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Gholamzad A, Khakpour N, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Koohpar ZK, Matinahmadi A, Jebali A, Rashidi M, Hashemi M, Sadi FH, Gholamzad M. Cancer stem cells: The important role of CD markers, Signaling pathways, and MicroRNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155227. [PMID: 38490099 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, a subset of small cancer cells identified in acute myeloid leukemia has been termed Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). These cells are notorious for their robust proliferation, self-renewal abilities, significant tumor-forming potential, spread, and resistance to treatments. CSCs are a global concern, as it found in numerous types of cancer, posing a real-world challenge today. Our review encompasses research on key CSC markers, signaling pathways, and MicroRNA in three types of cancer: breast, colon, and liver. These factors play a critical role in either promoting or inhibiting cancer cell growth. The reviewed studies have shown that as cells undergo malignant transformation, there can be an increase or decrease in the expression of different Cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers on their surface. Furthermore, alterations in essential signaling pathways, such as Wnt and Notch1, may impact CSC proliferation, survival, and movement, while also providing potential targets for cancer therapies. Additionally, some research has focused on MicroRNAs due to their dual role as potential therapeutic biomarkers and their ability to enhance CSCs' response to anti-cancer drugs. MicroRNAs also regulate a wide array of cellular processes, including the self-renewal and pluripotency of CSCs, and influence gene transcription. Thus, these studies indicate that MicroRNAs play a significant role in the malignancy of various tumors. Although the gathered information suggests that specific CSC markers, signaling pathways, and MicroRNAs are influential in determining the destiny of cancer cells and could be advantageous for therapeutic strategies, their precise roles and impacts remain incompletely defined, necessitating further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khakpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khazaei Koohpar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences,Tonekabon Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Arash Matinahmadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus,Torun,Poland
| | - Ali Jebali
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Deprtment of Medical Nanotechnology,Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology,Tehran Medical Sciences,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ocak M, Ateş Ş, Kahveci S, Okan A, Doğanyiğit Z, Uçar S, Yılmaz S. Evaluation of the anticarcinogenic effects of Rutin on brain tissue in mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma by micro-computed tomography and histological methods. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38526529 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies for new treatment strategies on cancer continue, and new searches continue in the diagnosis and evaluation of cancer. This study examined the possible anticarcinogenic effect of Rutin on the brain tissues of male mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). MATERIAL AND METHODS We used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histologically Hematoxylin&Eosin (H&E) staining methods for evaluation. RESULTS In the evaluation results, we saw a significant decrease in the brain volume of the tumor group to the control group. The difference in volume between the Rutin treatment group and the control group was not significant. In the brain tissues of the tumor group, numerous degenerated neurons characterized by pericellular/perivascular space expansion, cell swelling, or expansion were detected in the cortex and hippocampus regions. We showed a reduction in the damage rate in the Rutin treated group. CONCLUSION As a result, Rutin was found to have an anticarcinogenic effect. In addition to the classical histological evaluation, we used a newer method, micro-CT, in our study. We believe that this study has important results both in terms of its originality and adding new information to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Ocak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Ateş
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Selda Kahveci
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Aslı Okan
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Doğanyiğit
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Uçar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Seher Yılmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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3
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Xu Y. The Role of Breast Cancer Cells in Bone Metastasis: Suitable Seeds for Nourishing Soil. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:28-43. [PMID: 38206556 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to describe the characteristics of breast cancer cells prone to developing bone metastasis and determine how they are regulated by the bone microenvironment. RECENT FINDINGS The bone is a site of frequent breast cancer metastasis. Bone metastasis accounts for 70% of advanced breast cancer cases and remains incurable. It can lead to skeletal-related events, such as bone fracture and pain, and seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Breast cancer cells escape from the primary lesion and spread to the bone marrow in the early stages. They can then enter the dormant state and restore tumourigenicity after several years to develop overt metastasis. In the last few years, an increasing number of studies have reported on the factors promoting bone metastasis of breast cancer cells, both at the primary and metastatic sites. Identifying factors associated with bone metastasis aids in the early recognition of bone metastasis tendency. How to target these factors and minimize the side effects on the bone remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiou Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mozhi Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengshen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Feliciello G, Czyz ZT, Polzer BM. Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization for the Detection of Copy Number Alterations in Single Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2752:167-187. [PMID: 38194034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3621-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive genome-wide analyses of single cells represent an important tool for clinical applications, such as pre-implantation diagnostic and prenatal diagnosis, as well as for cancer research purpose. For the latter, studies of tumor heterogeneity, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) require the analysis of single-cell genomes. Here we describe a reliable and robust array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) protocol based on Ampli 1™ whole genome amplification that allows the detection of copy number alterations (CNAs) in single cancer cells as small as 100 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Feliciello
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Division of Personalized Cancer Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM-R, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Zbigniew Tadeusz Czyz
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Polzer
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Division of Personalized Cancer Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM-R, Regensburg, Germany
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Treitschke S, Weidele K, Varadarajan AR, Feliciello G, Warfsmann J, Vorbeck S, Polzer B, Botteron C, Hoffmann M, Dechand V, Mederer T, Weber F, Werner-Klein M, Robold T, Hofmann HS, Werno C, Klein CA. Ex vivo expansion of lung cancer-derived disseminated cancer cells from lymph nodes identifies cells associated with metastatic progression. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1854-1867. [PMID: 37555668 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The cellular basis of the apparent aggressiveness in lung cancer is poorly understood but likely associated with functional or molecular features of disseminated cancer cells (DCCs). DCCs from epithelial cancers are mostly detected by antibodies directed against histogenetic markers such as cytokeratin or EpCAM. It has been argued that marker-negative metastatic founder cells might escape detection. We therefore used ex vivo sphere formation for functional detection of candidate metastasis founders. We generated cell suspensions from 199 LN samples of 131 lung cancer patients and placed them into non-adherent cell culture. Sphere formation was associated with detection of DCCs using EpCAM immunocytology and with significantly poorer prognosis. The prognostic impact of sphere formation was strongly associated with high numbers of EpCAM-positive DCCs and aberrant genotypes of expanded spheres. We also noted sphere formation in patients with no evidence of lymphatic spread, however such spheres showed infrequent expression of signature genes associated with spheres from EpCAM-positive samples and displayed neither typical lung cancer mutations (KRAS, TP53, ERBB1) nor copy number variations, but might be linked to disease progression >5 years post curative surgery. We conclude that EpCAM identifies relevant disease-driving DCCs, that such cells can be expanded for model generation and that further research is needed to clarify the functional and prognostic role of rare EpCAM-negative sphere forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Treitschke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Weidele
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adithi Ravikumar Varadarajan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Feliciello
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Warfsmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sybille Vorbeck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Polzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Botteron
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vadim Dechand
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Mederer
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner-Klein
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Robold
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Stefan Hofmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Werno
