1
|
Lee Q, Chan WC, Qu X, Sun Y, Abdelkarim H, Le J, Saqib U, Sun MY, Kruse K, Banerjee A, Hitchinson B, Geyer M, Huang F, Guaiquil V, Mutso AA, Sanders M, Rosenblatt MI, Maienschein-Cline M, Lawrence MS, Gaponenko V, Malik AB, Komarova YA. End binding-3 inhibitor activates regenerative program in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101223. [PMID: 37794584 PMCID: PMC10591057 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterized by leaky neovessels emanating from the choroid, is a main cause of blindness. As current treatments for wet AMD require regular intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biologics, there is a need for the development of less invasive treatments. Here, we designed an allosteric inhibitor of end binding-3 (EB3) protein, termed EBIN, which reduces the effects of environmental stresses on endothelial cells by limiting pathological calcium signaling. Delivery of EBIN via eye drops in mouse and non-human primate (NHP) models of wet AMD prevents both neovascular leakage and choroidal neovascularization. EBIN reverses the epigenetic changes induced by environmental stresses, allowing an activation of a regenerative program within metabolic-active endothelial cells comprising choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EBIN in preventing the degenerative processes underlying wet AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wan Ching Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinyan Qu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Le
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Uzma Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mitchell Y Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kevin Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Avik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ben Hitchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Melissa Geyer
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Victor Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amelia A Mutso
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dhumale P, Nielsen JV, Hansen ACS, Burton M, Beck HC, Jørgensen MG, Toyserkani NM, Haahr MK, Hansen ST, Lund L, Thomassen M, Sørensen JA, Andersen DC, Jensen CH, Sheikh SP. CD31 defines a subpopulation of human adipose-derived regenerative cells with potent angiogenic effects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14401. [PMID: 37658225 PMCID: PMC10474028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity represents a major challenge for regenerative treatment using freshly isolated Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells (ADRCs). Emerging data suggest superior efficacy of ADRCs as compared to the ex vivo expanded and more homogeneous ADRCs (= ASCs) for indications involving (micro)vascular deficiency, however, it remains unknown which ADRC cell subtypes account for the improvement. Surprisingly, we found regarding erectile dysfunction (ED) that the number of injected CD31+ ADRCs correlated positively with erectile function 12 months after one bolus of autologous ADRCs. Comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo analyses confirmed superior pro-angiogenic and paracrine effects of human CD31+ enriched ADRCs compared to the corresponding CD31- and parent ADRCs. When CD31+, CD31- and ADRCs were co-cultured in aortic ring- and corpus cavernous tube formation assays, the CD31+ ADRCs induced significantly higher tube development. This effect was corroborated using conditioned medium (CM), while quantitative mass spectrometric analysis suggested that this is likely explained by secretory pro-angiogenic proteins including DKK3, ANGPT2, ANAX2 and VIM, all enriched in CD31+ ADRC CM. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that transcripts of the upregulated and secreted proteins were present in 9 endothelial ADRC subsets including endothelial progenitor cells in the heterogenous non-cultured ADRCs. Our data suggest that the vascular benefit of using ADRCs in regenerative medicine is dictated by CD31+ ADRCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Dhumale
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Vennike Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, OUH, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Gustaf Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Plastic Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, SDU, Odense, Denmark
| | - Navid Mohamadpour Toyserkani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, OUH, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Plastic Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, SDU, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Sabrina Toft Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Urology, OUH, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Urology, OUH, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, OUH, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Plastic Surgery, OUH, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Plastic Surgery, Department of Clinical Research, SDU, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caffo M, Fusco R, Siracusa R, Caruso G, Barresi V, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Germanò AF, Cardali SM. Molecular Investigation of DKK3 in Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030815. [PMID: 36979794 PMCID: PMC10045463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) is an atypical member of the Dkk family of Wnt inhibitors, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Its role in the mechanisms of cellular degeneration and protection is still unknown. The aim of our work is to investigate the endogenous activation of the DKK3 pathway in a model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. In particular, the animals were subjected to 1 h of ischemia followed by different reperfusion times (1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h) to evaluate the downstream pathway and the time course of its activation. Western blot analysis showed increased Dkk3 expression in animals with the highest time of reperfusion. The increased levels of Dkk3 were accompanied by reduced Wnt3a, Frz1 and PIWI1a expression in the cytosol while FOXM1 and β-catenin decreased in the nucleus. These molecular changes led to an increase in the apoptotic pathway, as showed by the increased expression of Caspase 3 and Bax and the reduced levels of Bcl-2, and to a decrease in neurogenesis, as shown by the decreased expression of Tbr2, Ngn2 and Pax6. In the second part of the study, we decided to employ curcumin, an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, to investigate its effect on Dkk3. In particular, curcumin was administered 1 and 6 h after ischemia, and animals were sacrificed 24 h later when the expression of Dkk3 was higher. Our data displayed that curcumin administration decreased Dkk3 expression, and increased Wnt3a, Frz1 and PIWI1a levels. Well in line with these data, curcumin administration increased nuclear β-catenin and FOXM1 expression. The down-regulation of Dkk3 by curcumin led to reduced apoptosis and increased neurogenesis. Summarizing, our results showed that Dkk3 acts as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during cerebral ischemia. Additionally, its inhibition and the contextual activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are protective against ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caffo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunzita, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Francesco Germanò
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Massimo Cardali
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gohara Y, Tomonobu N, Kinoshita R, Futami J, Audebert L, Chen Y, Komalasari NLGY, Jiang F, Yoshizawa C, Murata H, Yamamoto KI, Watanabe M, Kumon H, Sakaguchi M. Novel extracellular role of REIC/Dkk-3 protein in PD-L1 regulation in cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:431-447. [PMID: 36869893 PMCID: PMC10090029 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The adenovirus-REIC/Dkk-3 expression vector (Ad-REIC) has been the focus of numerous clinical studies due to its potential for the quenching of cancers. The cancer-suppressing mechanisms of the REIC/DKK-3 gene depend on multiple pathways that exert both direct and indirect effects on cancers. The direct effect is triggered by REIC/Dkk-3-mediated ER stress that causes cancer-selective apoptosis, and the indirect effect can be classified in two ways: (i) induction, by Ad-REIC-mis-infected cancer-associated fibroblasts, of the production of IL-7, an important activator of T cells and NK cells, and (ii) promotion, by the secretory REIC/Dkk-3 protein, of dendritic cell polarization from monocytes. These unique features allow Ad-REIC to exert effective and selective cancer-preventative effects in the manner of an anticancer vaccine. However, the question of how the REIC/Dkk-3 protein leverages anticancer immunity has remained to be answered. We herein report a novel function of the extracellular REIC/Dkk-3-namely, regulation of an immune checkpoint via modulation of PD-L1 on the cancer-cell surface. First, we identified novel interactions of REIC/Dkk-3 with the membrane proteins C5aR, CXCR2, CXCR6, and CMTM6. These proteins all functioned to stabilize PD-L1 on the cell surface. Due to the dominant expression of CMTM6 among the proteins in cancer cells, we next focused on CMTM6 and observed that REIC/Dkk-3 competed with CMTM6 for PD-L1, thereby liberating PD-L1 from its complexation with CMTM6. The released PD-L1 immediately underwent endocytosis-mediated degradation. These results will enhance our understanding of not only the physiological nature of the extracellular REIC/Dkk-3 protein but also the Ad-REIC-mediated anticancer effects. KEY MESSAGES: • REIC/Dkk-3 protein effectively suppresses breast cancer progression through an acceleration of PD-L1 degradation. • PD-L1 stability on the cancer cell membrane is kept high by binding with mainly CMTM6. • Competitive binding of REIC/Dkk-3 protein with CMTM6 liberates PD-L1, leading to PD-L1 degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Gohara
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Junichiro Futami
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Léna Audebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Youyi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ni Luh Gede Yoni Komalasari
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Chikako Yoshizawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-Targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama-Shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qin N, Paisana E, Langini M, Picard D, Malzkorn B, Custódia C, Cascão R, Meyer FD, Blümel L, Göbbels S, Taban K, Bartl J, Bechmann N, Conrad C, Gravemeyer J, Becker JC, Stefanski A, Puget S, Barata JT, Stühler K, Fischer U, Felsberg J, Ayrault O, Reifenberger G, Borkhardt A, Eisenhofer G, Faria CC, Remke M. Intratumoral heterogeneity of MYC drives medulloblastoma metastasis and angiogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:1509-1523. [PMID: 35307743 PMCID: PMC9435486 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral heterogeneity is crucially involved in metastasis, resistance to therapy, and cancer relapse. Amplifications of the proto-oncogene MYC display notable heterogeneity at the single-cell level and are associated with a particularly dismal prognosis in high-risk medulloblastomas (MBs). The aim of this study was to establish the relevance of interclonal cross-talk between MYC-driven and non-MYC-driven MB cells. METHODS We used fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-cell transcriptomics, and immunohistochemistry, in vitro isogenic cell models, non-targeted proteomics, mass spectrometry-based metabolite quantification, HUVECs tube formation assay, and orthotopic in vivo experiments to investigate interclonal cross-talk in MB. RESULTS We found that the release of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) from MYC-driven cells facilitates metastatic seeding and outgrowth, while secretion of dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3 from non-MYC-driven cells promotes tumor angiogenesis. This tumor-supporting interaction between both subclones was abrogated by targeting the secretome through pharmacological and genetic inhibition of LDHA, which significantly suppressed tumor cell migration. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the functional relevance of clonal diversity and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the secretome to interrupt interclonal communication and progression in high-risk MB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- Corresponding Author: Nan Qin, PhD, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, HHU, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany ()
| | | | | | - Daniel Picard
