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Ng CY, Cheung C. Origins and functional differences of blood endothelial cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:23-29. [PMID: 37202277 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interests in blood endothelial cells arise from their therapeutic potential in vascular repair and regeneration. Our understanding of blood endothelial cells that exist in the circulation has been evolving significantly from the original concept of endothelial progenitor cells. Many studies have uncovered heterogeneities of blood endothelial subtypes where some cells express both endothelial and hematopoietic antigens, and others possess either mature or immature endothelial markers. Due to the lack of definitive cell marker identities, there have been momentums in the field to adopt a technical-oriented labeling system based on the cells' involvement in postnatal neovascularization and cell culture derivatives. Our review streamlines nomenclatures for blood endothelial subtypes and standardizes understanding of their functional differences. Broadly, we will discuss about myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs), endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs). The strategic location of blood endothelial cells confers them essential roles in supporting physiological processes. MACs exert angiogenic effects through paracrine mechanisms, while ECFCs are recruited to sites of vascular injury to participate directly in new vessel formation. BOECs are an in vitro derivative of ECFCs. CECs are shed into the bloodstream from damaged vessels, hence reflective of endothelial dysfunction. With clarity on the functional attributes of blood endothelial subtypes, we present recent advances in their applications in disease modelling, along with serving as biomarkers of vascular tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
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The Long Telling Story of "Endothelial Progenitor Cells": Where Are We at Now? Cells 2022; 12:cells12010112. [PMID: 36611906 PMCID: PMC9819021 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs): The name embodies years of research and clinical expectations, but where are we now? Do these cells really represent the El Dorado of regenerative medicine? Here, past and recent literature about this eclectic, still unknown and therefore fascinating cell population will be discussed. This review will take the reader through a temporal journey that, from the first discovery, will pass through years of research devoted to attempts at their definition and understanding their biology in health and disease, ending with the most recent evidence about their pathobiological role in cardiovascular disease and their recent applications in regenerative medicine.
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3
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Park M, Kim JY, Kim J, Lee JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Low-dose metronomic doxorubicin inhibits mobilization and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells through REDD1-mediated VEGFR-2 downregulation. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34488932 PMCID: PMC8505230 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.9.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose metronomic chemotherapy has been introduced as a less toxic and effective strategy to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, but its anti-angiogenic mechanism on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the functional role of regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1), an endogenous inhibitor of mTORC1, in low-dose doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated dysregulation of EPC functions. DOX treatment induced REDD1 expression in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and subsequently reduced mTORC1-dependent translation of endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (Vegfr)-2 mRNA, but not that of the mRNA transcripts for Vegfr-1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. This selective event was a risk factor for the inhibition of BMMNC differentiation into EPCs and their angiogenic responses to VEGF-A, but was not observed in Redd1-deficient BMMNCs. Low-dose metronomic DOX treatment reduced the mobilization of circulating EPCs in B16 melanoma-bearing wild-type but not Redd1-deficient mice. However, REDD1 overexpression inhibited the differentiation and mobilization of EPCs in both wild-type and Redd1-deficient mice. These data suggest that REDD1 is crucial for metronomic DOX-mediated EPC dysfunction through the translational repression of Vegfr-2 transcript, providing REDD1 as a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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4
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Park M, Kim JY, Kim J, Lee JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Low-dose metronomic doxorubicin inhibits mobilization and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells through REDD1-mediated VEGFR-2 downregulation. BMB Rep 2021; 54:470-475. [PMID: 34488932 PMCID: PMC8505230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-dose metronomic chemotherapy has been introduced as a less toxic and effective strategy to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, but its anti-angiogenic mechanism on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the functional role of regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1), an endogenous inhibitor of mTORC1, in low-dose doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated dysregulation of EPC functions. DOX treatment induced REDD1 expression in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and subsequently reduced mTORC1-dependent translation of endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (Vegfr)-2 mRNA, but not that of the mRNA transcripts for Vegfr-1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. This selective event was a risk factor for the inhibition of BMMNC differentiation into EPCs and their angiogenic responses to VEGF-A, but was not observed in Redd1-deficient BMMNCs. Low-dose metronomic DOX treatment reduced the mobilization of circulating EPCs in B16 melanoma-bearing wild-type but not Redd1-deficient mice. However, REDD1 overexpression inhibited the differentiation and mobilization of EPCs in both wild-type and Redd1-deficient mice. These data suggest that REDD1 is crucial for metronomic DOX-mediated EPC dysfunction through the translational repression of Vegfr-2 transcript, providing REDD1 as a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(9): 470-475].