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph A Klein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Spurling D, Anchan A, Hucklesby J, Finlay G, Angel CE, Graham ES. Melanoma Cells Produce Large Vesicular-Bodies That Cause Rapid Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier-Integrity and Disassembly of Junctional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076082. [PMID: 37047054 PMCID: PMC10093843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that many cells produce extracellular vesicles, and this includes a range of different cancer cell types. Here we demonstrate the profound effects of large vesicular-like bodies produced by melanoma cells on the barrier integrity of human brain endothelial cells. These vesicular-bodies have not been fully characterised but range in size from ~500 nm to >10 µm, are surrounded by membrane and are enzymatically active based on cell-tracker incorporation. Their size is consistent with previously reported large oncosomes and apoptotic bodies. We demonstrate that these melanoma-derived vesicular-bodies rapidly affect brain endothelial barrier integrity, measured using ECIS biosensor technology, where the disruption is evident within ~60 min. This disruption involves acquisition of the vesicles through transcellular uptake into the endothelial cells. We also observed extensive actin-rearrangement, actin removal from the paracellular boundary of the endothelial cells and envelopment of the vesicular-bodies by actin. This was concordant with widespread changes in CD144 localisation, which was consistent with the loss of junctional strength. High-resolution confocal imaging revealed proximity of the melanoma vesicular-bodies juxtaposed to the endothelial nucleus, often containing fragmented DNA themselves, raising speculation over this association and potential delivery of nuclear material into the brain endothelial cells. The disruption of the endothelial cells occurs in a manner that is faster and completely distinct to that of invasion by intact melanoma cells. Given the clinical observation of large vesicles in the circulation of melanoma patients by others, we hypothesize their involvement in weakening or priming the brain vasculature for melanoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Spurling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Akshata Anchan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - James Hucklesby
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Graeme Finlay
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Pereira-Veiga T, Bravo S, Gómez-Tato A, Yáñez-Gómez C, Abuín C, Varela V, Cueva J, Palacios P, Dávila-Ibáñez AB, Piñeiro R, Vilar A, Chantada-Vázquez MDP, López-López R, Costa C. Red Blood Cells Protein Profile Is Modified in Breast Cancer Patients. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100435. [PMID: 36519745 PMCID: PMC9713370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death for most breast cancer (BC) patients who succumb to the disease. During the hematogenous dissemination, circulating tumor cells interact with different blood components. Thus, there are microenvironmental and systemic processes contributing to cancer regulation. We have recently published that red blood cells (RBCs) that accompany circulating tumor cells have prognostic value in metastatic BC patients. RBC alterations are related to several diseases. Although the principal known role is gas transport, it has been recently assigned additional functions as regulatory cells on circulation. Hence, to explore their potential contribution to tumor progression, we characterized the proteomic composition of RBCs from 53 BC patients from stages I to III and IV, compared with 33 cancer-free controls. In this work, we observed that RBCs from BC patients showed a different proteomic profile compared to cancer-free controls and between different tumor stages. The differential proteins were mainly related to extracellular components, proteasome, and metabolism. Embryonic hemoglobins, not expected in adults' RBCs, were detected in BC patients. Besides, lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 emerge as a new RBCs marker with diagnostic and prognostic potential for metastatic BC patients. Seemingly, RBCs are acquiring modifications in their proteomic composition that probably represents the systemic cancer disease, conditioned by the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Pereira-Veiga
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Bravo
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-IDIS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Tato
- CITMAga, University of Santiago de Compostela (Campus Vida), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Celso Yáñez-Gómez
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Abuín
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanesa Varela
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Cueva
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Palacios
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana B Dávila-Ibáñez
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vilar
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Chantada-Vázquez
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-IDIS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael López-López
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clotilde Costa
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Shah UJ, Alsulimani A, Ahmad F, Mathkor DM, Alsaieedi A, Harakeh S, Nasiruddin M, Haque S. Bioplatforms in liquid biopsy: advances in the techniques for isolation, characterization and clinical applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:339-383. [PMID: 35968863 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue biopsy analysis has conventionally been the gold standard for cancer prognosis, diagnosis and prediction of responses/resistances to treatments. The existing biopsy procedures used in clinical practice are, however, invasive, painful and often associated with pitfalls like poor recovery of tumor cells and infeasibility for repetition in single patients. To circumvent these limitations, alternative non-invasive, rapid and economical, yet sturdy, consistent and dependable, biopsy techniques are required. Liquid biopsy is an emerging technology that fulfills these criteria and potentially much more in terms of subject-specific real-time monitoring of cancer progression, determination of tumor heterogeneity and treatment responses, and specific identification of the type and stages of cancers. The present review first briefly revisits the state-of-the-art technique of liquid biopsy and then proceeds to address in detail, the advances in the potential clinical applications of four major biological agencies present in liquid biopsy samples (circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs)). Finally, the authors conclude with the limitations that need to be addressed in order for liquid biopsy to effectively replace the conventional invasive biopsy methods in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushma Jaykamal Shah
- MedGenome Labs Ltd, Kailash Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Vadodara, India
| | - Ahmad Alsulimani
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Darin Mansor Mathkor
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab Alsaieedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Nasiruddin
- MedGenome Labs Ltd, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.,Genomics Lab, Orbito Asia Diagnostics, Coimbatore, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Perge P, Nyirő G, Vékony B, Igaz P. Liquid biopsy for the assessment of adrenal cancer heterogeneity: where do we stand? Endocrine 2022; 77:425-431. [PMID: 35552979 PMCID: PMC9385753 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 10 years have passed since the first attempts of liquid biopsy aimed at the characterisation of tumor cells present in the bloodstream from a regular sample of peripheral blood were performed. Liquid biopsy has been used to characterise tumor heterogeneity in various types of solid tumors including adrenocortical carcinoma. The development of molecular biology, genetics, and methodological advances such as digital PCR and next-generation sequencing allowed us to use besides circulating tumor cells a variety of circulating cell-free nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs and microRNAs secreted by tumors into blood and other body fluids as specific molecular markers. These markers are used for diagnosis, to check tumor development, selecting efficient therapies, therapy monitoring and even possess prognostic power. In adrenocortical carcinoma, there are some studies reporting analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating cell free DNA and microRNAs for assessing tumor heterogeneity. Among microRNAs, hsa-miR-483-5p seems to be the most important player. Combined with other microRNAs like hsa-miR-195, their expression correlates with recurrence-free survival. Most studies support the applicability of liquid biopsy for assessing temporal tumor heterogeneity (i.e. tumor progression) in adrenocortical cancer. In this mini-review, the available findings of liquid biopsy for assessing tumor heterogeneity in adrenocortical cancer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Perge
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyirő
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Vékony
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Gužvić M, Engelmann S, Burger M, Mayr R. [Disseminated tumour cells in bladder cancer]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 61:728-733. [PMID: 35925248 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of disseminated tumour cells (DTC) may aid in predicting the course of the disease and response to therapies in individual patients. It has been shown in bladder cancer and many other cancer types that the presence of disseminated tumour cells or occult micrometastases in bone marrow or lymph nodes is associated with shorter survival. This type of analysis is particularly important for patients who have been declared disease-free after postsurgery histopathological and clinical imaging analysis. However, comprehensive molecular analysis of disseminated tumour cells is challenging due to the low amount of material and great heterogeneity of the disease. Therefore, currently the routine molecular analysis of these cells is hardly possible in daily clinical practice. Nevertheless, we see daily advances in clinical utility of analysis of cellular or cell-free liquid biopsy analytes taken before, during or after surgery. These advances will enable an integration of translational research workflows into clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Gužvić
- Lehrstuhl für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Simon Engelmann
- Klinik für Urologie, Universität Regensburg, Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Lehrstuhl für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
- Klinik für Urologie, Universität Regensburg, Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Roman Mayr
- Lehrstuhl für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland.
