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Jain DP, Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Jain R, Jain V. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer-a review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:481-498. [PMID: 37842237 PMCID: PMC10571058 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prominent form of cancer in men and confers the highest mortality after lung cancer. The term "extracellular vesicles" refers to minute endosomal-derived membrane microvesicles and it was demonstrated that extracellular vesicles affect the environment in which tumors originate. Extracellular vesicles' involvement is also established in the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, stemness, and radioresistance in various cancers including prostate cancer. Extracellular vesicles influence the general environment, processes, and growth of prostate cancer and can be a potential area that offers a significant lead in prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we have elaborated on the multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in various processes involved in the development of prostate cancer, and their multitude of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer through the encapsulation of various bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Yirivinti Hayagreeva Dinakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
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Guo C, Trivedi R, Tripathi AK, Nandy RR, Wagner DC, Narra K, Chaudhary P. Higher Expression of Annexin A2 in Metastatic Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Promotes Migration and Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225664. [PMID: 36428758 PMCID: PMC9688257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to evaluate the significance of AnxA2 in BLCA and establish its metastatic role in bladder cancer cells. Analysis of TCGA data showed that AnxA2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in BLCA tumors than in normal bladder tissues. High mRNA expression of AnxA2 in BLCA was significantly associated with high pathological grades and stages, non-papillary tumor histology, and poor overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and diseases specific survival (DSS). Similarly, we found that AnxA2 expression was higher in bladder cancer cells derived from high-grade metastatic carcinoma than in cells derived from low-grade urothelial carcinoma. AnxA2 expression significantly mobilized to the surface of highly metastatic bladder cancer cells compared to cells derived from low-grade tumors and associated with high plasmin generation and AnxA2 secretion. In addition, the downregulation of AnxA2 cells significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion in bladder cancer along with the reduction in proangiogenic factors and cytokines such as PDGF-BB, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, Tie-2, bFGF, GRO, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9. These findings suggest that AnxA2 could be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for high-grade BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Guo
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rucha Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Amit K. Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rajesh R. Nandy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Diana C. Wagner
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Kalyani Narra
- JPS Oncology and Infusion Center, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-5178
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Loss of miR-936 leads to acquisition of androgen-independent metastatic phenotype in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17070. [PMID: 36224238 PMCID: PMC9556567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) progresses from a hormone-sensitive, androgen-dependent to a hormone-refractory, androgen-independent metastatic phenotype. Among the many genes implicated, ANXA2, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, has been found to have a critical role in the progression of PCa into more invasive metastatic phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the absence of ANXA2 in early PCa and its recurrence in advanced stage are yet unknown. Moreover, recent studies have observed the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development and progression of PCa. In this study, we found the down-regulation of miR-936 in metastatic PCa wherein its target ANXA2 was overexpressed. Subsequently, it has been shown that the downregulation of miRNA biogenesis by siRNA treatment in ANXA2-null LNCaP cells could induce the expression of ANXA2, indicating the miRNA mediated regulation of ANXA2 expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that miR-936 regulates ANXA2 expression by direct interaction at coding as well as 3'UTR region of ANXA2 mRNA by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-936 suppresses the cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration, and invasion abilities of metastatic PCa PC-3 cells in vitro and tumor forming ability in vivo. These results indicate that miR-936 have tumor suppressor properties by regulating the over expression of ANXA2 in hormone-independent metastatic PCa. Moreover, our results suggest that this tumor suppressor miR-936 could be developed as a targeted therapeutic molecule for metastatic PCa control and to improve the prognosis in PCa patients.
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Huang Y, Jia M, Yang X, Han H, Hou G, Bi L, Yang Y, Zhang R, Zhao X, Peng C, Ouyang X. Annexin A2: The Diversity of Pathological Effects in Tumorigenesis and Immune Response. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:497-509. [PMID: 35474212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is widely used as a marker in a variety of tumors. By regulating multiple signal pathways, ANXA2 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which can cause tumorigenesis and accelerate thymus degeneration. The elevated ANXA2 heterotetramer facilitates the production of plasmin, which participates in pathophysiologic processes such as tumor cell invasion and metastasis, bleeding diseases, angiogenesis, inducing the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, the ANXA2 on the cell membrane mediates immune response via its interaction with surface proteins of pathogens, C1q, toll-like receptor 2, anti-dsDNA antibodies and immunoglobulins. Nuclear ANXA2 plays a role as part of a primer recognition protein complex that enhances DNA synthesis and cells proliferation by acting on the G1-S phase of the cell. ANXA2 reduction leads to the inhibition of invasion and metastasis in multiple tumor cells, bleeding complications in acute promyelocytic leukemia, retinal angiogenesis, autoimmunity response and tumor drug resistance. In this review, we provide an update on the pathological effects of ANXA2 in both tumorigenesis and the immune response. We highlight ANXA2 as a critical protein in numerous malignancies and the immune host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gailing Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liangliang Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Yueli Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Ruoqi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueru Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqun Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Section, Yale University, New Haven, Ct, USA
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Sawazaki H, Ito K, Asano T, Kuroda K, Horiguchi A, Tsuda H, Asano T. Expressions of P-Glycoprotein, Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 and Annexin A2 as Predictive Factors for Intravesical Recurrence of Bladder Cancer after the Initial Transurethral Resection and Immediate Single Intravesical Instillation of Adriamycin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1459-1466. [PMID: 34048174 PMCID: PMC8408374 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.5.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immediate single instillation of chemotherapy following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is suggested for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. However, no study has evaluated molecular marker that was involved in intravesical recurrence (IVR) after single instillation of chemotherapy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), Annexin A2 (ANXA2) or nucleophosmin (NPM) expression predicts IVR after initial TURBT and immediate single intravesical adriamycin instillation. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed consecutive 443 patients who underwent TURBT. Of these, 54 patients who underwent initial TURBT and single instillation of adriamycin for NMIBC were included. The expressions of P-glycoprotein, MRP1, ANXA2 and NPM were evaluated immunohistochemically and were divided into 2 groups (low or high) according to the staining intensity and/or proportion of positive cells. IVR was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method. Cox`s multivaritate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for IVR. RESULTS Nineteen patients (35.1%) had IVR. High P-glycoprotein expression was significantly correlated with multiplicity, pT stage and high grade. High ANXA2 expression was significantly correlated with high grade. MRP1 and NPM were not correlated with any clinicopathological variables. MRP1 expression and ANXA2 expression were significantly correlated with P-glycoprotein expression. Patients with high P-glycoprotein expression had significantly worse IVR-free survival (IVRFS) than those with low P-glycoprotein expression (P =0.015). The difference in IVRFS rates between patients with high ANXA2 expression and those with low ANXA2 expression was nearly significant (P =0.057). Univariate analyses indicated multiplicity, high grade and high P-glycoprotein expression were significant predictors for IVR. Multivariate analysis indicated high grade was an independent predictor for IVR. CONCLUSIONS High P-glycoprotein expression was associated with IVR. Further study was needed to determine significance of P-glycoprotein expression in IVR after single intravesical adriamycin instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutake Sawazaki
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Takako Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Akio Horiguchi
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Asano
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Japan.
