic role of CDCA was further corroborated by in vitro vessel formation studies performed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whereas the hydrophobic LCA reduced tubulogenesis and was toxic to the zebrafish embryos. We validated that CDCA enhances angiogenesis by increasing the expression of vascular growth factor receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9) and by decreasing the expression of adhesion protein vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). Our work implicates that the nature of bile acids plays a critical role in dictating their biological functions and in regulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kundu
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
- Manipal University , Manipal-576104 , Karnataka , India
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
| | | | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , New Delhi 110025 , India .
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , New Delhi 110025 , India .
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology , Regional Centre for Biotechnology , 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway , NCR Biotech Cluster , Faridabad , Haryana-121001 , India . ; Tel: +91 129 2848831
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14
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Peng H, Ma J, Bai Y, Lu J, Yu T. MeDiA: Mean Distance Association and Its Applications in Nonlinear Gene Set Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124620. [PMID: 25915206 PMCID: PMC4411044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Probabilistic association discovery aims at identifying the association between random vectors, regardless of number of variables involved or linear/nonlinear functional forms. Recently, applications in high-dimensional data have generated rising interest in probabilistic association discovery. We developed a framework based on functions on the observation graph, named MeDiA (Mean Distance Association). We generalize its property to a group of functions on the observation graph. The group of functions encapsulates major existing methods in association discovery, e.g. mutual information and Brownian Covariance, and can be expanded to more complicated forms. We conducted numerical comparison of the statistical power of related methods under multiple scenarios. We further demonstrated the application of MeDiA as a method of gene set analysis that captures a broader range of responses than traditional gene set analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesen Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Junjie Ma
- Department of Hematology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianwei Lu
- School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Liang Z, Liu J, Li L, Wang H, Zhao C, Jiang L, Qin G. Effect of nimesulide on the growth of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2014; 35:120-9. [PMID: 24321753 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of nimesulide on the growth of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of NIM on Hep-2 cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. A Western blot analysis was used to detect changes in the protein expression levels of COX-2, Survivin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Hep-2 cells. A Hep-2 tumor xenograft model was established in nude mice to observe tumor growth. The changes in the xenograft tumors were observed after hematoxylin/eosin staining. The expression levels of COX-2, Survivin and PCNA proteins and mRNA were measured by immunohistochemical analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS NIM had time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of Hep-2 cells. NIM could prevent the progression of the cell cycle. After NIM treatment, COX-2, Survivin and PCNA protein levels were reduced in the Hep-2 cells. The volume and weight of the xenograft tumors in the NIM treatment group were significantly reduced. The NIM treatment group also exhibited significantly reduced expression levels of COX-2, Survivin and PCNA at both the protein and mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that NIM has significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Hep-2 cells and xenograft tumors in nude mice. Selective COX-2 inhibitors could potentially become part of a comprehensive treatment for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Additional research and development will provide new and broader prospects for the prevention and treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/biosynthesis
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/biosynthesis
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Survivin
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoping Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Leiji Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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16
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Sato S, Yamamoto H, Mukaisho KI, Saito S, Hattori T, Yamamoto G, Sugihara H. Continuous taurocholic acid exposure promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression due to reduced cell loss resulting from enhanced vascular development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88831. [PMID: 24551170 PMCID: PMC3925151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refluxogenic effects of smoking and alcohol abuse may be related to the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The present study attempts to clarify the effects of continuous taurocholic acid (TCA) exposure, which is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic, on ESCC progression. METHODS A squamous carcinoma cell line (ESCC-DR) was established from a tumor induced in a rat model of gastroduodenal reflux. ESCC-DR cells were incubated with 2 mM TCA for ≥2 months. The effects of continuous TCA exposure were evaluated in vitro on cell morphology, growth, and invasion and in vivo on xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, the mean level of secreted transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins in cell culture supernatants and mRNA synthesis of TGF-β1 and VEGF-A of ESCC cells were measured. The angiogenic potential was further examined by a migration assay using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS Continuous TCA exposure induced marked formation of filopodia in vitro. Expression levels of angiogenic factors were significantly higher in the cells treated with TCA than in control cells. Tumor xenografts derived from cells pre-exposed to TCA were larger and more vascularized than those derived from control cells. In addition, TCA exposure increased HUVEC migration. CONCLUSION Continuous TCA exposure enhanced ESCC progression due to reduced cell loss in vivo. Cell loss was inhibited by TCA-induced vascular endothelial cell migration, which was mediated by TGF-β1 and VEGF-A released from ESCC cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/ultrastructure
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Shape/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Esophageal Neoplasms/blood supply
