1
|
Jamshidi M, Keshavarzi F, Amini S, Laher I, Gheysarzadeh A, Davari K. Targeting androgen receptor (AR) with a synthetic peptide increases apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer and AR-expressing prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1922. [PMID: 37903548 PMCID: PMC10809188 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) has been studied as an approach to cancer therapy. AIMS We used human breast cancer-derived cells with high, low, and very low expression levels of AR, in addition to prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and DU-145 cells as a positive and negative controls to examine apoptosis caused by a synthetic peptide that targets ARs. METHODS AND RESULTS The peptide was produced to inhibit AR transactivation in breast cancer cell lines. We then measured cell viability, caspase-3 activity, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. The findings indicated that the peptide (100-500 nM) in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) reduced cell growth in cells with high and low expression level of AR (p < .001), but not in cells with very low levels of AR. Treatment with 100-500 nM of peptide activated caspase-3 and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in cells with high and low expression levels of AR. Also, increasing concentrations of the peptide (100-500 nM) reduced BrdU incorporation in the presence of DHT and promoted apoptosis in cells with high and low expression levels of AR (p < .001). CONCLUSION The findings indicate the peptide significantly increased apoptosis in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazdak Jamshidi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversitySanandajIran
| | - Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversitySanandajIran
| | - Sabrieh Amini
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversitySanandajIran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ali Gheysarzadeh
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryIlam University of Medical SciencesIlamIran
| | - Kambiz Davari
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversitySanandajIran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yu H, Ma Y, Li Z, Shi N. Recent Advances of Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Their Application as Vectors for Delivery of Peptide and Protein-Based Cargo Molecules. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2093. [PMID: 37631307 PMCID: PMC10459450 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides and proteins, two important classes of biomacromolecules, play important roles in the biopharmaceuticals field. As compared with traditional drugs based on small molecules, peptide- and protein-based drugs offer several advantages, although most cannot traverse the cell membrane, a natural barrier that prevents biomacromolecules from directly entering cells. However, drug delivery via cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is increasingly replacing traditional approaches that mediate biomacromolecular cellular uptake, due to CPPs' superior safety and efficiency as drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we describe the discovery of CPPs, recent developments in CPP design, and recent advances in CPP applications for enhanced cellular delivery of peptide- and protein-based drugs. First, we discuss the discovery of natural CPPs in snake, bee, and spider venom. Second, we describe several synthetic types of CPPs, such as cyclic CPPs, glycosylated CPPs, and D-form CPPs. Finally, we summarize and discuss cell membrane permeability characteristics and therapeutic applications of different CPPs when used as vehicles to deliver peptides and proteins to cells, as assessed using various preclinical disease models. Ultimately, this review provides an overview of recent advances in CPP development with relevance to applications related to the therapeutic delivery of biomacromolecular drugs to alleviate diverse diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chuang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yinghui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Nianqiu Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.M.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050945. [PMID: 35625682 PMCID: PMC9138867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PNC-27, a 32-residue peptide that contains an HDM-2 binding domain and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) leader sequence kills cancer, but not normal, cells by binding to HDM-2 associated with the plasma membrane and induces the formation of pores causing tumor cell lysis and necrosis. Conformational energy calculations on the structure of PNC-27 bound to HDM-2 suggest that 1:1 complexes form between PNC-27 and HDM-2 with the leader sequence pointing away from the complex. Immuno-scanning electron microscopy was carried out with cancer cells treated with PNC-27 and decorated with an anti-PNC-27 antibody coupled to 6 nm gold particles and an anti-HDM-2 antibody linked to 15 nm gold particles. We found multiple 6 nm- and 15 nm-labeled gold particles in approximately 1:1 ratios in layered ring-shaped structures in the pores near the cell surface suggesting that these complexes are important to the pore structure. No pores formed in the control, PNC-27-treated untransformed fibroblasts. Based on the theoretical and immuno-EM studies, we propose that the pores are lined by PNC-27 bound to HDM-2 at the membrane surface with the PNC-27 leader sequence lining the pores or by PNC-27 bound to HDM-2.