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Asanuma K, Nakamura T, Okamoto T, Hagi T, Kita K, Nakamura K, Matsuyama Y, Yoshida K, Asanuma Y, Sudo A. Do coagulation or fibrinolysis reflect the disease condition in patients with soft tissue sarcoma? BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1075. [PMID: 36258189 PMCID: PMC9580209 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation and fibrinolysis are distinct processes that are highly correlated. Cells control coagulation and fibrinolysis by expression of tissue factor and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on their surface. Tumor cells express these proteins, adjust their microenvironment and induce tumor exacerbation. We hypothesized that the expression of plasma markers for coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) was dependent on the level of tumor malignancy. To elucidate which markers are predictive of recurrence, metastasis and prognosis, coagulation or fibrinolysis, we analyzed the correlation between plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), soluble fibrin (SF), plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC), D-dimer (DD) and clinical parameters in patients with STSs. METHODS TAT, SF, PIC or DD were measured in pre-treatment blood samples from 64 patients with primary STSs and analyzed with clinicopathological parameters, and 5-year recurrence free survival (RFS), 5-year metastasis free survival (MFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) were evaluated. RESULTS The metastasis group had significantly higher DD (p = 0.0394), PIC (p = 0.00532) and SF (p = 0.00249) concentrations than the group without metastasis. The group that died of disease showed significantly higher DD (p = 0.00105), PIC (p = 0.000542), SF (p = 0.000126) and TAT (p = 0.0373) than surviving patients. By dividing the patients into low and high groups, the group with high DD, PIC, SF and TAT showed significantly lower 5-year MFS and 5-year OS than the corresponding low group. Furthermore, in multivariate COX proportional hazard analysis of continuous variables for 5-year MFS, only PIC was found to be a significant factor (HR: 2.14). CONCLUSION Fibrinolysis was better than coagulation at reflecting the disease condition of patients with STS. Notably, PIC levels ≥ 1.1 can not only predict the risk of metastasis and poor prognosis, but also increasing PIC levels correspond to further increases in risks of metastasis and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Kouji Kita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Yumiko Asanuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, 514-8507, Tsu City, Mie, Japan
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2
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Independent validation of stromal uPA in ABCSG-08: Level 1b evidence for the prognostic value of uPA immunohistochemistry. Breast 2022; 64:127-133. [PMID: 35689881 PMCID: PMC9190055 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients and methods Results Conclusion Prospective trial provides level 1b evidence. UPA expression associated with better DDFS and OS.
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Yang H, Qian W, Yang L, Xie H, Jiang H. In Vivo Evaluation of a Miniaturized Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT) Endoscope for Breast Cancer Detection Using Targeted Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249389. [PMID: 33317217 PMCID: PMC7764232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, in vivo animal experiments with 12 nude mice bearing breast-cancer-patient-tissue-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors were performed aiming to verify the imaging capability of a novel miniaturized fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) endoscope, in combination with targeted nanoparticle–near-infrared (NIR) dye conjugates. Tumor-bearing mice were divided into two groups by systematic injection with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted (n = 7) and nontargeted (n = 5) imaging nanoprobes as a contrast agent, respectively. Each mouse was imaged at 6, 24, and 48 h following the injection of nanoprobes using the FMT endoscope. The results show that systemic delivery of targeted nanoprobes produced a 4-fold enhancement in fluorescence signals from tumors, compared with tumors that received nontargeted nanoprobes. This study indicates that our miniaturized FMT endoscope, coupled with the targeted nanoparticle–NIR dye conjugates as a contrast agent, has high sensitivity and specificity, and thus great potential to be used for image-guided detection and removal of a primary tumor and local metastatic tumors during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Weipin Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.Q.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.Q.); (L.Y.)
| | - Huikai Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Huabei Jiang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-5253
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4
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Zhai B, Chen P, Wang W, Liu S, Feng J, Duan T, Xiang Y, Zhang R, Zhang M, Han X, Chen X, Li Q, Li G, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhang W, Pan T, Yan L, Jin T, Xie T, Sui X. An ATF 24 peptide-functionalized β-elemene-nanostructured lipid carrier combined with cisplatin for bladder cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:676-692. [PMID: 32944399 PMCID: PMC7476079 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we aimed to develop an amino-terminal fragment (ATF) peptide-targeted liposome carrying β-elemene (ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E) for targeted delivery into urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-overexpressing bladder cancer cells combined with cisplatin (DDP) for bladder cancer treatment. Methods: The liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection and high-pressure microjet homogenization. The liposomes were characterized, and the drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release were studied. The targeting efficiency was investigated using confocal microscopy, ultra-fast liquid chromatography, and an orthotopic bladder cancer model. The effects of ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E combined with DDP on cell viability and proliferation were evaluated by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, a colony formation assay, and cell apoptosis and cell cycle analyses. The anticancer effects were evaluated in a KU-19-19 bladder cancer xenograft model. Results: ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E had small and uniform sizes (˜79 nm), high drug loading capacity (˜5.24 mg/mL), high entrapment efficiency (98.37 ± 0.95%), and exhibited sustained drug release behavior. ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E had better targeting efficiency and higher cytotoxicity than polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated β-elemene liposomes (PEG-Lipo-β-E). DDP, combined with ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E, exerted a synergistic effect on cellular apoptosis and cell arrest at the G2/M phase, and these effects were dependent on the caspase-dependent pathway and Cdc25C/Cdc2/cyclin B1 pathways. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor activity showed that the targeted liposomes effectively inhibited the growth of tumors, using the combined strategy. Conclusions: The present study provided an effective strategy for the targeted delivery of β-elemene (β-E) to bladder cancer, and a combined strategy for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingtao Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wengang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xuemeng Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiujie Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xingxing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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5
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Juhl K, Christensen A, Rubek N, Karnov KKS, von Buchwald C, Kjaer A. Improved surgical resection of metastatic pancreatic cancer using uPAR targeted in vivo fluorescent guidance: comparison with traditional white light surgery. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6308-6316. [PMID: 31695839 PMCID: PMC6824874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. The five-year survival rates have been reported as 3%. Radical surgical tumor resection is critical for improved outcome and the low survival rate for pancreatic cancer is due to lack of other effective treatments and here optical guided surgery could be a solution for better surgical outcome. In the present study, we targeted the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with a peptide conjugated with the fluophore ICG (ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105) for optical imaging. In the first part of the study we aimed to validate ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 for resection of the primary tumor and metastases in an orthotopic human xenograft pancreatic cancer model. In the second part of the study we aimed to investigate if fluorescent-guided imaging could locate additional metastases following conventional removal of metastasis under normal white light surgery. Our study showed that ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 was an excellent probe for intraoperative optical imaging with a mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) for the primary tumor of 3.5 and a TBR for the metastases of 3.4. Further, a benefit using intraoperative fluorescent guidance yielded identification of an additional 14% metastases compared to using normal white light surgery. In 4 of 8 mice there were identified additional metastases with uPAR optical imaging compared to white light. In conclusion, the uPAR-targeted optical probe ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 enables intraoperative optical cancer imaging, including robotic surgery, and may be a benefit during intended radical resection of disseminated pancreas cancer by finding more metastasis than with traditional white light surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niclas Rubek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov sadly passed away before publishing of this article. We will miss her and our thoughts are with her family
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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De Vincenzo A, Belli S, Franco P, Telesca M, Iaccarino I, Botti G, Carriero MV, Ranson M, Stoppelli MP. Paracrine recruitment and activation of fibroblasts by c-Myc expressing breast epithelial cells through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2827-2839. [PMID: 31381136 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are among the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), progressively differentiating into activated, motile, myofibroblast-like, protumorigenic cells referred to as Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs). To investigate the mechanisms by which epithelial cells direct this transition, the early stages of tumorigenesis were exemplified by indirect cocultures of WI-38 or human primary breast cancer fibroblasts with human mammary epithelial cells expressing an inducible c-Myc oncogene (MCF10A-MycER). After c-Myc activation, the conditioned medium (CM) of MCF10A-MycER cells significantly enhanced fibroblast activation and mobilization. As this was accompanied by decreased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) and increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF-II (IGF-I, IGF-II) in the CM, IGFs were investigated as key chemotactic factors. Silencing IGFBP-6 or IGF-I or IGF-II expression in epithelial cells or blocking Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) activity on fibroblasts significantly altered fibroblast mobilization. Exposure of WI-38 fibroblasts to CM from induced MCF10A-MycER cells or to IGF-II upregulated FAK phosphorylation on Tyr397 , as well as the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), features associated with CAF phenotype and increased cell migratory/invasive behavior. In three-dimensional (3D)-organotypic assays, WI-38 or human primary fibroblasts, preactivated with either CM from MCF10A-MycER cells or IGFs, resulted in a permissive TME that enabled nontransformed MCF10A matrix invasion. This effect was abolished by inhibiting IGF-1R activity. Thus, breast epithelial cell oncogenic activation and stromal fibroblast transition to CAFs are linked through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis, which directly promotes TME remodeling and increases tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Vincenzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Belli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Franco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialucia Telesca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ingram Iaccarino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Hematopathology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria V Carriero