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Taurocholic Acid/adverse effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shota Saito
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takanori Hattori
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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17
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Cell culture models for studying the development of Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:149-61. [PMID: 22476962 PMCID: PMC3396334 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux. BE patients have an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). As many aspects of this condition are still unknown, there is a need for in vitro models to study BE development. Aim To review the literature on cell lines and incubation conditions for studying BE development. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library, combining the words esophagus, cell line, culture, Barrett’s, bile, acid, exposure, reflux and adenocarcinoma. Results A wide range of cell lines and incubation conditions to study BE development have been reported. The most commonly used cell lines are derived from epithelium from patients with BE or EAC. A 25-minute incubation with 200 μM bile salts induced cell proliferation and Akt phosphorylation. However, increased CDX2 and MUC2 expression was only observed with longer incubations or higher bile salt concentrations. Two-hundred μM bile at pH 6 showed a higher toxicity to EAC cells than the same concentration at pH 7. Multiple 5-minute exposures with 200 μM bile at pH 4 or pH 7 increased CK8/18 and COX2 in BE epithelial cells. Conclusions Two-hundred μM conjugated primary or secondary bile salts at pH 4 for multiple short exposures is able to induce BE specific factors in BE cell lines. In SQ and EAC cell lines; however, higher concentrations of secondary bile salts for 8 h are needed to induce BE specific molecules. Due to the high variability in reported methods, it is difficult to determine the most effective in vitro setup for studying the development of BE.
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18
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Abstract
Research over the last decade has uncovered roles for bile acids (BAs) that extend beyond their traditional functions in regulating lipid digestion and cholesterol metabolism. BAs are now recognized as signaling molecules that interact with both plasma membrane and nuclear receptors. Emerging evidence indicates that by interacting with these receptors, BAs regulate their own synthesis, glucose and energy homeostasis, and other important physiological events. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the actions of BAs on cardiovascular function. In the heart and the systemic circulation, BAs interact with plasma membrane G-protein-coupled receptors, for example, TGR5 and muscarinic receptors, and nuclear receptors, for example, the farnesoid (FXR) and pregnane (PXR) xenobiotic receptors. BA receptors are expressed in cardiovascular tissue, however, the mechanisms underlying BA-mediated regulation of cardiovascular function remain poorly understood. BAs reduce heart rate by regulating channel conductance and calcium dynamics in sino-atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and regulate vascular tone via both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. End-stage liver disease, obstructive jaundice, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are prominent conditions in which elevated serum BAs alter vascular dynamics. This review focuses on BAs as newly recognized signaling molecules that modulate cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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McQuaid KR, Laine L, Fennerty MB, Souza R, Spechler SJ. Systematic review: the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and related neoplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:146-65. [PMID: 21615439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors other than acid may play a role in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its complications. AIM To assessed the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of GERD, Barrett's oesophagus and Barrett's-related neoplasia. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of computerised bibliographic databases for original articles involving humans or human oesophageal tissue or cells that assessed exposure to or manipulation of bile acids. Outcomes assessed included GERD symptoms; gross oesophageal injury; Barrett's oesophagus and related neoplasia; and intermediate markers of inflammation, proliferation or neoplasia. RESULTS Eighty-three original articles were included. In in vivo studies, bile acids concentrations were higher in the oesophageal aspirates of patients with GERD than controls, and bile acids infusions triggered GERD symptoms, especially in high concentrations or in combination with acid. In ex vivo/in vitro studies, bile acids stimulated squamous oesophageal cells and Barrett's epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-8 and COX-2) and caused oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. They also induced squamous cells to change their gene expression pattern to resemble intestinal-type cells and caused Barrett's cells to increase expression of intestinal-type genes. CONCLUSIONS In aggregate, these studies suggest that bile acids may contribute to the pathogenesis of symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett's metaplasia with related carcinogenesis in patients with GERD. However, all study results are not uniform and substantial differences in study parameters may explain at least some of this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R McQuaid
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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20
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Keld RR, Ang YS. Targeting key signalling pathways in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A reality for personalised medicine? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2781-90. [PMID: 21734785 PMCID: PMC3120937 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments are rapidly changing. Curative treatment for oesophageal adenocarcinoma currently involves surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Outcomes for both regimes are generally poor as a result of tumor recurrence. We have reviewed the key signalling pathways associated with oesophageal adenocarcinomas and discussed the recent trials of novel agents that attempt to target these pathways. There are many trials underway with the aim of improving survival in oesophageal cancer. Currently, phase 2 and 3 trials are focused on MAP kinase inhibition, either through inhibition of growth factor receptors or signal transducer proteins. In order to avoid tumor resistance, it appears to be clear that targeted therapy will be needed to combat the multiple signalling pathways that are in operation in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. This may be achievable in the future with the advent of gene signatures and a combinatorial approach.