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Tan SH, Young D, Chen Y, Kuo HC, Srinivasan A, Dobi A, Petrovics G, Cullen J, Mcleod DG, Rosner IL, Srivastava S, Sesterhenn IA. Prognostic features of Annexin A2 expression in prostate cancer. Pathology 2020; 53:205-213. [PMID: 32967771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ANXA2 (Annexin A2 or Annexin II) is a calcium dependent phospholipid binding protein with diverse cellular functions. While ANXA2 is either absent or expressed focally in the prostate epithelium of well and moderately differentiated tumours, it is highly expressed in a subset of poorly differentiated tumours. Here we examined the association between ANXA2 expression and tumour progression, with consideration of ERG expression status and patient race (Caucasian American and African American). We evaluated ANXA2 and ERG expression in index tumours by immunohistochemistry of whole mounted prostate sections and tissue microarrays derived from radical prostatectomies of 176 patients, matched for long term post-radical prostatectomy follow-up of up to 22 years (median 12.6 years), race and pathological stage. Expression of ERG and ANXA2 was analysed for correlation with grade group (GG), and pathological T (pT) stage. Kaplan-Meier estimation curves were used to examine associations between ANXA2 or ERG expression and biochemical recurrence (BCR) free survival, and distant metastasis free survival. Significant associations were found between ANXA2(+) index tumours and poorest grade groups (GG 4-5, p=0.0037), and worse pathological stage (pT 3-4, p=0.0142). Patients with ANXA2(+) prostate tumours showed trends towards earlier BCR and metastatic progression. ANXA2(+)/ERG(-) tumours were found to be associated with GG 4-5; ANXA2(-)/ERG(+) tumours, with GG 1-2 (p=0.0036). ANXA2 expression was not associated with patient race. The association between high ANXA2 expression and prostate tumours of higher grade (GG 4-5) and stage (pT 3-4) suggests a potential use for ANXA2 as a prognostic biomarker of aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Han Tan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Denise Young
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huai-Ching Kuo
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alagarsamy Srinivasan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G Mcleod
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inger L Rosner
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shokoohmand A, Ren J, Baldwin J, Atack A, Shafiee A, Theodoropoulos C, Wille ML, Tran PA, Bray LJ, Smith D, Chetty N, Pollock PM, Hutmacher DW, Clements JA, Williams ED, Bock N. Microenvironment engineering of osteoblastic bone metastases reveals osteomimicry of patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts. Biomaterials 2019; 220:119402. [PMID: 31400612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Representative in vitro models that mimic the native bone tumor microenvironment are warranted to support the development of more successful treatments for bone metastases. Here, we have developed a primary cell 3D model consisting of a human osteoblast-derived tissue-engineered construct (hOTEC) indirectly co-cultured with patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts (PDXs), in order to study molecular interactions in a patient-derived microenvironment context. The engineered biomimetic microenvironment had high mineralization and embedded osteocytes, and supported a high degree of cancer cell osteomimicry at the gene, protein and mineralization levels when co-cultured with prostate cancer PDXs from a lymph node metastasis (LuCaP35) and bone metastasis (BM18) from patients with primary prostate cancer. This fully patient-derived model is a promising tool for the assessment of new molecular mechanisms and as a personalized pre-clinical platform for therapy testing for patients with prostate cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shokoohmand
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jiongyu Ren
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Atack
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Christina Theodoropoulos
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Luise Wille
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong A Tran
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura J Bray
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Smith
- Cancer Pathology Research Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naven Chetty
- Cancer Pathology Research Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela M Pollock
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, IHBI, QUT, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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8
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Beyene DA, Naab TJ, Kanarek NF, Apprey V, Esnakula A, Khan FA, Blackman MR, Brown CA, Hudson TS. Differential expression of Annexin 2, SPINK1, and Hsp60 predict progression of prostate cancer through bifurcated WHO Gleason score categories in African American men. Prostate 2018; 78:801-811. [PMID: 29682763 PMCID: PMC7257440 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have observed several markers correlate with progression of prostate cancer (PCa), no specific markers have been identified that accurately predict the progression of this disease, even in African American (AA) men who are generally at higher risk than other ethnic groups. The primary goal of this study was to explore whether three markers could predict the progression of PCa. METHOD We investigated protein expression of Annexin 2 (ANX2), serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 1(SPINK1)/tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) in 79 archival human prostate trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy tissues according to a modified World Health Organization (WHO) classification: normal (WHO1a), Gleason Score (GS6 (WHO1b), GS7 subgroups (WHO2 = 3 + 4, WHO3 = 4 + 3), GS8 (WHO4), and GS9-10 (WHO5). AA men aged 41-90 diagnosed from 1990 to 2013 at Howard University were included. Automated staining assessed expression of each biomarker. Spearman correlation assessed the direction and relationship between biomarkers, WHO and modified WHO GS, age, and 5-year survival. A two-tailed t-test and ANOVA evaluated biomarkers expression in relationship to WHO normal and other GS levels, and between WHO GS levels. A logistic and linear regression analysis examined the relationship between biomarker score and WHO GS categories. Kaplan-Meier curves graphed survival. RESULTS ANX2 expression decreased monotonically with the progression of PCa while expression of SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 increased but had a more WHO GS-specific effect; SPINK1/TATI differed between normal and GS 2-6 and HSP60 differed between GS 7 and GS 2-6. WHO GS was found to be significantly and negatively associated with ANX2, and positively with SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 expression. High SPINK1/TATI expression together with the low ANX2 expression at higher GS exhibited a bi-directional relationship that is associated with PCa progression and survival. CONCLUSION Importantly, the data reveal that ANX2, and SPINK1/TAT1 highly associate with WHO GS and with the transition from one stage of PrCa to the next in AA men. Future research is needed in biracial and larger population studies to confirm this dynamic relationship between ANX2 and SPINK1 as independent predictors of PCa progression in all men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta A Beyene
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tammey J Naab
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Norma F Kanarek
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor Apprey
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ashwini Esnakula
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Farahan A Khan
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marc R Blackman
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Collis A Brown
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tamaro S Hudson
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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9
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Roy J, Wycislo KL, Pondenis H, Fan TM, Das A. Comparative proteomic investigation of metastatic and non-metastatic osteosarcoma cells of human and canine origin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183930. [PMID: 28910304 PMCID: PMC5598957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in dogs and people. In order to improve clinical outcomes, it is necessary to identify proteins that are differentially expressed by metastatic cells. Membrane bound proteins are responsible for multiple pro-metastatic functions. Therefore characterizing the differential expression of membranous proteins between metastatic and non-metastatic clonal variants will allow the discovery of druggable targets and consequently improve treatment methodology. The objective of this investigation was to systemically identify the membrane-associated proteomics of metastatic and non-metastatic variants of human and canine origin. Two clonal variants of divergent in vivo metastatic potential from human and canine origins were used. The plasma membranes were isolated and peptide fingerprinting was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Selected proteins were further validated using western blotting, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Over 500 proteins were identified for each cell line with nearly 40% of the proteins differentially regulated. Conserved between both species, metastatic variants demonstrated significant differences in expression of membrane proteins that are responsible for pro-metastatic functions. Additionally, CD147, CD44 and vimentin were validated using various biochemical techniques. Taken together, through a comparative proteomic approach we have identified several differentially expressed cell membrane proteins that will help in the development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnabi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Wycislo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Holly Pondenis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (TMF)
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Neuroscience Program and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (TMF)
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Schuliga M, Jaffar J, Berhan A, Langenbach S, Harris T, Waters D, Lee PVS, Grainge C, Westall G, Knight D, Stewart AG. Annexin A2 contributes to lung injury and fibrosis by augmenting factor Xa fibrogenic activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L772-L782. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00553.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In lung injury and disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), extravascular factor X is converted into factor Xa (FXa), a coagulant protease with fibrogenic actions. Extracellular annexin A2 binds to FXa, augmenting activation of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). In this study, the contribution of annexin A2 in lung injury and fibrosis was investigated. Annexin A2 immunoreactivity was observed in regions of fibrosis, including those associated with fibroblasts in lung tissue of IPF patients. Furthermore, annexin A2 was detected in the conditioned media and an EGTA membrane wash of human lung fibroblast (LF) cultures. Incubation with human plasma (5% vol/vol) or purified FXa (15–50 nM) evoked fibrogenic responses in LF cultures, with FXa increasing interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and cell number by 270 and 46%, respectively ( P < 0.05, n = 5–8). The fibrogenic actions of plasma or FXa were attenuated by the selective FXa inhibitor apixaban (10 μM, or antibodies raised against annexin A2 or PAR-1 (2 μg/ml). FXa-stimulated LFs from IPF patients ( n = 6) produced twice as much IL-6 as controls ( n = 10) ( P < 0.05), corresponding with increased levels of extracellular annexin A2. Annexin A2 gene deletion in mice reduced bleomycin-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) IL-6 levels and cell number (* P < 0.05; n = 4–12). Lung fibrogenic gene expression and dry weight were reduced by annexin A2 gene deletion, but lung levels of collagen were not. Our data suggest that annexin A2 contributes to lung injury and fibrotic disease by mediating the fibrogenic actions of FXa. Extracellular annexin A2 is a potential target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asres Berhan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trudi Harris
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Waters