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kardani K, Milani A, H Shabani S, Bolhassani A. Cell penetrating peptides: the potent multi-cargo intracellular carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1227-1258. [PMID: 31583914 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1676720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) known as protein translocation domains (PTD), membrane translocating sequences (MTS), or Trojan peptides (TP) are able to cross biological membranes without clear toxicity using different mechanisms, and facilitate the intracellular delivery of a variety of bioactive cargos. CPPs could overcome some limitations of drug delivery and combat resistant strains against a broad range of diseases. Despite delivery of different therapeutic molecules by CPPs, they lack cell specificity and have a short duration of action. These limitations led to design of combined cargo delivery systems and subsequently improvement of their clinical applications. Areas covered: This review covers all our studies and other researchers in different aspects of CPPs such as classification, uptake mechanisms, and biomedical applications. Expert opinion: Due to low cytotoxicity of CPPs as compared to other carriers and final degradation to amino acids, they are suitable for preclinical and clinical studies. Generally, the efficiency of CPPs was suitable to penetrate the cell membrane and deliver different cargos to specific intracellular sites. However, no CPP-based therapeutic approach has approved by FDA, yet; because there are some disadvantages for CPPs including short half-life in blood, and nonspecific CPP-mediated delivery to normal tissue. Thus, some methods were used to develop the functions of CPPs in vitro and in vivo including the augmentation of cell specificity by activatable CPPs, specific transport into cell organelles by insertion of corresponding localization sequences, incorporation of CPPs into multifunctional dendrimeric or liposomal nanocarriers to improve selectivity and efficiency especially in tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Samaneh H Shabani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Zhao D, Nguyen LX, Wu H, Li L, Dong D, Troadec E, Zhu Y, Hoang DH, Stein AS, Al Malki M, Aldoss I, Lin A, Ghoda LY, McDonald T, Pichiorri F, Carlesso N, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Jin J, Marcucci G. Targeting cell membrane HDM2: A novel therapeutic approach for acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:75-86. [PMID: 31337857 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ligase human double minute 2 (HDM2) regulates the activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53. A p53-independent HDM2 expression has been reported on the membrane of cancer cells but not on that of normal cells. Herein, we first showed that membrane HDM2 (mHDM2) is exclusively expressed on human and mouse AML blasts, including leukemia stem cell (LSC)-enriched subpopulations, but not on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Higher mHDM2 levels in AML blasts were associated with leukemia-initiating capacity, quiescence, and chemoresistance. We also showed that a synthetic peptide PNC-27 binds to mHDM2 and enhances the interaction of mHDM2 and E-cadherin on the cell membrane; in turn, E-cadherin ubiquitination and degradation lead to membrane damage and cell death of AML blasts by necrobiosis. PNC-27 treatment in vivo resulted in a significant killing of both AML "bulk" blasts and LSCs, as demonstrated respectively in primary and secondary transplant experiments, using both human and murine AML models. Notably, PNC-27 spares normal HSC activity, as demonstrated in primary and secondary BM transplant experiments of wild-type mice. We concluded that mHDM2 represents a novel and unique therapeutic target, and targeting mHDM2 using PNC-27 selectively kills AML cells, including LSCs, with minimal off-target hematopoietic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Le Xuan Nguyen
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Herman Wu
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dan Dong
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Estelle Troadec
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dinh Hoa Hoang
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony S Stein
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monzr Al Malki
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Allen Lin
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tinisha McDonald
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Huei Kuo