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bastian Malzkorn
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carlos Custódia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular – João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Cascão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular – João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frauke-Dorothee Meyer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Blümel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Göbbels
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kübra Taban
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jasmin Bartl
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Catleen Conrad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Gravemeyer
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular – João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Remke
- Corresponding Author: Marc Remke, MD, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, HHU, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany ()
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hattori Y, Kurozumi K, Otani Y, Uneda A, Tsuboi N, Makino K, Hirano S, Fujii K, Tomita Y, Oka T, Matsumoto Y, Shimazu Y, Michiue H, Kumon H, Date I. Combination of Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab modulates glioma progression by suppressing tumor invasion and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273242. [PMID: 36006934 PMCID: PMC9409598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression in immortalized cells/Dickkopf-3 (REIC/Dkk-3) is a tumor suppressor and its overexpression has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects as a therapeutic target gene in many human cancers. Recently, we demonstrated the anti-glioma effects of an adenoviral vector carrying REIC/Dkk-3 with the super gene expression system (Ad-SGE-REIC). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments such as bevacizumab have demonstrated convincing therapeutic advantage in patients with glioblastoma. However, bevacizumab did not improve overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. In this study, we examined the effects of Ad-SGE-REIC on glioma treated with bevacizumab. Ad-SGE-REIC treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of invasion cells treated with bevacizumab. Western blot analyses revealed the increased expression of several endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in cells treated with both bevacizumab and Ad-SGE-REIC, as well as decreased β-catenin protein levels. In malignant glioma mouse models, overall survival was extended in the combination therapy group. These results suggest that the combination therapy of Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab exerts anti-glioma effects by suppressing the angiogenesis and invasion of tumors. Combined Ad-SGE-REIC and bevacizumab might be a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hattori
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Uneda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobushige Tsuboi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keigo Makino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Hirano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Oka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Michiue
- Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kano J, Wang H, Zhang H, Noguchi M. Roles of DKK3 in cellular adhesion, motility, and invasion through extracellular interaction with TGFBI. FEBS J 2022; 289:6385-6399. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan
| | - Han Zhang
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Wang R, Jiang L, Xu Q, Guo X. Endothelial repair by stem and progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:133-146. [PMID: 34743936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial barrier is required to maintain vascular homeostasis and fluid balance between the circulatory system and surrounding tissues and to prevent the development of vascular disease. However, the origin of the newly developed endothelial cells is still controversial. Stem and progenitor cells have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cell lines and stimulate vascular regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. The one source of new endothelial cells was believed to come from the bone marrow, which was challenged by the recent findings. By administration of new techniques, including genetic cell lineage tracing and single cell RNA sequencing, more solid data were obtained that support the concept of stem/progenitor cells for regenerating damaged endothelium. Specifically, it was found that tissue resident endothelial progenitors located in the vessel wall were crucial for endothelial repair. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in stem and progenitor cell research in endothelial regeneration through findings from animal models and discussed clinical data to indicate the future direction of stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dickkopf Proteins and Their Role in Cancer: A Family of Wnt Antagonists with a Dual Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080810. [PMID: 34451907 PMCID: PMC8400703 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway regulates crucial aspects such as cell fate determination, cell polarity and organogenesis during embryonic development. Wnt pathway deregulation is a hallmark of several cancers such as lung, gastric and liver cancer, and has been reported to be altered in others. Despite the general agreement reached by the scientific community on the oncogenic potential of the central components of the pathway, the role of the antagonist proteins remains less clear. Deregulation of the pathway may be caused by overexpression or downregulation of a wide range of antagonist proteins. Although there is growing information related to function and regulation of Dickkopf (DKK) proteins, their pharmacological potential as cancer therapeutics still has not been fully developed. This review provides an update on the role of DKK proteins in cancer and possible potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer; available compounds in pre-clinical or clinical trials are also reviewed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pei Y, Tang Z, Cai M, Yao Q, Xie B. MicroRNA miR-425 promotes tumor progression by inhibiting Dickkopf-related protein-3 in gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2045-2054. [PMID: 34124998 PMCID: PMC8806936 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1930743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a prevalent yet heterogeneous disease which ranks as the fifth most common cancer in the world. Dietary habit, genetic background, Helicobacter Pylori infections were the risk factors of gastric cancer. MicroRNA miR-425 is highly expressed in gastric cancer, but little attention has been devoted to the mechanism of miR-425 in tumorigenesis. This study aim to investigate the role of miR-425 in gastric cancer.The expression of miR-425 and Dickkopf-related protein-3(DKK-3) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Gastric cell line BGC-823 and SGC-7901 were transfected miR-425 inhibitors or NC. Then, cell viability was determined by CCK-8, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed by flow cytometer. Cell migration and cell invasion were analyzed by wound healing and trans-well assays. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to assess the correlation between miR-425 and DKK-3. Downstream regulators, such as p-ASK1 and p-JNK, were analysis by western blot.Compared with normal gastric epithelium cell line, miR-425 was obviously upregulated in gastric cancer cell lines. MiR-425 inhibitor suppressed the cell viability, cell migration and cell invasion. The Luciferase assay data identified that DKK-3 is a target of miR-425. While miR-425 could lower the expression of DKK-3 which mediate tumorigenesis in a certain way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Pei
- Central Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiteng Tang
- Department of Pathology, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Minjing Cai
- Department of Center of Clinical Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Central Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bozhen Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song KM, Kim WJ, Choi MJ, Limanjaya A, Ghatak K, Minh NN, Ock J, Yin GN, Hong SS, Suh JK, Ryu JK. Intracavernous delivery of Dickkopf3 gene or peptide rescues erectile function through enhanced cavernous angiogenesis in the diabetic mouse. Andrology 2020; 8:1387-1397. [PMID: 32170840 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe peripheral angiopathy in patients with diabetes is a major contributing factor for low response rate to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. OBJECTIVES To examine whether and how Dickkopf3 (DKK3), a secreted modulator of the Wnt pathway that known to be involved in endothelial cell repair and vascular progenitor cell migration, restores erectile function in diabetic mice. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg for 5 days). Eight weeks after the diabetes was induced, the efficacy of DKK3 was determined by three independent experiments: experiment 1 (DKK3 peptide [5 μg in 20 μL PBS]); experiment 2 (DKK3 plasmid DNA with electroporation [10, 40, or 100 μg in 20 μL PBS, respectively]); and experiment 3 (DKK3 adenovirus [1 × 107 , 1 × 108 , 1 × 109 virus particles per 20 μL, respectively]). Erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve one week (for peptide) or two weeks (for genes) after treatment. The angiogenic activity of DKK3 was determined in diabetic penis in vivo and in primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells (MCECs) in vitro. RESULTS The cavernous expression of DKK3 protein was significantly lower in the diabetic mice than in controls. DKK3 peptide or adenovirus significantly improved erectile function in diabetic mice (70% of the control values). DKK3 adenovirus profoundly restored cavernous endothelial cell and pericyte contents and increased endothelial junction proteins in diabetic mice in vivo. DKK3 peptide induced upregulation of angiogenic factors (angiopoietin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor) and accelerated tube formation in MCECs cultivated under the high-glucose condition in vitro. CONCLUSION DKK3 restored cavernous vascular integrity and improved erectile function in diabetic mice. Therapeutic cavernous angiogenesis by the use of DKK3 will be a promising therapeutic strategy to treat diabetic erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Moon Song
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo-Jean Kim
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Choi
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Anita Limanjaya
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kalyan Ghatak
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nguyen Nhat Minh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ock
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Drug Development, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Urology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen T, Karamariti E, Hong X, Deng J, Wu Y, Gu W, Simpson R, Wong MM, Yu B, Hu Y, Qu A, Xu Q, Zhang L. DKK3 (Dikkopf-3) Transdifferentiates Fibroblasts Into Functional Endothelial Cells-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:765-773. [PMID: 30816803 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective- To determine the role of a cytokine-like protein DKK3 (dikkopf-3) in directly transdifferentiating fibroblasts into endothelial cells (ECs) and the underlying mechanisms. Approach and Results- DKK3 overexpression in human fibroblasts under defined conditions for 4 days led to a notable change in cell morphology and progenitor gene expression. It was revealed that these cells went through mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and subsequently expressed KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) at high levels. Further culture in EC defined media led to differentiation of these progenitors into functional ECs capable of angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, which was regulated by the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/miR (microRNA)-125a-5p/Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3) axis. More importantly, fibroblast-derived ECs showed the ability to form a patent endothelium-like monolayer in tissue-engineered vascular grafts ex vivo. Conclusions- These data demonstrate that DKK3 is capable of directly differentiating human fibroblasts to functional ECs under defined media and provides a novel potential strategy for endothelial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (T.C., Y.W., Q.X., L.Z.)