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Patrizia Stoppelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Stromal coexpression of uPA/PAI-1 protein predicts poor disease outcome in endocrine-treated postmenopausal patients with receptor-positive early breast cancer. Breast 2019; 46:101-107. [PMID: 31132475 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether uPA/PAI-1 protein in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast tumor can predict prognosis in early breast cancer (BC). METHODS 606 women with HR + BC who had ≥5 years of endocrine therapy and in whom tumor tissue was available were included in this analysis. Stromal uPA/PAI-1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and correlated with distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Stromal uPA was detected in 292/538 tumors (54.3%) while 269/505 samples (53.3%) exhibited stromal PAI-1. Co-expression of both proteins was found in 163/437 (37.3%) samples. Stromal uPA/PAI-1 co-expression was not associated with tumor size, age, nodal status, grading, or receptor status. Tumor stroma with both uPA and PAI-1 protein expression were more likely to have a shorter DRFS (HR: 1.87; 95%CI 1.18-2.96; p = 0.007) and OS (HR: 1.29; 95%CI 0.93-1.80; p = 0.129) than women without uPA/PAI-1 co-expression. After a median follow-up of 10 years, women with uPA/PAI-1-positive tumors experienced a significantly shorter DRFS (86.5% vs 72.4%; p < 0.001) and OS (70.4% vs 58.9%; p = 0.020) compared to women with uPA/PAI-1 negative tumors. CONCLUSION Stromal co-expression of uPA and PAI-1 in breast cancer predicts poor DRFS and OS in postmenopausal women with HR + early-stage BC who receive endocrine therapy.
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8
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Nelson AC, Machado HL, Schwertfeger KL. Breaking through to the Other Side: Microenvironment Contributions to DCIS Initiation and Progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:207-221. [PMID: 30168075 PMCID: PMC6237657 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Refinements in early detection, surgical and radiation therapy, and hormone receptor-targeted treatments have improved the survival rates for breast cancer patients. However, the ability to reliably identify which non-invasive lesions and localized tumors have the ability to progress and/or metastasize remains a major unmet need in the field. The current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies focus on intrinsic alterations within carcinoma cells that are closely associated with proliferation. However, substantial accumulating evidence has indicated that permissive changes in the stromal tissues surrounding the carcinoma play an integral role in breast cancer tumor initiation and progression. Numerous studies have suggested that the stromal environment surrounding ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions actively contributes to enhancing tumor cell invasion and immune escape. This review will describe the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms through which the microenvironment interacts with DCIS lesions focusing on recent studies that describe the contributions of myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells to invasion and subsequent progression. These mechanisms will be considered in the context of developing biomarkers for identifying lesions that will progress to invasive carcinoma and/or developing approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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9
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Gorringe KL, Fox SB. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Biology, Biomarkers, and Diagnosis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:248. [PMID: 29109942 PMCID: PMC5660056 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an often-diagnosed breast disease and a known, non-obligate, precursor to invasive breast carcinoma. In this review, we explore the clinical and pathological features of DCIS, fundamental elements of DCIS biology including gene expression and genetic events, the relationship of DCIS with recurrence and invasive breast cancer, and the interaction of DCIS with the microenvironment. We also survey how these various elements are being used to solve the clinical conundrum of how to optimally treat a disease that has potential to progress, and yet is also likely over-treated in a significant proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie L. Gorringe
- Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Skovgaard D, Persson M, Kjaer A. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor–PET with 68 Ga-NOTA-AE105. PET Clin 2017; 12:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Sameni M, Cavallo-Medved D, Franco OE, Chalasani A, Ji K, Aggarwal N, Anbalagan A, Chen X, Mattingly RR, Hayward SW, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic avatars reveal divergent roles of microenvironment in invasive transition of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:56. [PMID: 28506312 PMCID: PMC5433063 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breast tumor microenvironment regulates progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). However, it is unclear how interactions between breast epithelial and stromal cells can drive this progression and whether there are reliable microenvironmental biomarkers to predict transition of DCIS to IDC. METHODS We used xenograft mouse models and a 3D pathomimetic model termed mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) to study the interplay between human breast myoepithelial cells (MEPs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on DCIS progression. RESULTS Our results show that MEPs suppress tumor formation by DCIS cells in vivo even in the presence of CAFs. In the in vitro MAME model, MEPs reduce the size of 3D DCIS structures and their degradation of extracellular matrix. We further show that the tumor-suppressive effects of MEPs on DCIS are linked to inhibition of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-mediated proteolysis by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and that they can lessen the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs by attenuating interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our studies using MAME are, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate a divergent interplay between MEPs and CAFs within the DCIS tumor microenvironment. We show that the tumor-suppressive actions of MEPs are mediated by PAI-1, uPA and its receptor, uPAR, and are sustained even in the presence of the CAFs, which themselves enhance DCIS tumorigenesis via IL-6 signaling. Identifying tumor microenvironmental regulators of DCIS progression will be critical for defining a robust and predictive molecular signature for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Anita Chalasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Arulselvi Anbalagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Raymond R. Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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12
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Pelaz B, Alexiou C, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Alves F, Andrews AM, Ashraf S, Balogh LP, Ballerini L, Bestetti A, Brendel C, Bosi S, Carril M, Chan WCW, Chen C, Chen X, Chen X, Cheng Z, Cui D, Du J, Dullin C, Escudero A, Feliu N, Gao M, George M, Gogotsi Y, Grünweller A, Gu Z, Halas NJ, Hampp N, Hartmann RK, Hersam MC, Hunziker P, Jian J, Jiang X, Jungebluth P, Kadhiresan P, Kataoka K, Khademhosseini A, Kopeček J, Kotov NA, Krug HF, Lee DS, Lehr CM, Leong KW, Liang XJ, Ling Lim M, Liz-Marzán LM, Ma X, Macchiarini P, Meng H, Möhwald H, Mulvaney P, Nel AE, Nie S, Nordlander P, Okano T, Oliveira J, Park TH, Penner RM, Prato M, Puntes V, Rotello VM, Samarakoon A, Schaak RE, Shen Y, Sjöqvist S, Skirtach AG, Soliman MG, Stevens MM, Sung HW, Tang BZ, Tietze R, Udugama BN, VanEpps JS, Weil T, Weiss PS, Willner I, Wu Y, Yang L, Yue Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang XE, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Parak WJ. Diverse Applications of Nanomedicine. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2313-2381. [PMID: 28290206 PMCID: PMC5371978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pelaz
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- ENT-Department, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine
(SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Diagnostic
and Interventional Radiology, University
Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sumaira Ashraf
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lajos P. Balogh
- AA Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology Consultants, North Andover, Massachusetts 01845, United States
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bestetti
- School of Chemistry & Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cornelia Brendel
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Carril
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Warren C. W. Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 639798
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine,
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford
for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument
Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronical
Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Diagnostic
and Interventional Radiology, University
Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alberto Escudero
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla. CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Neus Feliu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | | | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials
Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610000 Chengdu, China
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland K. Hartmann
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry,
and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- University Hospital, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- CLINAM,
European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ji Jian
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Center for
Bionanoengineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Philipp Jungebluth
- Thoraxklinik Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pranav Kadhiresan
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | | | | | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
| | - Harald F. Krug
- EMPA, Federal Institute for Materials
Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical
Sciences and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- HIPS - Helmhotz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ling Lim