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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5
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Abe RJ, Savage H, Imanishi M, Banerjee P, Kotla S, Paez-Mayorga J, Taunton J, Fujiwara K, Won JH, Yusuf SW, Palaskas NL, Banchs J, Lin SH, Schadler KL, Abe JI, Le NT. p90RSK-MAGI1 Module Controls Endothelial Permeability by Post-translational Modifications of MAGI1 and Hippo Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:542485. [PMID: 33304925 PMCID: PMC7693647 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.542485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of MAGI1, including S741 phosphorylation and K931 de-SUMOylation, both of which are regulated by p90RSK activation, lead to endothelial cell (EC) activation. However, roles for p90RSK and MAGI1-PTMs in regulating EC permeability remain unclear despite MAGI1 being a junctional molecule. Here, we show that thrombin (Thb)-induced EC permeability, detected by the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) based system, was decreased by overexpression of dominant negative p90RSK or a MAGI1-S741A phosphorylation mutant, but was accelerated by overexpression of p90RSK, siRNA-mediated knockdown of magi1, or the MAGI1-K931R SUMOylation mutant. MAGI1 depletion also increased the mRNA and protein expression of the large tumor suppressor kinases 1 and 2 (LATS1/2), which inhibited YAP/TAZ activity and increased EC permeability. Because the endothelial barrier is a critical mediator of tumor hypoxia, we also evaluated the role of p90RSK activation in tumor vessel leakiness by using a relatively low dose of the p90RSK specific inhibitor, FMK-MEA. FMK-MEA significantly inhibited tumor vessel leakiness at a dose that does not affect morphology and growth of tumor vessels in vivo. These results provide novel insights into crucial roles for p90RSK-mediated MAGI1 PTMs and the Hippo pathway in EC permeability, as well as p90RSK activation in tumor vessel leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hannah Savage
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jesus Paez-Mayorga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jong Hak Won
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jose Banchs
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keri L Schadler
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Huang Y, Huang Y, He J, Wang H, Luo Y, Li Y, Liu J, Zhong L, Zhao Y. PEGylated immunoliposome-loaded endoglin single-chain antibody enhances anti-tumor capacity of porcine α1,3GT gene. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119231. [PMID: 31254933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor could not be completely removed due to the absence of immune storm against tumor. The porcine α1,3 galactosyltransferase (α1,3 GT) induce the hyperacute rejection by synthesizing Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (αGal) on the surface of graft endothelial cells (ECs) during xeno-transplantation. This study aimed to develop anti-endoglin single-chain Fv fragments (ENG-scFv) conjugated PEGylated immunoliposomes (iLPs) to induce immune storm against tumor. Immune fluorescence was performed to detect the binding of ENG-scFv to human ENG, the endosomal/lysosomal escape of ENG-scFv-iLPs/α1,3 GT, and αGal expression in hENG-HEK293 cells. In vitro MTT assay was performed to measure ENG-scFv-iLPs/α1,3 GT cytotoxicity. NOD/SCID mouse born A549 tumor model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potency of ENG-scFv-iLPs/α1,3 GT. ENG-scFv-iLPs enabled efficient targeting delivery of α1,3 GT plasmid to ENG + tumors neovascular endothelial cells (TnECs), promoted endosomal/lysosomal escape due to the pH-sensitive ability, then synthesized carbohydrate epitope αGal on the surface of these cells to achieve the purpose of destroying the tumor. The mechanism of uptake for nanoparticles was energy driven, the clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the main endocytic pathway of the ENG-mAb-iLPs/α1,3 GT and lipid-raft-mediated of the ENG-scFv-iLPs/α1,3 GT, and macropinocytosis was also involved in intracellular entry. The inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and proliferation by ENG-scFv-iLPs/α1,3 GT was closely related to down-regulation of VEGF. Our findings establish an alternative therapeutic paradigm for scFv-conjugated nanoparticles to induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth early. Such iLPs nanocarrier could efficiently release α1,3 GT to their distinct sites of action, where the endoglin + tumor neovascular endothelial cells (ENG + TnECs) exist, in a site-specific manner. Therefore, we believe that these scFv-targeted core-shell immunocomplexes are an important potential α1,3 GT delivery system for various solid tumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yiqun Luo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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7
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Kim JY, Kim YM. Tumor endothelial cells as a potential target of metronomic chemotherapy. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:1-13. [PMID: 30604201 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance and toxic side effects are major therapeutic hurdles affecting cancer patients receiving conventional chemotherapy based on the maximum tolerated dose. Metronomic chemotherapy (MCT), a new therapeutic approach developed to avoid these problems generally, consists of the continuous administration of low-dose cytotoxic agents without extended intervals. This therapy targets the tumor microenvironment, rather than exerting a direct effect on tumor cells. As a result, the MCT regimen functionally impairs tumor endothelial cells and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, leading to tumor dormancy via anti-angiogenesis. Over the past 10 years, several studies have highlighted the impact of MCT on the tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis and demonstrated its potential as a switch from the pro-angiogenic to the anti-angiogenic state. However, the mechanisms of action are still obscure. Here, we systematically review the evidence regarding the anti-angiogenic potential of MCT as a crucial determinant of tumor dormancy and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry School of Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea.