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Guo L, Wang L, Yang R, Feng R, Li Z, Zhou X, Dong Z, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Xu M, Nishi M, Zhang Q, Isaacs W, Ma J, Xu X. Optimizing conditions for calcium phosphate mediated transient transfection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:622-629. [PMID: 28386188 PMCID: PMC5372392 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium phosphate mediated transfection has been used for delivering DNA into mammalian cells in excess of 30 years due to its most low cost for introducing recombinant DNA into culture cells. However, multiple factors affecting the transfect efficiency are commonly recognized meanwhile for years, the low transfection efficiency of this approach on higher differentiated and non-tumor cells such as CHO and C2C12 limits its application on research. RESULTS In this paper, we systematically evaluated the possible factors affecting the transfection rate of this approach. Two categories, calcium phosphate-DNA co-precipitation and on-cell treatments were set for optimization of plasmid DNA transfection into CHO and C2C12 cell-lines. Throughout experimentation of these categories such as buffer system, transfection media and time, glycerol shocking and so on, we optimized the best procedure to obtain the highest efficiency ultimately. During calcium phosphate DNA-precipitation, the transfection buffer is critical condition optimized with HBS at pH 7.10 (P = 0.013 compared to HEPES in CHO). In the transfection step, FBS is a necessary component in transfection DMEM for high efficiency (P = 0.0005 compared to DMEM alone), and high concentration of co-precipitated particles applied to cultured cells in combination with intermittent vortexing is also crucial to preserve the efficiency. For 6-well culture plates, 800 µl of co-precipitated particles (11.25 µg/mL of cDNA) in 1 well is the optimal (P = 0.007 compared to 200 µl). For the highest transfection efficiency, the most important condition is glycerol in shock treatment (P = 0.002 compared to no shock treatment in CHO, and P = 0.008 compared to no shock treatment in C2C12) after a 6 h incubation (P = 0.004 compared to 16 h in CHO, and P = 0.039 compared to 16 h in C2C12) on cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS Calcium phosphate mediated transfection is the most low-cost approach to introduce recombinant DNA into culture cells. However, the utility of this procedure is limited in highly-differentiated cells. Here we describe the specific HBS-buffered saline, PH, glycerol shock, vortex strength, transfection medium, and particle concentrations conditions necessary to optimize this transfection method in highly differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Zhongguang Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Zhilong Dong
- 2nd Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - MengMeng Xu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Qi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | | | - Jianjie Ma
- School of Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| | - Xuehong Xu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
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12
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Li DH, He CR, Liu FP, Li J, Gao JW, Li Y, Xu WD. Annexin A2, up-regulated by IL-6, promotes the ossification of ligament fibroblasts from ankylosing spondylitis patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:674-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Shetty P, Patil VS, Mohan R, D’souza LC, Bargale A, Patil BR, Dinesh US, Haridas V, Kulkarni SP. Annexin A2 and its downstream IL-6 and HB-EGF as secretory biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of Her-2 negative breast cancer. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 54:463-471. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563216665867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background AnnexinA2 (AnxA2) membrane deposition has a critical role in HB-EGF shedding as well as IL-6 secretion in breast cancer cells. This autocrine cycle has a major role in cancer cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. The objective of the study is to demonstrate annexinA2-mediated autocrine regulation via HB-EGF and IL-6 in Her-2 negative breast cancer progression. Methods Secretory annexinA2, HB-EGF and IL-6 were analysed in the peripheral blood sample of Her-2 negative ( n = 20) and positive breast cancer patients ( n = 16). Simultaneously, tissue expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry. The membrane deposition of these secretory ligands and their autocrine regulation was demonstrated using triple-negative breast cancer cell line model. Results Annexina2 and HB-EGF expression are inversely correlated with Her-2, whereas IL-6 expression is seen in both Her-2 negative and positive breast cancer cells. RNA interference studies and upregulation of annexinA2 proved that annexinA2 is the upstream of this autocrine pathway. Abundant soluble serum annexinA2 is secreted in Her-2 negative breast cancer (359.28 ± 63.73 ng/mL) compared with normal (286.10 ± 70.04 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and Her-2 positive cases (217.75 ± 60.59 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). In Her-2 negative cases, the HB-EGF concentrations (179.16 ± 118.81 pg/mL) were highly significant compared with normal (14.92 ± 17.33 pg/mL, P < 0.001). IL-6 concentrations were increased significantly in both the breast cancer phenotypes as compared with normal ( P < 0.001). Conclusion The specific expression pattern of annexinA2 and HB-EGF in triple-negative breast cancer tissues, increased secretion compared with normal cells, and their major role in the regulation of EGFR downstream signalling makes these molecules as a potential tissue and serum biomarker and an excellent therapeutic target in Her-2 negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkumar Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory/Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Vidya S Patil
- Central Research Laboratory/Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Rajashekar Mohan
- Department of Surgery, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Leonard Clinton D’souza
- Central Research Laboratory/Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Anil Bargale
- Central Research Laboratory/Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | | | - US Dinesh
- Department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Vikram Haridas
- Department of Medicine, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Shrirang P Kulkarni
- Central Research Laboratory/Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
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14
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Schuliga M, Royce SG, Langenbach S, Berhan A, Harris T, Keenan CR, Stewart AG. The Coagulant Factor Xa Induces Protease-Activated Receptor-1 and Annexin A2-Dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Cytokine Production and Cell Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:200-9. [PMID: 26120939 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During asthma exacerbation, plasma circulating coagulant factor X (FX) enters the inflamed airways and is activated (FXa). FXa may have an important role in asthma, being involved in thrombin activation and an agonist of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Extracellular annexin A2 and integrins are also implicated in PAR-1 signaling. In this study, the potential role of PAR-1 in mediating the effects of FXa on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell cytokine production and proliferation was investigated. FXa (5-50 nM), but not FX, stimulated increases in ASM IL-6 production and cell number after 24- and 48-hour incubation, respectively (P < 0.05; n = 5). FXa (15 nM) also stimulated increases in the levels of mRNA for cytokines (IL-6), cell cycle-related protein (cyclin D1), and proremodeling proteins (FGF-2, PDGF-B, CTGF, SM22, and PAI-1) after 3-hour incubation (P < 0.05; n = 4). The actions of FXa were insensitive to inhibition by hirudin (1 U/ml), a selective thrombin inhibitor, but were attenuated by SCH79797 (100 nM), a PAR-1 antagonist, or Cpd 22 (1 μM), an inhibitor of integrin-linked kinase. The selective targeting of PAR-1, annexin A2, or β1-integrin by small interfering RNA and/or by functional blocking antibodies also attenuated FXa-evoked responses. In contrast, the targeting of annexin A2 did not inhibit thrombin-stimulated ASM function. In airway biopsies of patients with asthma, FXa and annexin A2 were detected in the ASM bundle by immunohistochemistry. These findings establish FXa as a potentially important asthma mediator, stimulating ASM function through actions requiring PAR-1 and annexin A2 and involving integrin coactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Simon G Royce
- 2 Department Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Langenbach
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Asres Berhan
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Trudi Harris
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Christine R Keenan
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- 1 Lung Health Research Centre, Department Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
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15
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Vtorushin SV, Tarakanova VO, Zavyalova MV. [Molecular biological predictors for kidney cancer]. Arkh Patol 2016; 78:56-61. [PMID: 27077146 DOI: 10.17116/patol201678156-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The paper considers the data available in the modern literature on studies of potential molecular predictors for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Investigations of cell death markers, namely; Bcl-2 as an inhibitor of apoptosis, are of interest. Its high expression correlates with a more favorable prognosis. Inactivation of Berclin 1 that is an authophagy indicator in intact tissues gives rise to t high risk for tumorigenesis. At the same time, high Beclin 1 expression in the tissue of the tumor itself results in the lower efficiency of performed chemotherapy. Excess annexin A2 in the tumor promotes the growth and invasion of cancer cells. Patients with tumor over-expression of SAM68 protein involved in cell proliferation have a lower overall survival rate. The lifespan of patients without distinct metastases survive significantly longer in the overexpression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). High PD-L1 protein expression on the cell membrane is considered to be a potential marker of effective immunotherapy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Vtorushin
- Tomsk Cancer Research Institute; Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V O Tarakanova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M V Zavyalova
- Tomsk Cancer Research Institute; Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
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16
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Assessment of the diagnostic role of annexin A2 (ANXA2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 as serum markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.elx.0000481901.80695.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate cancer sections that predict the risk of metastatic disease. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:24. [PMID: 26388710 PMCID: PMC4574128 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths among men living in developed countries. Biomarkers that predict disease outcome at the time of initial diagnosis would substantially aid disease management. Results Proteins extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue were identified using nanoflow liquid chromatography-MALDI MS/MS or after separation by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis. The proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000963. A list of potential biomarker candidates, based on proposed associations with prostate cancer, was derived from the 320 identified proteins. Candidate biomarkers were then examined by multiplexed Western blotting of archival specimens from men with premetastatic disease and subsequent disease outcome data. Annexin A2 provided the best prediction of risk of metastatic disease (log-rank Chi squared p = 0. 025). A tumor/control tissue >2-fold relative abundance increase predicted early biochemical failure, while <2-fold change predicted late or no biochemical failure. Conclusions This study confirms the potential for use of archival FFPE specimens in the search for prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer and suggests that annexin A2 abundance in diagnostic biopsies is predictive for metastatic potential. Protein profiling each cancer may lead to an overall reduction in mortality from metastatic prostate cancer as well as reduced treatment associated morbidity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9096-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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El-Abd N, Fawzy A, Elbaz T, Hamdy S. Evaluation of annexin A2 and as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:211-6. [PMID: 26189841 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Early detection of HCC is difficult due to the lack of reliable markers. We aimed to assess the diagnostic role of annexin A2 (ANXA2) and follistatin as serum markers for HCC patients. This study included 50 patients with confirmed diagnosis of HCC, 30 patients with chronic liver disease, and 20 normal persons. Subjects performed thorough assessment and laboratory investigations. Serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), annexin A2, and follistatin were measured using ELISA technique. Annexin A2 significantly increased in the sera of HCC patients (median, 69.6 ng/ml) compared to chronic liver disease patients (median, 16.8 ng/ml) and control group (median, 9.5 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). Follistatin was higher in sera of HCC patients (median, 24.4 ng/ml) compared to the control group (median, 4.2 ng/ml) (p = 0.002) while no such significant difference was achieved between HCC and chronic liver disease patients. At a cutoff level 29.3 ng/ml, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for ANXA2 was 0.910 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.97). For follistatin, it was 0.631 (95 % confidence interval 0.52-0.74) at cutoff level 15.7 ng/ml. Combining both annexin A2 and AFP increased the diagnostic efficiency (98 % specificity, LR + 41 and 97.6 % PPV). Follistatin combined with AFP provided 92 % specificity while lower sensitivity (50 %) was observed. Serum ANXA2 is a promising biomarker for HCC, certainly when measured with AFP. Follistatin could not differentiate between HCC and chronic liver disease, but its combination with AFP improved the specificity for HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevine El-Abd