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Ciber-BBN, 20014 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Paolo Macchiarini
- Laboratory of Bioengineering Regenerative Medicine (BioReM), Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Huan Meng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Department of Interfaces, Max-Planck
Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- School of Chemistry & Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andre E. Nel
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shuming Nie
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
| | - Teruo Okano
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | - Tai Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical
Sciences and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Reginald M. Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital
Institute of Research, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Amila Samarakoon
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department of Chemistry, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youqing Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Center for
Bionanoengineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Sjöqvist
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Interfaces, Max-Planck
Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud G. Soliman
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials,
Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan,
ROC 300
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rainer Tietze
- ENT-Department, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine
(SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Buddhisha N. Udugama
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - J. Scott VanEpps
- Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institut für
Organische Chemie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Zhao Yue
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhang
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules,
CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
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13
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uPAR promotes tumor-like biologic behaviors of fibroblast-like synoviocytes through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:171-181. [PMID: 28090093 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), is a multifunctional receptor on cell surface, widely present in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and a variety of malignant cells. Current studies have suggested that uPAR overexpressed on synovial tissues or in synovial fluid or plasma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there are limited researches regarding the role of uPAR on fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA-FLSs) and its underlying mechanisms. Here, our studies show that the expression of uPAR protein was significantly higher in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from RA than those from osteoarthritis or traumatic injury patients. uPAR gene silencing significantly inhibited RA-FLSs cell proliferation, restrained cell transformation from the G0/G1 phase to S phase, aggravated cell apoptosis, interfered with RA-FLSs cell migration and invasion, and reduced activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which may be associated with β1-integrin. Cell supernatants from uPAR gene-silenced RA-FLSs markedly inhibited the migration and tubule formation ability of the HUVECs (a human endothelial cell line). Therefore, we demonstrate that uPAR changes the biological characteristics of RA-FLSs, and affects neoangiogenesis of synovial tissues in patients with RA. All of these may be associated with the β1-integrin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These results imply that targeting uPAR and its downstream signal pathway may provide therapeutic effects in RA.
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14
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Alpízar-Alpízar W, Laerum OD, Christensen IJ, Ovrebo K, Skarstein A, Høyer-Hansen G, Ploug M, Illemann M. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Is Confined to Tumor-Associated Myofibroblasts and Is Increased With Progression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:483-94. [PMID: 27370797 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416656173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) inhibits the extracellular matrix-degrading activity of several matrix metalloproteinases, thereby regulating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Studies describing the expression pattern and cellular localization of TIMP-1 in gastric cancer are, however, highly discordant. We addressed these inconsistencies by performing immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses in a set of 49 gastric cancer lesions to reexamine the TIMP-1 localization. In addition, we correlated these findings to clinicopathological parameters. We show that strong expression of TIMP-1 protein and mRNA was observed in a subpopulation of stromal fibroblast-like cells at the periphery of the cancer lesions. In a few cases, a small fraction of cancer cells showed weak expression of TIMP-1 protein and mRNA. The stromal TIMP-1-expressing cells were mainly tumor-associated myofibroblasts. In the normal-appearing mucosa, scattered TIMP-1 protein was only found in chromogranin A positive cells. TIMP-1-positive myofibroblasts at the invasive front of the tumors were more frequently seen in intestinal than in diffuse histological subtype cases (p=0.009). A significant trend to a higher number of cases showing TIMP-1 staining in myofibroblasts with increasing tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage was also revealed (p=0.041). In conclusion, tumor-associated myofibroblasts are the main source of increased TIMP-1 expression in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Center for Research in Microscopic Structures (CIEMIC) and Cancer Research Program, Health Research Institute (INISA), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica (WA-A)
| | - Ole Didrik Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (ODL),Departments of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (ODL)
| | - Ib J Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI)
| | - Kjell Ovrebo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (KO),Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (KO, AS)
| | - Arne Skarstein
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (AS),Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (KO, AS)
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI)
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI)
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI),Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark (WA-A, ODL, IJC, GH-H, MP, MI)
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15
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Shahbazi R, Ozpolat B, Ulubayram K. Oligonucleotide-based theranostic nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1287-308. [PMID: 27102380 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostic approaches, combining the functionality of both therapy and imaging, have shown potential in cancer nanomedicine. Oligonucleotides such as small interfering RNA and microRNA, which are powerful therapeutic agents, have been effectively employed in theranostic systems against various cancers. Nanoparticles are used to deliver oligonucleotides into tumors by passive or active targeting while protecting the oligonucleotides from nucleases in the extracellular environment. The use of quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles and tagging with contrast agents, like fluorescent dyes, optical or magnetic agents and various radioisotopes, has facilitated early detection of tumors and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. In this article, we review the advantages of theranostic applications in cancer therapy and imaging, with special attention to oligonucleotide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahbazi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06532, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06532, Turkey.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06532, Turkey
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Dohn LH, Pappot H, Iversen BR, Illemann M, Høyer-Hansen G, Christensen IJ, Thind P, Salling L, von der Maase H, Laerum OD. uPAR Expression Pattern in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder--Possible Clinical Implications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135824. [PMID: 26292086 PMCID: PMC4546385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to confirm the expression and localisation pattern of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) focusing on its possible clinical relevance in patients with urothelial neoplasia of the bladder. uPAR is a central molecule in tissue remodelling during cancer invasion and metastasis and is an established prognostic marker in various cancer diseases other than bladder cancer. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumour-tissue blocks from 186 patients treated with radical cystectomy were analysed. uPAR expression was scored as either negative or positive as well as by the actual score. Separate scores were obtained for cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at the invasive front and in tumour core. We were able to confirm, in an independent patient cohort, the tissue expression and localisation pattern of uPAR as investigated by Immunohistochemistry as well as a significant association between uPAR positivity and increasing tumour stage and tumour grade. This demonstrates the robustness of our previous and current findings. In addition the association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts and poor survival was reproduced. The highest hazard ratios for survival were seen for uPAR positive myofibroblasts both at the invasive front and in tumour core. Evaluating uPAR expression by the actual score showed a significant association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts in tumour core and an increased risk of cancer specific mortality. Our investigations have generated new and valuable biological information about the cell types being involved in tumour invasion and progression through the plasminogen activation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hammer Dohn
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Thind
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ole Didrik Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Almholt K, Lærum OD, Nielsen BS, Lund IK, Lund LR, Rømer J, Jögi A. Spontaneous lung and lymph node metastasis in transgenic breast cancer is independent of the urokinase receptor uPAR. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:543-54. [PMID: 26040548 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is an extracellular protease that plays a pivotal role in tumor progression. uPA activity is spatially restricted by its anchorage to high-affinity uPA receptors (uPAR) at the cell surface. High tumor tissue expression of uPA and uPAR is associated with poor prognosis in lung, breast, and colon cancer patients in clinical studies. Genetic deficiency of uPA leads to a significant reduction in metastases in the murine transgenic MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model, demonstrating a causal role for uPA in cancer dissemination. To investigate the role of uPAR in cancer progression, we analyze the effect of uPAR deficiency in the same cancer model. uPAR is predominantly expressed in stromal cells in the mouse primary tumors, similar to human breast cancer. In a cohort of MMTV-PyMT mice [uPAR-deficient (n = 31) or wild type controls (n = 33)], tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and tumor histopathology were not significantly affected by uPAR deficiency. Lung and lymph node metastases were also not significantly affected by uPAR deficiency, in contrast to the significant reduction seen in uPA-deficient mice. Taken together, our data show that the genetic absence of uPAR does not influence the outcome of the MMTV-PyMT cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Almholt