- Klinik für Urologie, Universität Regensburg, Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
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11
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DiNatale A, Kaur R, Qian C, Zhang J, Marchioli M, Ipe D, Castelli M, McNair CM, Kumar G, Meucci O, Fatatis A. Subsets of cancer cells expressing CX3CR1 are endowed with metastasis-initiating properties and resistance to chemotherapy. Oncogene 2022; 41:1337-1351. [PMID: 34999735 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) display stem cell-like features, cause metastatic recurrences and defy chemotherapy, which leads to patients' demise. Here we show that prostate and breast cancer patients harbor contingents of tumor cells with high expression of CX3CR1, OCT4a (POU5F1), and NANOG. Impairing CX3CR1 expression or signaling hampered the formation of tumor spheroids by cell lines from which we isolated small subsets co-expressing CX3CR1 and stemness-related markers, similarly to patients' tumors. These rare CX3CR1High cells show transcriptomic profiles enriched in pathways that regulate pluripotency and endowed with metastasis-initiating behavior in murine models. Cancer cells lacking these features (CX3CR1Low) were capable of re-acquiring CX3CR1-associated features over time, implying that MICs can continuously emerge from non-stem cancer cells. CX3CR1 expression also conferred resistance to docetaxel, and prolonged treatment with docetaxel selected CX3CR1High phenotypes with de-enriched transcriptomic profiles for apoptotic pathways. These findings nominate CX3CR1 as a novel marker of stem-like tumor cells and provide conceptual ground for future development of approaches targeting CX3CR1 signaling and (re)expression as therapeutic means to prevent or contain metastasis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DiNatale
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Champions Oncology, 1330 Piccard Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jieyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Michael Marchioli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Darin Ipe
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Maria Castelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chris M McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,Cancer Informatics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Program in Immune Cell Regulation & Targeting, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Program in Translational and Cellular Oncology at Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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12
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Danila DC. Liquid biopsy as a cancer biomarker-potential, and challenges. Cancer Biomark 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824302-2.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Kerr MWA, Magalhães-Gama F, Ibiapina HNS, Hanna FSA, Xabregas LA, Alves EB, Pimentel JPD, Carvalho MPSS, Tarragô AM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, da Costa AG, Malheiro A. Bone Marrow Soluble Immunological Mediators as Clinical Prognosis Biomarkers in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients Undergoing Induction Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696032. [PMID: 34646761 PMCID: PMC8503185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different factors are used as predictors of unfavorable clinical outcomes in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) patients. However, new prognostic markers are needed in order to allow treatment to be more accurate, providing better results and an improved quality of life. In the present study, we have characterized the profile of bone marrow soluble mediators as possible biomarkers for risk group stratification and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection during induction therapy. The study featured 47 newly-diagnosed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients that were categorized into subgroups during induction therapy according to risk stratification at day 15 [Low Risk (LR), Low Risk increasing to High Risk (LR→HR) and High Risk (HR)] and the MRD detection on day 35 (MRD(-) and MRD(+)). Soluble immunological mediators (CXCL8, CCL2, CXCL9, CCL5, CXCL10, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-2) were quantified by cytometric bead array and ELISA. Our findings demonstrated that increased levels of CCL5, IFN-γ and IL-2 at baseline appeared as putative candidates of good prognosis in LR and MRD(-) subgroups, while CCL2 was identified as a consistent late biomarker associated with poor prognosis, which was observed on D35 in HR and MRD(+) subgroups. Furthermore, apparently controversial data regarding IL-17A and TNF did not allow the definition of these molecules as either positive or negative biomarkers. These results contribute to the search for novel prognostic indicators, and indicate the potential of bone marrow soluble mediators in prognosis and follow-up of B-ALL patients during induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Wendell Athaydes Kerr
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fábio Magalhães-Gama
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou - FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hiochelson Najibe Santos Ibiapina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, UEA, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Silva Alves Hanna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lilyane Amorim Xabregas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Eliana Brasil Alves
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Diniz Pimentel
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Perpétuo Socorro Sampaio Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou - FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou - FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, UEA, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
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14
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Cysteine-Rich Angiogenic Inducer 61: Pro-Survival Function and Role as a Biomarker for Disseminating Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030563. [PMID: 33540545 PMCID: PMC7867178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer, and it can be predicted by the detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood and disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow, which are usually detected by epithelial marker proteins. However, tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes down-regulate the expression of epithelial marker proteins, and are therefore difficult to detect. Here, we found that the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenetic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is strongly expressed in tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes. Cyr61 expression was undetectable in normal blood cells, suggesting that Cyr61 might represent a tumor-associated protein. Functional experiments showed that the loss of Cyr61 reduces the viability of breast tumor cells. Thus, Cyr61 might represent an interesting anti-metastatic target that needs to be explored in future studies. Abstract (1) Background: the early detection of cancer cells in the blood or bone marrow of breast cancer patients improves the understanding of metastasis. Disseminating tumor cells in the bone marrow with a pronounced manifestation of mesenchymal markers (mDTC) are difficult to detect by epithelial markers, but they are relevant in the initiation of metastasis. (2) Methods: the breast cancer mDTC cell line BC-M1 was analyzed by mass spectrometry, which revealed high levels of the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61). The function of Cyr61 was investigated using shRNA and hypoxia. Peripheral blood samples from 35 breast cancer patients were investigated for CTCs defined as cytokeratin-positive/CD45-negative cells. (3) Results: the Cyr61 levels are elevated in mDTC lines from breast, lung, and prostate cancer patients. The loss of Cyr61 resulted in the diminished expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and increased apoptosis. Cyr61 was present in 47 (43%) of the 109 detected circulating tumor cells (CTCs), while the blood and bone marrow cells from healthy controls were Cyr61-negative. (4) Conclusions: Cyr61 is expressed in mDTC lines, supports the viability of cancer cells, and classifies a new subset of cytokeratin-positive CTCs, which deserves further investigation.
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15
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Bali P, Lozano-Pope I, Pachow C, Obonyo M. Early detection of tumor cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in a fast‑progressing gastric cancer model. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:388-396. [PMID: 33469673 PMCID: PMC7864146 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The authors previously demonstrated that in mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88−/−), infection with Helicobacter felis (H. felis) a close relative of H. pylori, subsequently rapidly progressed to neoplasia. The present study examined circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by measuring the expression of cytokeratins, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in bone marrow and peripheral blood from Myd88−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Cytokeratins CK8/18 were detected as early as 4 months post-infection in Myd88−/− mice. By contrast, cytokeratins were not detected in WT mice even after 7 months post-infection. The expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) was observed in both bone marrow and peripheral blood at different time points, suggesting its role in gastric cancer metastasis. Snail, Twist and ZEB were expressed at different levels in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The expression of these EMT-related markers suggests the manifestation of cancer metastasis in the early stages of disease development. LGR5, CD44 and CD133 were the most prominent CSC markers detected. The detection of CSC and EMT markers along with cytokeratins does reinforce their use as biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis. This early detection of markers suggests that CTCs leave primary site even before cancer is well established. Thus, cytokeratins, EMT, and CSCs could be used as biomarkers to detect aggressive forms of gastric cancers. This information may prove to be of significance in stratifying patients for treatment prior to the onset of severe disease-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Bali
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Ivonne Lozano-Pope
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
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16
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Abstract
Metastatic dissemination occurs very early in the malignant progression of a cancer but the clinical manifestation of metastases often takes years. In recent decades, 5-year survival of patients with many solid cancers has increased due to earlier detection, local disease control and adjuvant therapies. As a consequence, we are confronted with an increase in late relapses as more antiproliferative cancer therapies prolong disease courses, raising questions about how cancer cells survive, evolve or stop growing and finally expand during periods of clinical latency. I argue here that the understanding of early metastasis formation, particularly of the currently invisible phase of metastatic colonization, will be essential for the next stage in adjuvant therapy development that reliably prevents metachronous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Klein
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Werno C, Honarnejad K, Polzer B. Predicting therapy response by analysis of metastasis founder cells: emerging perspectives for personalized tumor therapy. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1831910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Werno
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kamran Honarnejad
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Polzer
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Huang Z, Kondoh E, Visco ZR, Baba T, Matsumura N, Dolan E, Whitaker RS, Konishi I, Fujii S, Berchuck A, Murphy SK. Targeting Dormant Ovarian Cancer Cells In Vitro and in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Platinum Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:85-95. [PMID: 33037137 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids exhibit drug resistance and slow proliferation, suggesting involvement in cancer recurrence. The protein kinase C inhibitor UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) has shown higher efficacy against slow proliferating and/or quiescent ovarian cancer cells. In this study, tumorigenic potential was assessed using anchorage-independent growth assays and spheroid-forming capacity, which was determined with ovarian cancer cell lines as well as primary ovarian cancers. Of 12 cell lines with increased anchorage-independent growth, 8 formed spheroids under serum-free culture conditions. Spheroids showed reduced proliferation (P < 0.0001) and Ki-67 immunostaining (8% vs. 87%) relative to monolayer cells. Spheroid formation was associated with increased expression of mitochondrial pathway genes (P ≤ 0.001) from Affymetrix HT U133A gene expression data. UCN-01, a kinase inhibitor/mitochondrial uncoupler that has been shown to lead to Puma-induced mitochondrial apoptosis as well as ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin, demonstrated effectiveness against spheroids, whereas spheroids were refractory to cisplatin and paclitaxel. By live in vivo imaging, ovarian cancer xenograft tumors were reduced after primary treatment with carboplatin. Continued treatment with carboplatin was accompanied by an increase in tumor signal, whereas there was little or no increase in tumor signal observed with subsequent treatment with UCN-01 or oltipraz. Taken together, our findings suggest that genes involved in mitochondrial function in spheroids may be an important therapeutic target in preventing disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zachary R Visco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Iwate Medical University, Morioka Iwate, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Emma Dolan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Regina S Whitaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujii
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Kyoto Okamoto Memorial Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Interleukin-6 trans-signaling is a candidate mechanism to drive progression of human DCCs during clinical latency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4977. [PMID: 33020483 PMCID: PMC7536220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although thousands of breast cancer cells disseminate and home to bone marrow until primary surgery, usually less than a handful will succeed in establishing manifest metastases months to years later. To identify signals that support survival or outgrowth in patients, we profile rare bone marrow-derived disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) long before manifestation of metastasis and identify IL6/PI3K-signaling as candidate pathway for DCC activation. Surprisingly, and similar to mammary epithelial cells, DCCs lack membranous IL6 receptor expression and mechanistic dissection reveals IL6 trans-signaling to regulate a stem-like state of mammary epithelial cells via gp130. Responsiveness to IL6 trans-signals is found to be niche-dependent as bone marrow stromal and endosteal cells down-regulate gp130 in premalignant mammary epithelial cells as opposed to vascular niche cells. PIK3CA activation renders cells independent from IL6 trans-signaling. Consistent with a bottleneck function of microenvironmental DCC control, we find PIK3CA mutations highly associated with late-stage metastatic cells while being extremely rare in early DCCs. Our data suggest that the initial steps of metastasis formation are often not cancer cell-autonomous, but also depend on microenvironmental signals. Metastatic dissemination in breast cancer patients occurs early in malignant transformation, raising questions about how disseminated cancer cells (DCC) progress at distant sites. Here, the authors show that DCCs in bone marrow are activated via IL6-trans-signaling and thereby acquire stemness traits relevant for metastasis formation.