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Fawzy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elbaz
- Department of Endemic Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Hamdy
- Department of Endemic Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ilyas A, Hashim Z, Zarina S. Effects of 5'-azacytidine and alendronate on a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line: a proteomics perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:53-61. [PMID: 25854900 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths around the world. Due to late diagnosis and development of drug resistance in patients suffering from HCC, development of more effective therapeutic strategies is inevitable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined apoptotic effect of 5'-Azacytidine (5'-AzaC) and alendronate (ALN) on Huh-7 HCC cell line and to explore differential expression at genomics and proteomics level. Incubation of HCC cell line with 5'-AzaC alone showed cell death in a time and dose dependent manner while in combination with ALN, increased cytotoxicity was observed. Up-regulation of CASP7(Caspase7) and LZTS1 (leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor 1) and down-regulation of DNMT1(DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1) was noted in treated cells. Proteomic studies on the treated cells revealed altered expression of different proteins including peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), Annexin 5 (Anx5), Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein (TNF), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), Glutathione S transferase (GSTP1) and Heat shock protein60 (HSP60). Our study demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of 5'-AzaC and ALN drug combination on Huh-7 HCC cells suggesting such combinations may be explored as a possible therapeutic approach. Current study revealed that Huh-7 HCC cells are sensitive to 5'-AzaC and ALN drug combination and such combination approaches could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we also report the expression of Anx5 exclusively in untreated cancerous cell line indicating the possibility of being used as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ilyas
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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20
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The inflammatory actions of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases in disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:437695. [PMID: 25878399 PMCID: PMC4387953 DOI: 10.1155/2015/437695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their role in hemostasis, coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases are important mediators of inflammation in diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. The blood circulating zymogens of these proteases enter damaged tissue as a consequence of vascular leak or rupture to become activated and contribute to extravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis. The coagulants, factor Xa (FXa), factor VIIa (FVIIa), tissue factor, and thrombin, also evoke cell-mediated actions on structural cells (e.g., fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) or inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) via the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Plasmin, the principle enzymatic mediator of fibrinolysis, also forms toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activating fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and can release latent-matrix bound growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin (e.g., urokinase plasminogen activator) evoke plasmin-independent proinflammatory actions involving coreceptor activation. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated actions of hemostatic proteases is a strategy that may be used to treat inflammatory disease without the bleeding complications of conventional anticoagulant therapies. The mechanisms by which proteases of the coagulant and fibrinolytic systems contribute to extravascular inflammation in disease will be considered in this review.
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Iglesias JM, Cairney CJ, Ferrier RK, McDonald L, Soady K, Kendrick H, Pringle MA, Morgan RO, Martin F, Smalley MJ, Blyth K, Stein T. Annexin A8 identifies a subpopulation of transiently quiescent c-kit positive luminal progenitor cells of the ductal mammary epithelium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119718. [PMID: 25803307 PMCID: PMC4372349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Annexin A8 (ANXA8) is strongly associated with the basal-like subgroup of breast cancers, including BRCA1-associated breast cancers, and poor prognosis; while in the mouse mammary gland AnxA8 mRNA is expressed in low-proliferative isolated pubertal mouse mammary ductal epithelium and after enforced involution, but not in isolated highly proliferative terminal end buds (TEB) or during pregnancy. To better understand ANXA8's association with this breast cancer subgroup we established ANXA8's cellular distribution in the mammary gland and ANXA8's effect on cell proliferation. We show that ANXA8 expression in the mouse mammary gland was strong during pre-puberty before the expansion of the rudimentary ductal network and was limited to a distinct subpopulation of ductal luminal epithelial cells but was not detected in TEB or in alveoli during pregnancy. Similarly, during late involution its expression was found in the surviving ductal epithelium, but not in the apoptotic alveoli. Double-immunofluorescence (IF) showed that ANXA8 positive (+ve) cells were ER-alpha negative (-ve) and mostly quiescent, as defined by lack of Ki67 expression during puberty and mid-pregnancy, but not terminally differentiated with ∼15% of ANXA8 +ve cells re-entering the cell cycle at the start of pregnancy (day 4.5). RT-PCR on RNA from FACS-sorted cells and double-IF showed that ANXA8+ve cells were a subpopulation of c-kit +ve luminal progenitor cells, which have recently been identified as the cells of origin of basal-like breast cancers. Over expression of ANXA8 in the mammary epithelial cell line Kim-2 led to a G0/G1 arrest and suppressed Ki67 expression, indicating cell cycle exit. Our data therefore identify ANXA8 as a potential mediator of quiescence in the normal mouse mammary ductal epithelium, while its expression in basal-like breast cancers may be linked to ANXA8's association with their specific cells of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Iglesias
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Synpromics Limited, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick K. Ferrier
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kelly Soady
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Kendrick
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Anne Pringle
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Reginald O. Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Finian Martin
- Conway Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Intracellular annexin A2 regulates NF-κB signaling by binding to the p50 subunit: implications for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1606. [PMID: 25611381 PMCID: PMC4669756 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression is highly upregulated in many types of cancer. Although cell surface localization of ANXA2 has been reported to have a critical role in the progression and metastasis of a variety of tumors, including pancreatic cancer, the biological role of intracellular ANXA2 is not fully understood. Herein the role of intracellular ANXA2 was investigated in a pancreatic cancer cell line. We first determined whether ANXA2 is involved in NF-κB signaling pathways. ANXA2 bound to the p50 subunit of NF-κB in a calcium-independent manner, and the ANXA2–p50 complex translocated into the nucleus. Furthermore, ANXA2 increased the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in both the resting and activated states and upregulated the transcription of several target genes downstream of NF-κB, including that encoding interleukin (IL)-6, which contributes to anti-apoptotic signaling. In Mia-Paca2 cells, we determined the effects of wild-type ANXA2 and an ANXA2 mutant, Y23A, which suppresses the cell surface localization, on upregulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity and secretion of IL-6. Both wild-type and Y23A ANXA2 induced anti-apoptotic effects in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α or gemcitabine. Based on these results, we suggest that ANXA2 mediates resistance to gemcitabine by directly increasing the activity of NF-κB. Collectively, these data may provide additional information about the biological role of ANXA2 in pancreatic cancer and suggest that ANXA2 is a potential biomarker for the drug resistance phenotype and a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Griner NB, Young D, Chaudhary P, Mohamed AA, Huang W, Chen Y, Sreenath T, Dobi A, Petrovics G, Vishwanatha JK, Sesterhenn IA, Srivastava S, Tan SH. ERG oncoprotein inhibits ANXA2 expression and function in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:368-79. [PMID: 25344575 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0275-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Overexpression of ERG in the prostate epithelium, due to chromosomal translocations, contributes to prostate tumorigenesis. Here, genomic analysis of ERG siRNA-treated prostate cells harboring the endogenous TMPRSS2-ERG fusion revealed an inverse relationship between ERG and Annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression at both the RNA and protein level. ANXA2, a Ca(2+)-dependent and phospholipid-binding protein, is involved in various cellular functions, including maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Mechanistic studies defined the prostate-specific transcription start site of ANXA2 and showed that the recruitment of ERG to the ANXA2 promoter is required for transcriptional repression by ERG. Knockdown of ERG enhanced the apical localization of ANXA2, the bundling of actin filaments at cell-cell junctions and formation of a polarized epithelial phenotype. ERG overexpression disrupted ANXA2-mediated cell polarity and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inhibiting CDC42 and RHOA, and by activating cofilin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a reciprocal relationship of ANXA2 and ERG expression in a large fraction of primary prostate cancer clinical specimens. ANXA2 was absent or markedly reduced in ERG(+) tumors, which were mostly well differentiated. ERG(-) tumors, meanwhile, expressed moderate to high levels of ANXA2, and were either poorly differentiated or displayed subsets of poorly differentiated cells. Taken together, the transcriptional repression of ANXA2 by ERG in prostate epithelial cells plays a critical role in abrogating differentiation, promoting EMT, and in the reciprocal correlation of ERG and ANXA2 expression observed in human prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS ANXA2 is a new component of the ERG network with potential to enhance biologic stratification and therapeutic targeting of ERG-stratified prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Griner
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Denise Young
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Texas Center for Health Disparities and the Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Taduru Sreenath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Texas Center for Health Disparities and the Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | | | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland.
