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Hewavisenti RV, Arena J, Ahlenstiel CL, Sasson SC. Human papillomavirus in the setting of immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the emergence of next-generation therapies to reduce the high associated cancer risk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112513. [PMID: 36960048 PMCID: PMC10027931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus infecting mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia, is implicated in the rising of associated cancers worldwide. While HPV infection can be cleared by an adequate immune response, immunocompromised individuals can develop persistent, treatment-refractory, and progressive disease. Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) associated with HPV-related disease include inborn errors of GATA, EVER1/2, and CXCR4 mutations, resulting in defective cellular function. People living with secondary immunodeficiency (e.g. solid-organ transplants recipients of immunosuppression) and acquired immunodeficiency (e.g. concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) are also at significant risk of HPV-related disease. Immunocompromised people are highly susceptible to the development of cutaneous and mucosal warts, and cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The specific mechanisms underlying high-risk HPV-driven cancer development in immunocompromised hosts are not well understood. Current treatments for HPV-related cancers include surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with clinical trials underway to investigate the use of anti-PD-1 therapy. In the setting of HIV co-infection, persistent high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia can occur despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, resulting in an ongoing risk for transformation to overt malignancy. Although therapeutic vaccines against HPV are under development, the efficacy of these in the setting of PID, secondary- or acquired- immunodeficiencies remains unclear. RNA-based therapeutic targeting of the HPV genome or mRNA transcript has become a promising next-generation therapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of HPV pathogenesis, immune evasion, and malignant transformation, with a focus on key PIDs, secondary immunodeficiencies, and HIV infection. Current management and vaccine regimes are outlined in relation to HPV-driven cancer, and specifically, the need for more effective therapeutic strategies for immunocompromised hosts. The recent advances in RNA-based gene targeting including CRISPR and short interfering RNA (siRNA), and the potential application to HPV infection are of great interest. An increased understanding of both the dysregulated immune responses in immunocompromised hosts and of viral persistence is essential for the design of next-generation therapies to eliminate HPV persistence and cancer development in the most at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana V. Hewavisenti
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Arena
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chantelle L. Ahlenstiel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Zampella J, Cohen B. Consideration of underlying immunodeficiency in refractory or recalcitrant warts: A review of the literature. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e98. [PMID: 35665206 PMCID: PMC9060099 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated, it is clear that cellular immunity plays a role in clearance of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as it relates to the development of warts. Patients with extensive, recalcitrant, or treatment‐refractory warts may have an underlying immune system impairment at the root of HPV susceptibility. Early recognition of genetic disorders associated with immunologic defects that allow for recalcitrant HPV infection may expedite appropriate treatment for patients. Early recognition is often pivotal in preventing subsequent morbidity and/or mortality that may arise from inborn errors of immunity, such as WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis) syndrome. Among these, cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies associated with HPV, can be fatal if not treated early, and is seen more frequently in patients with underlying immune deficiencies. A review of diseases with susceptibility to HPV provides clues to understanding the pathophysiology of warts. We also present diagnostic guidance to facilitate the recognition of inborn errors of immunity in patients with extensive and/or recalcitrant HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Zampella
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York New York USA
| | - B. Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
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3
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Stoehr R, Wendler O, Giedl J, Gaisa NT, Richter G, Campean V, Burger M, Wullich B, Bertz S, Hartmann A. Risk of penile tumor development in Caucasian individuals is independent of the coding variant rs7208422 in the TMC8 (EVER2) gene. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:267. [PMID: 34790351 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the transmembrane channel-like (TMC)6/TMC8 region has been linked to β-type human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and the head and neck, α-type HPV persistence and progression to cervical cancer. The functional variant rs7208422 of the TMC8 gene was suggested to have a high impact on susceptibility to β-papillomaviruses and their oncogenic potential and to also have an influence on α-type HPV-related disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible influence of rs7208422 on penile cancer risk, a known α-type HPV-related malignancy. Therefore, the distribution of rs7208422 was determined by direct Sanger sequencing of 104 Caucasian penile SCC cases and compared to data of 3,810 controls taken from the literature. HPV detection was performed by usage of GP5+/6+ primers and subtype-specific PCR. It was observed that the distribution of rs7208422 followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both cases and controls. HPV DNA was detected in 39% of the penile SCC cases. Overall, there was no significant difference in the distribution of rs7208422 neither between cases and controls (P=0.726) nor between HPV-positive and -negative penile SCC cases (P=0.747). There was also no association between rs7208422 genotypes and age of disease onset (P=0.740). In conclusion, the present data argue against a significant impact of rs7208422 on the risk for the development of penile SCC in Caucasians. Even in combination with the HPV status, the SNP appears not to influence the risk of penile SCC in HPV-positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Wendler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Giedl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Maximilian Burger
