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Azadi M, David AE. Enhancing Ocular Drug Delivery: The Effect of Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles on the Mechanism of Their Uptake by Human Cornea Epithelial Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:429-441. [PMID: 38055935 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of nanoparticle size and surface chemistry on interactions of the nanoparticles with human cornea epithelial cells (HCECs). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and surface modified with mucoadhesive (alginate [ALG] and chitosan [CHS]) and mucopenetrative (polyethylene glycol [PEG]) polymers. Particles were found to be monodisperse (polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.2), spherical, and with size and zeta potential ranging from 100 to 250 nm and from -25 to +15 mV, respectively. Evaluation of cytotoxicity with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that incubating cells with nanoparticles for 24 h at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL caused only mild toxicity (70-100% cell viability). Cellular uptake studies were conducted using an in vitro model developed with a monolayer of HCECs integrated with simulated mucosal solution. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake revealed that energy-dependent endocytosis is the primary uptake mechanism. Among the different nanoparticles studied, 100 nm PLGA NPs and PEG-PLGA-150 NPs showed the highest levels of uptake by HCECs. Additionally, uptake studies in the presence of various inhibitors suggested that macropinocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis are the dominant pathways. While clathrin-mediated endocytosis was found to also be partially responsible for nanoparticle uptake, phagocytosis did not play a role within the studied ranges of size and surface chemistries. These important findings could lead to improved nanoparticle-based formulations that could improve therapies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Azadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Allan E David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Sultana N, David AE. Improving Cancer Targeting: A Study on the Effect of Dual-Ligand Density on Targeting of Cells Having Differential Expression of Target Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13048. [PMID: 37685852 PMCID: PMC10487485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid (HA) and folic acid (FA) were developed to study dual-ligand targeting of CD44 and folate receptors, respectively, in colon cancer. Characterization of particles with dynamic light scattering showed them to have hydrodynamic diameters of 147-271 nm with moderate polydispersity index (PDI) values. Surface modification of the particles was achieved by simultaneous reaction with HA and FA and results showed that ligand density on the surface increased with increasing concentrations in the reaction mixture. The nanoparticles showed minimal to no cytotoxicity with all formulations showing ≥ 90% cell viability at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL. Based on flow cytometry results, SW480 cell lines were positive for both receptors, the WI38 cell line was positive for CD44 receptor, and Caco2 was positive for the folate receptor. Cellular targeting studies demonstrated the potential of the targeted nanoparticles as promising candidates for delivery of therapeutic agents. The highest cellular targeting was achieved with particles synthesized using folate:surface amine (F:A) ratio of 9 for SW480 and Caco2 cells and at F:A = 0 for WI38 cells. The highest selectivity was achieved at F:A = 9 for both SW480:WI38 and SW480:Caco2 cells. Based on HA conjugation, the highest cellular targeting was achieved at H:A = 0.5-0.75 for SW480 cell, at H:A = 0.75 for WI38 cell and at H:A = 0.5 for Caco2 cells. The highest selectivity was achieved at H:A = 0 for both SW480:WI38 and SW480:Caco2 cells. These results demonstrated that the optimum ligand density on the nanoparticle for targeting is dependent on the levels of biomarker expression on the target cells. Ongoing studies will evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these targeted nanoparticles using in vitro and in vivo cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
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Anani T, Rahmati S, Sultana N, David AE. MRI-traceable theranostic nanoparticles for targeted cancer treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:579-601. [PMID: 33391494 PMCID: PMC7738852 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are imprecise, non-specific, and are often administered at high dosages - resulting in side effects that severely impact the patient's overall well-being. A variety of multifunctional, cancer-targeted nanotheranostic systems that integrate therapy, imaging, and tumor targeting functionalities in a single platform have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of traditional drugs. Among the imaging modalities used, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high resolution imaging of structures deep within the body and, in combination with other imaging modalities, provides complementary diagnostic information for more accurate identification of tumor characteristics and precise guidance of anti-cancer therapy. This review article presents a comprehensive assessment of nanotheranostic systems that combine MRI-based imaging (T1 MRI, T2 MRI, and multimodal imaging) with therapy (chemo-, thermal-, gene- and combination therapy), connecting a range of topics including hybrid treatment options (e.g. combined chemo-gene therapy), unique MRI-based imaging (e.g. combined T1-T2 imaging, triple and quadruple multimodal imaging), novel targeting strategies (e.g. dual magnetic-active targeting and nanoparticles carrying multiple ligands), and tumor microenvironment-responsive drug release (e.g. redox and pH-responsive nanomaterials). With a special focus on systems that have been tested in vivo, this review is an essential summary of the most advanced developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Cullum RL, Lucas LM, Senfeld JI, Piazza JT, Neel LT, Whig K, Zhai L, Harris MH, Rael CC, Taylor DC, Cook LJ, Kaufmann DP, Mill CP, Jacobi MA, Smith FT, Suto M, Bostwick R, Gupta RB, David AE, Riese, II DJ. Development and application of high-throughput screens for the discovery of compounds that disrupt ErbB4 signaling: Candidate cancer therapeutics. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243901. [PMID: 33378376 PMCID: PMC7773179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas recent clinical studies report metastatic melanoma survival rates high as 30-50%, many tumors remain nonresponsive or become resistant to current therapeutic strategies. Analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) data set suggests that a significant fraction of melanomas potentially harbor gain-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes for the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase. In this work, a drug discovery strategy was developed that is based on the observation that the Q43L mutant of the naturally occurring ErbB4 agonist Neuregulin-2beta (NRG2β) functions as a partial agonist at ErbB4. NRG2β/Q43L stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation, fails to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation, and inhibits agonist-induced ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. Compounds that exhibit these characteristics likely function as ErbB4 partial agonists, and as such hold promise as therapies for ErbB4-dependent melanomas. Consequently, three highly sensitive and reproducible (Z' > 0.5) screening assays were developed and deployed for the identification of small-molecule ErbB4 partial agonists. Six compounds were identified that stimulate ErbB4 phosphorylation, fail to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation, and appear to selectively inhibit ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. Whereas further characterization is needed to evaluate the full therapeutic potential of these molecules, this drug discovery platform establishes reliable and scalable approaches for the discovery of ErbB4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Cullum
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Lucas
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Jared I. Senfeld
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - John T. Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Logan T. Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhai
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie H. Harris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Cristina C. Rael
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Darby C. Taylor
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Cook
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - David P. Kaufmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Mill
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Jacobi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Forrest T. Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Mark Suto
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Ram B. Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - David J. Riese, II
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
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Fan X, Torres-Luna C, Azadi M, Domszy R, Hu N, Yang A, David AE. Evaluation of commercial soft contact lenses for ocular drug delivery: A review. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:60-74. [PMID: 32853799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft contact lenses have generated growing interest in ocular drug delivery due to their potential to enhance drug bioavailability in ocular tissues. Commercially available soft contact lenses offer several advantages for ocular drug delivery as they are manufactured on a large scale, which guarantees the availability of a consistent and reproducible product, and their favorable safety profile is well-established through broad clinical use. Here we review the rationale for using commercially available soft contact lenses for ocular drug delivery; summarize the evolution of the materials used in contact lens fabrication; and explore various methods used to improve the drug release characteristics and its tissue penetration. While significant progress has been made, several issues still require further attention for the commercial launch of a viable drug-eluting contact lens product, including control of initial burst release, shelf-life stability, and drug loss during processing or storage.