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Chen J, Wei D, Zhuang H, Qiao Y, Tang B, Zhang X, Wei J, Fang S, Chen G, Du P, Huang X, Jiang W, Hu Q, Hua ZC. Proteomic screening of anaerobically regulated promoters from Salmonella and its antitumor applications. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.009399. [PMID: 21474796 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors often contain hypoxic and necrotic areas that can be targeted by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 (VNP). We sought to develop a hypoxia- inducible promoter system based on the tumor-specific delivered strain VNP to confine expression of therapeutic gene specifically or selectively within the tumor microenvironment. A hypoxia-inducible promoter - adhE promoter was screened from the hypoxia-regulated endogenous proteins of Salmonella through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight MS-based proteomics approaches. The efficiency and specificity of the selected adhE promoter were validated first in both bacteria and animal tumor models. The adhE promoter could specifically drive GFP gene expression under hypoxia, but not under normoxia. Furthermore, luciferase reporter expression controlled by the system was also confined to the tumors. Finally, we investigated the anticancer efficacy of VNP delivering human endostatin controlled by our adhE promoter system in both murine melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma models. Our results demonstrated that by the dual effects of tumoricidal and anti-angiogenic activities, the recombinant Salmonella strain could generate enhanced antitumor effects compared with those of unarmed VNP treatment or untreated control. The recombinant VNP could retard tumor growth significantly and extend survival of tumor-bearing mice by inducing more apoptosis and more severe necrosis as well as inhibiting blood vessel density within tumors. Therefore, VNP carrying the endostatin gene under our tumor-targeted expression system holds promise for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P R China
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22
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Yang H, Fang J, Jia X, Han C, Chen X, Yang CS, Li N. Chemopreventive effects of early-stage and late-stage supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on esophageal carcinogenesis in rats maintained on a low vitamin E/selenium diet. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:381-8. [PMID: 21186300 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin E and selenium (Ve/Se) nutritional status is known to be associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A previous human intervention trial demonstrated that Ve/Se supplementation decreased the occurrence of esophageal cancer death among younger participants but not among older ones. In this study, we intended to mimic this human nutritional status to determine the chemopreventive effects of Ve/Se supplementation at the early or late stage of esophageal carcinogenesis in rats maintained on a low Ve/Se diet. ESCC was induced in F344 rats with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) (0.35 mg/kg body wt, subcutaneously, three times per week for 5 weeks). The rats were maintained on a modified AIN-93M diet with low levels of Ve/Se or supplementation to the normal level by using the AIN-93M diet. At Week 25, the numbers of visible tumors and ESCC were significantly lower in rats on AIN-93M diet during the entire experimental period (Group D) or during the early stage (Group B) but not during the late stage (Group C). Ve/Se supplementation (switching from the low Ve/Se diet to the AIN-93M diet) also decreased cell proliferation, angiogenesis, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and 5-lipoxygenase in the esophagus. Our results demonstrated that Ve/Se supplementation inhibited NMBzA-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in rats on low Ve/Se diet, and supplementation during the early stage is more effective than during the late stage of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Food Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
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23
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Mancinelli R, Onori P, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Ueno Y, Alvaro D, Annarale LP, Demorrow S, Francis H. Taurocholate feeding to bile duct ligated rats prevents caffeic acid-induced bile duct damage by changes in cholangiocyte VEGF expression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:462-74. [PMID: 19234059 DOI: 10.3181/0808-rm-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocytes are the target cells in cholestatic models of ductal hyperplasia including bile duct ligation (BDL). We have shown that: (i) cholangiocytes express VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3; (ii) VEGF-A and VEGF-C stimulate cholangiocyte proliferation via an autocrine mechanism; and (iii) chronic administration of VEGF-A prevents cholangiocyte damage induced by hepatic artery ligation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) induces growth inhibition in different cells. Taurocholic acid (TC) protects cholangiocytes against injury induced by parasympathetic or sympathetic denervation. The aims of this study were to determine if: (i) CAPE induces bile duct damage; and (ii) TC prevents CAPE-induced bile duct damage by increasing cholangiocyte VEGF expression. METHODS Normal and BDL rats (immediately after surgery) were fed 1% TC or control diet in the absence/presence of daily IP injections of CAPE (10 mg/Kg BW). One week later, we evaluated: (i) cholangiocyte apoptosis, proliferation and ductal mass in liver sections; (ii) functional activity by measuring secretin-stimulated bile and bicarbonate secretion; and (iii) VEGF-A/C and VEGFR-2/R-3 expression in liver sections. In vitro, BDL cholangiocytes were exposed to CAPE (40 