- St. Josef Medical Centre, Department of Urology, University Regensburg, De-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Lin B, Wang S, Yao Y, Shen Y, Yang H. Comprehensive co-expression analysis reveals TMC8 as a prognostic immune-associated gene in head and neck squamous cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:498. [PMID: 33981360 PMCID: PMC8108259 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSC) is closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Transmembrane channel-like 8 (TMC8) is a key gene affecting the susceptibility of HPV and that plays an important role in T cell regulation. However, the mechanism by which TMC8 affects T cells and whether it further affects the prognosis of patients with HNSC remains unclear. In the present study, oral cancer cell lines and independent tumor specimens were used to detect TMC8 expression in HNSC. Differential expression of TMC8, methylation status, function and associated signaling pathways were further analyzed. Then, multiple databases were cross-analyzed for the relationship of TMC8 with immune cell infiltration and its impact on the prognosis of numerous types of cancer. The results showed that TMC8 was upregulated in HNSC and high expression was predictive of an improved prognosis. Furthermore, TMC8 was concentrated in multiple immune-associated signaling pathways and the expression of TMC8 was associated with the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and their subsets, including CD8+ T cells, B cells and macrophages, suggesting that TMC8 may play an anti-HPV role by regulating CD4+ T cells. Thus, TMC8 plays an anti-HPV role by regulating the infiltration level of CD4+ T cells, and could therefore be used as a potential prognostic marker for patients with HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Shunji Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Youdan Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial High-Level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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5
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Singh AP, Jeffus SK, Shalin SC. Cervical dysplasia in a patient with inherited epidermodysplasia verruciformis-A mere coincidence? J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:763-770. [PMID: 33319409 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare inherited or acquired genodermatosis caused by increased susceptibility to infection by the beta subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV). The co-occurrence of EV with high-risk (HR) HPV infection leading to cervical dysplasia is unreported in the literature to date. We report a patient with inherited EV who developed extensive anogenital and cervical dysplasia linked to concurrent HR-HPV infection. Literature review suggests that there is a negative correlation of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer with EV, which suggests that this patient's presentation and course are exceptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit P Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Susanne K Jeffus
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sara C Shalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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6
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Zhou C, Tuong ZK, Frazer IH. Papillomavirus Immune Evasion Strategies Target the Infected Cell and the Local Immune System. Front Oncol 2019; 9:682. [PMID: 31428574 PMCID: PMC6688195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates ~5% of all human cancers, and particularly cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV vaccines prevent HPV infection, but do not eliminate existing HPV infections. Papillomaviruses induce hyperproliferation of epithelial cells. In this review we discuss how hyperproliferation renders epithelial cells less sensitive to immune attack, and impacts upon the efficiency of the local immune system. These observations have significance for the design of therapeutic HPV cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hector Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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7
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Huang S, Wu JH, Lewis DJ, Rady PL, Tyring SK. A novel approach to the classification of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1344-1350. [PMID: 30156265 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis that causes disseminated eruptions of hypo- or hyperpigmented macules and wart-like papules that can coalesce and scale. It is uniquely characterized by an increased susceptibility to specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes. Classically, EV is associated with mutations of the EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes. The term "acquired" epidermodysplasia verruciformis was coined to describe an EV-like syndrome that can develop in patients with a compromised immune system. Recent discoveries of other genes implicated in EV, including RHOH, MST-1, and CORO1A, have complicated the classification of EV and EV-like syndromes. METHODS We review the available data on epidermodysplasia verruciformis in the literature in order to propose a new classification system to encompass current and future developments on EV and EV-like syndromes. RESULTS We propose classifying EV into: (1) classic genetic EV, (2) non-classic genetic EV, and (3) acquired EV. CONCLUSION The proposed categorization scheme provides a simple and logical way to organize the different cases of EV that have been described in the literature. This system organizes EV by its cause, allowing for a better understanding of the disease and helps differentiate EV from other causes of generalized verrucosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Huang
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julie H Wu