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20
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Takahashi Y, Shirai K, Ijiri Y, Morita E, Yoshida T, Iwanaga S, Yanagida M. Integrated system for detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237506. [PMID: 32790768 PMCID: PMC7425940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) invade blood vessels in solid tumors and promote metastases by circulating in the blood. CTCs are thus recognized as targets for liquid biopsy and can provide useful information for design of treatments. This diagnostic approach must consider not only the number of CTCs but also their molecular and genetic characteristics. For this purpose, use of devices that enrich CTCs independent of these characteristics and detectors that recognize various CTC characteristics is essential. In the present study, we developed a CTC detection system comprising ClearCell FX and ImageStream Mark II. We clarified the analytical performance of this system by evaluating recovery rate, lower limits of detection, and linearity. These parameters are critical for detecting rare cells, such as CTCs. We tested these parameters using three cell lines with different expression levels of the epithelial marker-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and spiked these cells into whole-blood samples from healthy donors. The average recovery rate and lower limit of detection were approximately 40% and five cells/7.5 mL of whole blood, respectively. High linearity was observed for all evaluated samples. We also evaluated the ability of the system to distinguish between normal and abnormal cells based on protein expression levels and gene amplification and found that the system can identify abnormal cells using these characteristics. The CTC detection system thus displays the ability to distinguish specific characteristics of CTC, thereby providing valuable information for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ijiri
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eri Morita
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshida
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeki Iwanaga
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yanagida
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Mechanisms of cancer stem cell therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:581-592. [PMID: 32791136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis and are involved in drug and radiation resistance, metastasis, tumor relapse and initiation. Remarkably, they have other abilities such as inheritance of self-renewal and de-differentiation. Hence, targeting CSCs is considered a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Recent advances in the identification of biomarkers to recognize CSCs and the development of new techniques to evaluate tumorigenic and carcinogenic roles of CSCs are instrumental to this approach. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate CSCs colony progression and drug resistance are critical in establishing effective targeted therapies. CSCs play a central key role in immunomodulation, immune evasion and effector immunity, which alters immune system balancing. These include mTOR, SHH, NOTCH and Wnt/β-catering in cancer progression. In this review article, we discuss the importance of these CSCs pathways in cancer therapy.
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22
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Möhrmann L, Zowada MK, Strakerjahn H, Siegl C, Kopp-Schneider A, Krunic D, Strunk D, Schneider M, Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Herbst F, Ball CR, Glimm H, Dieter SM. A perivascular niche in the bone marrow hosts quiescent and proliferating tumorigenic colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:519-531. [PMID: 32077087 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (dTCs) can frequently be detected in the bone marrow (BM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, raising the possibility that the BM serves as a reservoir for metastatic tumor cells. Identification of dTCs in BM aspirates harbors the potential of assessing therapeutic outcome and directing therapy intensity with limited risk and effort. Still, the functional and prognostic relevance of dTCs is not fully established. We have previously shown that CRC cell clones can be traced to the BM of mice carrying patient-derived xenografts. However, cellular interactions, proliferative state and tumorigenicity of dTCs remain largely unknown. Here, we applied a coculture system modeling the microvascular niche and used immunofluorescence imaging of the murine BM to show that primary CRC cells migrate toward endothelial tubes. dTCs in the BM were rare, but detectable in mice with xenografts from most patient samples (8/10) predominantly at perivascular sites. Comparable to primary tumors, a substantial fraction of proliferating dTCs was detected in the BM. However, most dTCs were found as isolated cells, indicating that dividing dTCs rather separate than aggregate to metastatic clones-a phenomenon frequently observed in the microvascular niche model. Clonal tracking identified subsets of self-renewing tumor-initiating cells in the BM that formed tumors out of BM transplants, including one subset that did not drive primary tumor growth. Our results indicate an important role of the perivascular BM niche for CRC cell dissemination and show that dTCs can be a potential source for tumor relapse and tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Möhrmann
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina K Zowada
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Strakerjahn
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Siegl
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Herbst
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia R Ball
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Dieter
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Yamada K, Ozawa D, Onozato R, Suzuki M, Fujita A, Ojima H. Optimal timing for the resection of pulmonary metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19144. [PMID: 32118717 PMCID: PMC7478587 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the surgical treatment time of pulmonary metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer.Early relapse after resection of pulmonary metastasis is often encountered when the interval from the detection of pulmonary metastasis to pulmonary metastasectomy was short.In this retrospective analysis, data of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment of pulmonary metastasis at the Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Gunma, from April 2001 through September 2018 were evaluated. The patients were divided into 2 groups. We examined the interval period from the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis to pulmonary metastasectomy. This period was divided into every 3 months, and the prognosis of each group was compared with clarify the appropriate timing of pulmonary metastasectomy.The primary endpoints were 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates.The most significant difference was observed when the cutoff value was 9 months (5-year recurrence-free survival 45.8% vs 85.6%, P < .01). No significant difference was found in any background factors between the 2 groups. Twenty-five patients (34.7%) experienced recurrence after pulmonary metastasectomy. The most common site of recurrence was the lung (48%). Among the 12 cases of recurrence of pulmonary metastasis, 11 cases belonged to the <9 months group. A multivariable survival analysis found that the interval period of <9 months was a significant predictor of recurrence.Our study suggests that clinical follow-up for 9 months prior pulmonary metastasectomy in colorectal patients would improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryouichi Onozato
- Department of general thoracic surgery, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Oota-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of general thoracic surgery, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Oota-shi, Gunma, Japan
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25
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Cytomorphological Characterization of Individual Metastatic Tumor Cells from Gastrointestinal Cancer Patient Lymph Nodes with Imaging Flow Cytometry. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord1040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of tumor cells within patient lymph nodes is an important prognostic indicator in a number of cancer types and an essential element of the staging process. However, patients with the same pathological stage will not necessarily have the same outcome. Therefore, additional factors may aid in identifying patients at a greater risk of developing metastasis. In this proof of principle study, initially, spiked tumor cells in rat lymph nodes were used to mimic a node with a small cancer deposit. Next, human lymph nodes were obtained from cancer patients for morphological characterization. Nodes were dissociated with a manual tissue homogenizer and stained with fluorescent antibodies against CD45 and Pan-Cytokeratin and then imaging flow cytometry (AMNIS ImageStreamX Mark II) was performed. We show here that imaging flow cytometry can be used for the detection and characterization of small numbers of cancer cells in lymph nodes and we also demonstrate the phenotypical and morphological characterization of cancer cells in gastrointestinal cancer patient lymph nodes. When used in addition to conventional histological techniques, this high throughput detection of tumor cells in lymph nodes may offer additional information assisting in the staging process with therapeutic and prognostic applications.