| | - Eirini Karamariti
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Xuechong Hong
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Yutao Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (T.C., Y.W., Q.X., L.Z.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Russell Simpson
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Mei Mei Wong
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (B.Y., A.Q.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (B.Y., A.Q.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (T.C., Y.W., Q.X., L.Z.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.K., X.H., J.D., W.D., R.S., M.M.W., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Li Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (T.C., Y.W., Q.X., L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Komori Y, Kano J, Nakano N, Sakashita S, Sakamoto N, Noguchi M. Dickkopf‐related protein 3 promotes cell adhesion and invasion during progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Int 2019; 69:646-654. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Komori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Junko Kano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Issa Bhaloo S, Wu Y, Le Bras A, Yu B, Gu W, Xie Y, Deng J, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Kong D, Hu Y, Qu A, Zhao Q, Xu Q. Binding of Dickkopf-3 to CXCR7 Enhances Vascular Progenitor Cell Migration and Degradable Graft Regeneration. Circ Res 2019; 123:451-466. [PMID: 29980568 PMCID: PMC6092110 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Vascular progenitor cells play key roles in physiological and pathological vascular remodeling—a process that is crucial for the regeneration of acellular biodegradable scaffolds engineered as vital strategies against the limited availability of healthy autologous vessels for bypass grafting. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving vascular progenitor cells recruitment and differentiation could help the development of new strategies to improve tissue-engineered vessel grafts and design drug-targeted therapy for vessel regeneration. Objective: In this study, we sought to investigate the role of Dkk3 (dickkopf-3), recently identified as a cytokine promotor of endothelial repair and smooth muscle cell differentiation, on vascular progenitor cells cell migration and vascular regeneration and to identify its functional receptor that remains unknown. Methods and Results: Vascular stem/progenitor cells were isolated from murine aortic adventitia and selected for the Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1) marker. Dkk3 induced the chemotaxis of Sca-1+ cells in vitro in transwell and wound healing assays and ex vivo in the aortic ring assay. Functional studies to identify Dkk3 receptor revealed that overexpression or knockdown of chemokine receptor CXCR7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7) in Sca-1+ cells resulted in alterations in cell migration. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using Sca-1+ cell extracts treated with Dkk3 showed the physical interaction between DKK3 and CXCR7, and specific saturation binding assays identified a high-affinity Dkk3-CXCR7 binding with a dissociation constant of 14.14 nmol/L. Binding of CXCR7 by Dkk3 triggered the subsequent activation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2)-, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B)-, Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1)-, and RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A)-signaling pathways involved in Sca-1+ cell migration. Tissue-engineered vessel grafts were fabricated with or without Dkk3 and implanted to replace the rat abdominal aorta. Dkk3-loaded tissue-engineered vessel grafts showed efficient endothelization and recruitment of vascular progenitor cells, which had acquired characteristics of mature smooth muscle cells. CXCR7 blocking using specific antibodies in this vessel graft model hampered stem/progenitor cell recruitment into the vessel wall, thus compromising vascular remodeling. Conclusions: We provide a novel and solid evidence that CXCR7 serves as Dkk3 receptor, which mediates Dkk3-induced vascular progenitor migration in vitro and in tissue-engineered vessels, hence harnessing patent grafts resembling native blood vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Issa Bhaloo
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Yifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Y.W., Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Le Bras
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (B.Y., A.Q.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Yao Xie
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Y.W., Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Y.W., Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (B.Y., A.Q.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Y.W., Z.W., D.K., Q.Z.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, United Kingdom (S.I.B., A.L.B., W.G., Y.X., J.D., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dkk-3 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2018; 32:86. [PMID: 30788323 PMCID: PMC6377052 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.32.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Dickkopf 3 (Dkk-3) protein is a member of the Dkk family known as Wnt signaling inhibitor. The level of DKk-3 changes in a wide range of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer, is proposed as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of many cancers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the serum level of Dkk-3 as a cancer biomarker and to determine their prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy matched controls.
Methods: A total of 30 colorectal cancer patients at different stages of the disease and healthy matched controls with no history of inflammatory and autoimmune disease or cancer were enrolled in the study. The level of Dkk-3 was assessed serologically using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, moreover, relevance of these markers with patients’ clinicopathological features was subsequently assessed. Means comparison and ROC curves analysis were done using SPSS software. P-value ˂0.05 was considered significant in all the tests.
Results: In this study, it was revealed that serum level of Dkk-3 was significantly (p<0.001) lower in patients compared to the healthy controls. Statistical analysis showed that serum level of Dkk-3 has 78% specificity and 77% sensitivity (AUC= 0.782, 95% CI) for diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Conclusion: Dkk-3 protein can be considered as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and possibly the prognosis of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Busceti CL, Di Menna L, Bianchi F, Mastroiacovo F, Di Pietro P, Traficante A, Bozza G, Niehrs C, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Fornai F, Volpe M, Rubattu S, Nicoletti F. Dickkopf-3 Causes Neuroprotection by Inducing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:292. [PMID: 30258353 PMCID: PMC6143799 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) is an atypical member of the Dkk family of Wnt inhibitors, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role of Dkk3 in mechanisms of cell degeneration and protection is unknown. We used Dkk3 knockout mice to examine how endogenous Dkk3 influences ischemic brain damage. In addition, we used primary cultures of astrocytes or mixed cultures of astrocytes and neurons to investigate the action of Dkk3 on cell damage and dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms. In a model of focal brain ischemia induced by permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAO) Dkk3−/− mice showed a significantly greater infarct size with respect to their wild-type counterparts at all time points investigated (1, 3 and 7 days after MCAO). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Dkk3 expression was enhanced at the borders of the ischemic focus, and was predominantly detected in astrocytes. This raised the possibility that Dkk3 produced by astrocytes acted as a protective molecule. We tested this hypothesis using either primary cultures of cortical astrocytes or mixed cortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. Genetic deletion of Dkk3 was permissive to astrocyte damage induced by either oxidative stress or glucose deprivation. In addition, application of human recombinant Dkk3 (hrDkk3) was highly protective against oxidative stress in cultured astrocytes. We tested the hypothesis that the protective activity of Dkk3 was mediated byvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Interestingly, glucose deprivation up-regulated both Dkk3 and VEGF in cultured astrocytes prepared from wild-type mice. VEGF induction was not observed in astrocytes lacking Dkk3 (i.e., in cultures prepared from Dkk3−/− mice). In mixed cultures of cortical cells, excitotoxic neuronal death induced by a brief pulse with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was significantly enhanced when Dkk3 was lacking in astrocytes, whereas post-NMDA addition of hrDkk3 was neuroprotective. Neuroprotection by hrDkk3 was significantly reduced by pharmacological blockade of type-2 VEGF receptors and was mimicked by hrVEGF. These data offer the first evidence that Dkk3 protects both neurons and astrocytes against a variety of toxic insults, and at least in culture, protection involves VEGF induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Protective effect of stromal Dickkopf-3 in prostate cancer: opposing roles for TGFBI and ECM-1. Oncogene 2018; 37:5305-5324. [PMID: 29858602 PMCID: PMC6160402 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is a hallmark of the stromal microenvironment in cancer. Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3), shown to inhibit TGF-β signaling, is downregulated in prostate cancer and upregulated in the stroma in benign prostatic hyperplasia, but the function of stromal Dkk-3 is unclear. Here we show that DKK3 silencing in WPMY-1 prostate stromal cells increases TGF-β signaling activity and that stromal cell-conditioned media inhibit prostate cancer cell invasion in a Dkk-3-dependent manner. DKK3 silencing increased the level of the cell-adhesion regulator TGF-β-induced protein (TGFBI) in stromal and epithelial cell-conditioned media, and recombinant TGFBI increased prostate cancer cell invasion. Reduced expression of Dkk-3 in patient tumors was associated with increased expression of TGFBI. DKK3 silencing reduced the level of extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM-1) in prostate stromal cell-conditioned media but increased it in epithelial cell-conditioned media, and recombinant ECM-1 inhibited TGFBI-induced prostate cancer cell invasion. Increased ECM1 and DKK3 mRNA expression in prostate tumors was associated with increased relapse-free survival. These observations are consistent with a model in which the loss of Dkk-3 in prostate cancer leads to increased secretion of TGFBI and ECM-1, which have tumor-promoting and tumor-protective roles, respectively. Determining how the balance between the opposing roles of extracellular factors influences prostate carcinogenesis will be key to developing therapies that target the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
18
|
Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hamzehzadeh L, Caraglia M, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3): A candidate for detection and treatment of cancers? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4595-4605. [PMID: 29206297 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an evolutionary highly conserved pathway that is modulated by several inhibitors and activators, and plays a key role in numerous physiological processes. One of the extracellular Wnt inhibitors is the DKK (Dickkopf Homolog) family which has four members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). DKK3 is a divergent member of the DKK protein family. Evidence suggests that DKK3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in several types of human cancers. We review here the biological role of DKK3 as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) or oncogene, and its correlation with various miRNAs. In addition, we discuss the role of polymorphisms and promoter methylation of the DKK3 gene, and of its expression in regulating cancer cell proliferation. Finally, we propose that DKK3 may be considered as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Caffo M, Esposito E, Barresi V, Caruso G, Cardali SM, Rinaldi M, Mallamace R, Campolo M, Casili G, Conti A, Germanò A, Cuzzocrea S, Minutoli L. Modulation of Dkk-3 and claudin-5 as new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of meningiomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68280-68290. [PMID: 28978116 PMCID: PMC5620256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system, where the incidence is around 25% of all primary brain tumors. The optimal treatment is represented by total resection accompanied by the removal of the dura mater and bone when infiltrated by the tumor. The histological grading is the most important prognostic factor in the outcome. However, recurrences do occur in a significant proportion (10–25%) of cases, representing the most relevant clinical complication. Molecular therapies are providing to give different opportunities in the development of new treatments. The Dickkopf-related family of proteins includes four secretory proteins. The expression of the REIC/Dkk-3 gene is down-regulated in many tumor cell lines and could contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of the tissue microenvironment. An important role in carcinogenesis is played by Dickkopf protein-related protein 3, which is involved in embryonic development through its interaction and modulation of the pathway of the Wnt signal transduction. The mutations of this pathway are of clinical importance, because they lead to the onset of several cancers, including brain tumors, being also involved in tumor angiogenesis. The claudin-5, is an integral membrane protein, which regulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In various pathological processes, including inflammation, trauma and tumor, claudin 5 regulate the change in endothelial or epithelial permeability, therefore, modification in claudin-5 expression may play a role in malignant transformation. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the role of Dkk-3 and claudin-5 in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. A more correct identification of the role of these proteins might suggest interesting and new molecular targets for future therapeutic protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caffo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Cardali
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Rinaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu B, Kiechl S, Qi D, Wang X, Song Y, Weger S, Mayr A, Le Bras A, Karamariti E, Zhang Z, Barco Barrantes ID, Niehrs C, Schett G, Hu Y, Wang W, Willeit J, Qu A, Xu Q. A Cytokine-Like Protein Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 Is Atheroprotective. Circulation 2017; 136:1022-1036. [PMID: 28674110 PMCID: PMC5598907 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) is a secreted protein that is involved in the regulation of cardiac remodeling and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, but little is known about its role in atherosclerosis. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that DKK3 is atheroprotective using both epidemiological and experimental approaches. Blood DKK3 levels were measured in the Bruneck Study in 2000 (n=684) and then in 2005 (n=574). DKK3-deficient mice were crossed with apolipoprotein E-/- mice to evaluate atherosclerosis development and vessel injury-induced neointimal formation. Endothelial cell migration and the underlying mechanisms were studied using in vitro cell culture models. Results: In the prospective population-based Bruneck Study, the level of plasma DKK3 was inversely related to carotid artery intima-media thickness and 5-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis independently from standard risk factors for atherosclerosis. Experimentally, we analyzed the area of atherosclerotic lesions, femoral artery injury-induced reendothelialization, and neointima formation in both DKK3-/-/apolipoprotein E-/- and DKK3+/+/apolipoprotein E-/- mice. It was demonstrated that DKK3 deficiency accelerated atherosclerosis and delayed reendothelialization with consequently exacerbated neointima formation. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed transwell and scratch migration assays using cultured human endothelial cells, which exhibited a significant induction in cell migration in response to DKK3 stimulation. This DKK3-induced migration activated ROR2 and DVL1, activated Rac1 GTPases, and upregulated JNK and c-jun phosphorylation in endothelial cells. Knockdown of the ROR2 receptor using specific siRNA or transfection of a dominant-negative form of Rac1 in endothelial cells markedly inhibited cell migration and downstream JNK and c-jun phosphorylation. Conclusions: This study provides the evidence for a role of DKK3 in the protection against atherosclerosis involving endothelial migration and repair, with great therapeutic potential implications against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yu
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Dan Qi
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Yanting Song
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Siegfried Weger
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Agnes Mayr
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Alexandra Le Bras
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Eirini Karamariti
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Ivan Del Barco Barrantes
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Christof Niehrs
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Georg Schett
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Wen Wang
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Johann Willeit
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom (B.Y., X.W., A.L.B., E.K., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., J.W.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (D.Q., Y.S., A.Q.); Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, Bruneck Hospital, Italy (S.W., A.M.); Division of Molecular Embryology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany and Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany (I.d.B.B., C.N.); Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany (C.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (G.S.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Y.H., Q.X.); and Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qui S, Kano J, Noguchi M. Dickkopf 3 attenuates xanthine dehydrogenase expression to prevent oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Genes Cells 2017; 22:406-417. [PMID: 28299863 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dickkopf (DKK) 3 is a DKK glycoprotein family member that controls cell fate during embryogenesis and exerts opposing effects on survival in a cell type-dependent manner; however, the mechanisms governing its pro-apoptosis versus pro-survival functions remain unclear. Here, we investigated DKK3 function in Li21 hepatoma cells and tPH5CH immortalized hepatocytes. DKK3 knockdown by siRNA resulted in reactive oxygen species accumulation and subsequent apoptosis, which were abrogated by administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. Moreover, forced DKK3 over-expression induced resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced apoptosis. Expression analysis by cDNA microarray showed that xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression was significantly lower in Li21 and tPH5CHDKK3-over-expressing cells in response to H2 O2 treatment when compared to that in their respective mock-transfected controls, whereas a marked increase was observed in H2 O2 -treated DKK3 knockdown cells. Thus, these data suggest that DKK3 promotes cell survival during oxidative stress by suppressing the expression of the superoxide-producing enzyme XDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qui
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Junko Kano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Busceti CL, Marchitti S, Bianchi F, Di Pietro P, Riozzi B, Stanzione R, Cannella M, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Volpe M, Fornai F, Nicoletti F, Rubattu S. Dickkopf-3 Upregulates VEGF in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells by Activating Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (ALK1) Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:111. [PMID: 28352232 PMCID: PMC5348502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dkk-3 is a member of the dickkopf protein family of secreted inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, which has been shown to enhance angiogenesis. The mechanism underlying this effect is currently unknown. Here, we used cultured HUVECs to study the involvement of the TGF-β and VEGF on the angiogenic effect of Dkk-3. Addition of hrDkk-3 peptide (1 or 10 ng/ml) to HUVECs for 6 or 12 h enhanced the intracellular and extracellular VEGF protein levels, as assessed by RTPCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry and ELISA. The increase in the extracellular VEGF levels was associated to the VEGFR2 activation. Pharmacological blockade of VEGFR2 abrogated Dkk-3-induced endothelial cell tubes formation, indicating that VEGF is a molecular player of the angiogenic effects of Dkk-3. Moreover, Dkk-3 enhanced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and recruited Smad4 to the VEGF gene promoter, suggesting that Dkk-3 activated ALK1 receptor leading to a transcriptional activation of VEGF. This mechanism was instrumental to the increased VEGF expression and endothelial cell tubes formation mediated by Dkk-3, because both effects were abolished by siRNA-mediated ALK1 knockdown. In summary, we have found that Dkk-3 activates ALK1 to stimulate VEGF production and induce angiogenesis in HUVECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Busceti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simona Marchitti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franca Bianchi
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Barbara Riozzi
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS NEUROMED - Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsujimura N, Yamada NO, Kuranaga Y, Kumazaki M, Shinohara H, Taniguchi K, Akao Y. A Novel Role of Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 in Macropinocytosis in Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1846. [PMID: 27827955 PMCID: PMC5133846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) is a potential tumor suppressor reported in various cancer entities. However, we found that Dkk-3 was exceptionally upregulated in bladder cancer T24 cells. To validate the biological role of Dkk-3 other than a tumor suppressor, we examined the function of Dkk-3 in T24 cells. Gene silencing of Dkk-3 inhibited cell growth through inducing G₀/G₁ cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, Dkk-3 knock-down caused macropinocytosis accompanied by autophagy, which were canceled in part by their inhibitors 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA). The macropinocytosis was induced by the Dkk-3 knock-down when there were sufficient extracellular nutrients. On the other hand, when the nutritional condition was poor, the autophagy was mainly induced by the Dkk-3 knock-down. These data indicated that Dkk-3 has a role in modulating macropinocytotic and autophagic pathways, a distinct function other than a Wnt antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nonoka Tsujimura