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Yang SF, Hsu HL, Chao TK, Hsiao CJ, Lin YF, Cheng CW. Annexin A2 in renal cell carcinoma: expression, function, and prognostic significance. Urol Oncol 2014; 33:22.e11-22.e21. [PMID: 25284003 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal genitourinary cancer and intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy. Annexin A2 (Anxa2) is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein found on various cell types that plays multiple roles in regulating cellular functions. In RCC, Anxa2 expression was correlated with tumor differentiation, clinical outcomes, and the metastatic potential; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study investigated the role of Anxa2 in regulating tumorigenesis of RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Commercial RCC tissue microarray arrays and a kidney cancer quantitative polymerase chain reaction array were used to examine Anxa2 by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Short hairpin (sh)RNA-based lentiviral system technology was used to evaluate the effects of manipulating Anxa2 expression on multiple malignant features of 2 RCC cell lines, A498 and 786-O, and its mechanisms. RESULTS (1) The Anxa2 expression level was generally elevated to varying degrees in RCC tissues. In adjacent noncancerous tissues, Anxa2 was mainly expressed in glomeruli and slightly expressed in the cytoplasm of proximal tubules. (2) An increased Anxa2 expression level was found in tissues of clear cell RCC, papillary RCC, and chromophobe RCC, and it was prominently expressed in cancer cell membranes. In addition, the Anxa2 expression level was correlated with poor prognosis. (3) Silencing Anxa2 expression suppressed the abilities of cell migration and invasion, but cell proliferation was less affected. (4) Diminished Anxa2 expression caused alterations in the cell polarity, disrupted the formation of actin filaments, and reduced CXCR4 expression. (5) Inhibition of the Rho/Rock axis restored silencing of Anxa2-mediated suppression of cell motility. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study points out the regulatory function of Anxa2 in RCC cell motility and provides a molecular-based mechanism of Anxa2 positivity in the progression of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Kuang Chao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Stewart AG, Xia YC, Harris T, Royce S, Hamilton JA, Schuliga M. Plasminogen-stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by urokinase and annexin A2, involving plasmin-activated cell signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1421-35. [PMID: 24111848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The conversion of plasminogen into plasmin by interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is potentially important in asthma pathophysiology. In this study, the effect of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cells were incubated with plasminogen (0.5-50 μg·mL(-1) ) or plasmin (0.5-50 mU·mL(-1) ) in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors, including UK122, an inhibitor of uPA. Proliferation was assessed by increases in cell number or MTT reduction after 48 h incubation with plasmin(ogen), and by earlier increases in [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. KEY RESULTS Plasminogen (5 μg·mL(-1) )-stimulated increases in cell proliferation were attenuated by UK122 (10 μM) or by transfection with uPA gene-specific siRNA. Exogenous plasmin (5 mU·mL(-1) ) also stimulated increases in cell proliferation. Inhibition of plasmin-stimulated ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt signalling attenuated plasmin-stimulated increases in ASM proliferation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of cell signalling mediated by the EGF receptor, a receptor trans-activated by plasmin, also reduced plasmin(ogen)-stimulated cell proliferation. Knock down of annexin A2, which has dual roles in both plasminogen activation and plasmin-signal transduction, also attenuated ASM cell proliferation following incubation with either plasminogen or plasmin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plasminogen stimulates ASM cell proliferation in a manner mediated by uPA and involving multiple signalling pathways downstream of plasmin. Targeting mediators of plasminogen-evoked ASM responses, such as uPA or annexin A2, may be useful in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Our recent research identified the protein annexin A2 to be regulated by ovarian cancer-peritoneal cell interactions. This study investigated the role of annexin A2 in ovarian cancer metastasis and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target, using in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models. Annexin A2 expression was examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting in ovarian cancer cell lines and immunohistochemistry in serous ovarian carcinoma tissues. Annexin A2 siRNAs were used to evaluate the effects of annexin A2 suppression on ovarian cancer cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. Furthermore, annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies were used to examine the role of annexin A2 in tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo using a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay and an intraperitoneal xenograft mouse model. Strong annexin A2 immunostaining was observed in 90% (38/42) of the serous ovarian cancer cells and was significantly increased in the cancer-associated stroma compared to non-malignant ovarian tissues. Annexin A2 siRNA significantly inhibited the motility and invasion of serous ovarian cancer cells and adhesion to the peritoneal cells. Annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited OV-90 cell motility and invasion in vitro and in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The growth of SKOV-3 cells and their peritoneal dissemination in nude mice was significantly inhibited by annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies. Annexin A2 plays a critical role in ovarian cancer metastasis and is therefore a potential novel therapeutic target against ovarian cancer.
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27
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Annexin A2: its molecular regulation and cellular expression in cancer development. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:308976. [PMID: 24591759 PMCID: PMC3925611 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) orchestrates multiple biologic processes and clinical associations, especially in cancer progression. The structure of ANXA2 affects its cellular localization and function. However, posttranslational modification and protease-mediated N-terminal cleavage also play critical roles in regulating ANXA2. ANXA2 expression levels vary among different types of cancers. With some cancers, ANXA2 can be used for the detection and diagnosis of cancer and for monitoring cancer progression. ANXA2 is also required for drug-resistance. This review discusses the feasibility of ANXA2 which is active in cancer development and can be a therapeutic target in cancer management.
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28
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Schuliga M, Langenbach S, Xia YC, Qin C, Mok JSL, Harris T, Mackay GA, Medcalf RL, Stewart AG. Plasminogen-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production by airway smooth muscle cells is regulated by annexin A2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:751-8. [PMID: 23721211 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen has a role in airway inflammation. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells cleave plasminogen into plasmin, a protease with proinflammatory activity. In this study, the effect of plasminogen on cytokine production by human ASM cells was investigated in vitro. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the medium of ASM cells were increased by incubation with plasminogen (5-50 μg/ml) for 24 hours (P < 0.05; n = 6-9), corresponding to changes in the levels of cytokine mRNA at 4 hours. The effects of plasminogen were attenuated by α2-antiplasmin (1 μg/ml), a plasmin inhibitor (P < 0.05; n = 6-12). Exogenous plasmin (5-15 mU/ml) also stimulated cytokine production (P < 0.05; n = 6-8) in a manner sensitive to serine-protease inhibition by aprotinin (10 KIU/ml). Plasminogen-stimulated cytokine production was increased in cells pretreated with basic fibroblast growth factor (300 pM) in a manner associated with increases in urokinase plasminogen activator expression and plasmin formation. The knockdown of annexin A2, a component of the putative plasminogen receptor comprised of annexin A2 and S100A10, attenuated plasminogen conversion into plasmin and plasmin-stimulated cytokine production by ASM cells. Moreover, a role for annexin A2 in airway inflammation was demonstrated in annexin A2-/- mice in which antigen-induced increases in inflammatory cell number and IL-6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced (P < 0.01; n = 10-14). In conclusion, plasminogen stimulates ASM cytokine production in a manner regulated by annexin A2. Our study shows for the first time that targeting annexin A2-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of airway inflammation in diseases such as chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Department Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Zhang F, Zhang H, Wang Z, Yu M, Tian R, Ji W, Yang Y, Niu R. P-glycoprotein associates with Anxa2 and promotes invasion in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:292-302. [PMID: 24239898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have suggested that the acquisition of the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is associated with elevated invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the major determinant in the generation of the MDR phenotype, was reported to be correlated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in many forms of malignancies. However, a clear understanding of the association is still lacking. We previously showed that Anxa2, a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, interacts with P-gp and contributes to the invasiveness of MDR breast cancer cells. In the present study, a strong positive correlation between MDR1 and Anxa2 mRNA expression in invasive breast cancer tissues during cancer progression was observed. In addition, exposure to adriamycin significantly enhanced motility in breast cancer cells and increased levels of P-gp and Anxa2. Moreover, inhibition of P-gp activity, using selective P-gp modulators, was found to significantly inhibit the invasive capacity of MCF-7/ADR cells without affecting the interaction and co-localization between P-gp and Anxa2. However, suppression of P-gp pump activity and knockdown of MDR1 expression both disrupted adriamycin-induced Anxa2 phosphorylation. Interestingly, P-gp was further demonstrated to interact with Src, a tyrosine kinase upstream of Anxa2. Taken together, our results indicate that P-gp may promote the invasion of MDR breast cancer cells by modulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of Anxa2. The interaction between Anxa2 and P-gp is possibly, at least in part, responsible for the association between MDR and invasive potential in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Man Yu
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Ran Tian
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Wei Ji
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China.