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Lucas LM, Cullum RL, Senfeld JI, Cook LJ, Harris MH, Kaufmann DZ, Rael CC, Taylor DC, Piazza JT, Neel LT, Gupta RB, David AE, Riese DJ. Abstract A19: Discovery and characterization of selective and nonselective inhibitors of ErbB4 signaling: Putative targeted melanoma therapeutics. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.mel2019-a19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase have been found in a significant fraction of melanoma samples. Melanoma cell lines that harbor some of these mutations are dependent on ErbB4 for proliferation. However, there is a scarcity of therapeutics for treating these ErbB4-dependent melanomas. Our drug discovery approach is based on the observation that the Q43L mutant of the ErbB4 agonist Neuregulin 2beta (NRG2b) functions as a partial agonist/antagonist at ErbB4. NRG2b/Q43L stimulates ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, fails to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation, and competitively antagonizes agonist stimulation of ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. ErbB4 partial agonists that function as antagonists at ErbB4 may hold promise as targeted therapeutics for ErbB4-dependent melanomas.
Experimental Procedures: Automated, high-throughput phospho-ErbB4 sandwich ELISA and ErbB4-dependent proliferation assays were developed and deployed to identify 19 small-molecule compounds that stimulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, yet inhibit ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. These compounds were prioritized on the basis of their potency, efficacy, and specificity for inhibition of ErbB4-dependent proliferation. Traditional immunoblotting approaches specific to candidate proteins have been deployed to identify targets for hit molecules of interest.
Data: The single high-priority candidate (AU-05) inhibits agonist-induced ErbB4-dependent cellular proliferation with an IC50 of 6.8 uM, but inhibits IL3-dependent proliferation with an IC50 of ~2100 uM, suggesting that AU-05 possesses specificity for ErbB4-dependent proliferation. In contrast, AU-39 potently inhibits both ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation with an IC50 of 1.05 nM and IL3-dependent cellular proliferation with an IC50 of 2.61 nM. We have hypothesized that AU-39 targets the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which lies downstream of both ErbB4 and the IL3 receptor. We are testing this hypothesis in part by examining the effects of AU-39 on agonist-induced ErbB4 and IL3 receptor coupling to phosphorylation of Akt and other components of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Conclusions: AU-05 is a starting point for the development of specific ErbB4 inhibitors, whereas AU-39 is a candidate inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The inhibition of ErbB4-dependent cellular proliferation by these molecules justifies further development of both molecules.
Citation Format: Lauren M. Lucas, Richard L. Cullum, Jared I. Senfeld, Laura J. Cook, Mackenzie H. Harris, David Z. Kaufmann, Cristina C. Rael, Darby C. Taylor, John T. Piazza, Logan T. Neel, Ram B. Gupta, Allan E. David, David J. Riese II. Discovery and characterization of selective and nonselective inhibitors of ErbB4 signaling: Putative targeted melanoma therapeutics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.
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Fan X, Domszy RC, Hu N, Yang AJ, Yang J, David AE. Synthesis of silica-alginate nanoparticles and their potential application as pH-responsive drug carriers. J Solgel Sci Technol 2019; 91:11-20. [PMID: 32863592 PMCID: PMC7451248 DOI: 10.1007/s10971-019-04995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Composite silica-alginate nanoparticles were prepared via silica sol-gel technique using a water-in-oil microemulsion system. In our system, cyclohexane served as the bulk oil phase into which aqueous solutions of sodium alginate were dispersed as droplets that confined nanoparticle formation after addition of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). Our studies showed that much of the particle growth is completed within the first 24 hours and reaction times up to 120 hours only resulted in an additional 5% increase in particle diameter. Average particle size was found to decrease with increasing water-to-surfactant molar ratio (R) and with increasing cocentration of alginate in the aqueous phase. The potential for drug loading during particle formation was demonstrated using rhodamine B as a model drug. In vitro release studies showed that particles incubated in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer released only about 7% of the drug load in 27 days, while 42% was released in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer over the same period. Analysis of the release profile suggested that rhodamine B was homogeneously distributed throughout the particle and that the drug diffusivity was 40-fold greater in pH 7.5 buffer compared to that at pH 2.5. These results suggest that silica-alginate nanoparticles could be used as a pH-responsive drug carrier for controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Roman C. Domszy
- Industrial Science & Technology Network, Inc., Lancaster, PA
| | | | | | | | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Cullum RL, Lucas LM, Piazza JT, Senfeld JI, Neel LT, Gupta RB, David AE, Riese DJ. Abstract A159: Characterization of putative ErbB4 antagonists: targeted melanoma drug discovery. Mol Cancer Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-17-a159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase have been found in a significant fraction of melanoma cell lines that are dependent on ErbB4 for proliferation. However, there is a scarcity of therapeutics for treating these ErbB4-dependent tumors. Our drug discovery approach is based on the observation that the Q43L mutant of the ErbB4 agonist Neuregulin 2beta (NRG2b) functions as a partial agonist/antagonist at ErbB4. NRG2b/Q43L stimulates ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, fails to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation, and competitively antagonizes agonist stimulation of ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. ErbB4 partial agonists that function as antagonists at ErbB4 may hold promise as targeted therapeutics for ErbB4-dependent melanomas. Experimental Procedures: An automated phospho-ErbB4 sandwich ELISA and automated proliferation assays were developed and deployed to identify small-molecule compounds that are likely to function as ErbB4 partial agonists/antagonists. Hit molecules were then further evaluated for ErbB4 specificity and antiproliferative mechanism(s) of action. To examine specificity for ErbB4, we tested whether the hit molecules inhibit ErbB4-dependent and -independent proliferation of the same cell line. ErbB4 specificity was also evaluated by determining whether the hit molecules exert effects on any of the other three members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3. The mechanism(s) of action for antiproliferative effects were investigated by determining whether the hit molecules inhibited known effectors that couple ErbB4 to cellular proliferation, whether they degraded ErbB4, and whether the inhibitory effects induced by the molecules were reversible. Results: High-throughput screening (HTS) strategies have been utilized to identify 20 small-molecule compounds that stimulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, fail to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cellular proliferation, and inhibit agonist-induced ErbB4-dependent cellular proliferation. Efforts to determine whether these hits are specific for ErbB4 and by what mechanism they induce antiproliferative effects are under way and will be reported. Structures of these small-molecule ErbB4 partial agonists/antagonists may be reported, pending submission of a provisional patent application. Conclusions: Using validated HTS methodologies for identifying ErbB4 partial agonists that function as ErbB4 antagonists has led to the identification of 20 hits. Molecules that are specific for ErbB4 hold promise as targeted therapeutics for melanoma and other ErbB4-dependent tumors.