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Miller-Kleinhenz JM, Bozeman EN, Yang L. Targeted nanoparticles for image-guided treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: clinical significance and technological advances. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:797-816. [PMID: 25966677 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with its aggressive tumor biology, highly heterogeneous tumor cells, and poor prognosis requires an integrated therapeutic approach that addresses critical issues in cancer therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticles with the abilities of targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging for monitoring drug delivery and responses to therapy, such as theranostic nanoparticles, hold great promise toward the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TNBC using a single therapeutic platform. The biological and pathological characteristics of TNBC provide insight into several potential molecular targets for current and future nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Extensive tumor stroma, highly proliferative cells, and a high rate of drug resistance are all barriers that must be appropriately addressed in order for these nanotherapeutic platforms to be effective. Utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention effect coupled with active targeting of cell surface receptors expressed by TNBC cells, and tumor-associated endothelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and macrophages is likely to overcome such barriers to facilitate more effective drug delivery. An in-depth summary of current studies investigating targeted nanoparticles in preclinical TNBC mouse and human xenograft models is presented. This review aims to outline the current status of nanotherapeutic options for TNBC patients, identification of promising molecular targets, challenges associated with the development of targeted nanotherapeutics, the research done by our group as well as by others, and future perspectives on the nanomedicine field and ways to translate current preclinical studies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica N Bozeman
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lily Yang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Thurison T, Almholt K, Gårdsvoll H, Ploug M, Høyer-Hansen G, Lund IK. Urokinase receptor cleavage correlates with tumor volume in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:717-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Thurison
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Almholt
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Global Research; Novo Nordisk A/S; Måløv Denmark
| | - Henrik Gårdsvoll
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ida K. Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Dohn LH, Illemann M, Høyer-Hansen G, Christensen IJ, Hostmark J, Litlekalsoy J, von der Maase H, Pappot H, Laerum OD. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression is associated with T-stage and survival in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:165.e15-24. [PMID: 25575713 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression-and localization pattern of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), focusing on its clinical implications in patients with urothelial neoplasia of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. uPAR is a central molecule in tissue remodeling during cancer invasion and metastasis and is an established prognostic marker in cancer. The expression and localization of uPAR and its prognostic significance is only limitedly investigated in urothelial bladder neoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression-and localization pattern of uPAR was investigated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 149 patients treated with radical cystectomy between 1988 and 2005. uPAR expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and scored as either negative or positive. Separate values were obtained for cancer cells, macrophages, and myofibroblasts at the invasive front and tumor core, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the association of uPAR localization and score with clinicopathologic covariates and survival. RESULTS uPAR positivity was seen in 122/137 (89%) and 118/149 (74%) of the neoplasias at the invasive front and tumor core, respectively. uPAR was primarily expressed by myofibroblasts and macrophages in the surrounding stroma as well as some cancer cells. A significant association between uPAR positivity and T-stage as well as grade was found for all 3 cell types in tumor core (P ≤ 0.04 for all comparisons). In univariate analysis, the uPAR positive group had a shorter survival than the uPAR negative group (hazard ratio = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.15-5.01; P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS The expression of uPAR is a possible prognostic marker that could be useful in identification of patients with aggressive, highly invasive tumors that could benefit from additional chemotherapy or more intensive follow-up after cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hammer Dohn
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib J Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Hostmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Urology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jorunn Litlekalsoy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole D Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Zinc phthalocyanine conjugated with the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase for tumor-targeting photodynamic therapy. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4257-68. [PMID: 24969665 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted much interest for the treatment of cancer due to the increased incidence of multidrug resistance and systemic toxicity in conventional chemotherapy. Phthalocyanine (Pc) is one of main classes of photosensitizers for PDT and possesses optimal photophysical and photochemical properties. A higher specificity can ideally be achieved when Pcs are targeted towards tumor-specific receptors, which may also facilitate specific drug delivery. Herein, we develop a simple and unique strategy to prepare a hydrophilic tumor-targeting photosensitizer ATF-ZnPc by covalently coupling zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a fragment responsible for uPA receptor (uPAR, a biomarker overexpressed in cancer cells), through the carboxyl groups of ATF. We demonstrate the high efficacy of this tumor-targeting PDT agent for the inhibition of tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Our in vivo optical imaging results using H22 tumor-bearing mice show clearly the selective accumulation of ATF-ZnPc in tumor region, thereby revealing the great potential of ATF-ZnPc for clinical applications such as cancer detection and guidance of tumor resection in addition to photodynamic treatment.
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22
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Ides J, Thomae D, wyffels L, Vangestel C, Messagie J, Joossens J, Lardon F, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Synthesis and in vivo preclinical evaluation of an 18F labeled uPA inhibitor as a potential PET imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mengele K, Napieralski R, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Gkazepis A, Sweep F, Brünner N, Foekens J, Harbeck N, Schmitt M. Characteristics of the level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:947-62. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yang L, Sajja HK, Cao Z, Qian W, Bender L, Marcus AI, Lipowska M, Wood WC, Wang YA. uPAR-targeted optical imaging contrasts as theranostic agents for tumor margin detection. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 4:106-18. [PMID: 24396518 PMCID: PMC3881230 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete removal of tumors by surgery is the most important prognostic factor for cancer patients with the early stage cancers. The ability to identify invasive tumor edges of the primary tumor, locally invaded small tumor lesions, and drug resistant residual tumors following neoadjuvant therapy during surgery should significantly reduce the incidence of local tumor recurrence and improve survival of cancer patients. In this study, we report that urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) are the ligand/cell surface target pair for the development of targeted optical imaging probes for enhancing imaging contrasts in the tumor border. Recombinant peptides of the amino terminal fragment (ATF) of the receptor binding domain of uPA were labeled with near infrared fluorescence (NIR) dye molecules either as peptide-imaging or peptide-conjugated nanoparticle imaging probes. Systemic delivery of the uPAR-targeted imaging probes in mice bearing orthotopic human breast or pancreatic tumor xenografts or mouse mammary tumors led to the accumulation of the probes in the tumor and stromal cells, resulting in strong signals for optical imaging of tumors and identification of tumor margins. Histological analysis showed that a high level of uPAR-targeted nanoparticles was present in the tumor edge or active tumor stroma immediately adjacent to the tumor cells. Furthermore, following targeted therapy using uPAR-targeted theranostic nanoparticles, residual tumors were detectable by optical imaging through the imaging contrasts produced by NIR-dye-labeled theranostic nanoparticles in drug resistant tumor cells. Therefore, results of our study support the potential of the development of uPAR-targeted imaging and theranostic agents for image-guided surgery.
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25
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Noh H, Hong S, Huang S. Role of urokinase receptor in tumor progression and development. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:487-95. [PMID: 23843896 PMCID: PMC3706692 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated level of urokinase receptor (uPAR) is detected in various aggressive cancer types and is closely associated with poor prognosis of cancers. Binding of uPA to uPAR triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the subsequent activation of metalloproteinases. These events confer tumor cells with the capability to degrade the components of the surrounding extracellular matrix, thus contributing to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. uPA-uPAR interaction also elicits signals that stimulate cell proliferation/survival and the expression of tumor-promoting genes, thus assisting tumor development. In addition to its interaction with uPA, uPAR also interacts with vitronectin and this interaction promotes cancer metastasis by activating Rac and stimulating cell migration. Although underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, uPAR has been shown to facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induce cancer stem cell-like properties in breast cancer cells. The fact that uPAR lacks intracellular domain suggests that its signaling must be mediated through its co-receptors. Indeed, uPAR interacts with diverse transmembrane proteins including integrins, ENDO180, G protein-coupled receptors and growth factor receptors in cancer cells and these interactions are proven to be critical for the role of uPAR in tumorigenesis. Inhibitory peptide that prevents uPA-uPAR interaction has shown the promise to prolong patients' survival in the early stage of clinical trial. The importance of uPAR's co-receptor in uPAR's tumor-promoting effects implicate that anti-cancer therapeutic agents may also be developed by disrupting the interactions between uPAR and its functional partners.