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peptide-based targeted therapeutics: Focus on cancer treatment. J Control Release 2018; 292:141-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Smith JD, Cardwell LN, Porciani D, Nguyen JA, Zhang R, Gallazzi F, Tata RR, Burke DH, Daniels MA, Ulery BD. Aptamer-displaying peptide amphiphile micelles as a cell-targeted delivery vehicle of peptide cargoes. Phys Biol 2018; 15:065006. [PMID: 30124431 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aadb68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peptide amphiphile micelles (PAMs) are attractive vehicles for the delivery of a variety of therapeutic and prophylactic peptides. However, a key limitation of PAMs is their lack of preferential targeting ability. In this paper, we describe our design of a PAM system that incorporates a DNA oligonucleotide amphiphile (antitail amphiphile-AA) to form A/PAMs. A cell-targeting DNA aptamer with a 3' extension sequence (tail) complementary to the AA is annealed to the surface to form aptamer-displaying PAMs (Aptamer~A/PAMs). Aptamer~A/PAMs are small, anionic, stable nanoparticles capable of delivering a large mass percentage peptide amphiphile (PA) compared to targeting DNA components. Aptamer~A/PAMs are stable for over 4 h in the presence of biological fluids. Additionally, the aptamer retains its cell-targeting properties when annealed to the A/PAM, thus leading to enhanced delivery to a specifically-targeted B-cell leukemia cell line. This exciting modular technology can be readily used with a library of different targeting aptamers and PAs, capable of improving the bioavailability and potency of the peptide cargo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiah D Smith
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marqus S, Pirogova E, Piva TJ. Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:21. [PMID: 28320393 PMCID: PMC5359827 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer along with cardiovascular disease are the main causes of death in the industrialised countries around the World. Conventional cancer treatments are losing their therapeutic uses due to drug resistance, lack of tumour selectivity and solubility and as such there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Therapeutic peptides are a promising and a novel approach to treat many diseases including cancer. They have several advantages over proteins or antibodies: as they are (a) easy to synthesise, (b) have a high target specificity and selectivity and (c) have low toxicity. Therapeutic peptides do have some significant drawbacks related to their stability and short half-life. In this review, strategies used to overcome peptide limitations and to enhance their therapeutic effect will be compared. The use of short cell permeable peptides that interfere and inhibit protein-protein interactions will also be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marqus
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bolhassani A, Jafarzade BS, Mardani G. In vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins using cell penetrating peptides. Peptides 2017; 87:50-63. [PMID: 27887988 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The failure of proteins to penetrate mammalian cells or target tumor cells restricts their value as therapeutic tools in a variety of diseases such as cancers. Recently, protein transduction domains (PTDs) or cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to promote the delivery of therapeutic proteins or peptides into live cells. The successful delivery of proteins mainly depends on their physicochemical properties. Although, linear cell penetrating peptides are one of the most effective delivery vehicles; but currently, cyclic CPPs has been developed to potently transport bioactive full-length proteins into cells. Up to now, several small protein transduction domains from viral proteins including Tat or VP22 could be fused to other peptides or proteins to entry them in various cell types at a dose-dependent approach. A major disadvantage of PTD-fusion proteins is primary uptake into endosomal vesicles leading to inefficient release of the fusion proteins into the cytosol. Recently, non-covalent complex formation (Chariot) between proteins and CPPs has attracted a special interest to overcome some delivery limitations (e.g., toxicity). Many preclinical and clinical trials of CPP-based delivery are currently under evaluation. Generally, development of more efficient protein transduction domains would significantly increase the potency of protein therapeutics. Moreover, the synergistic or combined effects of CPPs with other delivery systems for protein/peptide drug delivery would promote their therapeutic effects in cancer and other diseases. In this review, we will describe the functions and implications of CPPs for delivering the therapeutic proteins or peptides in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Golnaz Mardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen L, Fang S, Xiao X, Zheng B, Zhao M. Single-Stranded DNA Assisted Cell Penetrating Peptide-DNA Conjugation Strategy for Intracellular Imaging of Nucleases. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11306-11309. [PMID: 27934106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are very useful tools for delivery of DNA molecules into living cells without damaging the cell membranes. However, covalent conjugation of DNAs to CPPs is technically difficult, and the reactions between DNA and target nucleases are also liable to be affected by the cationic CPP molecules. In this work, we demonstrate that the electrostatic interactions between CPPs and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were stronger than those between CPP and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Taking advantage of this property, we developed an ssDNA protected CPP-DNA fluorescent probe which allowed for noninvasive and efficient cellular uptake and rapid imaging of target nucleases in living cells. The probe is highly sensitive and selective. This work represents the first example of using CPP-DNA conjugate to deliver DNA fluorescent probes for in situ imaging of nucleases within cells. The developed approach also holds great potential for the cellular delivery of other nucleic acid molecules for diagnosis or therapeutics purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Simin Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mokhtarzadeh A, Parhiz H, Hashemi M, Abnous K, Ramezani M. P53-Derived peptides conjugation to PEI: an approach to producing versatile and highly efficient targeted gene delivery carriers into cancer cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:477-91. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1126245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