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26
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Evaluation of SHP1-P2 methylation as a biomarker of lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ASIAN BIOMED 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hypermethylation of Src homology region 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 promoter 2 (SHP1-P2) has been proven as an epithelial-specific marker. This marker has been used for the detection of lymph node metastasis in patients with lung cancer or colon cancer.
Objectives
To investigate SHP1-P2 methylation in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and determine its potential for micrometastasis detection in the lymph nodes of patients with HNSCC.
Methods
SHP1-P2 methylation levels were analyzed by combined methylation-specific primer TaqMan real-time PCR in 5 sample groups: normal tonsils (n = 10), microdissected squamous cell carcinoma epithelia (n = 9), nonmetastatic head and neck cancer lymph nodes (LN N0, n = 15), metastatic HNSCC histologically negative for tumor cells (LN–, n = 18), and matched cases histologically positive for tumor cells (LN+, n = 18).
Results
SHP1-P2 methylation of 10.27 ± 4.05% was found in normal tonsils as a lymphoid tissue baseline, whereas it was 61.31 ± 17.00% in microdissected cancer cell controls. In the 3 lymph node groups, the SHP1-P2 methylation levels were 9.99 ± 6.61% for LN N0, 14.49 ± 10.03% for LN- Nx, and 41.01 ± 24.51% for LN+ Nx. The methylation levels for LN- Nx and LN+ Nx were significantly different (P
= 0.0002). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of SHP1-P2 methylation demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.637 in distinguishing LN N0 from LN– Nx.
Conclusions
SHP1-P2 methylation was high in HNSCC, and low in lymphoid tissues. This methylation difference is concordant with lymph node metastasis.
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27
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Vishnoi M, Liu NH, Yin W, Boral D, Scamardo A, Hong D, Marchetti D. The identification of a TNBC liver metastasis gene signature by sequential CTC-xenograft modeling. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1913-1926. [PMID: 31216110 PMCID: PMC6717757 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) liver metastasis is associated with poor prognosis and low patient survival. It occurs when tumor cells disseminate from primary tumors, circulate in blood/lymph [circulating tumor cells (CTCs)], and acquire distinct characteristics during disease progression toward the metastatic phenotype. The purpose of this study was to decipher the genomic/transcriptomic properties of TNBC liver metastasis and its recurrence for potential therapeutic targeting. We employed a negative depletion strategy to isolate and interrogate CTCs from the blood of patients with TNBC, and to establish sequential generations of CTC-derived xenografts (CDXs) through injection of patient CTCs in immunodeficient mice. The isolation and validation of CDX-derived cell populations [analyses of CTCs were paired with bone marrow-resident cells (BMRTCs) and liver tissue cells obtained from the same animal] were performed by multiparametric flow cytometry, immune phenotyping, and genomic sequencing of putative CTCs. Comprehensive characterization of gene expression arrays from sequentially generated CDX-derived cell populations, online gene expression arrays, and TCGA databases were employed to discover a CTC-driven, liver metastasis-associated TNBC signature. We discovered a distinct transcriptomic signature of TNBC patient-isolated CTCs from primary TNBCs, which was consistent throughout sequential CDX modeling. We established a novel TNBC liver metastasis-specific CDX model that selectively recapitulates CTC biology for four sequential generations of mice. The evaluation of online databases and CDX-derived populations revealed 597 genes specific to the TNBC liver metastasis signatures. Further investigation of the TNBC liver metastasis signature predicted 16 hub genes, 6 biomarkers with clinically available drugs, and 22 survival genes. The sequential interrogation of CDX-CTCs is an innovative liquid biopsy-based approach for the discovery of organ metastasis-specific signatures of CTCs. This represents the first step for mechanistic and analytical validation in their application as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. Targeting CTC drug candidate biomarkers along with combination therapy can improve the clinical outcome of TNBC patients in general and recurrence of liver metastasis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vishnoi
- Biomarker Research Program CenterHouston Methodist Research InstituteTXUSA
| | - Nikki Haowen Liu
- Biomarker Research Program CenterHouston Methodist Research InstituteTXUSA
| | - Wei Yin
- Biomarker Research Program CenterHouston Methodist Research InstituteTXUSA
| | - Debasish Boral
- Biomarker Research Program CenterHouston Methodist Research InstituteTXUSA
| | - Antonio Scamardo
- Department of Investigational Cancer TherapeuticsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - David Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer TherapeuticsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Biomarker Research Program CenterHouston Methodist Research InstituteTXUSA
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28
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Vallvé-Juanico J, López-Gil C, Ballesteros A, Santamaria X. Endometrial Stromal Cells Circulate in the Bloodstream of Women with Endometriosis: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3740. [PMID: 31370190 PMCID: PMC6695832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. While endometriotic tissue is commonly localized in the pelvic cavity, it can also be found in distant sites, including the brain. The origin and pathophysiology of tissue migration is poorly understood; retrograde menstruation is thought to be the cause, although the presence of endometrium at distant sites is not explained by this hypothesis. To determine whether dissemination occurs via the bloodstream in women with endometriosis, we analyzed circulating blood for the presence of endometrial cells. Circulating endometrial stromal cells were identified only in women with endometriosis but not in controls, while endometrial epithelial cells were not identified in the circulation of either group. Our results support the hypothesis that endometrial stromal cells may migrate through circulation and promote the pathophysiology of endometriosis. The detection of these cells in circulation creates avenues for the development of less invasive diagnostic tools for the disease, and opens possibilities for further study of the origin of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, IVIRMA-Barcelona S.L., 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos López-Gil
- Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ballesteros
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, IVIRMA-Barcelona S.L., 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Santamaria
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, IVIRMA-Barcelona S.L., 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
- Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Igenomix Foundation, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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29
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Agnoletto C, Corrà F, Minotti L, Baldassari F, Crudele F, Cook WJJ, Di Leva G, d'Adamo AP, Gasparini P, Volinia S. Heterogeneity in Circulating Tumor Cells: The Relevance of the Stem-Cell Subset. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040483. [PMID: 30959764 PMCID: PMC6521045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into vasculature is an early event in the metastatic process. The analysis of CTCs in patients has recently received widespread attention because of its clinical implications, particularly for precision medicine. Accumulated evidence documents a large heterogeneity in CTCs across patients. Currently, the most accepted view is that tumor cells with an intermediate phenotype between epithelial and mesenchymal have the highest plasticity. Indeed, the existence of a meta-stable or partial epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) cell state, with both epithelial and mesenchymal features, can be easily reconciled with the concept of a highly plastic stem-like state. A close connection between EMT and cancer stem cells (CSC) traits, with enhanced metastatic competence and drug resistance, has also been described. Accordingly, a subset of CTCs consisting of CSC, present a stemness profile, are able to survive chemotherapy, and generate metastases after xenotransplantation in immunodeficient mice. In the present review, we discuss the current evidence connecting CTCs, EMT, and stemness. An improved understanding of the CTC/EMT/CSC connections may uncover novel therapeutic targets, irrespective of the tumor type, since most cancers seem to harbor a pool of CSCs, and disclose important mechanisms underlying tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabio Corrà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Federica Baldassari
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Francesca Crudele
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Gianpiero Di Leva
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Adamo Pio d'Adamo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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30
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Sudhalkar N, Rathod NP, Mathews A, Chopra S, Sriram H, Shrivastava SK, Goda JS. Potential role of cancer stem cells as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cervical cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1144. [PMID: 32721115 PMCID: PMC7941515 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eradicating cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are termed as the "beating heart" of various malignant tumors, including cervical cancer, holds great importance in cancer therapeutics. CSCs not only confer chemo-radio resistance but also play an important role in tumor metastasis and thereby pose a potential barrier for the cure of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, a common malignancy among females, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and the study on CSCs residing in the niche is promising. RECENT FINDINGS Biomarker approach to screen the cervical CSCs has gained impetus since the past decade. Progress in identification and characterization of the stem cell biomarkers has led to many insights. For the diagnostic purpose, several biomarkers like viral (HPV16), stem cell markers, transcription factors (viz, SOX2, OCT 4, and c-Myc), and CSC surface markers (viz, ALDH1 and CD44) have been identified. The research so far has been directed to study the CSC stemness and demonstrates various gene expression signatures in cervical CSCs. Such studies hold a potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict therapeutic response and clinical outcome in patients. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell biomarkers have been validated and their therapeutic targets are being developed as "strategies to improve therapeutic ratio in personalized medicine." This review gives a brief overview of the cervical CSC biomarkers, their current and future diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Sudhalkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Nidul P. Rathod
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Ashwathi Mathews