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Kenney AD, Dowdle JA, Bozzacco L, McMichael TM, St Gelais C, Panfil AR, Sun Y, Schlesinger LS, Anderson MZ, Green PL, López CB, Rosenberg BR, Wu L, Yount JS. Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 51:241-263. [PMID: 28853921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the identification of specific human gene variants that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral diseases. Herein we review multiple discoveries made with genome-wide or candidate gene approaches that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions. Genetic factors that have been identified include genes encoding virus receptors, receptor-modifying enzymes, and a wide variety of innate and adaptive immunity-related proteins. We discuss a range of pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex virus, norovirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Understanding the genetic underpinnings that affect infectious disease outcomes should allow tailored treatment and prevention approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - James A Dowdle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Leonia Bozzacco
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Target Information Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA;
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA;
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program in Immunogenomics, John C. Whitehead Presidential Fellows Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
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9
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Pavlidou E, Daponte A, Egea R, Dardiotis E, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Barbadilla A, Agorastos T. Genetic polymorphisms of FAS and EVER genes in a Greek population and their susceptibility to cervical cancer: a case control study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:923. [PMID: 27899077 PMCID: PMC5129199 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of two SNPs of EVER1/2 genes' region (rs2290907, rs16970849) and the FAS-670 polymorphism with the susceptibility to precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in a Greek population. METHODS Among the 515 women who were included in the statistical analysis, 113 belong to the case group and present with precancerous lesions or cervical cancer (27 with persistent CIN1, 66 with CIN2/3 and 20 with cervical cancer) and 402 belong to the control group. The chi-squared test was used to compare the case and the control groups with an allelic and a genotype-based analysis. RESULTS The results of the statistical analysis comparing the case and the control groups for all the SNPs tested were not statistically significant. Borderline significant difference (p value = 0.079) was only found by the allelic model between the control group and the CIN1/CIN2 patients' subgroup for the polymorphism rs16970849. The comparison of the other case subgroups with the control group did not show any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS None of the SNPs included in the study can be associated with statistical significance with the development of precancerous lesions or cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Pavlidou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland. .,4th University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokrateion" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Raquel Egea
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina/Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08192, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonio Barbadilla
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina/Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08192, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodoros Agorastos
- 4th University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokrateion" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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The EVER genes - the genetic etiology of carcinogenesis in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and a possible role in non-epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:75-80. [PMID: 27279814 PMCID: PMC4884774 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.59145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the two adjacent novel EVER1 and EVER2 genes have been identified, whose mutations are responsible for the development of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare, autosomal recessive genodermatosis associated with increased risk of skin carcinoma. Up to now 7 mutations in the EVER1 gene and 5 mutations in the EVER2 gene have been identified only in EV. It was also determined that the EVER genes belong to a novel gene family, the transmembrane channel-like (TMC) family, and are responsible for properly functioning zinc homeostasis. These observations have given new insights into EV pathogenesis.
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11
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Variants of EVER1 and EVER2 (TMC6 and TMC8) and human papillomavirus status in patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:809-15. [PMID: 27097911 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with some cases of mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), particularly of the oropharynx. Persistent oral HPV infection is believed to increase the likelihood of malignancy, and it is possible that host genetic factors can determine susceptibility to persistent HPV infection. Polymorphisms in the two EV genes (EVER1 and EVER2, also known as transmembrane channel protein (TMC) 6 and 8) have been identified as strong candidate genes, since a small number of critical mutations in these genes have been shown to cause profound and florid skin HPV infections, and some of them have been linked to susceptibility to cervical cancer. METHODS We sought to determine whether there was a difference in the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EVER1 (rs2613516, rs12449858) and EVER2 (rs7205422, rs12452890) between HNSCC patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors, and healthy controls. We used logistic regression to analyze SNPs in 219 patients with histologically confirmed primary SCC of the oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, or larynx, and 321 healthy controls. RESULTS We did not find any associations with the EVER1/EVER2 SNPs and HPV status or being a HNSCC case or a control. CONCLUSIONS The present data do not provide evidence for a role of genetic variations in EVER1 or EVER2 for HPV status of mucosal HNSCC or between HNSCC patients and controls.