12
|
GFP-complementation assay to detect functional CPP and protein delivery into living cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18329. [PMID: 26671759 PMCID: PMC4680871 DOI: 10.1038/srep18329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient cargo uptake is essential for cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) therapeutics, which deliver widely diverse cargoes by exploiting natural cell processes to penetrate the cell’s membranes. Yet most current CPP activity assays are hampered by limitations in assessing uptake, including confounding effects of conjugated fluorophores or ligands, indirect read-outs requiring secondary processing, and difficulty in discriminating internalization from endosomally trapped cargo. Split-complementation Endosomal Escape (SEE) provides the first direct assay visualizing true cytoplasmic-delivery of proteins at biologically relevant concentrations. The SEE assay has minimal background, is amenable to high-throughput processes, and adaptable to different transient and stable cell lines. This split-GFP-based platform can be useful to study transduction mechanisms, cellular imaging, and characterizing novel CPPs as pharmaceutical delivery agents in the treatment of disease.
Collapse
|
13
|
de Figueiredo IR, Freire JM, Flores L, Veiga AS, Castanho MARB. Cell-penetrating peptides: A tool for effective delivery in gene-targeted therapies. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:182-194. [PMID: 24659560 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current landscapes of novel therapeutic approaches rely mostly on gene-targeted technologies, enabling to fight rare genomic diseases, from infections to cancer and hereditary diseases. Although, reaching the action-site for this novel treatments requires to deliver nucleic acids, or other macromolecules into cells, which may pose difficult tasks to pharmaceutical companies. To overcome this technological limitation, a wide variety of vectors have been developed in the past decades and have proven to be successful in delivering various therapeutics. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been one of the technologies widely studied and have been increasingly used to transport small RNA/DNA, plasmids, antibodies, and nanoparticles into cells. Despite the already proved huge potential that these peptide-based approaches may suggest, few advances have been put to pharmacological or clinical use. This review will describe the origin, development, and usage of CPP to deliver therapeutic agents into cells, with special emphasis on their current application to gene-therapies. Specifically, we will describe the current trials being conducted to treat cancer, gene disorders, and autoimmune diseases using CPP-based therapies. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):182-194, 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Rego de Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Freire
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Flores
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shin MC, Zhang J, Min KA, Lee K, Byun Y, David AE, He H, Yang VC. Cell-penetrating peptides: achievements and challenges in application for cancer treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:575-87. [PMID: 23852939 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major hurdles to cure cancer lies in the low potency of currently available drugs, which could eventually be solved by using more potent therapeutic macromolecules, such as proteins or genes. However, although these macromolecules possess greater potency inside the cancer cells, the barely permeable cell membrane remains a formidable barrier to exert their efficacy. A widely used strategy is to use cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) to improve their intracellular uptake. Since the discovery of the first CPP, numerous CPPs have been derived from natural or synthesized products. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that those CPPs are highly efficient in transducing cargoes into almost all cell types. Therefore, to date, CPPs have been widely used for intracellular delivery of various cargoes, including peptides, proteins, genes, and even nanoparticles. In addition, recently, based on the successes of CPPs in cellular studies, their applications in vivo have been actively pursued. This review will focus on the advanced applications of CPP-based in vivo delivery of therapeutics (e.g., small molecule drugs, proteins, and genes). In addition, we will highlight certain updated applications of CPPs for intracellular delivery of nanoparticulate drug carriers, as well as several "smart" strategies for tumor targeted delivery of CPP-cargoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peptides for cancer therapy: a drug-development opportunity and a drug-delivery challenge. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:609-21. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides (TPs) are a class of peptide-based agents capable of eliciting a therapeutic response by modulation of targets within or on the surface of cells. TPs are advantageous because they are amenable to rational design, they have high specificity for their targets and can be made to target almost any protein of interest, including proteins for which we have no small-molecule drugs. Owing to this versatility, TPs have a great potential for cancer therapy in an age of personalized medicine, in which we need novel drugs to target the many novel pathways being discovered as tumor drivers. However, in order to utilize TPs as drugs, many obstacles must be overcome. TPs have short half-lives in systemic circulation, are easily degraded by proteases in plasma and target cells, are often cleared by the reticuloendothelial system and can be immunogenic. This article will discuss ways of overcoming many of these hurdles by utilizing macromolecular peptide delivery systems and tumor-targeting agents.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shamay Y, Adar L, Ashkenasy G, David A. Light induced drug delivery into cancer cells. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1377-86. [PMID: 21074848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can be used for intracellular delivery of a broad variety of cargoes, including various nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. However, the cationic nature of all CPP sequences, and thus lack of cell specificity, limits their in vivo use for drug delivery applications. Here, we have devised and tested a strategy for site-specific delivery of dyes and drugs into cancer cells by using polymers bearing a light activated caged CPP (cCPP). The positive charge of Lys residues on the minimum sequence of the CPP penetratin ((52)RRMKWKK(58)) was masked with photo-cleavable groups to minimize non-specific adsorption and cellular uptake. Once illuminated by UV light, these protecting groups were cleaved, the positively charged CPP regained its activity and facilitated rapid intracellular delivery of the polymer-dye or polymer-drug conjugates into cancer cells. We have found that a 10-min light illumination time was sufficient to enhance the penetration of the polymer-CPP conjugates bearing the proapoptotic peptide, (D)(KLAKLAK)(2), into 80% of the target cells, and to promote a 'switch' like cytotoxic activity resulting a shift from 100% to 10% in cell viability after 2 h. This report provides an example for tumor targeting by means of light activation of cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Shamay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang H, Liu S, Cai H, Wan L, Li S, Li Y, Cheng J, Lu X. Chondroitin sulfate as a molecular portal that preferentially mediates the apoptotic killing of tumor cells by penetratin-directed mitochondria-disrupting peptides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25666-76. [PMID: 20484051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as drug carriers for targeted therapy is limited by the unrestricted cellular translocation of CPPs. The preferential induction of tumor cell death by penetratin (Antp)-directed peptides (PNC27 and PNC28), however, suggests that the CPP Antp may contribute to the preferential cytotoxicity of these peptides. Using PNC27 as a molecular model, we constructed three novel peptides (PT, PR9, and PD3) by replacing the leader peptide Antp with one of three distinct CPPs (TAT, R9, or DPV3), respectively. The IC(50) values of PNC27 in tumor cells were 2-3 times lower than in normal cells. However, all three engineered peptides demonstrated similar cytotoxic effects in tumor and normal cells. Another three chimeric peptides containing the leader peptide Antp with different mitochondria-disrupting peptides (KLA-Antp (KGA), B27-Antp (BA27), and B28-Antp (BA28)), preferentially induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The IC(50) values of these peptides (3-10 microM) were 3-6 times lower in tumor cells than in normal cells. In contrast, TAT-directed peptides (TAT-KLA (TK), TAT-B27 (TB27), and TAT-B28 (TB28)), were cytotoxic to both tumor and normal cells. These data demonstrate that the leader peptide Antp contributes to the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides. Furthermore, Antp-directed peptides bind chondroitin sulfate (CS), and the removal of endogenous CS reduces the cytotoxic effects of Antp-directed peptides in tumor cells. The overexpression of CS in tumor cells is positively correlated to the cell entry and cytotoxicity of Antp- directed peptides. These results suggest that CS overexpression in tumor cells is an important molecular portal that mediates the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The anti-cancer peptide, PNC-27, induces tumor cell lysis as the intact peptide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 66:325-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 in their membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1918-23. [PMID: 20080680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909364107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer peptide PNC-27, which contains an HDM-2-binding domain corresponding to residues 12-26 of p53 and a transmembrane-penetrating domain, has been found to kill cancer cells (but not normal cells) by inducing membranolysis. We find that our previously determined 3D structure of the p53 residues of PNC-27 is directly superimposable on the structure for the same residues bound to HDM-2, suggesting that the peptide may target HDM-2 in the membranes of cancer cells. We now find significant levels of HDM-2 in the membranes of a variety of cancer cells but not in the membranes of several untransformed cell lines. In colocalization experiments, we find that PNC-27 binds to cell membrane-bound HDM-2. We further transfected a plasmid expressing full-length HDM-2 with a membrane-localization signal into untransformed MCF-10-2A cells not susceptible to PNC-27 and found that these cells expressing full-length HDM-2 on their cell surface became susceptible to PNC-27. We conclude that PNC-27 targets HDM-2 in the membranes of cancer cells, allowing it to induce membranolysis of these cells selectively.