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Rappa G, Mercapide J, Anzanello F, Pope RM, Lorico A. Biochemical and biological characterization of exosomes containing prominin-1/CD133. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:62. [PMID: 23767874 PMCID: PMC3698112 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes can be viewed as complex “messages” packaged to survive trips to other cells in the local microenvironment and, through body fluids, to distant sites. A large body of evidence indicates a pro-metastatic role for certain types of cancer exosomes. We previously reported that prominin-1 had a pro-metastatic role in melanoma cells and that microvesicles released from metastatic melanoma cells expressed high levels of prominin-1. With the goal to explore the mechanisms that govern proteo-lipidic-microRNA sorting in cancer exosomes and their potential contribution(s) to the metastatic phenotype, we here employed prominin-1-based immunomagnetic separation in combination with filtration and ultracentrifugation to purify prominin-1-expressing exosomes (prom1-exo) from melanoma and colon carcinoma cells. Prom1-exo contained 154 proteins, including all of the 14 proteins most frequently expressed in exosomes, and multiple pro-metastatic proteins, including CD44, MAPK4K, GTP-binding proteins, ADAM10 and Annexin A2. Their lipid composition resembled that of raft microdomains, with a great enrichment in lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and sphingomyelin. The abundance of tetraspanins and of tetraspanin-associated proteins, together with the high levels of sphingomyelin, suggests that proteolipidic assemblies, probably tetraspanin webs, might be the essential structural determinant in the release process of prominin-1 of stem and cancer stem cells. Micro-RNA profiling revealed 49 species of micro-RNA present at higher concentrations in prom1-exo than in parental cells, including 20 with cancer-related function. Extensive accumulation of prom1-exo was observed 3 h after their addition to cultures of melanoma and bone marrow-derived stromal cells (MSC). Short-term co-culture of melanoma cells and MSC resulted in heterologous prominin-1 transfer. Exposure of MSC to prom1-exo increased their invasiveness. Our study supports the concept that specific populations of cancer exosomes contain multiple determinants of the metastatic potential of the cells from which they are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Rappa
- Cancer Research Center, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, NV 89135, USA
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31
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Wang YQ, Zhang F, Tian R, Ji W, Zhou Y, Sun XM, Liu Y, Wang ZY, Niu RF. Tyrosine 23 Phosphorylation of Annexin A2 Promotes Proliferation, Invasion, and Stat3 Phosphorylation in the Nucleus of Human Breast Cancer SK-BR-3 Cells. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 9:248-53. [PMID: 23691485 PMCID: PMC3643677 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of tyrosine 23 (Tyr23) phosphorylation of Annexin A2 (Anxa2) in regulating the proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells. Methods A panel of lentivirus plasmids expressing Anxa2-wide type (Ana2-WT), Anxa2-Y23A, and Anxa2-Y23D was generated and infected with SK-BR-3 cells. The monoclonal strains were screened. The expression of Anxa2-WT, Anxa2-Y23A, and Anxa2-Y23D was determined by Western blot analysis. The ability of the cells to proliferate was detected through an MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test. Boyden chamber assays were employed to examine migration and invasion abilities. The interaction between Anxa2 and Stat3 was analyzed by immunoprecipitation analyses. Nucleoprotein and cytosolic protein were extracted from SK-BR-3, Anxa2-WT, Anxa2-Y23A, and Anxa2-Y23D cells to analyze the expression and localization of Stat3 phosphorylation. Results The monoclonal strains constitutively expressing Anxa2-WT, Anxa2-Y23A, and Anxa2-Y23D were screened. Both Anxa2-WT and Anxa2-Y23D enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of SK-BR-3 cells (P<0.05). Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Anxa2 and Stat3 interacted with each other, and the expression of Stat3 phosphorylation in the nucleus was enhanced by Anxa2-Y23D. Conclusions Tyr23 phosphorylation of Anxa2 promotes the proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells and the phosphorylation of Stat3 in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
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Ceruti P, Principe M, Capello M, Cappello P, Novelli F. Three are better than one: plasminogen receptors as cancer theranostic targets. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:12. [PMID: 23594883 PMCID: PMC3640925 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of plasminogen on the cell surface initiates a cascade of protease activity with important implications for several physiological and pathological events. In particular, components of the plasminogen system participate in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Plasminogen receptors are in fact expressed on the cell surface of most tumors, and their expression frequently correlates with cancer diagnosis, survival and prognosis. Notably, they can trigger multiple specific immune responses in cancer patients, highlighting their role as tumor-associated antigens. In this review, three of the most characterized plasminogen receptors involved in tumorigenesis, namely Annexin 2 (ANX2), Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) and alpha-Enolase (ENOA), are analyzed to ascertain an overall view of their role in the most common cancers. This analysis emphasizes the possibility of delineating new personalized therapeutic strategies to counteract tumor growth and metastasis by targeting plasminogen receptors, as well as their potential application as cancer predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ceruti
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Moitza Principe
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Capello
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Annexin A2 heterotetramer: structure and function. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6259-305. [PMID: 23519104 PMCID: PMC3634455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a pleiotropic calcium- and anionic phospholipid-binding protein that exists as a monomer and as a heterotetrameric complex with the plasminogen receptor protein, S100A10. Annexin A2 has been proposed to play a key role in many processes including exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane organization, ion channel conductance, and also to link F-actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Despite an impressive list of potential binding partners and regulatory activities, it was somewhat unexpected that the annexin A2-null mouse should show a relatively benign phenotype. Studies with the annexin A2-null mouse have suggested important functions for annexin A2 and the heterotetramer in fibrinolysis, in the regulation of the LDL receptor and in cellular redox regulation. However, the demonstration that depletion of annexin A2 causes the depletion of several other proteins including S100A10, fascin and affects the expression of at least sixty-one genes has confounded the reports of its function. In this review we will discuss the annexin A2 structure and function and its proposed physiological and pathological roles.
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Deng S, Wang J, Hou L, Li J, Chen G, Jing B, Zhang X, Yang Z. Annexin A1, A2, A4 and A5 play important roles in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and laryngeal carcinoma, alone and/or synergistically. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:107-112. [PMID: 23255903 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexins are associated with metastasis and infiltration of cancer cells. Proteomic analysis and immunohistochemical staining were used to understand whether several annexins play important roles in cancer alone and/or synergistically. Seven fresh breast cancer samples with 23 paraffin specimens, three fresh pancreatic samples and five fresh laryngeal carcinoma samples with 25 paraffin specimens were obtained from humans, as well as ten golden hamster pancreatic cancer tissue samples, and they were used to observe differential expression of annexins compared with normal tissues using proteomics and immunohistochemical staining. Annexin A2, A4 and A5 were overexpressed in human breast cancer and laryngeal carcinoma tissues and in golden hamster pancreatic cancer tissue samples, respectively, as shown by proteomics and immunohistochemical staining. In addition, annexin A4 and A5 were expressed in breast cancer tissues, while annexin A1 was not expressed. Annexin A1, A2 and A4 were expressed in human laryngeal carcinoma tissues as shown by immunohistochemical staining. Annexin A1, A2, A4 and A5 played important roles in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and laryngeal carcinoma, alone and/or synergistically, and they may be targets of therapy for malignant tumors. The choice of which annexins to target should depend on their respective biological behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishan Deng
- Department of Anatomy and ; Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College
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35
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Deng S, Jing B, Xing T, Hou L, Yang Z. Overexpression of annexin A2 is associated with abnormal ubiquitination in breast cancer. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2012; 10:153-7. [PMID: 22917188 PMCID: PMC5054490 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of annexin A2 contributes to metastasis and infiltration of cancer cells. To elucidate the cause of abnormal expression of annexin A2, Western blotting, immunoproteomics and immunohistochemical staining were performed to analyze differentially ubiquitinated proteins between fresh breast cancer tissue and its adjacent normal breast tissue from five female volunteers. We detected an ubiquitinated protein that was up-regulated in the cancer tissue, which was further identified as annexin A2 by mass spectrometry. These results suggest that abnormal ubiquitination and/or degradation of annexin A2 may lead to presence of annexin A2 at high level, which may further promote metastasis and infiltration of the breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishan Deng
- Department of Anatomy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, China.