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12
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Hampras SS, Rollison DE, Tommasino M, Gheit T, Schabath MB, Messina JL, Fenske NA, Cherpelis BS, Sondak VK, Iannacone MR, Schmitt M, Pawlita M. Genetic variations in the epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVER/TMC) genes, cutaneous human papillomavirus infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1532-5. [PMID: 26126409 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - D E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - M Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372, France
| | - T Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372, France
| | - M B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - J L Messina
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - N A Fenske
- Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.,Department of Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - B S Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.,Department of Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - V K Sondak
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - M R Iannacone
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Cancer and Population Studies, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - M Schmitt
- GATC Biotech AG, Konstanz, Germany.,Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Pawlita
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Burger B, Spörri I, Stegmann DA, De Mesmaker J, Schaub S, Itin PH, Steiger J, Arnold AW. Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development in Renal Transplant Recipients Is Independent of TMC/EVER Alterations. Dermatology 2015; 231:245-52. [PMID: 26227733 DOI: 10.1159/000435910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have an increased risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer, mainly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Two genes (TMC6/EVER1 and TMC8/EVER2), mutated in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients with an increased risk of cSCC development, contain numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). AIM To evaluate the effect of SNPs in both TMC/EVER genes on the different susceptibilities of RTRs to cSCC. METHOD We determined the occurrence of cSCC in 105 RTRs who were transplanted at least 7 years previously and investigated the frequency of 26 SNPs within both TMC/EVER genes in severely affected (n = 16) as well as in nonaffected RTRs (n = 25). RESULTS Our data did not indicate a significant association between any SNP genotype and risk of cSCC development in RTRs. CONCLUSION To clarify the correlation between SNPs in both TMC genes and cSCC development in RTRs, integrated investigations of large cohorts including both RTRs and immunocompetent individuals with consideration of cSCC status, SNP genotype and human papillomavirus status might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Burger
- Research Group of Dermatology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Bauer B, Goebeler M, Weissbrich B, Kerstan A. Kerinokeratosis Papulosa of Childhood. Dermatology 2015; 231:1-4. [PMID: 26044728 DOI: 10.1159/000381539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kerinokeratosis papulosa (KP) is considered an extremely rare genodermatosis presenting usually as waxy papules on the trunk in childhood. OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the clinical, histological and potential etiopathological aspects of KP. METHODS The dermatoscopic features of a new case of KP of childhood are investigated. The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in lesional skin was studied by polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, all cases of KP of childhood reported so far were reviewed. RESULTS As a diagnostic tool, we describe for the first time a dermatoscopic feature, namely a cribriform pattern of KP, in an 11-year-old boy. In addition, we detected HPV (type 57) in his KP lesions. CONCLUSIONS Dermatoscopic examination might be a useful tool to distinguish KP from other skin lesions, e.g. common warts. The detection of HPV type 57 might hint to an etiological role of HPV for KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Kalinska-Bienias A, Kostrzewa G, Malejczyk M, Ploski R, Majewski S. Possible association between actinic keratosis and the rs7208422 (c.917A→T, p.N306l) polymorphism of the EVER2 gene in patients without epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 40:318-23. [PMID: 25495765 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the EVER1 and EVER2 genes cause epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a genodermatosis associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recently, it has been found that the rs7208422 (c.917A→T, p.N306l) polymorphism in the EVER2 gene is related to an increased risk of SCC in patients with conditions other than EV. We hypothesized that this polymorphism might be also associated with actinic keratoses (AK). AIM To determine whether the rs7208422 polymorphism of the EVER2 gene is associated with AK in non-EV patients. METHODS We genotyped rs7208422 in 65 patients with AK and 274 controls, using reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS We detected a trend towards an association between AK and the TT genotype of rs7208422; the frequency of this genotype was 38.5% in patients with AK and 26.3% in controls (OR = 1.75, P < 0.06 for recessive model of inheritance). We also found an association between rs7208422 TT and both the age at which AK appeared and the extent of the AK. This variant was more frequent in patients who had AK onset before the age of 70 years compared with those whose age of onset was above 70 years (OR = 3.14, P = 0.03 for the recessive model; OR = 2.05, P = 0.04 for allelic comparison) and more frequent in AK involving > 3 body areas (OR = 3.14, P = 0.03 for the recessive model; OR = 2.34, P = 0.01 for allelic comparison). These associations remained significant in a multivariate regression analysis, showing that both parameters were independently associated with the TT genotype (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates a potential role of the rs7208422 (c.917A→T, P.N306l) polymorphism of the EVER2 gene in AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalinska-Bienias
- Department of Dermatology and Immunodermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Accardi R, Gheit T. Cutaneous HPV and skin cancer. Presse Med 2014; 43:e435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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17