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26
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Recent developments in nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery for cancer therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:782041. [PMID: 23844368 PMCID: PMC3703404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation mechanism initiated by RNA molecules that enables sequence-specific gene silencing by promoting degradation of specific mRNAs. Molecular therapy using small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown great therapeutic potential for diseases caused by abnormal gene overexpression or mutation. The major challenges to application of siRNA therapeutics include the stability and effective delivery of siRNA in vivo. Important progress in nanotechnology has led to the development of efficient siRNA delivery systems. In this review, the authors discuss recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery and the application of siRNA in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This review will also offer perspectives on future applications of siRNA therapeutics.
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Cho YS, Lee GY, Sajja HK, Qian W, Cao Z, He W, Karna P, Chen X, Mao H, Wang YA, Yang L. Targeted delivery of siRNA-generating DNA nanocassettes using multifunctional nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1964-73. [PMID: 23292656 PMCID: PMC3674124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown promise in the development of novel therapeutics. Various formulations have been used for in vivo delivery of siRNAs. However, the stability of short double-stranded RNA molecules in the blood and efficiency of siRNA delivery into target organs or tissues following systemic administration have been the major issues that limit applications of siRNA in human patients. In this study, multifunctional siRNA delivery nanoparticles are developed that combine imaging capability of nanoparticles with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted delivery of siRNA expressing DNA nanocassettes. This theranostic nanoparticle platform consists of a nanoparticle conjugated with targeting ligands and double-stranded DNA nanocassettes containing a U6 promoter and a shRNA gene for in vivo siRNA expression. Targeted delivery and gene silencing efficiency of firefly luciferase siRNA nanogenerators are demonstrated in tumor cells and in animal tumor models. Delivery of survivin siRNA expressing nanocassettes into tumor cells induces apoptotic cell death and sensitizes cells to chemotherapy drugs. The ability of expression of siRNAs from multiple nanocassettes conjugated to a single nanoparticle following receptor-mediated internalization should enhance the therapeutic effect of the siRNA-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H. K. Sajja
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - W. Qian
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - Z. Cao
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - W. He
- First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - P. Karna
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - X. Chen
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H. Mao
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - Y. A. Wang
- Ocean Nanotech, LLC Springdale, AR 72764, USA
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Lee GY, Qian WP, Wang L, Wang YA, Staley CA, Satpathy M, Nie S, Mao H, Yang L. Theranostic nanoparticles with controlled release of gemcitabine for targeted therapy and MRI of pancreatic cancer. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2078-89. [PMID: 23402593 PMCID: PMC3609912 DOI: 10.1021/nn3043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tumor stroma in human cancers significantly limits the delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells. To develop an effective therapeutic approach overcoming the physical barrier of the stroma, we engineered urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) carrying chemotherapy drug gemcitabine (Gem) for targeted delivery into uPAR-expressing tumor and stromal cells. The uPAR-targeted nanoparticle construct, ATF-IONP-Gem, was prepared by conjugating IONPs with the amino-terminal fragment (ATF) peptide of the receptor-binding domain of uPA, a natural ligand of uPAR, and Gem via a lysosomally cleavable tetrapeptide linker. These theranostic nanoparticles enable intracellular release of Gem following receptor-mediated endocytosis of ATF-IONP-Gem into tumor cells and also provide contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors. Our results demonstrated the pH- and lysosomal enzyme-dependent release of gemcitabine, preventing the drug from enzymatic degradation. Systemic administrations of ATF-IONP-Gem significantly inhibited the growth of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in nude mice. With MRI contrast enhancement by IONPs, we detected the presence of IONPs in the residual tumors following the treatment, suggesting the possibility of monitoring drug delivery and assessing drug-resistant tumors by MRI. The theranostic ATF-IONP-Gem nanoparticle has great potential for the development of targeted therapeutic and imaging approaches that are capable of overcoming the tumor stromal barrier, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect of nanoparticle drugs on pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wei Ping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Charles A. Staley
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Minati Satpathy
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Address Correspondence to: Lily Yang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. Tel: + 1 404-778-4269, Fax: + 1 404-778-5530, , Or Hui Mao, Ph.D. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. Tel: +1 404-712-0357, Fax: +1 404-712-5948,
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Address Correspondence to: Lily Yang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. Tel: + 1 404-778-4269, Fax: + 1 404-778-5530, , Or Hui Mao, Ph.D. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. Tel: +1 404-712-0357, Fax: +1 404-712-5948,
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Direct evidence of the importance of vitronectin and its interaction with the urokinase receptor in tumor growth. Blood 2013; 121:2316-23. [PMID: 23327926 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-451187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence implicates the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies have substantiated the importance of the interaction between uPAR and the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin (VN) for the signaling activity of the receptor in vitro, however, the possible relevance of this interaction for the activity of uPAR in tumor growth and metastasis has not been assessed. We generated a panel of HEK293 cell lines expressing mouse uPAR (muPAR(WT)), an uPAR mutant specifically deficient in VN binding (muPAR(W32A)), and a truncation variant (muPAR(ΔD1)) deficient in both VN and uPA binding. In vitro cells expressing muPAR(WT) display increased cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and proliferation associated with increased p130Cas and MAPK signaling. Disruption of VN binding or ablation of both VN and uPA binding specifically abrogates these activities of uPAR. When xenografted into SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, the expression of muPAR(WT), but not muPAR(W32A) or muPAR(ΔD1), accelerates tumor development, demonstrating that VN binding is responsible for the tumor-promoting activity of uPAR in vivo. In an orthotopic xenograft model using MDA-MB-231 cells in RAG1(-/-)/VN(-/-) mice, we document that host deficiency in VN strongly impairs tumor formation. These 2 lines of in vivo experimentation independently demonstrate an important role for VN in tumor growth even if the uPAR dependence of the effect in the MDA-MB-231 model remains to be ascertained.
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Ma YY, Tao HQ. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:285-90. [PMID: 22702495 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Thus, further insights into tumor markers and subsequent development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. For decades the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells. Intervention with this proteolysis by targeting of uPA receptor (uPAR) has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in gastric cancer progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor also appears to mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. In this review, we discuss uPAR expression in gastric cancer, the relationship between uPAR and Helicobacter pylori, and recent insights into uPAR-signaling mechanisms. The role of uPAR as a cancer target in gastric cancer is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Cell surface remodeling by plasmin: a new function for an old enzyme. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:564259. [PMID: 23097597 PMCID: PMC3477900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/564259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, one of the most potent and reactive serine proteases, is involved in various physiological processes, including embryo development, thrombolysis, wound healing and cancer progression. The proteolytic activity of plasmin is tightly regulated through activation of its precursor, plasminogen, only at specific times and in defined locales as well as through inhibition of active plasmin by its abundant natural inhibitors. By exploiting the plasminogen activating system and overexpressing distinct components of the plasminogen activation cascade, such as pro-uPA, uPAR and plasminogen receptors, malignant cells can enhance the generation of plasmin which in turn, modifies the tumor microenvironment to sustain cancer progression. While plasmin-mediated degradation and modification of extracellular matrix proteins, release of growth factors and cytokines from the stroma as well as activation of several matrix metalloproteinase zymogens, all have been a focus of cancer research studies for decades, the ability of plasmin to cleave transmembrane molecules and thereby to generate functionally important cleaved products which induce outside-in signal transduction, has just begun to receive sufficient attention. Herein, we highlight this relatively understudied, but important function of the plasmin enzyme as it is generated de novo at the interface between cross-talking cancer and host cells.