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Nami O Yamada
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Minami Kumazaki
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Haruka Shinohara
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The interaction between Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and its main ligand Gas6 has been implicated in the progression of a wide number of malignancies. More recently, overexpression of Axl has emerged as a key molecular determinant underlying the development of acquired resistance to targeted anticancer agents. The activation of Axl is overexpression-dependent and controls a number of hallmarks of cancer progression including proliferation, migration, resistance to apoptosis and survival through a complex network of intracellular second messengers. Axl has been noted to influence clinically meaningful end points including metastatic recurrence and survival in the vast majority of tumour types. With Axl inhibitors having gained momentum as novel anticancer therapies, we provide an overview of the biological and clinical relevance of this molecular pathway, outlining the main directions of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - James R M Black
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Borjan B, Steiner N, Karbon S, Kern J, Francesch A, Hermann M, Willenbacher W, Gunsilius E, Untergasser G. The Aplidin analogs PM01215 and PM02781 inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:738. [PMID: 26483043 PMCID: PMC4615365 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel synthesized analogs of Aplidin, PM01215 and PM02781, were tested for antiangiogenic effects on primary human endothelial cells in vitro and for inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. METHODS Antiangiogenic activity of both derivatives was evaluated by real-time cell proliferation, capillary tube formation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced spheroid sprouting assays. Distribution of endothelial cells in the different phases of the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Aplidin analogs were tested in vivo in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. RESULTS Both derivatives inhibited angiogenic capacities of human endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro at low nanomolar concentrations. Antiangiogenic effects of both analogs were observed in the CAM. In addition, growth of human multiple myeloma xenografts in vivo in CAM was significantly reduced after application of both analogs. On the molecular level, both derivatives induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. This growth arrest of endothelial cells correlated with induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4A) and increased senescence-associated beta galactosidase activity. In addition, Aplidin analogs induced oxidative stress and decreased production of the vascular maturation factors Vasohibin-1 and Dickkopf-3. CONCLUSIONS From these findings we conclude that both analogs are promising agents for the development of antiangiogenic drugs acting independent on classical inhibition of VEGF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Borjan
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Normann Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Silvia Karbon
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Johann Kern
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Karl Kapfererstrasse 5, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrés Francesch
- Pharmamar, R&D Department, Avda de los Reyes 1, 28770, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Willenbacher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Eberhard Gunsilius
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gerold Untergasser
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bruggink KA, Kuiperij HB, Gloerich J, Otte-Höller I, Rozemuller AJM, Claassen JAHR, Küsters B, Verbeek MM. Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a potential Aβ-associated protein in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1152-62. [PMID: 26119087 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the most prominent protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques. In addition, Aβ interacts with a variety of Aβ-associated proteins (AAPs), some of which can form complexes with Aβ and influence its clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Identification of novel AAPs may shed new light on the pathophysiology of AD and the metabolic fate of Aβ. In this study, we aimed to identify new AAPs by searching for proteins that may form soluble complexes with Aβ in CSF, using a proteomics approach. We identified the secreted Wnt pathway protein Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) as a potential Aβ-associated protein. Using immunohistochemistry on human AD brain tissue, we observed that (i) Dkk-3 co-localizes with Aβ in the brain, both in diffuse and classic plaques. (ii) Dkk-3 is expressed in neurons and in blood vessel walls in the brain and (iii) is secreted by leptomeningeal smooth muscle cells in vitro. Finally, measurements using ELISA revealed that (iv) Dkk-3 protein is abundantly present in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum, but its levels are similar in non-demented controls and patients with AD, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Our study demonstrates that Dkk-3 is a hitherto unidentified Aβ-associated protein which, given its relatively high cerebral concentrations and co-localization with Aβ, is potentially involved in AD pathology. In this study, we propose that Dickkopf-related protein-3 (Dkk-3) might be a novel Amyloid-β (Aβ) associated protein. We demonstrate that Dkk-3 is expressed in the brain, especially in vessel walls, and co-localizes with Aβ in senile plaques. Furthermore, Dkk-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid strongly correlate with Aβ40 levels, but were not suitable to discriminate non-demented controls and patients with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bruggink
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Gloerich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Proteomics Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Otte-Höller
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The role of Dickkopf-3 overexpression in esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:377-385.e2. [PMID: 26093488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ninety percent of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma ultimately die of their disease, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic targets. The goal of this study was to define the functional significance of overexpression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) in esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS DKK3 expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 95 chemonaive and 21 chemoresistant esophageal adenocarcinomas. The esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line OE33 was stably transfected with DKK3 (OE33/DKK3) and evaluated using WST-1 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif), endothelial tube formation, and chemosensitivity assays. Tumorigenesis was evaluated by injecting 1 × 10(6) OE33/DKK3 and vector cells in NOD/SCIDγ mice. RESULTS DKK3 was overexpressed (>2-fold) in 75.8% (72/95) of esophageal adenocarcinomas. DKK3 protein was present at moderate to high levels in 46.8% (29/62) of esophageal adenocarcinomas on tissue microarray. Stable transfection of DKK3 significantly increased proliferation (P < .05) and Matrigel invasion (P < .001). Levels of SMAD4, a key mediator of the transforming growth factor-ß pathway, increased after activin treatment of OE33/DKK3, and siSMAD4 significantly decreased Matrigel invasion, suggesting that DKK3 acts through the transforming growth factor-β pathway. OE33/DKK3 cells increased endothelial tube formation and were significantly more resistant to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, and DKK3 expression was significantly higher in chemoresistant esophageal adenocarcinomas (P < .005). In NOD/SCIDγ mice, OE33/DKK3 cells resulted in tumors at all sites (8/8), whereas vector cells grew in only 1 of 8 sites. Nodal metastases were also significantly increased in patients with esophageal adenocarcinomas highly overexpressing DKK3, 28 of 32 (88%) versus 42 of 63 (68%) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that DKK3 may be important in mediating invasion in esophageal adenocarcinoma and could be a novel target in the treatment and prevention of metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kraya AA, Piao S, Xu X, Zhang G, Herlyn M, Gimotty P, Levine B, Amaravadi RK, Speicher DW. Identification of secreted proteins that reflect autophagy dynamics within tumor cells. Autophagy 2015; 11:60-74. [PMID: 25484078 PMCID: PMC4502670 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.984273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a catabolic process of cellular self-digestion, is an important tumor cell survival mechanism and a potential target in antineoplastic therapies. Recent discoveries have implicated autophagy in the cellular secretory process, but potential roles of autophagy-mediated secretion in modifying the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. Furthermore, efforts to inhibit autophagy in clinical trials have been hampered by suboptimal methods to quantitatively measure tumor autophagy levels. Here, we leveraged the autophagy-based involvement in cellular secretion to identify shed proteins associated with autophagy levels in melanoma. The secretome of low-autophagy WM793 melanoma cells was compared to its highly autophagic metastatic derivative, 1205Lu in physiological 3-dimensional cell culture using quantitative proteomics. These comparisons identified candidate autophagy biomarkers IL1B (interleukin 1, β), CXCL8 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8), LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), FAM3C (family with sequence similarity 3, member C), and DKK3 (dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3) with known roles in inflammation and tumorigenesis, and these proteins were subsequently shown to be elevated in supernatants of an independent panel of high-autophagy melanoma cell lines. Secretion levels of these proteins increased when low-autophagy melanoma cells were treated with the autophagy-inducing tat-BECN1 (Beclin 1) peptide and decreased when ATG7 (autophagy-related 7) was silenced in high-autophagy cells, thereby supporting a mechanistic link between these secreted proteins and autophagy. In addition, serum from metastatic melanoma patients with high tumor autophagy levels exhibited higher levels of these proteins than serum from patients with low-autophagy tumors. These results suggest that autophagy-related secretion affects the tumor microenvironment and measurement of autophagy-associated secreted proteins in plasma and possibly in tumors can serve as surrogates for intracellular autophagy dynamics in tumor cells.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- ATG7, autophagy-related 7