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Vineretsky KA, Karagas MR, Kuriger-Laber JK, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Nelson HH. HLA-C -35kb expression SNP is associated with differential control of β-HPV infection in squamous cell carcinoma cases and controls. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103710. [PMID: 25083782 PMCID: PMC4118903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 35 kb upstream of the HLA-C gene is associated with HLA-C expression, and the high expressing genotype (CC) has been associated with HIV-I control. HLA-C is unique among the classical MHC class I molecules for its role in the control of viral infections and recognition of abnormal or missing self. This immunosurveillance is central to the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in particular. While sun exposure is a major risk factor for these cancers, cutaneous infections with genus β-HPV have been implicated in the development of SCC. We hypothesized that the high expression HLA-C genotype is associated with β-HPV infections. Therefore, we investigated the association between β-HPV serology and the -35 kb SNP (rs9264942) in a population-based case-control study of 510 SCC cases and 608 controls. Among controls, the high expression -35 kb SNP genotype (CC) reduced the likelihood of positive serology for multiple (≥2) β-HPV infections (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25-0.97), and β-HPV species 2 infection (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23-0.79). However, no association with β-HPV status was observed among SCC cases. Our findings suggest that underlying immunogenotype plays an important role in differential control of β-HPV in SCC cases and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A. Vineretsky
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn K. Kuriger-Laber
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Heather H. Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yoshida R, Kato T, Kawase M, Honda M, Mitsuishi T. Two sisters reveal autosomal recessive inheritance of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a case report. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2014; 14:12. [PMID: 25048734 PMCID: PMC4110534 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-14-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare genodermatosis characterized by a unique susceptibility to cutaneous human papillomaviruses infection. Most patients show autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. Case presentation We report a case of two sisters with clinically epidermodysplasia verruciformis specific lesions on the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. PCR analysis indicated the presence of human papillomavirus type 5 in the lesions. Electron microscopic examination showed viral-like particles in keratinocyte nuclei and the stratum corneum of the epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions. In addition, we examined the EVER1 and EVER2 genes using eight different primer pairs without finding any nonsense or frameshift mutations in the gDNA from lymphocytes of the elder sister. Conclusions In this report, the patient’s parents did not have epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions or a consanguineous marriage. EV did not develop in the elder sister until five years of age, so the parents did not perceive EV as an inherited disease. The probability that EV developed in both sisters was only 6.25%. Thus, it is rare for both sisters to develop epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions considering that the parents were presumed to be carriers and the disease reveal an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tsuyoshi Mitsuishi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Ohwada-Shinden, Yachiyo 276-8524, Chiba, Japan.
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19
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Madeleine MM, Carter JJ, Johnson LG, Wipf GC, Davis C, Berg D, Nelson K, Daling JR, Schwartz SM, Galloway DA. Risk of squamous cell skin cancer after organ transplant associated with antibodies to cutaneous papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and TMC6/8 (EVER1/2) variants. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1440-7. [PMID: 24913986 PMCID: PMC4302694 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell skin cancer (SCSC) disproportionately affects organ transplant recipients, and may be related to increased viral replication in the setting of immune suppression. We conducted a nested case–control study among transplant recipients to determine whether SCSC is associated with antibodies to cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV), to genes associated with a rare genetic susceptibility to HPV (TMC6/TMC8), or to human polyomaviruses (HPyV). Cases (n = 149) had histologically confirmed SCSC, and controls (n = 290) were individually matched to cases on time since transplant, type of transplant, gender, and race. All subjects had serum drawn immediately prior to transplant surgery. Antibodies to 25 cutaneous HPVs and six HPyVs were assayed by detection of binding to virus-like particles, and 11 TMC6/8 variants were genotyped. After correction for multiple comparisons, only antibodies to HPV37 were associated with SCSC (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4). Common genetic variants of TMC6/8 were not associated with SCSC, but three variants in TMC8 (rs12452890, rs412611, and rs7208422) were associated with greater seropositivity for species 2 betapapillomaviruses among controls. This study suggests that some betaHPVs, but not polyomaviruses, may play a role in the excess risk of SCSC among transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Madeleine