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Noël A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Sounni NE, Behrendt N, Maquoi E, Lund IK, Cal S, Hoyer-Hansen G, López-Otín C. New and paradoxical roles of matrix metalloproteinases in the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:140. [PMID: 22822400 PMCID: PMC3398411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, or invasion are strongly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, the ability to change these surroundings represents an important property through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for tumor growth and dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute key players in this process, allowing tumor cells to modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release cytokines, growth factors, and other cell-surface molecules, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. Remodeling of the ECM by collagenolytic enzymes such as MMP1, MMP8, MMP13, or the membrane-bound MT1-MMP as well as by other membrane-anchored proteases is required for invasion and recruitment of novel blood vessels. However, the multiple roles of the MMPs do not all fit into a simple pattern. Despite the pro-tumorigenic function of certain metalloproteinases, recent studies have shown that other members of these families, such as MMP8 or MMP11, have a protective role against tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. These studies have been further expanded by large-scale genomic analysis, revealing that the genes encoding metalloproteinases, such as MMP8, MMP27, ADAM7, and ADAM29, are recurrently mutated in specific tumors, while several ADAMTSs are epigenetically silenced in different cancers. The importance of these proteases in modifying the tumor microenvironment highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how stroma cells and the ECM can modulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technology that allows detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in tissue samples at the cellular level. For detection of individual microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs, the ISH technology determines the cellular origin of expression and provides information on expression levels in different tissue compartments and cell populations. This histological expression analysis is of crucial importance for elucidating roles particularly of miRNAs in molecular and biological processes. mRNA expression analyses can partly be replaced by immunohistochemical detection of the protein encoded by the mRNA. Combined with the short sequences of the miRNAs (18-22 bp), this leaves miRNA ISH as an indispensable yet challenging technology in terms of detection and specificity analysis. In this chapter, a simple miRNA ISH protocol using chromogenic detection is presented. I touch upon critical steps in the ISH protocol, different applications on ISH technology platforms, advantageous use of locked nucleic acids (LNA™) in miRNA detection probes, qualification of clinical paraffin samples, and specificity analyses and quantification of the ISH signal.
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Persson M, Madsen J, Østergaard S, Jensen MM, Jørgensen JT, Juhl K, Lehmann C, Ploug M, Kjaer A. Quantitative PET of human urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor with 64Cu-DOTA-AE105: implications for visualizing cancer invasion. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:138-45. [PMID: 22213823 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.083386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Expression levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) represent an established biomarker for poor prognosis in a variety of human cancers. The objective of the present study was to explore whether noninvasive PET can be used to perform a quantitative assessment of expression levels of uPAR across different human cancer xenograft models in mice and to illustrate the clinical potential of uPAR PET in future settings for individualized therapy. METHODS To accomplish our objective, a linear, high-affinity uPAR peptide antagonist, AE105, was conjugated with DOTA and labeled with (64)Cu ((64)Cu-DOTA-AE105). Small-animal PET was performed in 3 human cancer xenograft mice models, expressing different levels of human uPAR, and the tumor uptake was correlated with the uPAR expression level determined by uPAR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The tumor uptake pattern of this tracer was furthermore compared with (18)F-FDG uptake, and finally the correlation between sensitivity toward 5-fluorouracil therapy and uPAR expression level was investigated. RESULTS The uPAR-targeting PET tracer was produced in high purity and with high specific radioactivity. A significant correlation between tumor uptake of (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 and uPAR expression was found (R(2) = 0.73; P < 0.0001) across 3 cancer xenografts, thus providing a strong argument for specificity. A significantly different uptake pattern of (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105, compared with that of (18)F-FDG, was observed, thus emphasizing the additional information that can be obtained on tumor biology using (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 PET. Furthermore, a significant correlation between baseline uPAR expression and sensitivity toward 5-fluorouracil was revealed, thus illustrating the possible potentials of uPAR PET in a clinical setting. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that the peptide-based PET tracer (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 enables the noninvasive quantification of uPAR expression in tumors in vivo, thus emphasizing its potential use in a clinical setting to detect invasive cancer foci and for individualized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Persson
- The Danish Chinese Center for Proteases and Cancer, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Moin K, Sameni M, Victor BC, Rothberg JM, Mattingly RR, Sloane BF. 3D/4D functional imaging of tumor-associated proteolysis: impact of microenvironment. Methods Enzymol 2012; 506:175-94. [PMID: 22341225 PMCID: PMC3845223 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391856-7.00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play causal roles in many aspects of the aggressive phenotype of tumors, yet many of the implicated proteases originate from tumor-associated cells or from responses of tumor cells to interactions with other cells. Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive view of tumor proteases, we need to be able to assess proteolysis in tumors that are interacting with their microenvironment. As this is difficult to do in vivo, we have developed functional live-cell optical imaging assays and 3D and 4D (i.e., 3D over time) coculture models. We present here a description of the probes used to measure proteolysis and protease activities, the methods used for imaging and analysis of proteolysis and the 3D and 4D models used in our laboratory. Of course, all assays have limitations; however, we suggest that the techniques discussed here will, with attention to their limitations, be useful as a screen for drugs to target the invasive phenotype of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Moin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Rothberg JM, Sameni M, Moin K, Sloane BF. Live-cell imaging of tumor proteolysis: impact of cellular and non-cellular microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1824:123-32. [PMID: 21854877 PMCID: PMC3232330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has had a longstanding interest in how the interactions between tumors and their microenvironment affect malignant progression. Recently, we have focused on defining the proteolytic pathways that function in the transition of breast cancer from the pre-invasive lesions of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). We use live-cell imaging to visualize, localize and quantify proteolysis as it occurs in real-time and thereby have established roles for lysosomal cysteine proteases both pericellularly and intracellularly in tumor proteolysis. To facilitate these studies, we have developed and optimized 3D organotypic co-culture models that recapitulate the in vivo interactions of mammary epithelial cells or tumor cells with stromal and inflammatory cells. Here we will discuss the background that led to our present studies as well as the techniques and models that we employ. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment/physiology
- Diagnostic Imaging/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Microscopy, Video
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Proteolysis
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Tumor Microenvironment/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rothberg
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Gårdsvoll H, Kjaergaard M, Jacobsen B, Kriegbaum MC, Huang M, Ploug M. Mimicry of the regulatory role of urokinase in lamellipodia formation by introduction of a non-native interdomain disulfide bond in its receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43515-26. [PMID: 22025616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) plays a regulatory role for both extravascular fibrinolysis and uPAR-mediated adhesion and migration on vitronectin-coated surfaces. We have recently proposed that the adhesive function of uPAR is allosterically regulated via a "tightening" of its three-domain structure elicited by uPA binding. To challenge this proposition, we redesigned the uPAR structure to limit its inherent conformational flexibility by covalently tethering domains DI and DIII via a non-natural interdomain disulfide bond (uPAR(H47C-N259C)). The corresponding soluble receptor has 1) a smaller hydrodynamic volume, 2) a higher content of secondary structure, and 3) unaltered binding kinetics towards uPA. Most importantly, the purified uPAR(H47C-N259C) also displays a gain in affinity for the somatomedin B domain of vitronectin compared with uPAR(wt), thus recapitulating the improved affinity that accompanies uPA-uPAR(wt) complex formation. This functional mimicry is, intriguingly, operational also in a cellular setting, where it controls lamellipodia formation in uPAR-transfected HEK293 cells adhering to vitronectin. In this respect, the engineered constraint in uPAR(H47C-N259C) thus bypasses the regulatory role of uPA binding, resulting in a constitutively active uPAR. In conclusion, our data argue for a biological relevance of the interdomain dynamics of the glycolipid-anchored uPAR on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gårdsvoll