- AV, autophagic vacuole
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- CXCL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8
- DKK3, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- IF, interstitial fluid
- IL1B, interleukin 1, β
- LC3/MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- M, media
- PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- SAM, significance analysis of microarrays
- autophagy
- biomarker
- cancer
- melanoma
- secretome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Kraya
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Shengfu Piao
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Phyllis Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program; The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ning S, Wang Y, Yuan X, Wang S, Huang L. Effect of autonomic nerves on Dickkopf-3 expression in the uterus during early pregnancy of rats. ANIM BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To explore how uterine innervations affect expression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3) during peri-implantation, we first examined the consequence of uterine neurectomy on embryo implantation events. We observed that amputation of autonomic nerves innervating the uterus led to the failure of on-time implantation in rats. We then analyzed the effect of neurectomy on expression of DKK-3 further using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We observed that disconnection of autonomic nerve innervation significantly increased DKK-3 expression in the endometrium before and during invasion of the blastocyst. We also observed high levels of DKK-3 immunoreactivity in the vasculature of the uterus during peri-implantation. Thus, we speculate that DKK-3 may relate to implantation. Besides, our findings provide a new line of evidence that DKK-3 may be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Ning
- 1College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- 3College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Xuejun Yuan
- 3College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- 1College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- 1College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu XY, Xia P, Yu M, Nie XC, Yang X, Xing YN, Liu YP, Takano Y, Zheng HC. The roles of REIC gene and its encoding product in gastric carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1414-31. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
32
|
Fatima S, Luk JM, Poon RTP, Lee NP. Dysregulated expression of dickkopfs for potential detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:535-48. [PMID: 24809435 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.915747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains dismal due to the lack of diagnostic markers for early detection. This review will discuss the clinical potential of the dickkopf (DKK) family members as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for HCC. In comparison to serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level, which remains the gold standard for HCC diagnosis, high serum DKK1 levels have higher diagnostic value for HCC, especially for AFP-negative HCC, and can distinguish HCC from non-malignant chronic liver diseases. Additionally, the combination of serum DKK1 and AFP levels enhances diagnostic accuracy for HCC compared to serum DKK1 or AFP levels alone. Although DKK1 offers potential for its use in HCC diagnosis this review will discuss the challenges facing DKK1 and also shed some light on recent developments on the remaining DKK family members: DKK2, DKK3 and DKK4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Fatima
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deutschmann AJ, Amberger A, Zavadil C, Steinbeisser H, Mayr JA, Feichtinger RG, Oerum S, Yue WW, Zschocke J. Mutation or knock-down of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 cause loss of MRPP1 and impaired processing of mitochondrial heavy strand transcripts. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3618-28. [PMID: 24549042 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10) is multifunctional protein coded by the X-chromosomal HSD17B10 gene. Mutations in this gene cause HSD10 disease characterized by progressive neurological abnormalities and cardiomyopathy. Disease progression and severity of symptoms is unrelated to the protein's dehydrogenase activity. Recently, it was shown that HSD10 is an essential component of mitochondrial Ribonuclease P (RNase P), an enzyme required for mitochondrial tRNA processing, but little is known about the role of HSD10 in RNase P function. RNase P consists of three different proteins MRPP1, MRPP2 (HSD10) and MRPP3, each of which is essential for RNase P function. Here, we show that HSD10 protein levels are significantly reduced in fibroblasts from patients carrying the HSD17B10 mutation p.R130C. A reduction in HSD10 levels was accompanied by a reduction in MRPP1 protein but not MRPP3 protein. In HSD10 knock-down cells, MRPP1 protein content was also reduced, indicating that HSD10 is important for the maintenance of normal MRPP1 protein levels. Ectopic expression of HSD10 partially restored RNA processing in HSD10 knock-down cells and fibroblasts, and also expression of MRPP1 protein was restored to values comparable to controls. In both, patient fibroblasts and HSD10 knock-down cells, there was evidence of impaired processing of precursor tRNA transcripts of the mitochondrial heavy strand but not the light strand compared with controls. Our findings indicate that HSD10 is important for the maintenance of the MRPP1-HSD10 subcomplex of RNase P and that loss of HSD10 causes impaired mitochondrial precursor transcript processing which may explain mitochondrial dysfunction observed in HSD10 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Deutschmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Albert Amberger
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Claudia Zavadil
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - René G Feichtinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Stephanie Oerum
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Medinger M, Muesser P, Girsberger S, Skoda R, Tzankov A, Buser A, Passweg J, Tsakiris DΑ. Dkk3 levels in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Thromb Res 2013; 133:218-21. [PMID: 24309205 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3) has been proposed as tumor suppressor gene and a marker for tumor blood vessels and has pro-angiogenic properties. Dkk3 is expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes from healthy controls and patients with BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The aim of this study is, to find out whether patients with MPN have higher Dkk3 serum levels than normal controls. MATERIAL & METHODS We analyzed Dkk3 serum levels with ELISA in patients with newly diagnosed and untreated MPN, including 10 essential thrombocythemia (ET), 10 polycythemia vera (PV), 10 primary meylofibrosis (PMF) and 10 healthy blood donors and correlated these findings with biological and clinical key data and the JAK2-V617F status. Dkk3 levels were corrected to platelet count, Dkk3c, as patients with MPN have higher platelet counts than controls. RESULTS As expected, patients with MPN have higher platelet counts than normal controls. Dkk3 serum levels of patients with MPN (5.4 ± 6.1 ng/ml) showed no significant difference compared to normal controls (4.4 ± 3.8 ng/ml). Regarding Dkk3c, a significant difference to controls was found in PV (8.5 ± 8.7 ng/ml; p=0.04), but not in ET and PMF (5.7 ± 3.8 ng/ml; p=0.07 and 2.7 ± 3.6 ng/ml; p=0.9; respectively. Dkk3c correlated with the JAK2-V617F mutational burden (p=0.014, Rho=0.445). CONCLUSION Dkk3 levels corrected to platelet count showed higher levels in PV than normal controls. Elevated Dkk3c level could possibly correlate to platelet activation in PV patients and increased Dkk3 release. Whether this remains a surrogate marker of platelet release or it contributes to the thrombophilic state through its pro-angiogenic properties remains to be shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Medinger
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Muesser
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Radek Skoda
- Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Buser
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Passweg
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zenzmaier C, Sampson N, Plas E, Berger P. Dickkopf-related protein 3 promotes pathogenic stromal remodeling in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1441-52. [PMID: 23765731 PMCID: PMC3842835 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compartment-specific epithelial and stromal expression of the secreted glycoprotein Dickkopf-related protein (Dkk)-3 is altered in age-related proliferative disorders of the human prostate. This study aimed to determine the effect of Dkk-3 on prostate stromal remodeling that is stromal proliferation, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and expression of angiogenic factors in vitro. METHODS Lentiviral-delivered overexpression and shRNA-mediated knockdown of DKK3 were applied to primary human prostatic stromal cells (PrSCs). Cellular proliferation was analyzed by BrdU incorporation ELISA. Expression of Dkk-3, apoptosis-related genes, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and angiogenic factors were analyzed by qPCR, Western blot analysis or ELISA. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation was monitored by smooth muscle cell actin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 mRNA and protein levels. The relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways was assessed by cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin levels and phosphorylation of AKT. RESULTS Knockdown of DKK3 significantly attenuated PrSC proliferation as well as fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and increased the expression of the vessel stabilizing factor angiopoietin-1. DKK3 knockdown did not affect subcellular localization or levels of β-catenin but attenuated AKT phosphorylation in PrSCs. Consistently the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the effects of DKK3 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Dkk-3 promotes fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation and regulates expression of angiopoietin-1 in prostatic stroma potentially via enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling. Thus, elevated Dkk-3 in the stroma of the diseased prostate presumably regulates stromal remodeling by enhancing proliferation and differentiation of stromal cells and contributing to the angiogenic switch observed in BPH and PCa. Therefore, Dkk-3 represents a potential therapeutic target for stromal remodeling in BPH and PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Plas
- Department of Urology, Hanusch HospitalVienna, Austria