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Infection à papillomavirus humain cutanée par mutation du gène EVER2. Presse Med 2014; 43:735-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Batrani M, Mahalingam M. Human papillomavirus and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: the dilemma continues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Farzan SF, Waterboer T, Gui J, Nelson HH, Li Z, Michael KM, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Demidenko E, Green AC, Pawlita M, Karagas MR. Cutaneous alpha, beta and gamma human papillomaviruses in relation to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a population-based study. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1713-20. [PMID: 23536363 PMCID: PMC3713187 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common worldwide and, in immunodeficient populations, may contribute to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). However, their role in SCC in the general population is less clear. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to investigate the independent effects of seropositivity for cutaneous alpha, beta and gamma HPV types on risk of SCC, and a meta-analysis of the available literature. In a population-based case-control study from New Hampshire, USA (n = 1,408), histologically confirmed SCC cases and controls were tested for L1 antibodies to alpha, beta and gamma cutaneous HPV types 2-5, 7-10, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 27b, 36, 38, 48-50, 57, 65, 75-77, 88, 92, 95, 96, 101, 103 and 107 using multiplex serology. An increasing risk of SCC with number of beta HPVs to which an individual tested positive was observed even among those seronegative for gamma types (p for trend = 0.016) with an odds ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-3.56) for four or more beta types positive. In a meta-analysis of six case-control studies, increased SCC risks in relation to beta HPV seropositivity were found across studies (meta odds ratio = 1.45, CI = 1.27-1.66). While the prevalence of gamma HPVs assayed was somewhat higher among SCC cases than controls, the association was only weakly evident among those seronegative for beta HPVs. Overall, the association between cutaneous HPVs and skin cancers appears to be specific to SCC and to genus beta HPVs in a general US population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Community and Family Medicine and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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23
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Nuño-González A, Vicente-Martín F, Pinedo-Moraleda F, López-Estebaranz J. Carcinoma epidermoide cutáneo de alto riesgo. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:567-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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24
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Nuño-González A, Vicente-Martín F, Pinedo-Moraleda F, López-Estebaranz J. High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Frazer IH, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. Prevention and treatment of papillomavirus-related cancers through immunization. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:111-38. [PMID: 21166538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cervical and other anogenital cancers are initiated by infection with one of a small group of human papillomaviruses (HPV). Virus-like particle-based vaccines have recently been developed to prevent infection with two cancer-associated HPV genotypes (HPV16, HPV18) and have been ∼95% effective at preventing HPV-associated disease caused by these genotypes in virus-naive subjects. Although immunization induces virus-neutralizing antibody sufficient to prevent infection, persistence of antibody as measured by current assays does not appear necessary to maintain protection over time. Investigators have not identified a reliable surrogate immunological marker of protection against disease following immunization. The prophylactic vaccines are not therapeutic for existing infection. Trials of HPV-specific immunotherapy have shown some efficacy for existing disease, although animal modeling suggests that a combination of immunization and local enhancement of innate immunity may be necessary for optimal therapeutic outcome. HPV prophylactic vaccines are the first vaccines designed to prevent a human cancer and are the practical outcome of a global collaborative effort between basic and applied scientists, clinicians, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
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26
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Castro FA, Ivansson EL, Schmitt M, Juko-Pecirep I, Kjellberg L, Hildesheim A, Gyllensten UB, Pawlita M. Contribution of TMC6 and TMC8 (EVER1 and EVER2) variants to cervical cancer susceptibility. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:349-55. [PMID: 21387292 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CxCa) is caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; genetic predisposition is also suspected to play a role. Our study is a targeted candidate gene follow-up based on: (i) strong clinical evidence demonstrating that mutations in the TMC6 and TMC8 (EVER1 and EVER2) genes associate with the HPV-associated disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and (ii) recent epidemiological data suggesting a genetic susceptibility conferred by polymorphisms in such genes for skin and CxCa. Clarifying the association of the TMC6/8 genes with risk of CxCa will help in understanding why some HPV-infected women develop persistent infection, cervical lesions and eventually cancer while others do not. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harboring the TMC6/8 genes were genotyped in 2,989 cases with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or invasive CxCa and 2,281 controls from the Swedish population. Association was evaluated in logistic regression models. Two SNPs displayed association with cervical disease: rs2290907 [odds ratio (OR)(GGvsAA) = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.3-0.9, p = 0.02)] and rs16970849 (OR(AGvsGG) = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.66-0.98, p = 0.03). The present data support the involvement of the TMC6/8 region in CxCa susceptibility but further analyses are needed to replicate our findings, fully characterize the region and understand the function of the genetic variants involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Castro
- Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Arnold AW, Burger B, Kump E, Rufle A, Tyring SK, Kempf W, Häusermann P, Itin PH. Homozygosity for the c.917A→T (p.N306l) polymorphism in the EVER2/TMC8 gene of two sisters with epidermodysplasia verruciformis Lewandowsky-Lutz originally described by Wilhelm Lutz. Dermatology 2010; 222:81-6. [PMID: 21196704 DOI: 10.1159/000322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Lewandowsky-Lutz (EV) is a rare genodermatosis, characterised by development of numerous verrucous skin lesions caused by specific genotypes of human papillomaviruses belonging to the β-papillomavirus genus. The EV loci were mapped to chromosome 2p21-p24 (EV2) and 17q25 (EV1). On chromosome 17, 2 adjacent related genes--EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8--were identified. We reinvestigated 2 patients originally described by Wilhelm Lutz in 1946 with the aim to document the natural course of the disease and confirm his diagnosis. METHODS PCR fragments specific for exons with short flanking intron sequences of EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes from patients' DNA were amplified using sequence information. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7208422 was studied, using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS In the index patient, we identified a homozygous TT genotype in exon 8 of the EVER2/TMC8 gene (c.917A→T, p.N306I). The same mutation could thereafter be detected in her sister from paraffin-embedded skin. CONCLUSION We have followed one of the first patients described with EV in Basel, Switzerland, in 1930 until today and demonstrated the TT genotype (SNP rs7208422) in the EVER2/TMC8 gene in this index patient and her sister. The results underline the possible relevance of SNP rs7208422 by influencing the susceptibility to β-papillomaviruses and their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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HIV-positive child with epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like lesions and homozygous mutation in TMC6. AIDS 2010; 24:2758-60. [PMID: 20980872 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833fdfca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Orth G. Génétique et sensibilité aux papillomavirus: le modèle de l’épidermodysplasie verruciforme. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)32253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Mallitt KA, O'Rourke P, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Abeni D, de Koning MNC, Feltkamp MCW, Green AC, Quint WGV, Michael KM, Pawlita M, Pfister H, Weissenborn S, Waterboer T, Neale RE, The Epi-Hpv-Uv-Ca Group. An analysis of clustering of betapapillomavirus antibodies. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2062-2067. [PMID: 20392895 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Betapapillomaviruses (betaPVs) may contribute to the aetiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. However, no high-risk types have yet been identified, possibly because the high frequency of co-infection prevents a straightforward analysis of the independent effects of individual viruses. This study aimed to determine whether specific virus types were more likely to co-occur than others, thereby reducing the number of parameters needed in statistical models. Antibody data were analysed from controls who participated in case-control studies in The Netherlands, Italy and Australia and from participants in the German Nutrition Survey. Cluster analysis and two ordination techniques were used to identify patterns. Evidence of clustering was found only according to the number of viruses to which antibodies were detected. The lack of clustering of specific viral types identified suggests that if there are betaPV types that are independently related to skin carcinogenesis, they are unlikely to be identified using standard epidemiological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Mallitt
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P O'Rourke
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J N Bouwes Bavinck
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Abeni
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A C Green
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - W G V Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Voorburg, The Netherlands
| | - K M Michael
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Pawlita
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Pfister
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Weissenborn
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R E Neale
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - The Epi-Hpv-Uv-Ca Group
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
For humans, strong evidence indicates that some mucosal papillomavirus (PV) types cause genital and oral neoplasia, and weaker evidence suggests that some cutaneous PVs may cause cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). For nonhuman species, strong evidence supports a causal role of PVs in the development of feline and equine sarcoids. Likewise, PVs are believed to cause cutaneous SCCs in rabbits, western barred bandicoots, and some rodents. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that PVs may influence the development of both feline and canine cutaneous SCCs. This review discusses the evidence that PVs cause human cutaneous SCCs and the proposed mechanisms for this action. It then reviews preneoplastic and neoplastic skin diseases that are associated with PV infection in nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Seroreactivity of 38 human papillomavirus types in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients, relatives, and controls. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:841-8. [PMID: 19924140 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare recessive genodermatosis characterized by high susceptibility to infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of genus beta. Knowledge about seroreactivity against HPV in these patients and their first-degree relatives is scarce. Using multiplex serology, we analyzed antibodies to 38 HPV types from five genera in 32 EV patients, 22 first-degree relatives, and 64 and 44 age- and sex-matched, non-related, healthy controls, respectively. EV patients showed higher seroprevalences than non-related controls with statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) for 5 of 10 investigated alpha (OR range 6.9-21.3), all 16 beta (OR range 12.3-61.3), 3 of 9 gamma (OR range 6.4-11.7), and 1 of 2 micro HPVs (OR 5.8). In comparison to their relatives, antibodies in EV patients were significantly more prevalent for 4 of 16 beta HPVs (OR range 12.5-25.6), but for none of the other genera. A significantly increased seroprevalence in relatives compared with their controls was only seen for HPV 5 (OR 22.1). The considerably elevated HPV seroprevalence in EV patients, especially for beta papillomaviruses (PVs), reflects the high viral load described for these individuals. Whether the observed differences between relatives and healthy controls depend on heterozygosity for EV-associated alleles requires further investigation.