Citation Format: Richard L. Cullum, Lauren M. Lucas, John T. Piazza, Jared I. Senfeld, Logan T. Neel, Ram B. Gupta, Allan E. David, David J. Riese. Characterization of putative ErbB4 antagonists: targeted melanoma drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A159.
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Lee K, David AE, Zhang J, Shin MC, Yang VC. Enhanced accumulation of theranostic nanoparticles in brain tumor by external magnetic field mediated in situ clustering of magnetic nanoparticles. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cullum RL, Piazza JT, Senfeld JI, Neel LT, Gupta RB, David AE, Riese DJ. Abstract 1245: Screening methodologies for the discovery of small molecule melanoma therapeutics targeted at the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase have been found in a significant fraction of melanoma cell lines that are dependent on ErbB4 for proliferation. However, there is a scarcity of therapeutics for treating these ErbB4-dependent tumors. Consequently, we have developed high-throughput screening assays to identify small molecule ErbB4 antagonists that may hold promise as targeted melanoma therapeutics. Our approach is based on the observation that the Q43L mutant of the ErbB4 agonist Neuregulin 2beta (NRG2b) functions as a partial agonist at ErbB4. NRG2b/Q43L stimulates ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, fails to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation, and competitively antagonizes agonist stimulation of ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation.
Experimental procedures: Therefore, we have developed three high-throughput screening assays to identify ErbB4 partial agonists that function as antagonists. The primary screen identifies molecules that stimulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation. The secondary screen identifies molecules that stimulate or fail to stimulate ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation. The tertiary screen identifies molecules that antagonize agonist stimulation of ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation.
Results: A phospho-ErbB4 sandwich ELISA assay identifies molecules that stimulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation with high sensitivity and fidelity (Z’ >0.5). IL3-independence assays in conjunction with MTT assays using a cell line that displays ErbB4-dependent cell proliferation distinguish between molecules that stimulate and fail to stimulate ErbB4-dependent proliferation (Z’>0.5) and identify molecules that antagonize agonist stimulation of ErbB4 dependent proliferation. These assays have been used to identify small molecules that stimulate ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation. Efforts to determine whether these hits function as ErbB4 full agonists or partial agonists (antagonists) are underway and will be reported. Structures of these small molecule ErbB4 full and partial agonists may be reported, pending submission of a provisional patent application.
Conclusions: We have validated an HTS strategy for identifying ErbB4 partial agonists that function as ErbB4 antagonists and deployment of that strategy has led to the identification of several hits (~20 from the primary screen). Such molecules may hold promise as targeted therapeutics for melanoma and other ErbB4-dependent tumors.
Citation Format: Richard L. Cullum, John T. Piazza, Jared I. Senfeld, Logan T. Neel, Ram B. Gupta, Allan E. David, David J. Riese. Screening methodologies for the discovery of small molecule melanoma therapeutics targeted at the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1245. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1245
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Anani T, Panizzi P, David AE. Nanoparticle-based probes to enable noninvasive imaging of proteolytic activity for cancer diagnosis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2007-22. [PMID: 27465386 PMCID: PMC5941711 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases play a key role in tumor biology, with high expression levels often correlating with poor prognosis for cancer patients - making them excellent disease markers for tumor diagnosis. Despite their significance, quantifying proteolytic activity in vivo remains a challenge. Nanoparticles, with their ability to serve as scaffolds having unique chemical, optical and magnetic properties, offer the promise of merging diagnostic medicine with material engineering. Such nanoparticles can interact preferentially with proteases enriched in tumors, providing the ability to assess disease state in a noninvasive and spatiotemporal manner. We review recent advances in the development of nanoparticles for imaging and quantification of proteolytic activity in tumor models, and prognosticate future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Anani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Hanot CC, Choi YS, Anani TB, Soundarrajan D, David AE. Effects of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticle Surface Chemistry on Uptake Kinetics and Cytotoxicity in CHO-K1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010054. [PMID: 26729108 PMCID: PMC4730299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) show great promise for multiple applications in biomedicine. While a number of studies have examined their safety profile, the toxicity of these particles on reproductive organs remains uncertain. The goal of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of starch-coated, aminated, and PEGylated SPIONs on a cell line derived from Chinese Hamster ovaries (CHO-K1 cells). We evaluated the effect of particle diameter (50 and 100 nm) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain length (2k, 5k and 20k Da) on the cytotoxicity of SPIONs by investigating cell viability using the tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. The kinetics and extent of SPION uptake by CHO-K1 cells was also studied, as well as the resulting generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cell toxicity profiles of SPIONs correlated strongly with their cellular uptake kinetics, which was strongly dependent on surface properties of the particles. PEGylation caused a decrease in both uptake and cytotoxicity compared to aminated SPIONs. Interestingly, 2k Da PEG-modifed SPIONs displayed the lowest cellular uptake and cytotoxicity among all studied particles. These results emphasize the importance of surface coatings when engineering nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille C Hanot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Young Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Tareq B Anani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | | | - Allan E David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Soheilian R, Choi YS, David AE, Abdi H, Maloney CE, Erb RM. Toward Accumulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Tissues of Small Porosity. Langmuir 2015; 31:8267-8274. [PMID: 26145706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic concentration of drug-laden magnetic nanoparticles has been proven to increase the delivery efficiency of treatment by 2-fold. In these techniques, particles are concentrated by the presence of a magnetic source that delivers a very high magnetic field and a strong magnetic field gradient. We have found that such magnetic conditions cause even 150 nm particles to aggregate significantly into assemblies that exceed several micrometers in length within minutes. Such assembly sizes exceed the effective intercellular pore size of tumor tissues preventing these drug-laden magnetic nanoparticles from reaching their target sites. We demonstrate that by using dynamic magnetic fields instead, we can break up these magnetic nanoparticles while simultaneously concentrating them at target sites. The dynamic fields we investigate involve precessing the field direction while maintaining a field gradient. Manipulating the field direction drives the particles into attractive and repulsive configurations that can be tuned to assemble or disassemble these particle clusters. Here, we develop a simple analytic model to describe the kinetic thresholds of disassembly and we compare both experimental and numerical results of magnetic particle suspensions subjected to dynamic fields. Finally we apply these methods to demonstrate penetration in a porous scaffold with a similar pore size to that expected of a tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasam Soheilian