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The effect of transient oxygenation on stem cell mobilization and ischemia/reperfusion heart injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192733. [PMID: 29438409 PMCID: PMC5811016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For general anesthesia, pre-oxygenation is routinely performed prior to intubation. It is well-known that ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning induces stem cell mobilization and protects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we investigated the effect of transient oxygenation on stem cell mobilization and I/R injury of the heart. Mice were exposed to 100% oxygen for 5 or 20 minutes. We evaluated the number of c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells and the levels of SDF-1α and VEGF in peripheral blood at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after oxygenation. We also induced I/R injury of the heart at 3 hours post-oxygenation for 5 minutes and then examined stem cell recruitment and fibrotic changes in the heart 3 or 14 days later. The number of c-kit+ cells in peripheral blood was significantly increased at 1 or 24 hours after oxygenation for either 5 or 20 minutes. Oxygenation for 5 or 20 minutes did not significantly change the SDF-1α level measured in plasma. However, the plasma VEGF level was decreased at 3 hours post-oxygenation for 20 minutes (p = 0.051). Oxygenation for 5 minutes did not significantly alter the fibrotic area or cell apoptosis. Although oxygenation for 5 minutes increased the number of c-kit+ cells in hearts damaged by I/R injury, this difference was not significant between groups due to large variation between individuals (p = 0.14). Although transient oxygenation induces stem cell mobilization, it does not appear to protect against I/R injury of the heart in mice.
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Endothelial progenitor cells promote tumor growth and progression by enhancing new vessel formation. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:793-799. [PMID: 27446353 PMCID: PMC4950911 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and progression require new blood vessel formation to deliver nutrients and oxygen for further cell proliferation and to create a neovascular network exit for tumor cell metastasis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cell population that circulates in the peripheral circulation and homes to the tumor bed to participate in new blood vessel formation. In addition to structural support to nascent vessels, these cells can also regulate the angiogenic process by paracrine secretion of a number of proangiogenic growth factors and cytokines, thus playing a crucial role in tumor neovascularization and development. Inhibition of EPC-mediated new vessel formation may be a promising therapeutic strategy in tumor treatment. EPC-mediated neovascularization is a complex process that includes multiple steps and requires a series of cytokines and modulators, thus understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide anti-neovasculogenesis targets that may be blocked for the prevention of tumor development. The present review stresses the process and contribution of EPCs to the formation of new blood vessels in solid tumors, in an attempt to gain an improved understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, and to provide a potential effective therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Pirro M, Cagini L, Mannarino MR, Andolfi M, Potenza R, Paciullo F, Bianconi V, Frangione MR, Bagaglia F, Puma F, Mannarino E. Reduced survival in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer is associated with high pleural endothelial progenitor cell levels. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50:1053-1059. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Shen X, Zhou Y, Bi X, Zhang J, Fu G, Zheng H. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α prevents endothelial progenitor cells senescence and enhances re-endothelialization of injured arteries via human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:962-71. [PMID: 25820929 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that endothelial progenitor subpopulation (EPCs) number and activity were associated with EPCs senescence. Our previous study had shown that stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1α) could prevent EPCs senescence, which may be via telomerase. In this study, we further investigated the role of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (h-TERT) on the protective effect of SDF-1α against senescence. Knockdown h-TERT abrogated the protective effect of SDF-1α and abolished the effects of SDF-1α on migration and proliferation. Moreover, it inhibited EPCs recruitment. In conclusion, h-TERT served a critical role in the progress that SDF-1α prevented EPCs senescence and enhanced re-endothelialization of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
| | - Xukun Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
| | - Jiefang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Xiasha Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058
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12