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36
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Raimondo F, Salemi C, Chinello C, Fumagalli D, Morosi L, Rocco F, Ferrero S, Perego R, Bianchi C, Sarto C, Pitto M, Brambilla P, Magni F. Proteomic analysis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: identification of differentially expressed protein by 2-D DIGE. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1040-51. [PMID: 22315040 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common neoplasm affecting the adult kidney, is characterised by heterogeneity of histological subtypes, drug resistance, and absence of molecular markers. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) technology in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to detect differentially expressed proteins in 20 pairs of RCC tissues and matched adjacent normal kidney cortex (ANK), in order to search for RCC markers. After gel analysis by DeCyder 6.5 and EDA software, differentially expressed protein spots were excised from Deep Purple stained preparative 2DE gel. A total of 100 proteins were identified by MS out of 2500 spots, 23 and 77 of these were, respectively, over- and down-expressed in RCC. The Principal Component Analysis applied to gels and protein spots exactly separated the two sample classes in two groups: RCC and ANK. Moreover, some spots, including ANXA2, PPIA, FABP7 and LEG1, resulted highly differential. The DIGE data were also confirmed by immunoblotting analysis for these proteins. In conclusion, we suggest that applying 2-D DIGE to RCC may provide the basis for a better molecular characterization and for the discovery of candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Raimondo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Univ. of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20052 Monza, Italy
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Zhang J, Wang L, Li G, Anderson LB, Xu Y, Witthuhn B, Lü J. Mouse Prostate Proteomes Are Differentially Altered by Supranutritional Intake of Four Selenium Compounds. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:778-89. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.563029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qu YH, Yang JM, Fan QX, Zhou Y. ANXA-2 and VEGF promote invasiveness of human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1174-1178. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i11.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of annexin-2 (ANXA-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in promoting invasiveness of human liver cancer HepG2 cells .
METHODS: After HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of 5-fluorouracil, cell invasiveness was detected by Transwell assay, and the mRNA and protein expression of ANXA-2 and VEGF was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS: The invasiveness of HepG2 cells decreased with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil, with significant differences among cells treated with different doses of 5-fluorouracil (22 ± 5, 25 ± 4, 13 ± 2, 12 ± 2 vs 39 ± 7, all P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of ANXA2 and VEGF in HepG2 cells decreased gradually with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil (ANXA2 mRNA: 0.527 ± 0.008, 0.419 ± 0.046, 0.213 ± 0.007, 0.176 ± 0.007 vs 0.718 ± 0.008; ANXA2 protein: 0.669 ± 0.055, 0.484 ± 0.072, 0.180 ± 0.034, 0.099 ± 0.009 vs 1.236 ± 0.102; VEGF mRNA: 0.818 ± 0.016, 0.558 ± 0.101, 0.386 ± 0.009, 0.352 ± 0.017 vs 1.176 ± 0.035; VEGF protein: 0.960 ± 0.085, 0.962 ± 0.056, 0.376 ± 0.069, 0.219 ± 0.008 vs 1.124 ± 0.170, all P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between the mRNA and protein expression of ANXA2 and VEGF (rp = 0.900, rw = 0.856).
CONCLUSION: The expression of ANXA2 and VEGF in HepG2 cells decreased gradually with the increase in the dose of 5-fluorouracil. ANXA2 and VEGF may play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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The role of annexin A2 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:199-208. [PMID: 21909879 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein found on various cell types. It is up-regulated in various tumor types and plays multiple roles in regulating cellular functions, including angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, invasion and adhesion. Annexin A2 binds with plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator on the cell surface, which leads to the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is a serine protease which plays a key role in the activation of metalloproteinases and degradation of extracellular matrix components essential for metastatic progression. We have recently found that both annexin A2 and plasmin are increased in conditioned media of co cultured ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells. Our studies suggest that annexin A2 is part of a tumor-host signal pathway between ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells which promotes ovarian cancer metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggest that interactions between annexin A2 and its binding proteins play an important role in the tumor microenvironment and act together to enhance cancer metastasis. This article reviews the current knowledge on the biological role of annexin A2 and its binding proteins in solid malignancies including ovarian cancer.
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40
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Kim JS, Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Yang JY, Hwang GS, Kim CW. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of H2O2-induced premature senescent human mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:500-10. [PMID: 21382465 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) occurs after exposure to many different sublethal stresses including H(2)O(2), hyperoxia, or tert-butylhydroperoxide. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) exhibit limited proliferative potential in vitro, the so-called Hayflick limit. According to the free-radical theory, reactive oxygen species (ROS) might be the candidates responsible for senescence and age-related diseases. H(2)O(2) may be responsible for the production of high levels of ROS, in which the redox balance is disturbed and the cells shift into a state of oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to premature senescence with shortening telomeres. H(2)O(2) has been the most commonly used inducer of SIPS, which shares features of replicative senescence (RS) including a similar morphology, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, cell cycle regulation, etc. Therefore, in this study, the senescence of hMSC during SIPS was confirmed using a range of different analytical methods. In addition, we determined five differentially expressed spots in the 2-DE map, which were identified as Annexin A2 (ANXA2), myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 (ECH1), prosomal protein P30-33K (PSMA1) and mutant β-actin by ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS. Also, proton ((1)H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to elucidate the difference between metabolites in the control and hMSCs treated with H(2)O(2). Among these metabolites, choline and leucine were identified by (1)H-NMR as up-regulated metabolites and glycine and proline were identified as down-regulated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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41
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Sarkar S, Swiercz R, Kantara C, Hajjar KA, Singh P. Annexin A2 mediates up-regulation of NF-κB, β-catenin, and stem cell in response to progastrin in mice and HEK-293 cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:583-595.e4. [PMID: 20826156 PMCID: PMC3031715 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prograstrin induces proliferation in colon crypts by activating p65nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (p65) and β-catenin. We investigated whether Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a progastrin receptor, activates NF-κB and β-catenin in vivo. METHODS ANXA2-null (ANXA2(-/-)) and wild-type (ANXA2(+/+)) mice were studied, along with clones of progastrin-responsive HEK-293 cells that stably expressed full-length progastrin (HEK-mGAS) or an empty vector (HEK-C). Small interfering RNA was used to down-regulate AnxA2, p65NF-κB, and β-catenin in cells. RESULTS Proliferation and activation of p65 and β-catenin increased significantly in HEK-mGAS compared with HEK-C clones. HEK-mGAS cells had a 2- to 4-fold increase in relative levels of c-Myc, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, CyclinD1, double cortin CAM kinase-like 1 (DCAMKL+1), and CD44, compared with HEK-C clones. Down-regulation of AnxA2 in HEK-mGAS clones reduced activation of NF-κB and β-catenin, as well as levels of DCAMKL+1. Surprisingly, down-regulation of β-catenin had no effect on activation of p65NF-κB, whereas down-regulation of p65 significantly reduced activation of β-catenin in HEK-mGAS clones. Loss of either p65 or β-catenin significantly reduced proliferation of HEK-mGAS clones, indicating that both factors are required for the proliferative effects of progastrin. Lengths of colon crypts and levels of p65, β-catenin, DCAMKL+1, and CD44 were significantly higher in ANXA2(+/+) mice compared with either ANXA2(-/-) mice given progastrin or ANXA2(+/+) and ANXA2(-/-) mice given saline. CONCLUSIONS AnxA2 expression is required for the biologic effects of progastrin in vivo and in vitro and mediates the stimulatory effect of progastrin on p65NF-κ, β-catenin, and the putative stem cell markers DCAMKL+1 and CD44. AnxA2 might therefore mediate the hyperproliferative and cocarcinogenic effects of progastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashish Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Rafal Swiercz
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Carla Kantara
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Katherine A Hajjar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Prediction and testing of biological networks underlying intestinal cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824133 PMCID: PMC2931697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer progresses through an accumulation of somatic mutations, some of which reside in so-called "driver" genes that provide a growth advantage to the tumor. To identify points of intersection between driver gene pathways, we implemented a network analysis framework using protein interactions to predict likely connections--both precedented and novel--between key driver genes in cancer. We applied the framework to find significant connections between two genes, Apc and Cdkn1a (p21), known to be synergistic in tumorigenesis in mouse models. We then assessed the functional coherence of the resulting Apc-Cdkn1a network by engineering in vivo single node perturbations of the network: mouse models mutated individually at Apc (Apc(1638N+/-)) or Cdkn1a (Cdkn1a(-/-)), followed by measurements of protein and gene expression changes in intestinal epithelial tissue. We hypothesized that if the predicted network is biologically coherent (functional), then the predicted nodes should associate more specifically with dysregulated genes and proteins than stochastically selected genes and proteins. The predicted Apc-Cdkn1a network was significantly perturbed at the mRNA-level by both single gene knockouts, and the predictions were also strongly supported based on physical proximity and mRNA coexpression of proteomic targets. These results support the functional coherence of the proposed Apc-Cdkn1a network and also demonstrate how network-based predictions can be statistically tested using high-throughput biological data.