- †Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Young Suk Choi
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Allan E David
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Hamed Abdi
- †Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Craig E Maloney
- †Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Randall M Erb
- †Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Choi YS, David AE. Cell penetrating peptides and the mechanisms for intracellular entry. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 15:192-9. [PMID: 24938895 DOI: 10.2174/1389201015666140617093331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major thrust in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries is to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools that have significantly improved selectivity and specificity compared to the current state-of-the-art. This has driven much of the effort to look at molecules and materials that are significantly larger than the traditional small molecule agents. Due to size restrictions, however, many of these materials are unable to penetrate the cell membrane and gain access to the intracellular components on which they exert their action. The relatively recent discovery of cell penetrating peptides (CPP) provides a powerful tool that has enabled the intracellular delivery of these materials. While a variety of proteins, DNA, polymers and even nanoparticles have been successfully delivered into cells, there still remains some debate as to the mechanism of entry utilized by the CPPs. In this review, we provide a brief outline of the different potential mechanisms for cellular uptake of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan E David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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15
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Wang K, David AE, Choi YS, Wu Y, Buschle-Diller G. Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Gisela Buschle-Diller
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
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17
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Abstract
Directed enzyme/prodrug therapy (DEPT) has promising application for cancer therapy. However, most current DEPT strategies face shortcomings such as the loss of enzyme activity during preparation, low delivery and transduction efficiency in vivo and difficultly of monitoring. In this study, a novel magnetic directed enzyme/prodrug therapy (MDEPT) was set up by conjugating β-glucosidase (β-Glu) to aminated, starch-coated, iron oxide magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), abbreviated as β-Glu-MNP, using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker. This β-Glu-MNP was then characterized in detail by size distribution, zeta potential, FTIR spectra, TEM, SQUID and magnetophoretic mobility analysis. Compared to free enzyme, the conjugated β-Glu on MNPs retained 85.54% ± 6.9% relative activity and showed much better temperature stability. The animal study results showed that β-Glu-MNP displays preferable pharmacokinetics characteristics in relation to MNPs. With an adscititious magnetic field on the surface of a tumor, a significant quantity of β-Glu-MNP was selectively delivered into a subcutaneous tumor of a glioma-bearing mouse. Remarkably, the enzyme activity of the delivered β-Glu in tumor lesions showed as high as 20.123±5.022 mU g(-1) tissue with 2.14 of tumor/non-tumor β-Glu activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Zhang J, Shin MC, David AE, Zhou J, Lee K, He H, Yang VC. Long-circulating heparin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for potential application as a protein drug delivery platform. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3892-902. [PMID: 24024964 DOI: 10.1021/mp400360q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch-coated, PEGylated, and heparin-functionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (DNPH) were successfully synthesized and characterized in detail. The PEGylation (20 kDa) process resulted in an average coating of 430 PEG molecules per nanoparticle. After that, heparin conjugation was carried out to attain the final DNPH platform with 35.4 μg of heparin/mg of Fe. Commercially acquired heparin-coated magnetic nanoparticles were also PEGylated (HP) and characterized for comparison. Protamine was selected as a model protein to demonstrate the strong binding affinity and high loading content of DNPH for therapeutically relevant cationic proteins. DNPH showed a maximum loading of 22.9 μg of protamine/mg of Fe. In the pharmacokinetic study, DNPH displayed a long-circulating half-life of 9.37 h, 37.5-fold longer than that (0.15 h) of HP. This improved plasma stability enabled extended exposure of DNPH to the tumor lesions, as was visually confirmed in a flank 9L-glioma mouse model using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantitative analysis of the Fe content in excised tumor lesions further demonstrated the superior tumor targeting ability of DNPH, with up to 31.36 μg of Fe/g of tissue (13.07% injected dose (I.D.)/g of tissue) and 7.5-fold improvement over that (4.27 μg of Fe/g of tissue; 1.78% I.D./g of tissue) of HP. Overall, this study shed light on the potential of DNPH to be used as a protein drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070, China
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Shin MC, Zhang J, David AE, Trommer WE, Kwon YM, Min KA, Kim JH, Yang VC. Chemically and biologically synthesized CPP-modified gelonin for enhanced anti-tumor activity. J Control Release 2013; 172:169-178. [PMID: 23973813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ineffectiveness of small molecule drugs against cancer has generated significant interest in more potent macromolecular agents. Gelonin, a plant-derived toxin that inhibits protein translation, has attracted much attention in this regard. Due to its inability to internalize into cells, however, gelonin exerts only limited tumoricidal effect. To overcome this cell membrane barrier, we modified gelonin, via both chemical conjugation and genetic recombination methods, with low molecular weight protamine (LMWP), a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) which was shown to efficiently ferry various cargoes into cells. Results confirmed that gelonin-LMWP chemical conjugate (cG-L) and recombinant gelonin-LMWP chimera (rG-L) possessed N-glycosidase activity equivalent to that of unmodified recombinant gelonin (rGel); however, unlike rGel, both gelonin-LMWPs were able to internalize into cells. Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated that cG-L and rG-L exhibited significantly improved tumoricidal effects, with IC50 values being 120-fold lower than that of rGel. Moreover, when tested against a CT26 s.c. xenograft tumor mouse model, significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed with rG-L doses as low as 2 μg/tumor, while no detectable therapeutic effects were seen with rGel at 10-fold higher doses. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of utilizing CPP-modified gelonin as a highly potent anticancer drug to overcome limitations of current chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meong Cheol Shin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Allan E David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wolfgang E Trommer
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Dr., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Jin H Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Victor C Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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Shin MC, Zhang J, Min KA, Lee K, Byun Y, David AE, He H, Yang VC. Cell-penetrating peptides: achievements and challenges in application for cancer treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:575-87. [PMID: 23852939 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major hurdles to cure cancer lies in the low potency of currently available drugs, which could eventually be solved by using more potent therapeutic macromolecules, such as proteins or genes. However, although these macromolecules possess greater potency inside the cancer cells, the barely permeable cell membrane remains a formidable barrier to exert their efficacy. A widely used strategy is to use cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) to improve their intracellular uptake. Since the discovery of the first CPP, numerous CPPs have been derived from natural or synthesized products. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that those CPPs are highly efficient in transducing cargoes into almost all cell types. Therefore, to date, CPPs have been widely used for intracellular delivery of various cargoes, including peptides, proteins, genes, and even nanoparticles. In addition, recently, based on the successes of CPPs in cellular studies, their applications in vivo have been actively pursued. This review will focus on the advanced applications of CPP-based in vivo delivery of therapeutics (e.g., small molecule drugs, proteins, and genes). In addition, we will highlight certain updated applications of CPPs for intracellular delivery of nanoparticulate drug carriers, as well as several "smart" strategies for tumor targeted delivery of CPP-cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065