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet & Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Alpízar-Alpízar W, Christensen IJ, Santoni-Rugiu E, Skarstein A, Ovrebo K, Illemann M, Laerum OD. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor on invasive cancer cells: A prognostic factor in distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E329-36. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Laerum OD, Ovrebo K, Skarstein A, Christensen IJ, Alpízar-Alpízar W, Helgeland L, Danø K, Nielsen BS, Illemann M. Prognosis in adenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and cardia evaluated by uPAR-immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:558-69. [PMID: 21866548 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of lower oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction and cardia in humans are highly invasive tumours with poor prognosis. The localisation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was determined in 66 patients; 60 with adenocarcinomas and six cases with Barrett's oesophagus. uPAR was expressed in nearly all cases of invasive adenocarcinomas by populations of cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at both the invasion front and the tumour core. In areas with high-grade dysplasia or with Barrett's metaplasia adjacent to the tumour tissue, no uPAR-immunoreactivity was found. High local expression of uPAR, therefore, appears to be a characteristic marker for invasive behaviour in this tumour, suggesting that uPAR's contribution to matrix degradation during invasive growth is a late event in carcinogenesis. Using a scoring system for semiquantitative estimation of uPAR-positivity on immmunohistochemically stained specimens, a significant association was found between poor overall survival and high uPAR-score for cancer cells in the tumour core and for macrophages peripherally at the tumour invasion zone. In multivariate analysis, these two uPAR-scores were confirmed as highly significant prognostic parameters independent of Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM)-stage and World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The proteolytic action of these malignant and nonmalignant accessory cells thus seemed to follow two main patterns: one dominated by uPAR positive cancer cells and one by uPAR-positive macrophages. Scoring of uPAR-positivity might be a useful parameter for onset of invasion and prognosis in these adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Didrik Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Balsara RD, Merryman R, Virjee F, Northway C, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. A deficiency of uPAR alters endothelial angiogenic function and cell morphology. Vasc Cell 2011; 3:10. [PMID: 21535874 PMCID: PMC3105951 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiogenic potential of a cell requires dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeletal architecture that involves the interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with the extracellular matrix. This study focuses on the effect of uPAR deficiency (uPAR-/-) on angiogenic function and associated cytoskeletal organization. Utilizing murine endothelial cells, it was observed that adhesion, migration, proliferation, and capillary tube formation were altered in uPAR-/- cells compared to wild-type (WT) cells. On a vitronectin (Vn) matrix, uPAR-/- cells acquired a "fried egg" morphology characterized by circular actin organization and lack of lamellipodia formation. The up-regulation of β1 integrin, FAK(P-Tyr925), and paxillin (P-Tyr118), and decreased Rac1 activation, suggested increased focal adhesions, but delayed focal adhesion turnover in uPAR-/- cells. This accounted for the enhanced adhesion, but attenuated migration, on Vn. VEGF-enriched Matrigel implants from uPAR-/- mice demonstrated a lack of mature vessel formation compared to WT mice. Collectively, these results indicate that a uPAR deficiency leads to decreased angiogenic functions of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashna D Balsara
- W, M, Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Kotzsch M, Bernt K, Friedrich K, Luther E, Albrecht S, Gatzweiler A, Magdolen V, Baretton G, Zietz C, Luther T. Prognostic relevance of tumour cell-associated uPAR expression in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 57:461-71. [PMID: 20840675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a key molecule for pericellular proteolysis in tumour cell invasion and metastasis. The aim was to evaluate the prognostic impact of uPAR in invasive breast cancer dependent on which cell types within the tumour express uPAR. METHODS AND RESULTS uPAR expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 270 tumour tissue specimens of invasive ductal breast carcinomas using tissue microarrays. For evaluation of uPAR immunoexpression we used the epitope-mapped, uPAR domain II-specific monoclonal antibody IID7. High uPAR score values in both tumour cells (uPAR-Tc) and stromal cells were significantly related to high tumour grade (G3), and inversely correlated with oestrogen receptor status. On multivariate analysis, high uPAR-Tc values contributed independent prognostic information for disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.93, P = 0.007) when adjusted for prognostically relevant clinicopathological parameters, whereas uPAR expression in stromal cells was not related to prognosis. In addition, elevated uPAR-Tc values were found to be prognostic indicators in clinically relevant subgroups of patients with invasive breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In invasive breast cancer uPAR expression in invasive carcinoma cells, but not in stromal cells, has a significant impact on patients' prognosis, and contributes to a more aggressive tumour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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Thode C, Jørgensen TG, Dabelsteen E, Mackenzie I, Dabelsteen S. Significance of myofibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:201-7. [PMID: 21342271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the tumor microenvironment makes significant contribution to tumor progression. Activated fibroblast endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and various extra cellular matrix components are parts of this microenvironment. Most of the activated fibroblasts are α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblast that often represent the majority of tumor stromal cells. Their production of growth factors chemokines and extracellular matrix facilitates tumor growth. Myofibroblast have been demonstrated in close to 50% of oral squamous cell carcinomas. In this review, we highlight the histological distribution of myofibroblast in oral squamous cell and the myofibroblast relation to tumor growth on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christenze Thode
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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High levels of microRNA-21 in the stroma of colorectal cancers predict short disease-free survival in stage II colon cancer patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 28:27-38. [PMID: 21069438 PMCID: PMC2998639 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of all patients with stage II colorectal cancer will experience recurrent disease and subsequently die within 5 years. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is upregulated in several cancer types and has been associated with survival in colon cancer. In the present study we developed a robust in situ hybridization assay using high-affinity Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) probes that specifically detect miR-21 in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. The expression of miR-21 was analyzed by in situ hybridization on 130 stage II colon and 67 stage II rectal cancer specimens. The miR-21 signal was revealed as a blue chromogenic reaction, predominantly observed in fibroblast-like cells located in the stromal compartment of the tumors. The expression levels were measured using image analysis. The miR-21 signal was determined as the total blue area (TB), or the area fraction relative to the nuclear density (TBR) obtained using a red nuclear stain. High TBR (and TB) estimates of miR-21 expression correlated significantly with shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.004, HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06–1.55) in the stage II colon cancer patient group, whereas no significant correlation with disease-free survival was observed in the stage II rectal cancer group. In multivariate analysis both TB and TBR estimates were independent of other clinical parameters (age, gender, total leukocyte count, K-RAS mutational status and MSI). We conclude that miR-21 is primarily a stromal microRNA, which when measured by image analysis identifies a subgroup of stage II colon cancer patients with short disease-free survival.