microM) in the absence/presence of TC (40 microM) with and without pretreatment with VEGF receptor inhibitors before evaluating cholangiocyte apoptosis and proliferation. RESULTS Chronic CAPE administration to BDL rats increased cholangiocyte apoptosis and decreased ductal mass. This effect was associated with reduced expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. In vivo, TC feeding partly prevented CAPE-induced changes in cholangiocyte apoptosis and growth and loss of ductal secretion. The protective effect of TC was associated with enhanced VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. In vitro, TC partially prevented CAPE-induced increases in apoptosis and decreases in cholangiocyte proliferation. These changes were reversed by pretreatment with VEGF-receptor inhibitors. CONCLUSION Manipulation of cholangiocyte VEGF expression by bile acids may be important in preventing the impairment of cholangiocyte proliferation by exogenous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, Fan GQ, Xiao SD. Association between fecal bile acids and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49:792-803. [PMID: 18972600 PMCID: PMC2615380 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.5.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a systematic review with meta-analysis for addressing the relationship between fecal bile acids (FBAs) and colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases were searched for all observational studies that examined the relationship between FBAs and colorectal cancer or adenoma, and calculated weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was assessed with funnel plot. RESULTS Twenty case-control or cohort studies were identified. All studies were pooled to assess the relationship between total FBAs and cancer/adenoma of the large bowel, however, no association was seen (WMD 0.61mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: -0.35-1.57). Significantly increased concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was seen while pooling to assess the relationship between CDCA and cancer/adenoma of the large bowel (WMD 0.13 mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: 0.01-0.25), especially for colorectal cancer (WMD 0.28mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: 0.10-0.46). However, no significant differences in deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and primary and secondary bile acids, were seen between patients with cancer and patients with matched controls regardless of fixed and random effects models. CONCLUSION CDCA might play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Hua Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Quan Fan
- Department of Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shu Dong Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Jia LJ, Wei DP, Sun QM, Jin GH, Li SF, Huang Y, Hua ZC. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium improves cyclophosphamide chemotherapy at maximum tolerated dose and low-dose metronomic regimens in a murine melanoma model. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:666-74. [PMID: 17397027 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy for cancer is partly limited by the inability of drugs to act on poorly vascularized or avascularized areas of tumors. Tumor-targeting bacteria are capable of preferentially replicating in these poorly perfused regions. Some strains have been combined with chemotherapeutic agents and the results have been promising. However, no systematic work has been carried out to test the effect of bacteria on clinical modes of chemotherapy, such as standard maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and novel low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy. Here Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 was combined with cyclophosphamide (CTX) at both MTD and LDM schedules in a murine melanoma model. The results showed that VNP20009 significantly improved the effects of all forms of CTX treatments. The combination of VNP20009 and CTX led to a more significant decrease in tumor microvessel density and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level, compared with either treatment alone. Furthermore, combination therapy remarkably increased the number of bacteria within tumors when compared with bacteria treatment alone. These findings suggest that tumor-targeting bacteria, in conjunction with CTX at standard MTD and LDM regimens, might be of clinical value for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Kiselyov A, Balakin KV, Tkachenko SE. VEGF/VEGFR signalling as a target for inhibiting angiogenesis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:83-107. [PMID: 17155856 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
VEGFs and a respective family of tyrosine kinases receptors (VEGFRs) are key proteins modulating angiogenesis, the formation of new vasculature from an existing vascular network. There has been considerable evidence in vivo, including clinical observations, that abnormal angiogenesis is implicated in a number of disease conditions, which include rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, cancer, psoriasis, degenerative eye conditions and others. Antiangiogenic therapies based on inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR signalling were reported to be powerful clinical strategies in oncology and ophthalmology. Current efforts have yielded promising clinical data for several antiangiogenic therapeutics. In this review, the authors elucidate key aspects of VEGFR signalling, as well as clinically relevant strategies for the inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis, with an emphasis on small-molecule VEGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kiselyov
- ChemDiv, Inc., 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 5, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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