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Min KA, Shin MC, Yu F, Yang M, David AE, Yang VC, Rosania GR. Pulsed magnetic field improves the transport of iron oxide nanoparticles through cell barriers. ACS Nano 2013; 7:2161-2171. [PMID: 23373613 PMCID: PMC3609927 DOI: 10.1021/nn3057565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how a magnetic field affects the interaction of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with cells is fundamental to any potential downstream applications of MNPs as gene and drug delivery vehicles. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of how a pulsed magnetic field influences the manner in which MNPs interact with and penetrate across a cell monolayer. Relative to a constant magnetic field, the rate of MNP uptake and transport across cell monolayers was enhanced by a pulsed magnetic field. MNP transport across cells was significantly inhibited at low temperature under both constant and pulsed magnetic field conditions, consistent with an active mechanism (i.e., endocytosis) mediating MNP transport. Microscopic observations and biochemical analysis indicated that, in a constant magnetic field, transport of MNPs across the cells was inhibited due to the formation of large (>2 μm) magnetically induced MNP aggregates, which exceeded the size of endocytic vesicles. Thus, a pulsed magnetic field enhances the cellular uptake and transport of MNPs across cell barriers relative to a constant magnetic field by promoting accumulation while minimizing magnetically induced MNP aggregation at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Meizhu Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Gus R. Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Park YS, David AE, Park KM, Lin CY, Than KD, Lee K, Park JB, Jo I, Park KD, Yang VC. Controlled release of simvastatin from in situ forming hydrogel triggers bone formation in MC3T3-E1 cells. AAPS J 2012; 15:367-76. [PMID: 23250670 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a drug commonly administered for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, has been recently reported to induce bone regeneration/formation. In this study, we investigated the properties of hydrogel composed of gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol)-tyramine (GPT) as an efficient SIM delivery vehicle that can trigger osteogenic differentiation. Sustained delivery of SIM was achieved through its encapsulation in an injectable, biodegradable GPT-hydrogel. Cross-linking of the gelatin-based GPT-hydrogel was induced by the reaction of horse radish peroxidase and H(2)O(2). GPT-hydrogels of three different matrix stiffness, 1,800 (GPT-hydrogel1), 5,800 (GPT-hydrogel2), and 8,400 Pa (GPT-hydrogel3) were used. The gelation/degradation time and SIM release profiles of hydrogels loaded with two different concentrations of SIM, 1 and 3 mg/ml, were also evaluated. Maximum swelling times of GPT-hydrogel1, GPT-hydrogel2, and GPT-hydrogel3 were observed to be 6, 12, and 20 days, respectively. All GPT-hydrogels showed complete degradation within 55 days. The in vitro SIM release profiles, investigated in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C, exhibited typical biphasic release patterns with the initial burst being more rapid with GPT-hydrogel1 compared with GPT-hydrogel3. Substantial increase in matrix metalloproteinase-13, osteocalcin expression levels, and mineralization were seen in osteogenic differentiation system using MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with GPT-hydrogels loaded with SIM in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that controlled release of SIM from a biodegradable, injectable GPT-hydrogel had a promising role for long-term treatment of chronic degenerative diseases such as disc degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Shin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Wang J, Huang Y, E. David A, Chertok B, Zhang L, Yu F, C. Yang V. Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI of Brain Tumors. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:2403-16. [DOI: 10.2174/138920112803341824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cole AJ, David AE, Wang J, Galbán CJ, Yang VC. Magnetic brain tumor targeting and biodistribution of long-circulating PEG-modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6291-301. [PMID: 21684593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been studied to circumvent the limitations of status-quo brain tumor therapy and can be targeted by applying an external magnetic field to lesions. To address the pharmacokinetic shortcomings of MNPs that can limit targeting efficiency, we recently reported a long-circulating polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch MNP (PEG-MNP) suitable for magnetic targeting. Using a rat model, this work explores the biodistribution patterns of PEG-MNPs in organs of elimination (liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) and shows proof-of-concept that enhanced magnetic brain tumor targeting can be achieved due to the relatively long circulation lifetime of the nanoparticles. Reductions in liver (∼12-fold) and spleen (∼2.5-fold) PEG-MNP concentrations at 1h compared to parent starch-coated MNPs (D) confirm plasma pharmacokinetics observed previously. While liver concentrations of PEG-MNPs remained considerably lower than those observed for D at 1h through 60 h, spleen values continue to increase and are markedly higher at later time points--a trend also observed with histology. Limited to no distribution of PEG-MNPs was visualized in lung or kidney throughout the 60 h course evaluated. Enhanced, selective magnetic brain tumor targeting (t = 1 h) of PEG-MNPs (12 mg Fe/kg) was confirmed in 9L-glioma tumors, with up to 1.0% injected dose/g tissue nanoparticle delivery achieved--a 15-fold improvement over targeted D (0.07% injected dose/g tissue). MRI and histological analyses visually confirmed enhanced targeting and also suggest a limited contribution of passive mechanisms to tissue retention of nanoparticles. Our results are exciting and justify both further development of PEG-MNP as a drug delivery platform and concurrent optimization of the magnetic brain tumor targeting strategy utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Cole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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He H, David AE, Zhang J, Park YS, Wang J, Huang Y, Wang J, Yang VC. Low molecular weight protamine/insulin formulation with potential to attenuate protamine-masqueraded insulin allergy. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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David AE, Gong J, Chertok B, Domszy RC, Moon C, Park YS, Wang NS, Yang AJ, Yang VC. Immobilized thermolysin for highly efficient production of low-molecular-weight protamine-An attractive cell-penetrating peptide for macromolecular drug delivery applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:211-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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David AE, Cole AJ, Yang VC. Magnetically targeted nanoparticles for brain tumor therapy: what does the future hold? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1133-5. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allan E David
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Adam J Cole
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA and Stanford University, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA