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Cunningham JL, Tsolakis AV, Jacobson A, Janson ET. Connective tissue growth factor expression in endocrine tumors is associated with high stromal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:691-7. [PMID: 20660557 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complications due to fibrosis development are common in patients with well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas in the small intestine (ileal carcinoids). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in ileal carcinoids may be related to this fibrosis development. This study aimed to examine CTGF expression in relation to local myofibroblast differentiation in a large series of ileal carcinoids and in different types of endocrine tumors. METHODS Immunoreactivity (IR) for CTGF and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker for myofibroblasts, was compared in serial tumor tissue sections from 42 patients with ileal carcinoids and from 80 patients with other endocrine tumors. Western blot was performed on an additional 21 patients with ileal carcinoids. RESULTS CTGF IR was present in >50% of tumor cells in all 42 ileal carcinoids and in 2 out of 14 endocrine pancreatic tumors, 4 out of 6 rectal carcinoids, and 1 out of 5 lung carcinoids. Tumors with abundant CTGF expression also displayed α-SMA IR in stromal fibroblast-like cells, whereas other endocrine tumors displayed less or no CTGF and α-SMA IR. Protein bands corresponding to full-length CTGF (36-42 kDa) were detected in protein lysates from ileal carcinoids. CONCLUSION CTGF is uniquely prevalent in ileal carcinoids when compared with most other endocrine tumor types. Immunoreactive cells are adjacent areas with increased fibrovascular stroma that express α-SMA. This supports a potential role for CTGF in myofibroblast-mediated fibrosis associated with ileal carcinoids, and indicates that CTGF should be investigated as a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Cunningham
- Section of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences, Lab 14, Research Department 2, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Xu BJ, Yan W, Jovanovic B, An AQ, Cheng N, Aakre ME, Yi Y, Eng J, Link AJ, Moses HL. Quantitative analysis of the secretome of TGF-beta signaling-deficient mammary fibroblasts. Proteomics 2010; 10:2458-70. [PMID: 20405477 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a master regulator of autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways between a tumor and its microenvironment. Decreased expression of TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) in stromal cells is associated with increased tumor metastasis and shorter patient survival. In this study, SILAC quantitative proteomics was used to identify differentially externalized proteins in the conditioned media from the mammary fibroblasts with or without intact TbetaRII. Over 1000 proteins were identified and their relative differential levels were quantified. Immunoassays were used to further validate identification and quantification of the proteomic results. Differential expression was detected for various extracellular proteins, including proteases and their inhibitors, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins. CXCL10, a cytokine found to be up-regulated in the TbetaRII knockout mammary fibroblasts, is shown to directly stimulate breast tumor cell proliferation and migration. Overall, this study revealed hundreds of specific extracellular protein changes modulated by deletion of TbetaRII in mammary fibroblasts, which may play important roles in the tumor microenvironment. These results warrant further investigation into the effects of inhibiting the TGF-beta signaling pathway in fibroblasts because systemic inhibition of TGF-beta signaling pathways is being considered as a potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baogang J Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Neutralisation of uPA with a monoclonal antibody reduces plasmin formation and delays skin wound healing in tPA-deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12746. [PMID: 20856796 PMCID: PMC2939870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolytic degradation by plasmin and metalloproteinases is essential for epidermal regeneration in skin wound healing. Plasminogen deficient mice have severely delayed wound closure as have mice simultaneously lacking the two plasminogen activators, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). In contrast, individual genetic deficiencies in either uPA or tPA lead to wound healing kinetics with no or only slightly delayed closure of skin wounds. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate the therapeutic potential in vivo of a murine neutralizing antibody directed against mouse uPA we investigated the efficacy in skin wound healing of tPA-deficient mice. Systemic administration of the anti-mouse uPA monoclonal antibody, mU1, to tPA-deficient mice caused a dose-dependent delay of skin wound closure almost similar to the delayed kinetics observed in uPA;tPA double-deficient mice. Analysis of wound extracts showed diminished levels of plasmin in the mU1-treated tPA-deficent mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that fibrin accumulated in the wounds of such mU1-treated tPA-deficent mice and that keratinocyte tongues were aberrant. Together these abnormalities lead to compromised epidermal closure. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of uPA activity with a monoclonal antibody in adult tPA-deficient mice mimics the effect of simultaneous genetic ablation of uPA and tPA. Thus, application of the murine inhibitory mU1 antibody provides a new and highly versatile tool to interfere with uPA-activity in vivo in mouse models of disease.
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Santos A, Lopes C, Marques RM, Amorim I, Ribeiro J, Frias C, Vicente C, Gärtner F, de Matos A. Immunohistochemical analysis of urokinase plasminogen activator and its prognostic value in canine mammary tumours. Vet J 2010; 189:43-8. [PMID: 20598596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) has been associated with aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis in human breast cancer, but there is no information on its expression in canine mammary tumours (CMT). uPA immunohistochemical expression was studied in 119 CMT (24 benign, 95 malignant) to investigate its relationship with clinical and histopathological parameters. Dogs with malignant mammary tumours (MMT) underwent a 2-year follow-up evaluation. MMT expressed significantly more uPA than benign tumours. In MMT, high uPA stromal expression was significantly associated with larger tumour size, high Ki-67 expression, invasive growth, high histological grade, regional lymph node metastases, development of distant metastases, and lower overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). On the basis of these results, uPA could be considered a useful prognostic factor in dogs with MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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Lin L, Gårdsvoll H, Huai Q, Huang M, Ploug M. Structure-based engineering of species selectivity in the interaction between urokinase and its receptor: implication for preclinical cancer therapy. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10982-92. [PMID: 20133942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.093492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The high affinity interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) is decisive for cell surface-associated plasminogen activation. Because plasmin activity controls fibrinolysis in a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer and wound healing, several intervention studies have focused on targeting the uPA.uPAR interaction in vivo. Evaluations of such studies in xenotransplanted tumor models are, however, complicated by the pronounced species selectivity in this interaction. We now report the molecular basis underlying this difference by solving the crystal structure for the murine uPA.uPAR complex and demonstrate by extensive surface plasmon resonance studies that the kinetic rate constants for this interaction can be swapped completely between these orthologs by exchanging only two residues. This study not only discloses the structural basis required for a successful rational design of the species selectivity in the uPA.uPAR interaction, which is highly relevant for functional studies in mouse models, but it also suggests the possible development of general inhibitors that will target the uPA.uPAR interaction across species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors by tumor and stromal cells in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and their relationship with microinvasive events. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1313-21. [PMID: 20127359 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). METHODS We used inmunohistochemistry to compare the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in tumor or stromal cells for 50 pure DCIS and 12 DCIS with microinvasive foci. RESULTS Score values for collagenase-1 (MMP-1), membrane type 1 MMP (MMP-14), and TIMP-1, were significantly higher in pure DCIS than in DCIS with microinvasive foci, whereas stromalysin-3 (MMP-11) expression was significantly higher in DCIS with microinvasive foci. Both fibroblasts and mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) surrounding pure DCIS showed more frequently expression of MMP-1, MMP-14, and TIMP-3, whereas MMP-11 expression was more frequent in MICs of microinvasive tumors. MICs of microinvasive foci more frequently showed the expression of gelatinase A (MMP-2), MMP-11, collagenase-3 (MMP-13), and TIMP-1, than MICs surrounding pure DCIS; whereas peri-ductal MICs and fibroblasts from pure DCIS expressed TIMP-3 more commonly than these cells at microinvasive foci. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the expression of MMPs and TIMPs, so in tumor cells and stromal cells, between pure DCIS and DCIS with microinvasive foci. Therefore, these staining patterns might display potential applications as biological markers, such as in evaluating microinvasion in resection specimens of breast tumors.
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Alpízar-Alpízar W, Nielsen BS, Sierra R, Illemann M, Ramírez JA, Arias A, Durán S, Skarstein A, Ovrebo K, Lund LR, Laerum OD. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is expressed in invasive cells in gastric carcinomas from high- and low-risk countries. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:405-15. [PMID: 19609941 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second cancer causing death worldwide. Both incidence and mortality rates vary according to geographical regions. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation by mediating cell surface associated plasminogen activation, and its presence on gastric cancer cells is linked to micro-metastasis and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analyses of a set of 44 gastric cancer lesions from Costa Rica showed expression of uPAR in cancer cells in both intestinal subtype (14 of 27) and diffuse subtype (10 of 17). We compared the expression pattern of uPAR in gastric cancers from a high-risk country (Costa Rica) with a low-risk country (Norway). We found uPAR on gastric cancer cells in 24 of 44 cases (54%) from Costa Rica and in 13 of 23 cases (56%) from Norway. uPAR was seen in macrophages and neutrophils in all cases. We also examined the nonneoplastic mucosa and found that uPAR was more frequently seen in epithelial cells located at the luminal edge of the crypts in cases with Helicobacter pylori infection than in similar epithelial cells in noninfected mucosa (p = 0.033; chi(2) = 4.54). In conclusion, the expression of uPAR in cancer cells in more than half of the gastric cancer cases suggests that their uPAR-positivity do not contribute to explain the different mortality rates between the 2 countries, however, the actual prevalence of uPAR-positive cancer cells in the gastric cancers may still provide prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
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