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Harshini Sriram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Shyam K. Shrivastava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Jayant S. Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
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31
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Lederman EE, Hope JM, King MR. Mass Action Kinetic Model of Apoptosis by TRAIL-Functionalized Leukocytes. Front Oncol 2018; 8:410. [PMID: 30460191 PMCID: PMC6232872 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis through the bloodstream contributes to poor prognosis in many types of cancer. A unique approach to target and kill colon, prostate, and other epithelial-type cancer cells in the blood has been recently developed that uses circulating leukocytes to present the cancer-specific, liposome-bound Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) on their surface along with E − selectin adhesion receptors. This approach, demonstrated both in vitro with human blood and in mice, mimics the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. The resulting liposomal TRAIL-coated leukocytes hold promise as an effective means to neutralize circulating tumor cells that enter the bloodstream with the potential to form new metastases. Methods: The computational biology study reported here examines the mechanism of this effective signal delivery, by considering the kinetics of the coupled reaction cascade, from TRAIL binding death receptor to eventual apoptosis. In this study, a collision of bound TRAIL with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is considered and compared to a prolonged exposure of CTCs to soluble TRAIL. An existing computational model of soluble TRAIL treatment was modified to represent the kinetics from a diffusion-limited 3D reference frame into a 2D collision frame with advection and adhesion to mimic the E − selectin and membrane bound TRAIL treatment. Thus, the current model recreates the new approach of targeting cancer cells within the blood. The model was found to faithfully reproduce representative observations from experiments of liposomal TRAIL treatment under shear. Results: The model predicts apoptosis of CTCs within 2 h when treated with membrane bound TRAIL, while apoptosis in CTCs treated with soluble TRAIL proceeds much more slowly over the course of 10 h, consistent with previous experiments. Given the clearance rate of soluble TRAIL in vivo, this model predicts that the soluble TRAIL method would be rendered ineffective, as found in previous experiments. Conclusion: This study therefore indicates that the kinetics of the coupled reaction cascade of liposomal E − selectin and membrane bound TRAIL colliding with CTCs can explain why this new approach to target and kill cancer cells in blood is much more effective than its soluble counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Lederman
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jacob M Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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32
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Otoukesh B, Boddouhi B, Moghtadaei M, Kaghazian P, Kaghazian M. Novel molecular insights and new therapeutic strategies in osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:158. [PMID: 30349420 PMCID: PMC6192346 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers with lower survival and poor overall prognosis mainly in children and adolescents. Identifying the molecular mechanisms and OS stem cells (OSCs) as new concepts involved in disease pathogenesis and progression may potentially lead to new therapeutic targets. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of OSCs can be one of the most important and effective strategies for the treatment of OS. This review describes the new molecular targets of OS as well as novel therapeutic approaches in the design of future investigations and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Otoukesh
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Bahram Boddouhi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Peyman Kaghazian
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Kaghazian
- Department of Biology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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33
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Abstract
Metastasis contributes to poor prognosis in many types of cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Tumor cells metastasize to distant sites via the circulatory and lymphatic systems. In this review, we discuss the potential of circulating tumor cells for diagnosis and describe the experimental therapeutics that aim to target these disseminating cancer cells. We discuss the advantages and limitations of such strategies and how they may lead to the development of the next generation of antimetastasis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Thong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Armignacco R, Cantini G, Canu L, Poli G, Ercolino T, Mannelli M, Luconi M. Adrenocortical carcinoma: the dawn of a new era of genomic and molecular biology analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:499-507. [PMID: 29080966 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of novel and high penetrance genomic approaches to analyze biological samples has provided very new insights in the comprehension of the molecular biology and genetics of tumors. The use of these techniques, consisting of exome sequencing, transcriptome, miRNome, chromosome alteration, genome, and epigenome analysis, has also been successfully applied to adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). In fact, the analysis of large cohorts of patients allowed the stratification of ACC with different patterns of molecular alterations, associated with different outcomes, thus providing a novel molecular classification of the malignancy to be associated with the classical pathological analysis. Improving our knowledge about ACC molecular features will result not only in a better diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, but also in the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for the development of more effective pharmacological anti-cancer approaches. In particular, the specific molecular alteration profiles identified in ACC may represent targetable events by the use of already developed or newly designed drugs enabling a better and more efficacious management of the ACC patient in the context of new frontiers of personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Armignacco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Poli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - T Ercolino
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Mannelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Cho HY, Hossain MK, Lee JH, Han J, Lee HJ, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Lee KB, Choi JW. Selective isolation and noninvasive analysis of circulating cancer stem cells through Raman imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:372-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chen H, Cao B, Chen H, Lin YS, Zhang J. Combination of antibody-coated, physical-based microfluidic chip with wave-shaped arrays for isolating circulating tumor cells. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 19:66. [PMID: 28776234 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are found in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic cancers, which have critical significance in cancer prognosis and diagnostics. Enumeration is significantly valuable since number of CTCs is strongly correlated to severity of disease. This article is proposed and demonstrated an antibody-coated, size-based microfluidic chip with wave-shaped arrays could efficiently capture CTCs combining two separation methods of both size- and deformability-based and affinity-based segregation. Utilizing immunocapture of capture chemistry of Epithelial Cell Adhension Molecule (EpCAM), tumor cells could be captured by narrow gaps or have a friction with microposts edges to realize both immune-affinity and size capture. This wave-shaped layout of microfluidic chip with varying gaps between adjacent circular microposts can generate perpendicular velocities to the fluidic direction. This oriented fluidic direction will carry cells to next smaller neighboring gap and then be captured gradually. The experiment results indicate capture efficiency is ~90% and viability is ~95% after extracted and cultured 3 days. Furthermore, this chip has been validated for whole blood with cancer cell lines and mimic patient blood. This study demonstrates feasibility using our microfluidic chip for CTCs research, monitoring cancer progress and evaluating therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Baoshan Cao
- Department of chemotherapy and radiation sickness, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongda Chen
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Division of Nanobionic Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi' an Technological University, Xi' an Shaanxi, 710021, China
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Wang H, Stoecklein NH, Lin PP, Gires O. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1884-1912. [PMID: 27683128 PMCID: PMC5352105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany
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Damiati S, Peacock M, Leonhardt S, Damiati L, Baghdadi MA, Becker H, Kodzius R, Schuster B. Embedded Disposable Functionalized Electrochemical Biosensor with a 3D-Printed Flow Cell for Detection of Hepatic Oval Cells (HOCs). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E89. [PMID: 29443890 PMCID: PMC5852585 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic oval cells (HOCs) are considered the progeny of the intrahepatic stem cells that are found in a small population in the liver after hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited. Due to their small number, isolation and capture of these cells constitute a challenging task for immunosensor technology. This work describes the development of a 3D-printed continuous flow system and exploits disposable screen-printed electrodes for the rapid detection of HOCs that over-express the OV6 marker on their membrane. Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrodes have a chitosan film that serves as a scaffold for the immobilization of oval cell marker antibodies (anti-OV6-Ab), which enhance the sensitivity of the biomarker and makes the designed sensor specific for oval cells. The developed sensor can be easily embedded into the 3D-printed flow cell to allow cells to be exposed continuously to the functionalized surface. The continuous flow is intended to increase capture of most of the target cells in the specimen. Contact angle measurements were performed to characterize the nature and quality of the modified sensor surface, and electrochemical measurements (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV)) were performed to confirm the efficiency and selectivity of the fabricated sensor to detect HOCs. The proposed method is valuable for capturing rare cells and could provide an effective tool for cancer diagnosis and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitecture, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Stefan Leonhardt
- Institute of Medical and Polymer Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Laila Damiati
- Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
- Department of Biology, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Baghdadi
- Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Rimantas Kodzius
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq.