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Casabonne D, Waterboer T, Michael KM, Pawlita M, Lally A, Mitchell L, Imko-Walczuk B, Wojnarowska F, Newton R, Proby C, Harwood C. The sero-epidemiology of human papillomavirus among Caucasian transplant recipients in the UK. Infect Agent Cancer 2009; 4:13. [PMID: 19751499 PMCID: PMC2749815 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite intensive study of high-risk mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPV), little is known of the epidemiology of cutaneous HPV. As part of a study of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and HPV among organ transplant recipients (OTR) from London and Oxford, we investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors for 34 HPV types (detected using Luminex technology) among 425 Caucasian OTR without skin cancer. Results Overall, 86% of participants were seropositive to at least one HPV: 41% to mucosal alpha types, 33% to cutaneous alpha types, 57% to alpha types, 56% to beta, 47% to gamma types and 45% to other types (nu, mu, HPV101 and 103). In both centres, the most common types were HPV6 (33% and 26% for London and Oxford respectively), HPV8 (24% and 18%), HPV15 (26% and 29%), HPV17 (25% and 21%), HPV38 (23% and 21%), HPV49 (19% and 21%), HPV4 (27% and 23%), HPV65 (30% and 25%), HPV95 (22% and 20%), HPV1 (33% and 24%) and HPV63 (28% and 17%). The seroprevalence of 8 HPV types differed significantly (P < 0.05) between London and Oxford. Those individuals seropositive to multiple types of one genus were more likely to be seroreactive to multiple types of another genus. As expected, antibodies against mucosal alphaHPV types were more frequent in younger patients and among women. Sunbed use and sunbathing was associated with seropositivity to multiple gammaHPV (P-trend = 0.007) and self-history of abnormal smear was related to seroactivity to multiple betaHPV (P = 0.01). Skin type and other self reported markers of exposure to ultraviolet radiation were not consistently associated with any HPV types. No other distinguishing epidemiological features of transplant recipients with antibodies against single or multiple HPV types were identified. Conclusion Findings for mucosal HPV types were in line with results from previous studies. We observed differences in HPV seroprevalence between organ transplant recipients from two geographically close centres but no clear risk factor was found associated with cutaneous HPV seropositivity among organ transplant recipients. These findings have implications for interpretation of future seroepidemiology studies addressing the association between HPV and cutaneous SCC in OTR populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Casabonne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Richard Doll Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
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The EVER proteins as a natural barrier against papillomaviruses: a new insight into the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infections. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:348-70. [PMID: 19487731 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most frequently occurring sexually transmitted diseases. The crucial role of genital oncogenic HPV in cervical carcinoma development is now well established. In contrast, the role of cutaneous HPV in skin cancer development remains a matter of debate. Cutaneous beta-HPV strains show an amazing ubiquity. The fact that a few oncogenic genotypes cause cancers in patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis is in sharp contrast to the unapparent course of infection in the general population. Our recent investigations revealed that a natural barrier exists in humans, which protects them against infection with these papillomaviruses. A central role in the function of this HPV-specific barrier is played by a complex of the zinc-transporting proteins EVER1, EVER2, and ZnT-1, which maintain cellular zinc homeostasis. Apparently, the deregulation of the cellular zinc balance emerges as an important step in the life cycles not only of cutaneous but also of genital HPVs, although the latter viruses have developed a mechanism by which they can break the barrier and impose a zinc imbalance. Herein, we present a previously unpublished list of the cellular partners of EVER proteins, which points to future directions concerning investigations of the mechanisms of action of the EVER/ZnT-1 complex. We also present a general overview of the pathogenesis of HPV infections, taking into account the latest discoveries regarding the role of cellular zinc homeostasis in the HPV life cycle. We propose a potential model for the mechanism of function of the anti-HPV barrier.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17:132-41. [PMID: 19363348 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32832ad5ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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