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bidwell GL, Raucher D. Therapeutic peptides for cancer therapy. Part I – peptide inhibitors of signal transduction cascades. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1033-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903143745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
21
|
Heitz F, Morris MC, Divita G. Twenty years of cell-penetrating peptides: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:195-206. [PMID: 19309362 PMCID: PMC2697800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of new potent therapeutic molecules that do not reach the clinic due to poor delivery and low bioavailability have made of delivery a key stone in therapeutic development. Several technologies have been designed to improve cellular uptake of therapeutic molecules, including cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs were first discovered based on the potency of several proteins to enter cells. Numerous CPPs have been described so far, which can be grouped into two major classes, the first requiring chemical linkage with the drug for cellular internalization and the second involving formation of stable, non-covalent complexes with drugs. Nowadays, CPPs constitute very promising tools for non-invasive cellular import of cargo and have been successfully applied for in vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic molecules varying from small chemical molecule, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, liposomes and particles. This review will focus on the structure/function and cellular uptake mechanism of CPPs in the general context of drug delivery. We will also highlight the application of peptide carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules and provide an update of their clinical evaluation. This article is part of a themed section on Vector Design and Drug Delivery. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Heitz
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, UMR 5237, CNRS, UM-1, UM-2, CRBM-Department of Molecular Biophysics and Therapeutics, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bowne WB, Sookraj KA, Vishnevetsky M, Adler V, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Lou S, Koenke J, Shteyler V, Ikram K, Harding M, Bluth MH, Ng M, Brandt-Rauf PW, Hannan R, Bradu S, Zenilman ME, Michl J, Pincus MR. The Penetratin Sequence in the Anticancer PNC-28 Peptide Causes Tumor Cell Necrosis Rather Than Apoptosis of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:3588-600. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Organelle-Targeted Delivery of Biological Macromolecules Using the Protein Transduction Domain: Potential Applications for Peptide Aptamer Delivery into the Nucleus. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Barrientos-Salcedo C, Arenas-Aranda D, Salamanca-Gómez F, Ortiz-Muñiz R, Soriano-Correa C. Electronic Structure and Physicochemical Properties Characterization of the Amino Acids 12−26 of TP53: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:4362-9. [PMID: 17472350 DOI: 10.1021/jp067841y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PNC-27, a synthetic peptide, is derived from the TP53-HDM2 binding domain that include TP53 amino acids 12-26 linked with 17 amino acids from the antennapedia protein transference domain. This peptide induces membrane rupture in tumor cells through toroidal pores formation and has motivated several experimental studies; nonetheless, its mechanism of biological action remains unknown to date. Herein, we present a theoretical study at the Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (B3LYP) levels of theory of TP53 protein residues 12-26 (PPLSQETFSDLWKLL) in order to characterize its electronic structure and physicochemical properties. Our results for atomic and group charges, fitted to the electrostatic potential (ESP) show important reactive sites (L14, S15, T18, S20, L25, and L26), suggesting that these amino acids are exposed to nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks. Analysis of bond orders, intramolecular interactions and of several global reactivity descriptors, such as ionization potentials, hardness, electrophilicity index, dipole moments, total energies, frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO), and electrostatic potential, led us to characterize active sites and the electronic structure and physiochemical features that taken together may be important in understanding the specific selectivity for this peptides type's cancer-cell membrane lysis properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barrientos-Salcedo
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtémoc, 06725 México, D.F., México.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|