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitecture, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Wu CP, Wu P, Zhao HF, Liu WL, Li WP. Clinical Applications of and Challenges in Single-Cell Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:78-89. [PMID: 29265876 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-peng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Clinical Medicine College of Anhui Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Wu
- The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Department of Urology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-fu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-lan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Evaluation of a developmental hierarchy for breast cancer cells to assess risk-based patient selection for targeted treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:367. [PMID: 29321622 PMCID: PMC5762675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes that a novel developmental hierarchy of breast cancer (BC) cells (BCCs) could predict treatment response and outcome. The continued challenge to treat BC requires stratification of BCCs into distinct subsets. This would provide insights on how BCCs evade treatment and adapt dormancy for decades. We selected three subsets, based on the relative expression of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 A (Oct4A) and then analysed each with Affymetrix gene chip. Oct4A is a stem cell gene and would separate subsets based on maturation. Data analyses and gene validation identified three membrane proteins, TMEM98, GPR64 and FAT4. BCCs from cell lines and blood from BC patients were analysed for these three membrane proteins by flow cytometry, along with known markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs), CD44, CD24 and Oct4, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity and telomere length. A novel working hierarchy of BCCs was established with the most immature subset as CSCs. This group was further subdivided into long- and short-term CSCs. Analyses of 20 post-treatment blood indicated that circulating CSCs and early BC progenitors may be associated with recurrence or early death. These results suggest that the novel hierarchy may predict treatment response and prognosis.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larrayoz IM, Narro-Íñiguez J, Rubio-Mediavilla S, Martínez A. Lack of Adrenomedullin Aggravates Acute TNBS-Induced Colitis Symptoms in Mice, Especially in Females. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1058. [PMID: 29311984 PMCID: PMC5742153 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a biologically active peptide which has been tested as a new therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in animal models and in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. We used an inducible knockout (KO) mouse model for AM to evaluate the effects of endogenous levels of this peptide on the development and degree of pathogenesis of IBD. Acute colitis was induced in mice of both sexes by rectal instillation of 3 mg 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in 100 μL of 50% ethanol. Control mice received the same volume of saline in 50% ethanol. During the following 5 days, the weight and the disease severity index of all animals were recorded. After sacrifice, the inflammatory response was macroscopically assessed by analyzing the weight of the colon; by histomorphometrical analysis on histological sections; and by qRT-PCR determination of different inflammatory, adhesion, and regeneration molecules. TNBS administration caused a significantly more severe colitis in KO mice, and especially in females, when compared to wild type (WT) animals. Abrogation of the AM gene caused more severe diarrhea, accompanied by rectal bleeding, anorexia, and a significant increase of colon weight. Histological analysis of TNBS-treated KO mice showed large areas of lymphocyte infiltrates in the mucosa and submucosa, with loss of tissue architecture. No alterations were observed in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines at the time of sacrifice; meanwhile lack of AM resulted in lower levels of some adhesion molecules and regeneration markers. Taken together, these results support the protective role of endogenous AM against the development of acute colitis, and that its effects are particularly beneficial on females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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42
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Duan X, Liu Z, Xu S. [Research Progresses of Circulating Tumor Cells in Diagnosis and Treatment of
Early Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:703-709. [PMID: 29061218 PMCID: PMC5972993 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTCs)作为液体活检的一种重要类型,在肺癌的筛查诊断、疗效评估、术后监测与预后判断等方面显示出越来越丰富的临床价值。随着对肺癌高危人群筛查工作的进展,大量肺小结节患者被检出,但是肺小结节不等于肺癌,而且据统计良性比例达90%-95%,这使得该部分患者在首次就诊时的良恶性鉴别诊断成为临床医生面临着的新的机遇与挑战。CTCs检测技术的不断进步与完善,是否可以在早期肺癌的鉴别诊断中发挥更大的作用,此外,它是否对早期肺癌手术治疗时的操作具有指导意义,这还需要进一步科研探索,以期将来实现临床转化。
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
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Garg M. Epithelial plasticity and cancer stem cells: Major mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis and therapy resistance. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:118-126. [PMID: 28928908 PMCID: PMC5583530 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i8.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked with aggressive tumor biology and therapy resistance. It plays central role not only in the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) but also direct them across the multiple organ systems to promote tumor recurrence and metastasis. CSCs are reported to express stem cell genes as well as specific cell surface markers and allow aberrant differentiation of progenies. It facilitates cancer cells to leave primary tumor, acquire migratory characteristics, grow into new environment and develop radio-chemo-resistance. Based on the current information, present review discusses and summarizes the recent advancements on the molecular mechanisms that derive epithelial plasticity and its major role in generating a subset of tumor cells with stemness properties and pathophysiological spread of tumor. This paper further highlights the critical need to examine the regulation of EMT and CSC pathways in identifying the novel probable therapeutic targets. These improved therapeutic strategies based on the co-administration of inhibitors of EMT, CSCs as well as differentiated tumor cells may provide improved anti-neoplastic response with no tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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Goto T, Hirotsu Y, Amemiya K, Nakagomi T, Shikata D, Yokoyama Y, Okimoto K, Oyama T, Mochizuki H, Omata M. Distribution of circulating tumor DNA in lung cancer: analysis of the primary lung and bone marrow along with the pulmonary venous and peripheral blood. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59268-59281. [PMID: 28938635 PMCID: PMC5601731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracted from plasma, is a non-invasive surrogate biomarker. However, the distribution of ctDNA in the body still remains to be elucidated. In this study, resected lung tumors, with simultaneous blood and bone marrow samples, were analyzed to elucidate the distribution of ctDNA. Rib bone marrow, pulmonary venous blood (Pul.V) and peripheral blood (Peri.B) were obtained from 30 patients. The liquid samples were divided into cell pellets and supernatant by centrifugation; a total of 212 DNA samples were subjected to massively parallel sequencing. ctDNA was detected in 5 patients. Given that the frequency of mutations in the primary tumor was considered to be 100%, those in the other specimens were as follows; Pul.V plasma 20%, Peri.B plasma 11%, and the other samples 0%. Furthermore, ctDNA reflected the predominant mutations in the primary lesion. Clinically, the presence of ctDNA was associated with significantly poorer survival. These results suggest ctDNA “spill over” into an immediate outflow tract (Pul.V), and from there is disseminated to the entire body. Thus, it can be inferred that ctDNA reflects the cancer progression and could function as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Goto
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirotsu
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Amemiya
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakagomi
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daichi Shikata
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yujiro Yokoyama
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Okimoto
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshio Oyama
- Department of Pathology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masao Omata