| | - Peter Berger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Martowicz A, Rainer J, Lelong J, Spizzo G, Gastl G, Untergasser G. EpCAM overexpression prolongs proliferative capacity of primary human breast epithelial cells and supports hyperplastic growth. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:56. [PMID: 23758908 PMCID: PMC3702434 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) has been shown to be strongly expressed in human breast cancer and cancer stem cells and its overexpression has been supposed to support tumor progression and metastasis. However, effects of EpCAM overexpression on normal breast epithelial cells have never been studied before. Therefore, we analyzed effects of transient adenoviral overexpression of EpCAM on proliferation, migration and differentiation of primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Methods HMECs were transfected by an adenoviral system for transient overexpression of EpCAM. Thereafter, changes in cell proliferation and migration were studied using a real time measurement system. Target gene expression was evaluated by transcriptome analysis in proliferating and polarized HMEC cultures. A Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) xenograft model was used to study effects on in vivo growth of HMECs. Results EpCAM overexpression in HMECs did not significantly alter gene expression profile of proliferating or growth arrested cells. Proliferating HMECs displayed predominantly glycosylated EpCAM isoforms and were inhibited in cell proliferation and migration by upregulation of p27KIP1 and p53. HMECs with overexpression of EpCAM showed a down regulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, cells were more resistant to TGF-β1 induced growth arrest and maintained longer capacities to proliferate in vitro. EpCAM overexpressing HMECs xenografts in chicken embryos showed hyperplastic growth, lack of lumen formation and increased infiltrates of the chicken leukocytes. Conclusions EpCAM revealed oncogenic features in normal human breast cells by inducing resistance to TGF-β1-mediated growth arrest and supporting a cell phenotype with longer proliferative capacities in vitro. EpCAM overexpression resulted in hyperplastic growth in vivo. Thus, we suggest that EpCAM acts as a prosurvival factor counteracting terminal differentiation processes in normal mammary glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Martowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohan M, Kaushal D, Aye PP, Alvarez X, Veazey RS, Lackner AA. Focused examination of the intestinal epithelium reveals transcriptional signatures consistent with disturbances in enterocyte maturation and differentiation during the course of SIV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60122. [PMID: 23593167 PMCID: PMC3621888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a pivotal role in AIDS pathogenesis as it is the primary site for viral transmission, replication and CD4+ T cell destruction. Accordingly, GI disease (enteropathy) has become a well-known complication and a driver of AIDS progression. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying GI disease we analyzed global gene expression profiles sequentially in the intestinal epithelium of the same animals before SIV infection and at 21 and 90 days post infection (DPI). More importantly we obtained sequential excisional intestinal biopsies and examined distinct mucosal components (epithelium. intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, fibrovascular stroma) separately. Here we report data pertaining to the epithelium. Overall genes associated with epithelial cell renewal/proliferation/differentiation, permeability and adhesion were significantly down regulated (<1.5–7 fold) at 21 and 90DPI. Genes regulating focal adhesions (n = 6), gap junctions (n = 3), ErbB (n = 3) and Wnt signaling (n = 4) were markedly down at 21DPI and the number of genes in each of these groups that were down regulated doubled between 21 and 90DPI. Notable genes included FAK, ITGA6, PDGF, TGFβ3, Ezrin, FZD6, WNT10A, and TCF7L2. In addition, at 90DPI genes regulating ECM-receptor interactions (laminins and ITGB1), epithelial cell gene expression (PDX1, KLF6), polarity/tight junction formation (PARD3B&6B) and histone demethylase (JMJD3) were also down regulated. In contrast, expression of NOTCH3, notch target genes (HES4, HES7) and EZH2 (histone methyltransferase) were significantly increased at 90DPI. The altered expression of genes linked to Wnt signaling together with decreased expression of PDX1, PARD3B, PARD6B and SDK1 suggests marked perturbations in intestinal epithelial function and homeostasis leading to breakdown of the mucosal barrier. More importantly, the divergent expression patterns of EZH2 and JMJD3 suggests that an epigenetic mechanism involving histone modifications may contribute to the massive decrease in gene expression at 90DPI leading to defects in enterocyte maturation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Pyone P. Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matsubara H, Hogan DE, Morgan EF, Mortlock DP, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Vascular tissues are a primary source of BMP2 expression during bone formation induced by distraction osteogenesis. Bone 2012; 51:168-80. [PMID: 22391215 PMCID: PMC3719967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies showed that bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis (DO) was dependent on vascular tissue development and that inhibition of VEGFR signaling diminished the expression of BMP2. A combination of micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of vascular and skeletal tissues, immunohistological and histological analysis of transgenic mice containing a BAC transgene in which β-galactosidase had been inserted into the coding region of BMP2 and qRT-PCR analysis, was used to examine how the spatial temporal expression of the morphogenetic signals that drive skeletal and vascular tissue development is coordinated during DO. These results showed that BMP2 expression was induced in smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells of arteries and veins, capillary endothelial cells, hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteocytes. BMP2 was not expressed by lymphatic vessels or macrophages. Separate peaks of BMP2 mRNA expression were induced in the surrounding muscular tissues and the distraction gap and corresponded first with large vessel collateralization and arteriole remodeling followed by periods of angiogenesis in the gap region. Immunohistological and qRT-PCR analysis of VEGF receptors and ligands showed that mesenchymal cells, lining cells and chondrocytes, expressed VEGFA, although PlGF expression was only seen in mesenchymal cells within the gap region. On the other hand VEGFR2 appeared to be predominantly expressed by vascular endothelial and hematopoietic cells. These results suggest that bone and vascular tissue formation is coordinated via a mutually supporting set of paracrine loops in which blood vessels primarily synthesize the morphogens that promote bone formation while mesenchymal cells primarily synthesize the morphogens that promote vascular tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsubara
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Katase N, Lefeuvre M, Gunduz M, Gunduz E, Beder LB, Grenman R, Fujii M, Tamamura R, Tsujigiwa H, Nagatsuka H. Absence of Dickkopf (Dkk)-3 protein expression is correlated with longer disease-free survival and lower incidence of metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:273-280. [PMID: 22740894 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most frequently occurring types of cancer worldwide. We focused on the fact that the aberrant function of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a frequent event in malignancies. Dickkopf (Dkk)-3 is a major negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is a known tumor suppressor and is down-regulated in various types of cancer. However, the expression profile of the Dkk-3 protein in HNSCC has not yet been reported. The present study was conducted to investigate Dkk-3 protein expression in 90 cases of HNSCC tissue samples and HNSCC-derived cell lines. In contrast to findings available on other types of cancer, the Western blot analysis revealed that HNSCC cell lines expressed the Dkk-3 protein. In immunohistochemistry, 76 cases (84.4%) out of 90 tissue samples were Dkk-3-positive, whereas only 14 cases (15.6%) were negative. Notably, survival analysis showed that the Dkk-3 (-) group exhibited significantly longer disease-free survival (p=0.038), metastasis-free survival (p=0.013) and longer overall survival (p=0.155). The results showed that the Dkk-3 protein was dominantly expressed and may be involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis in HNSCC. Moreover, the findings suggest that the function of Dkk-3 differs depending on the tissue of origin, and that it may exert an oncogenic function in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Katase
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Veeck J, Dahl E. Targeting the Wnt pathway in cancer: the emerging role of Dickkopf-3. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:18-28. [PMID: 21982838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a major trait of many human cancers. Due to its vast implications in tumorigenesis and progression, the Wnt pathway has attracted considerable attention at several molecular levels, also with respect to developing novel cancer therapeutics. Indeed, research in Wnt biology has recently provided numerous clues, and evidence is accumulating that the secreted Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) and its regulators may constitute interesting therapeutic targets in the most important human cancers. Based on the currently available literature, we here review the knowledge on the biological role of Dkk-3 as an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway, the involvement of Dkk-3 in several stages of tumor development, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms disrupting DKK3 gene function in cancerous cells, and the potential clinical value of Dkk-3 expression/DKK3 promoter methylation as a biomarker and molecular target in cancer diseases. In conclusion, Dkk-3 rapidly emerges as a key player in human cancer with auspicious tumor suppressive capacities, most of all affecting apoptosis and proliferation. Its gene expression is frequently downregulated by promoter methylation in almost any solid and hematological tumor entity. Clinically, evidence is accumulating of Dkk-3 being both a potential tumor biomarker and effective anti-cancer agent. Although further research is needed, re-establishing Dkk-3 expression in cancer cells holds promise as novel targeted molecular tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Veeck
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Untergasser G, Martowicz A, Hermann M, Töchterle S, Meyer D. Distinct expression patterns of dickkopf genes during late embryonic development of Danio rerio. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 11:491-500. [PMID: 21889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf (dkk) genes belong to the family of secreted wnt-inhibitors with conserved cysteine-rich domains. In contrast to the prototype dkk1, dkk3 does not modulate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Until now, neither functions nor interaction partners of dkk3 in lower vertebrates have been described. In this study we cloned two dkk3 homologues dkk3a(dkk3l) and dkk3b(dkk3) and a dkk1 homologue dkk1a of the zebrafish and studied their expression patterns during embryonic development in comparison to the known dkk1b gene. Moreover, mutants with defects in hedgehog signalling (smo), notch (mib) signalling, nodal signalling (Zoep) or retinoic acid synthesis (neckless) were analyzed for changes in dkk3 gene expression. In situ hybridization analyses showed a dynamic expression of dkk1a and dkk1b primarily in epidermal structures of the otic vesicle, lens, branchial arches and fin folds. While dkk1a was expressed mainly in deep tissues, dkk1b expression was mainly found in protrusions at the outer surface of the branchial arch epidermis. In contrast, dkk3 genes showed expression in different tissues. Strong signals for dkk3a(dkk3l) were present in various neuronal structures of the head, whereas dkk3b(dkk3) expression was restricted mainly to endocrine cells of the pancreas and to the brachial arches. In summary, both dkk3 genes display a unique and distinct expression pattern in late embryonic development, pointing to a specific role during neuronal and pancreatic cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Untergasser