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Das S, Shetty P, Valapala M, Dasgupta S, Gryczynski Z, Vishwanatha JK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a novel interactor of annexin A2 in prostate cancer cells. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2216-26. [PMID: 20121258 DOI: 10.1021/bi9013038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a multifunctional Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, and its overexpression is implicated in malignant transformation of several cancers. In prostate cancer, however, the expression of AnxA2 is lost in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and reappears in the high-grade tumors, suggesting a complex regulation of AnxA2 in the prostate microenvironment. Since a majority of the biological functions of AnxA2 are mediated by its interaction with other proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid assay to search for novel interactors of AnxA2. Our studies revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), a member of the STAT family of transcription factors, is a binding partner of AnxA2. We confirmed AnxA2-STAT6 interaction by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies and demonstrated that AnxA2 interacts with phosphorylated STAT6. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that AnxA2 is associated with the STAT6 DNA-binding complex, and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that AnxA2 upregulates the activity of STAT6. Upon interleukin-4 treatment, AnxA2 stabilizes the cytosolic levels of phosphorylated STAT6 and promotes its nuclear entry. These findings suggest that AnxA2-STAT6 interactions could have potential implications in prostate cancer progression. This report is the first to demonstrate the interaction of AnxA2 with STAT6 and suggests a possible mechanism by which AnxA2 contributes to the metastatic processes of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology and Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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44
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Nadiminty N, Dutt S, Tepper C, Gao AC. Microarray analysis reveals potential target genes of NF-kappaB2/p52 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2010; 70:276-87. [PMID: 19827050 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies showed that NF-kappaB2/p52 is involved in the castration-resistant growth of the androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The role of NF-kappaB2/p52 in lymphomagenesis has been studied extensively, but its target genes in other cancers remain unknown. In order to identify genes potentially regulated by p52 in prostate cancer cells, we performed a genome-wide microarray analysis of genes differentially up- or down-regulated by the overexpression of p52 by adenoviral-mediated gene delivery in LNCaP cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Total RNAs from vector control-infected and Adeno-p52-infected LNCaP cells were used to prepare cDNAs, which were hybridized to the Whole Genome Human 44k Microarray chips (Agilent Technologies). Data analysis was performed using GeneSpring and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Validation of microarray results was performed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Expression of approximately 130 genes was differentially upregulated by >5-fold, whereas approximately 60 genes were differentially downregulated by >2-fold in p52-expressing LNCaP cells. Pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated genes belong to functional categories like cell growth and proliferation, cellular movement, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cancer, cell cycle, etc., whereas the downregulated genes were represented by functional categories like cell movement, antigen presentation, and cell death. Six of the top upregulated genes including annexin A2, PLAU, RND3, Twist2, VEGFC, and CXCL1 were validated by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive analysis of genes potentially regulated by NF-kappaB2/p52 in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and provides a rationale for the induction of castration-resistant growth by p52 in LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalakshmi Nadiminty
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Kesavan K, Ratliff J, Johnson EW, Dahlberg W, Asara JM, Misra P, Frangioni JV, Jacoby DB. Annexin A2 is a molecular target for TM601, a peptide with tumor-targeting and anti-angiogenic effects. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4366-74. [PMID: 20018898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TM601 is a synthetic form of chlorotoxin, a 36-amino acid peptide derived from the venom of the Israeli scorpion, Leirius quinquestriatus, initially found to specifically bind and inhibit the migration of glioma cells in culture. Subsequent studies demonstrated specific in vitro binding to additional tumor cell lines. Recently, we demonstrated that proliferating human vascular endothelial cells are the only normal cell line tested that exhibits specific binding to TM601. Here, we identify annexin A2 as a novel binding partner for TM601 in multiple human tumor cell lines and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). We demonstrate that the surface binding of TM601 to the pancreatic tumor cell line Panc-1 is dependent on the expression of annexin A2. Identification of annexin A2 as a binding partner for TM601 is also consistent with the anti-angiogenic effects of TM601. Annexin A2 functions in angiogenesis by binding to tissue plasminogen activator and regulating plasminogen activation on vascular endothelial cells. We demonstrate that in HUVECs, TM601 inhibits both vascular endothelial growth factor- and basic fibroblast growth factor-induced tissue plasminogen activator activation, which is required for activation of plasminogen to plasmin. Consistent with inhibition of cell surface protease activity, TM601 also inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-C induced trans-well migration of both HUVEC and U373-MG glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Kesavan
- TransMolecular Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Grubb RL, Deng J, Pinto PA, Mohler JL, Chinnaiyan A, Rubin M, Linehan WM, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF, Wulfkuhle JD. Pathway biomarker profiling of localized and metastatic human prostate cancer reveal metastatic and prognostic signatures. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3044-54. [PMID: 19275204 DOI: 10.1021/pr8009337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reverse phase protein microarray technology was used to study key signaling pathways thought to be involved in the progression of benign epithelium to the lethal phenotype of prostate cancer. Specimens of androgen-stimulated localized prostate cancer (N = 21) and androgen-deprivation therapy-recurrent local (N = 4) or metastatic (N = 11) prostate cancer were laser capture microdissected prior to analysis. The results showed significant increases in protein expression levels in malignant epithelial cells and patient-matched stromal tissue, which included higher levels of the apoptotic proteins Bax and Smac/Diablo and increased phosphorylation of Bcl2 (S70). The mitochondrial protein Smac/Diablo and the transcription regulatory protein STAT3 (Y705) correlated with Gleason sum and differed statistically in high Gleason grade (8-10) prostate cancers. Distinct metastasis-specific pathways were activated by caspase cleavage activation, ErbB2 phosphorylation, Bax total protein and Bcl-2 phosphorylation while phosphorylation of all three members of the MAPK family, ERK, p38, and SAP/JNK, were reduced significantly in metastatic lesions compared to primary cancers. This study, the most comprehensive pathway analysis ever performed for human prostate cancer, presents evidence of specific pathway biomarkers that may be useful for assessment of prognosis and stratification for therapy if validated in larger clinical study sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Grubb
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Inokuchi J, Lau A, Tyson DR, Ornstein DK. Loss of annexin A1 disrupts normal prostate glandular structure by inducing autocrine IL-6 signaling. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1082-8. [PMID: 19351789 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) expression is commonly reduced in premalignant lesions and prostate cancer, but a causal relationship of ANAX1 loss with carcinogenesis has not been established. ANXA1 levels have been shown to inversely correlate with interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression in other cell types and IL-6 has been suggested to enhance prostate cancer initiation and promotion. To investigate whether loss of ANXA1 may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis, ANXA1 expression was reduced using RNA interference in non-tumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cells (RWPE-1/rA1). No effect on morphology, apoptosis, migration or anchorage-dependent or -independent growth was detected. However, IL-6 mRNA and secreted protein levels were elevated in RWPE-1/rA1 cells. In addition, re-expression of ANXA1 in these cells suppressed IL-6 secretion, and altering ANXA1 levels in prostate cancer cells had similar effects on IL-6. The effects of ANXA1 loss and increased IL-6 expression on prostate epithelium were examined using an assay of acinar morphogenesis in vitro. Acini formed by RWPE-1/rA1 cells had delayed luminal clearing and larger mean diameters than control cells. The RWPE-1/rA1 phenotype was recapitulated by treating control cells with recombinant IL-6 and was reversed in RWPE-1/rA1 cells by blocking IL-6 bioactivity. Taken together, these data support a direct role for decreased ANXA1 expression in prostate carcinogenesis and enhancing tumor aggressiveness via the upregulation of IL-6 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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