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan.,University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Du YY, Zhang QJ, Sun GP. Expression and Clinical Significance of Cytokeratin-19 and Thymidine Kinase-1 in Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:2168-72. [PMID: 27625087 PMCID: PMC5022336 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.189919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As the clinical value of cytokeratin-19 (CK19) and thymidine kinase-1 (TK1) in advanced gastrointestinal cancer remains controversial, we investigated their expression and clinical significance in this disease. Methods: A total of 171 advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. The mRNA level of CK19 was detected using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all patients, along with a control group of fifty healthy individuals. Furthermore, detection of TK1 protein was carried out in 96 patients using a chemiluminescence dot blot assay. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) time. Results: Positive CK19 mRNA expression was detected in 74 (43.3%) of the 171 patients and positive TK1 expression was detected in 66 (68.8%) of the 96 patients. Furthermore, of the 96 patients, 36 (37.5%) were positive for both TK1 protein and CK19 mRNA, 30 (31.3%) were negative for TK1 protein, and 15 (15.6%) were negative for TK1 protein and positive for CK19 mRNA. The results indicated that patients who were positive for CK19 mRNA expression had significantly shorter OS times than those who were negative for it (median OS 7.7 vs. 9.7 months, respectively; P = 0.02). Moreover, patients who were positive for CK19 mRNA and TK1 protein expression had shorter OS times (median OS 6.1 months) than those who were positive for CK19 mRNA and negative for TK1 protein expression (median OS 9.1 months; P = 0.028). Positive CK19 mRNA expression was significantly associated with shorter OS in the univariate analysis (P = 0.027). Based on a multivariate Cox regression analysis, CK19 mRNA together with TK1 protein expression (P = 0.024) was an independent predictor for OS in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Conclusions: Our results suggest that positive expression of CK19 mRNA and TK1 protein is closely correlated with poor prognosis in advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Furthermore, both CK19 and TK1 are possible gastrointestinal cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Qiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
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Prognostic values of cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAML) enumeration in metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 165:733-741. [PMID: 28687903 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) have been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors including breast cancer. However, the prognostic relevance of CAMLs in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has not been evaluated. In the present study, we aimed to measure CAMLs and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) at baseline and examine their prognostic value in patients with MBC. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 127 MBC patients were collected at baseline before starting a new treatment. The detection and enumeration of CAMLs and CTCs in 7.5 ml whole blood were performed using the CellSearch™ system. The associations of CAMLs and CTCs with the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the patients were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS Among 127 MBC patients, 21 (16.5%) were detected with CAMLs and 38 (29.9%) had elevated CTCs (≥5 CTCs/7.5 ml). Patients with CAMLs at baseline had worse PFS and OS with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.75 (95% CI 1.03-2.98, P = 0.0374) and 3.75 (95% CI 1.52-9.26, P = 0.0042), compared to patients without CAMLs. Compared with patients with <5 CTCs and without CAMLs, patients with <5 CTCs and with CAMLs, with ≥5 CTCs but without CAMLs, or with ≥5 CTCs and with CAMLs, had an increasing trend of risk of disease progression (HR = 0.84, 3.42 and 4.04 respectively, P for trend <0.0001) and death (HR = 2.66, 6.14, and 9.13, respectively, P for trend <0.0001). CONCLUSION Baseline enumeration of individual CAMLs is an independent indicator for MBC patients' survival. Evaluation of CAMLs in peripheral blood might provide a potential biomarker with additional prognostic values over CTC enumeration alone in MBC patients.
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Corassa M, Guimarães APG, Sanches SM, Fanelli MF, Rocha BMM, da Costa AABA, Alves V, Baiocchi G, Chinen LTD. Circulating tumor cells as a new and additional approach to follow-up patients with serous low-grade ovarian adenocarcinoma – a case report and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41241-017-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Guo H, Tsung K. Tumor reductive therapies and antitumor immunity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55736-55749. [PMID: 28903456 PMCID: PMC5589695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor reductive therapy is to reduce tumor burden through direct killing of tumor cells. So far, there is no report on the connection between antitumor immunity and tumor reductive therapies. In the last few years, a new category of cancer treatment, immunotherapy, emerged and they are categorized separately from classic cytotoxic treatments (chemo and radiation therapy). The most prominent examples include cellular therapies (LAK and CAR-T) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4). Recent advances in clinical immunotherapy and our understanding of the mechanism behind them revealed that these therapies have a closer relationship with classic cancer treatments than we thought. In many cases, the effectiveness of classic therapies is heavily influenced by the status of the underlying antitumor-immunity. On the other hand, immunotherapies have shown better outcome when combined with tumor reductive therapies, not only due to the combined effects of tumor killing by each therapy but also because of a synergy between the two. Many clinical observations can be explained once we start to look at these classic therapies from an immunity standpoint. We have seen their direct effect on tumor antigen in vivo that they impact antitumor immunity more than we have realized. In turn, antitumor immunity contributes to tumor control and destruction as well. This review will take the immunological view of the classic therapies and summarize historical as well as recent findings in animal and clinical studies to make the argument that most of the cancer treatments exert their ultimate efficacy through antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kangla Tsung
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Significance of NLDA, the commixed index of inflammation, immune responses, hemostasis, and nutrition, for predicting metastatic non-small cell lung cancer prognosis and metastases. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81978-81993. [PMID: 29137238 PMCID: PMC5669864 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to take a comprehensive review of the hematological indexes and discover a novel, comprehensive, and economical index for prognostic prediction. Results The predictive prognostic model revealed that an elevated value of NLDA (NLDA = neutrophil count/lymphocyte count × D-dimer count/albumin) was an independent risk factor for one-year adverse prognosis (hazard ratio = 3.038; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.959-4.712; P < 0.001). The C-indexes of internal and external validation in nomogram were 0.738 (95% CI, 0.686-0.79) and 0.731 (95% CI, 0.631-0.831), respectively. The areas under the curves of the NLDA values in retrospective and prospective studies were 0.700 (95% CI, 0.631-0.769; P < 0.001) and 0.692 (95% CI, 0.535-0.822; P = 0.005), respectively. The cut-off value of NLDA was 0.15. NLDA was positively associated with M stage (P = 0.032), organ metastasis counts (P = 0.006), liver metastases (P = 0.019), and vertebrae metastases (P = 0.013). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective and prospective study. The clinicopathological characteristics and hematological parameters of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively to establish a valid predictive prognostic model. The primary endpoint was the 1-year overall survival. The predictive prognostic model was established and validated by Cox Regression and nomogram. The cut-off and predictive prognostic values of the novel indexes were calculated through the receiver operating characteristic curves. The chi-square test was used to explore the correlation between the new prognostic hematological index and metastatic characteristics. Conclusions In this study, NLDA, a new, comprehensive and economic parameter, was found to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients, and was positively associated with organ metastases.
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Sun WW, Xu ZH, Lian P, Gao BL, Hu JA. Characteristics of circulating tumor cells in organ metastases, prognosis, and T lymphocyte mediated immune response. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2413-2424. [PMID: 28496340 PMCID: PMC5422503 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) possess profound influence on tumor metastases and disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of CTCs with clinical characteristics and T-cell immunity, and to explore whether CTCs and the subpopulations can serve as an independent prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A prospective study was conducted in late stages of NSCLC patients. The levels of overall CTCs and the three subpopulation CTCs were enumerated using the CanPatrol™ CTC enrichment system. The information about the patients which included the clinical characteristics, survival status at the 200th day postdiagnosis, and the levels of T cells was collected. Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, Cox regression, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were the statistical methods used in this study. We detected CTCs in 27 of the 31 eligible patients; the level of epithelial–mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (EMCTCs) was higher than that of epithelial circulating tumor cells and that of mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (MCTCs) in the majority of NSCLC patients. Organ metastases were positively associated with the levels of overall CTCs, EMCTCs, and MCTCs (P<0.05). EMCTCs and MCTCs were associated with worse clinical outcomes. Additionally, the levels of EMCTCs were negatively associated with the levels of CD3+ T cells (P=0.01) and CD8+ T cells (P=0.04). In conclusion, the levels of CTCs were positively associated with organ metastases, particularly bone metastases, but were negatively associated with T-cell levels. The levels of EMCTCs and MCTCs had negative prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bei-Li Gao
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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