- Division of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Muraki C, Ohga N, Hida Y, Nishihara H, Kato Y, Tsuchiya K, Matsuda K, Totsuka Y, Shindoh M, Hida K. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition causes antiangiogenic effects on tumor endothelial and vascular progenitor cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:59-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
43
|
Min JK, Park H, Choi HJ, Kim Y, Pyun BJ, Agrawal V, Song BW, Jeon J, Maeng YS, Rho SS, Shim S, Chai JH, Koo BK, Hong HJ, Yun CO, Choi C, Kim YM, Hwang KC, Kwon YG. The WNT antagonist Dickkopf2 promotes angiogenesis in rodent and human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1882-93. [PMID: 21540552 DOI: 10.1172/jci42556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovessel formation is a complex process governed by the orchestrated action of multiple factors that regulate EC specification and dynamics within a growing vascular tree. These factors have been widely exploited to develop therapies for angiogenesis-related diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and tumor growth and metastasis. WNT signaling has been implicated in the regulation and development of the vascular system, but the detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Here, we report that Dickkopf1 (DKK1) and Dickkopf2 (DKK2), originally known as WNT antagonists, play opposite functional roles in regulating angiogenesis. DKK2 induced during EC morphogenesis promoted angiogenesis in cultured human endothelial cells and in in vivo assays using mice. Its structural homolog, DKK1, suppressed angiogenesis and was repressed upon induction of morphogenesis. Importantly, local injection of DKK2 protein significantly improved tissue repair, with enhanced neovascularization in animal models of both hind limb ischemia and myocardial infarction. We further showed that DKK2 stimulated filopodial dynamics and angiogenic sprouting of ECs via a signaling cascade involving LRP6-mediated APC/Asef2/Cdc42 activation. Thus, our findings demonstrate the distinct functions of DKK1 and DKK2 in controlling angiogenesis and suggest that DKK2 may be a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of ischemic vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Min
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
HuR keeps an angiogenic switch on by stabilising mRNA of VEGF and COX-2 in tumour endothelium. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:819-29. [PMID: 21285980 PMCID: PMC3048211 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour stromal cells differ from its normal counterpart. We have shown that tumour endothelial cells (TECs) isolated from tumour tissues are also abnormal. Furthermore, we found that mRNAs of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were upregulated in TECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and COX-2 are angiogenic factors and their mRNAs contain an AU-rich element (ARE). AU-rich element-containing mRNAs are reportedly stabilised by Hu antigen R (HuR), which is exported to the cytoplasm. Methods: Normal endothelial cell (NEC) and two types of TECs were isolated. We evaluated the correlation of HuR and accumulation of VEGF-A and COX-2 mRNAs in TECs and effects of HuR on biological phenotypes of TECs. Results: The HuR protein was accumulated in the cytoplasm of TECs, but not in NECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and COX-2 mRNA levels decreased due to HuR knockdown and it was shown that these ARE-mRNA were bound to HuR in TECs. Furthermore, HuR knockdown inhibited cell survival, random motility, tube formation, and Akt phosphorylation in TECs. Conclusion: Hu antigen R is associated with the upregulation of VEGF-A and COX-2 mRNA in TECs, and has an important role in keeping an angiogenic switch on, through activating angiogenic phenotype in tumour endothelium.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Early stages of vascular development include endothelial cell differentiation in a network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics. Subsequently, to respond to the specific needs of the organs, endothelial cells acquire specialized properties such as permeability control, expression of specific transcellular transport systems, membrane adhesive molecules, and others. Endothelial cell differentiation depends on communication between the surrounding tissues, which is mediated by growth and differentiation factors able to activate specific gene expression programs. Recent reports underline the important role of the Wnt system in vascular morphogenesis in the embryo and in organ-specific endothelial differentiation. Wnt signaling regulates fundamental aspects of development, including cell fate specification, proliferation, and survival, and may use different receptors and signaling pathways. Both loss- and gain-of-function experiments of members of the Wnt signaling pathway were found to cause marked alterations of vascular development and endothelial cell specification. Furthermore, altered Wnt signaling in the endothelium may contribute to pathological conditions such as retinopathies, pulmonary arterial hypertension, stroke, and others. Continued progress in this field holds the potential to identify novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jiang T, Huang L, Wang S, Zhang S. Clinical significance of serum Dkk-3 in patients with gynecological cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36:769-73. [PMID: 20666943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The expression of Dkk-3, as a number of the Dkk family was different in different cancer. Because Dkk-3 encodes a secreted protein, we investigated whether the Dkk-3 protein is secreted into the sera of patients with gynecological cancer. MATERIAL & METHODS The levels of Dkk-3 protein were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of 104 patients with gynecological cancer: 36 with ovarian, 40 with cervical and 28 with endometrial cancers. RESULTS The serum levels of Dkk-3 protein in patients with ovarian cancer [25.54 (7.99) pg/mL] was lower than in normal individuals [42.08 (14.89) pg/mL] (P = 0.000). But serum levels of Dkk-3 protein in patients with cervical [166.39 (300.68) pg/mL] (P = 0.013) and endometrial cancers [73.64 (23.36) pg/mL] (P = 0.000) were higher than in normal individuals. The serum levels of Dkk-3 protein were associated with clinical stage in patients with cervical and endometrial cancers. In patients with ovarian cancer, the serum levels of Dkk-3 protein were associated with lymphatic metastasis. In patients with cervical cancer, the serum levels of Dkk-3 protein were associated with tumor diameters. CONCLUSION Dkk-3 protein detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as molecular markers can contribute to detection and diagnosis of gynecological cancer, especially for ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Glaw JT, Skalak TC, Peirce SM. Inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling increases microvascular hemorrhaging and venular remodeling in adult rats. Microcirculation 2010; 17:348-57. [PMID: 20618692 PMCID: PMC2904644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The canonical Wnt signaling pathway, heavily studied in development and cancer, has recently been implicated in microvascular growth with the use of developmental and in vitro models. To date, however, no study exists showing the effects of perturbing the canonical Wnt pathway in a complete microvascular network undergoing physiological remodeling in vivo. Our objective was to investigate the effects of canonical Wnt inhibition on the microvascular remodeling of adult rats. METHODS Canonical Wnt inhibitor DKK-1, Wnt inhibitor sFRP-1, BSA or saline was superfused onto the exteriorized mesenteric windows of 300 g adult female Sprague-Dawley rats for 20 minutes. Three days following surgery, mesenteric windows were imaged intravitally and harvested for immunofluorescence staining with smooth muscle alpha-actin and BRDU. RESULTS We observed prominent differences in the response of the mesenteric microvasculature amongst the various treatment groups. Significant increases in hemorrhage area, vascular density, and draining vessel diameter were observed in windows treated with Wnt inhibitors as compared to control-treated windows. Additionally, confocal imaging analysis showed significant increases in proliferating cells as well as evidence of proliferating smooth muscle cells along venules. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results suggest that canonical Wnt inhibition plays an important role in microvascular remodeling, specifically venular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Glaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mühlmann G, Untergasser G, Zitt M, Zitt M, Maier H, Mikuz G, Kronberger IE, Haffner MC, Gunsilius E, Öfner D. Immunohistochemically detectable dickkopf-3 expression in tumor vessels predicts survival in gastric cancer. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:635-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Franco CA, Liebner S, Gerhardt H. Vascular morphogenesis: a Wnt for every vessel? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:476-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
50
|
Kern J, Steurer M, Gastl G, Gunsilius E, Untergasser G. Vasohibin inhibits angiogenic sprouting in vitro and supports vascular maturation processes in vivo. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:284. [PMID: 19682397 PMCID: PMC2739223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The murine homologue of human vasohibin (mVASH1), a putative antiangiogenic protein, was investigated for its effects on in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis. METHODS Cell growth and migration were analyzed in murine fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Angiogenic sprouting was studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the spheroid sprouting assay. In vivo effects on blood vessel formation were investigated in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and in the C57BL/6 melanoma xenograft model. RESULTS Purified murine and human VASH1 protein induced apoptosis of murine fibroblasts in vitro, but not of vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC) or endothelial cells. Adenoviral overexpression of murine and human VASH1 inhibited capillary sprouting of HUVECs in the spheroid assay. Administration of recombinant murine and human VASH1 inhibited growth of large vessels in the CAM assay and promoted the formation of a dense, fine vascular network. Murine VASH1-overexpressing B16F10 melanomas displayed a reduction in large vessels and vascular area. Moreover, tumors showed more microvessels that stained positive for the mural cell markers alpha-smooth muscle cell actin (ASMA) and proteoglycan (NG2). CONCLUSION Our data imply that murine VASH1 causes angiogenic remodelling by inhibiting angiogenic sprouting and large vessel growth, thereby supporting the formation of a vascular bed consisting predominantly of mature microvessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Kern
- Division of Internal Medicine V, Tumor Biology & Angiogenesis Laboratory, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|