| | - Victor C Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA and School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University & Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Tianjin 300070, China
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Chertok B, David AE, Yang VC. Brain tumor targeting of magnetic nanoparticles for potential drug delivery: effect of administration route and magnetic field topography. J Control Release 2011; 155:393-9. [PMID: 21763736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated feasibility of magnetically-mediated retention of iron oxide nanoparticles in brain tumors after intravascular administration. The purpose of this study was to elucidate strategies for further improvement of this promising approach. In particular, we explored administration of the nanoparticles via a non-occluded carotid artery as a way to increase the passive exposure of tumor vasculature to nanoparticles for subsequent magnetic entrapment. However, aggregation of nanoparticles in the afferent vasculature interfered with tumor targeting. The magnetic setup employed in our experiments was found to generate a relatively uniform magnetic flux density over a broad range, exposing the region of the afferent vasculature to high magnetic force. To overcome this problem, the magnetic setup was modified with a 9-mm diameter cylindrical NdFeB magnet to exhibit steeper magnetic field topography. Six-fold reduction of the magnetic force at the injection site, achieved with this modification, alleviated the aggregation problem under the conditions of intact carotid blood flow. Using this setup, carotid administration was found to present 1.8-fold increase in nanoparticle accumulation in glioma compared to the intravenous route at 350mT. This increase was found to be in reasonable agreement with the theoretically estimated 1.9-fold advantage of carotid administration, R(d). The developed approach is expected to present an even greater advantage when applied to drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibiting higher values of R(d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Cole AJ, Yang VC, David AE. Cancer theranostics: the rise of targeted magnetic nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:323-32. [PMID: 21489647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in utilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) for biomedical applications has increased considerably over the past two decades. This excitement has been driven in large part by the success of MNPs as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. The recent investigative trend with respect to cancer has continued down a diagnostic path, but has also turned toward concurrent therapy, giving rise to the distinction of MNPs as potential "theranostics". Here we review both the key technical principles of MNPs and ongoing advancement toward a cancer theranostic MNP. Recent progress in diagnostics, hyperthermia treatments, and drug delivery are all considered. We conclude by identifying current barriers to clinical translation of MNPs and offer considerations for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Cole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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David AE, Cole AJ, Chertok B, Park YS, Yang VC. A combined theoretical and in vitro modeling approach for predicting the magnetic capture and retention of magnetic nanoparticles in vivo. J Control Release 2011; 152:67-75. [PMID: 21295085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) continue to draw considerable attention as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the fight against cancer. Although many interacting forces present themselves during magnetic targeting of MNP to tumors, most theoretical considerations of this process ignore all except for the magnetic and drag forces. Our validation of a simple in vitro model against in vivo data, and subsequent reproduction of the in vitro results with a theoretical model indicated that these two forces do indeed dominate the magnetic capture of MNP. However, because nanoparticles can be subject to aggregation, and large MNP experience an increased magnetic force, the effects of surface forces on MNP stability cannot be ignored. We accounted for the aggregating surface forces simply by measuring the size of MNP retained from flow by magnetic fields, and utilized this size in the mathematical model. This presumably accounted for all particle-particle interactions, including those between magnetic dipoles. Thus, our "corrected" mathematical model provided a reasonable estimate of not only fractional MNP retention, but also predicted the regions of accumulation in a simulated capillary. Furthermore, the model was also utilized to calculate the effects of MNP size and spatial location, relative to the magnet, on targeting of MNPs to tumors. This combination of an in vitro model with a theoretical model could potentially assist with parametric evaluations of magnetic targeting, and enable rapid enhancement and optimization of magnetic targeting methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan E David
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
While biocatalysts show tremendous potential for the industrial production of fine chemicals, their integration into large-scale processes has been slow. One of the main reasons for slow acceptance in industry is the inherent instability of the enzymes. Recent developments in bioengineering have shed some light on methods of improving enzyme stability. One method that has been used for many decades, successfully to varying degrees, has been the immobilization of enzymes. To this regards, silica gels have attracted much attention because of the ease of surface functionalization, high surface areas, mechanical and thermal stability, and resistance to both chemical and biological attack. We have previously shown the immobilization of invertase on silica gels with high immobilized activity and significantly improved stability. Here, we provide greater details on the methods for effecting the immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan E David
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Cole AJ, David AE, Wang J, Galbán CJ, Hill HL, Yang VC. Polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. Biomaterials 2010; 32:2183-93. [PMID: 21176955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While successful magnetic tumor targeting of iron oxide nanoparticles has been achieved in a number of models, the rapid blood clearance of magnetically suitable particles by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) limits their availability for targeting. This work aimed to develop a long-circulating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (MNP) platform capable of sustained tumor exposure via the circulation and, thus, potentially enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. Aminated, cross-linked starch (DN) and aminosilane (A) coated MNPs were successfully modified with 5 kDa (A5, D5) or 20 kDa (A20, D20) polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains using simple N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry and characterized. Identical PEG-weight analogues between platforms (A5 & D5, A20 & D20) were similar in size (140-190 nm) and relative PEG labeling (1.5% of surface amines - A5/D5, 0.4% - A20/D20), with all PEG-MNPs possessing magnetization properties suitable for magnetic targeting. Candidate PEG-MNPs were studied in RES simulations in vitro to predict long-circulating character. D5 and D20 performed best showing sustained size stability in cell culture medium at 37 °C and 7 (D20) to 10 (D5) fold less uptake in RAW264.7 macrophages when compared to previously targeted, unmodified starch MNPs (D). Observations in vitro were validated in vivo, with D5 (7.29 h) and D20 (11.75 h) showing much longer half-lives than D (0.12 h). Improved plasma stability enhanced tumor MNP exposure 100 (D5) to 150 (D20) fold as measured by plasma AUC(0-∞). Sustained tumor exposure over 24 h was visually confirmed in a 9L-glioma rat model (12 mg Fe/kg) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings indicate that a polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated MNP is a promising platform for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting, warranting further study in tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Cole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Yu F, Zhang L, Huang Y, Sun K, David AE, Yang VC. The magnetophoretic mobility and superparamagnetism of core-shell iron oxide nanoparticles with dual targeting and imaging functionality. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5842-8. [PMID: 20434209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the goal to achieve highly efficacious MRI-monitored magnetic targeting, a novel drug carrier with dual nature of superior magnetophoretic mobility and superparamagnetism was synthesized. This carrier was specially designed in a core-shell structure. The core was achieved by utilizing a strategy of self-assembly of oppositely charged ultrafine superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles previously prepared. The final particles were formed by coating such cores with carboxymethyldextran (CMD) polymer. By exclusion of non-magnetic materials from the interior part of the particles, this structure maximized the amount of magnetic material and thus yielded a superior magnetophoretic mobility. Such a strategy avoids the challenge of superparamagnetism loss, which would be caused by cores exceeding a critical domain size. Coating the self-assembled core enables the magnetic carrier to be stable upon usage and storage and to be readily linked with drug molecules for therapeutic applications. In vitro characterization showed that these nanoparticles displayed a 3- to 4-fold enhancement in magnetophoretic mobility, and a markedly improved stability when stored in 50% serum as a comparison of conventional iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles. Preliminary in vivo studies revealed that the nanoparticles also function well as a contrast enhancer for MR imaging of brain glioma. This technology could lead to the development of a new paradigm of magnetic carriers that meet with the needs of various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faquan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Chertok B, Cole AJ, David AE, Yang VC. Comparison of electron spin resonance spectroscopy and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for biodistribution analysis of iron-oxide nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:375-85. [PMID: 20039679 DOI: 10.1021/mp900161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have been widely studied for use in targeted drug delivery. Analysis of MNP biodistribution is essential to evaluating the success of targeting strategies and the potential for off-target toxicity. This work compared the applicability of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in assessing MNP biodistribution. Biodistribution was evaluated in 9L-glioma bearing rats administered with MNP (12-25 mg Fe/kg) under magnetic targeting. Ex vivo analysis of MNP in animal tissues was performed with both ICP-OES and ESR. A cryogenic method was developed to overcome the technical hurdle of loading tissue samples into ESR tubes. Comparison of results from the ICP-OES and ESR measurements revealed two distinct relationships for organs accumulating high or low levels of MNP. In organs with high MNP accumulation such as the liver and spleen, data were strongly correlated (r = 0.97, 0.94 for the liver and spleen, respectively), thus validating the equivalency of the two methods in this high concentration range (>1000 nmol Fe/g tissue). The two sets of measurements, however, differed significantly in organs with lower levels of MNP accumulation such as the brain, kidney, and the tumor. Whereas ESR resolved MNP to 10-55 nmol Fe/g tissue, ICP-OES failed to detect MNP because of masking by endogenous iron. These findings suggest that ESR coupled to cryogenic sample handling is more robust than ICP-OES, attaining better sensitivity in analyses. Such advantages render ESR the method of choice for accurate profiling of MNP biodistribution across tissues with high variability in nanoparticle accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Chertok B, David AE, Yang VC. Polyethyleneimine-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for brain tumor drug delivery using magnetic targeting and intra-carotid administration. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6317-24. [PMID: 20494439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the applicability of polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (GPEI) as a potential vascular drug/gene carrier to brain tumors. In vitro, GPEI exhibited high cell association and low cell toxicity--properties which are highly desirable for intracellular drug/gene delivery. In addition, a high saturation magnetization of 93 emu/g Fe was expected to facilitate magnetic targeting of GPEI to brain tumor lesions. However, following intravenous administration, GPEI could not be magnetically accumulated in tumors of rats harboring orthotopic 9L-gliosarcomas due to its poor pharmacokinetic properties, reflected by a negligibly low plasma AUC of 12 +/- 3 microg Fe/ml min. To improve "passive" GPEI presentation to brain tumor vasculature for subsequent "active" magnetic capture, we examined the intra-carotid route as an alternative for nanoparticle administration. Intra-carotid administration in conjunction with magnetic targeting resulted in 30-fold (p=0.002) increase in tumor entrapment of GPEI compared to that seen with intravenous administration. In addition, magnetic accumulation of cationic GPEI (zeta-potential = + 37.2 mV) in tumor lesions was 5.2-fold higher (p=0.004) than that achieved with slightly anionic G100 (zeta-potential= -12 mV) following intra-carotid administration, while no significant accumulation difference was detected between the two types of nanoparticles in the contra-lateral brain (p=0.187). These promising results warrant further investigation of GPEI as a potential cell-permeable, magnetically-responsive platform for brain tumor delivery of drugs and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuo Huang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Fax: (+1)734–763–9772
| | - Yoon Shin Park
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Fax: (+1)734–763–9772
| | - Cheol Moon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Fax: (+1)734–763–9772
| | - Allan E. David
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Fax: (+1)734–763–9772
| | - Hee Sun Chung
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Fax: (+1)734–763–9772
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Zhang L, Yu F, Cole AJ, Chertok B, David AE, Wang J, Yang VC. Gum arabic-coated magnetic nanoparticles for potential application in simultaneous magnetic targeting and tumor imaging. AAPS J 2009; 11:693-9. [PMID: 19842043 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) coated with gum arabic (GA), a biocompatible phytochemical glycoprotein widely used in the food industry, were successfully synthesized and characterized. GA-coated MNP (GA-MNP) displayed a narrow hydrodynamic particle size distribution averaging about 100 nm; a GA content of 15.6% by dry weight; a saturation magnetization of 93.1 emu/g Fe; and a superparamagnetic behavior essential for most magnetic-mediated applications. The GA coating offers two major benefits: it both enhances colloidal stability and provides reactive functional groups suitable for coupling of bioactive compounds. In vitro results showed that GA-MNP possessed a superior stability upon storage in aqueous media when compared to commercial MNP products currently used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, significant cellular uptake of GA-MNP was evaluated in 9L glioma cells by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and MRI analyses. Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that GA-MNP might be utilized as a MRI-visible drug carrier in achieving both magnetic tumor targeting and intracellular drug delivery. Indeed, preliminary in vivo investigations validate this clinical potential. MRI visually confirmed the accumulation of GA-MNP at the tumor site following intravenous administration to rats harboring 9L glioma tumors under the application of an external magnetic field. ESR spectroscopy quantitatively revealed a 12-fold increase in GA-MNP accumulation in excised tumors when compared to contralateral normal brain. Overall, the results presented show promise that GA-MNP could potentially be employed to achieve simultaneous tumor imaging and targeted intra-tumoral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Chertok B, David AE, Moffat BA, Yang VC. Substantiating in vivo magnetic brain tumor targeting of cationic iron oxide nanocarriers via adsorptive surface masking. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6780-7. [PMID: 19782394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cationic magnetic nanoparticles are attractive as potential vehicles for tumor drug delivery due to their favorable interactions with both the tumor milieu and the therapeutic cargo. However, systemic delivery of these nanoparticles to the tumor site is compromised by their rapid plasma clearance. We developed a simple method for in vivo protection of cationic nanocarriers, using non-covalent surface masking with a conjugate of low molecular weight heparin and polyethylene glycol. Surface masking resulted in a 11-fold increase in plasma AUC and a 2-fold increase in the magnetic capture of systemically injected nanoparticles in orthotopic rodent brain tumors. Overall, the described methodology could expand the prospective applications for cationic magnetic nanoparticles in magnetically mediated gene/drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Kwon YM, Chung HS, Moon C, Yockman J, Park YJ, Gitlin SD, David AE, Yang VC. L-Asparaginase encapsulated intact erythrocytes for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). J Control Release 2009; 139:182-9. [PMID: 19577600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a primary drug for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), encapsulation of L-asparaginase (ASNase) into red blood cells (RBC) has been popular to circumvent immunogenicity from the exogenous protein. Unlike existing methods that perturbs RBC membranes, we introduce a novel method of RBC-incorporation of proteins using the membrane-translocating low molecular weight protamine (LMWP). Confocal study of fluorescence-labeled LMWP-ovalbumin, as a model protein conjugate, has shown significant fluorescence inside RBCs. Surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy of the RBCs loaded with LMWP-ASNase was indistinguishable with normal RBCs. These drug loaded RBCs also closely resembled the profile of the native erythrocytes in terms of osmotic fragility, oxygen dissociation and hematological parameters. The in vivo half-life of enzyme activity after administering 8 units of RBC/LMWP-ASNase in DBA/2 mice was prolonged to 4.5+/-0.5 days whereas that of RBCs loaded with ASNase via a hypotonic method was 2.4+/-0.7 days. Furthermore, the mean survival time of DBA/2 mice bearing mouse lymphoma cell L5178Y was improved by approximately 44% compared to the saline control group after treatment with the RBC loaded enzymes. From these data, an innovative, novel method for encapsulating proteins into intact and fully functional erythrocytes was established for potential treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kwon
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Chertok B, Moffat BA, David AE, Yu F, Bergemann C, Ross BD, Yang VC. Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 2007; 29:487-96. [PMID: 17964647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the possibility of utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for minimally invasive, MRI-monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. In vitro determined hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 100 nm, saturation magnetization of 94 emicro/g Fe and T2 relaxivity of 43 s(-1)mm(-)(1) of the nanoparticles suggested their applicability for this purpose. In vivo effect of magnetic targeting on the extent and selectivity of nanoparticle accumulation in tumors of rats harboring orthotopic 9L-gliosarcomas was quantified with MRI. Animals were intravenously injected with nanoparticles (12 mg Fe/kg) under a magnetic field density of 0 T (control) or 0.4 T (experimental) applied for 30 min. MR images were acquired prior to administration of nanoparticles and immediately after magnetic targeting at 1h intervals for 4h. Image analysis revealed that magnetic targeting induced a 5-fold increase in the total glioma exposure to magnetic nanoparticles over non-targeted tumors (p=0.005) and a 3.6-fold enhancement in the target selectivity index of nanoparticle accumulation in glioma over the normal brain (p=0.025). In conclusion, accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles in gliosarcomas can be significantly enhanced by magnetic targeting and successfully quantified by MR imaging. Hence, these nanoparticles appear to be a promising vehicle for glioma-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Chertok B, David AE, Huang Y, Yang VC. Glioma selectivity of magnetically targeted nanoparticles: a role of abnormal tumor hydrodynamics. J Control Release 2007; 122:315-23. [PMID: 17628157 PMCID: PMC2094531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic targeting is a promising strategy for achieving localized drug delivery. Application of this strategy to treat brain tumors, however, is complicated by their deep intracranial location, since magnetic field density cannot be focused at a distance from an externally applied magnet. This study intended to examine whether, with magnetic targeting, pathological alteration in brain tumor flow dynamics could be of value in discriminating the diseased site from healthy brain. To address this question, the capture of magnetic nanoparticles was first assessed in vitro using a simple flow system under theoretically estimated glioma and normal brain flow conditions. Secondly, accumulation of nanoparticles via magnetic targeting was evaluated in vivo using 9L-glioma bearing rats. In vitro results that predicted a 7.6-fold increase in nanoparticle capture at glioma- versus contralateral brain-relevant flow rates were relatively consistent with the 9.6-fold glioma selectivity of nanoparticle accumulation over the contralateral brain observed in vivo. Based on these finding, the in vitro ratio of nanoparticle capture can be viewed as a plausible indicator of in vivo glioma selectivity. Overall, it can be concluded that the decreased blood flow rate in glioma, reflecting tumor vascular abnormalities, is an important contributor to glioma-selective nanoparticle accumulation with magnetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Chertok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- ISTN Inc., York, PA 17404, USA
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Cheung-Kong Scholar, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Victor C. Yang, Ph.D, Albert B. Prescott Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, Tel: (734) 764-4273, Fax: (734) 763-9772, E-mail:
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David AE, Wang NS, Yang VC, Yang AJ. Chemically surface modified gel (CSMG): An excellent enzyme-immobilization matrix for industrial processes. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:395-407. [PMID: 16644049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Invertase from S. cerevisiae has been immobilized on porous silica matrix, formed using sol-gel chemistry, with surface area of approximately 650 m(2)/g. The co-condensation of silica sol with 3-aminopropyl(triethoxy)silane produced an amino-chemically surface modified silica gel (N-CSMG) with a very high ligand loading of 3.6 mmol/g SiO(2); significantly higher than commercially available matrices. Surface amine groups were activated with glutaraldehyde to produce GA-N-CSMG, and invertase covalently attached by the aldehyde. Invertase was used as a model enzyme to measure the immobilizing character of the GA-N-CSMG material. Using an optimized immobilization protocol, a very high loading of 723 mg invertase per gram GA-N-CSMG is obtained; 3-200-fold higher than values published in literature. The reproducible, immobilized activity of 246,000 U/g GA-N-CSMG is also greater than any other in literature. Immobilized invertase showed almost 99% retention of free enzyme activity and no loss in catalytic efficiency. The apparent kinetic parameters K(M) and V(M) were determined using the Michealis-Menten kinetic model. K(M) of the free invertase was 1.5 times greater than that of the immobilized invertase--indicating a higher substrate affinity of the immobilized invertase. These findings show considerable promise for this material as an immobilization matrix in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan E David
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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