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Russell JS, Brown JM. Circulating mouse Flk1+/c-Kit+/CD45- cells function as endothelial progenitors cells (EPCs) and stimulate the growth of human tumor xenografts. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:177. [PMID: 25047738 PMCID: PMC4112847 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been demonstrated to have stem-cell like as well as mature endothelial functions. However, controversy remains as to their origins, immunophenotypic markings, and contribution to the tumor vascular network and tumor survival. Methods Flow cytometric analysis and sorting was used to isolate Flk-1+/c-Kit+/CD45- cells. Matrigel and methycellulose assays, flow cytometry, and gene array analyses were performed to characterize several murine EPC cell populations. Human tumor xenografts were used to evaluate the impact of EPCs on tumor growth and vascular development. Results Flk-1+/c-Kit+/CD45- cells were present at low levels in most murine organs with the highest levels in adipose, aorta/vena cava, and lung tissues. Flk-1+/c-Kit+/CD45- cells demonstrated stem cell qualities through colony forming assays and mature endothelial function by expression of CD31, uptake of acLDL, and vascular structure formation in matrigel. High passage EPCs grown in vitro became more differentiated and lost stem-cell markers. EPCs were found to have hemangioblastic properties as demonstrated by the ability to rescue mice given whole body radiation. Systemic injection of EPCs increased the growth of human xenograft tumors and vessel density. Conclusions Flk-1+/C-Kit+/CD45- cells function as endothelial progenitor cells. EPCs are resident in most murine tissue types and localize to human tumor xenografts. Furthermore, the EPC population demonstrates stem-cell and mature endothelial functions and promoted the growth of tumors through enhanced vascular network formation. Given the involvement of EPCs in tumor development, this unique host-derived population may be an additional target to consider for anti-neoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Russell
- Head and Neck/Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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13
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The chemokine system, and its CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors, as potential targets for personalized therapy in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:36-53. [PMID: 24141062 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in hematopoiesis and inflammation, and thus are fundamental to the immune integrity of the host. In parallel, members of the chemokine system exert a large variety of functions that dictate processes of cancer development and progression. Chemokines can act as pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral regulators of malignancy by affecting cells of the tumor microenvironment (leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and the tumor cells themselves (migration, invasion, proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy). Several of the chemokines are generally skewed towards the cancer-promoting direction, including primarily the CCR5-CCL5 (RANTES) and the CXCR4-CXCL12 (SDF-1) axes. This review provides a general view of chemokines and chemokine receptors as regulators of malignancy, describing their multi-faceted activities in cancer. The tumor-promoting activities of the CCR5-CCL5 and CXCR4-CXCL12 pathways are enlightened, emphasizing their potential use as targets for personalized therapy. Indeed, novel blockers of chemokines and their receptors are constantly emerging, and two chemokine receptor inhibitors were recently approved for clinical use: Maraviroc for CCR5 and Plerixafor for CXCR4. The review addresses ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials using these modalities and others in cancer. Then, challenges and opportunities of personalized therapy directed against chemokines and their receptors in malignancy are discussed, demonstrating that such novel personalized cancer therapies hold many challenges, but also offer hope for cancer patients.
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Suga A, Ueda K, Takemoto Y, Nishimoto A, Hosoyama T, Li TS, Hamano K. Significant role of bone marrow–derived cells in compensatory regenerative lung growth. J Surg Res 2013; 183:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jiang Q, Song P, Wang E, Li J, Hu S, Zhang H. Remote ischemic postconditioning enhances cell retention in the myocardium after intravenous administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 56:1-7. [PMID: 23291430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficacy of intravenous administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for myocardial infarction (MI) is limited by low cell retention in the damaged myocardium. Previous studies indicated that remote ischemic conditioning could protect against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury by release of various cytokines including stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α). However, whether remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) can also enhance the retention of infused cells in the myocardium by activating MSC homing is unclear. In this study, RIPostC was induced with 4cycles of 5min occlusion and reperfusion of the abdominal aorta in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats which underwent ligation of the coronary artery 1week previously. Cytokine levels in serum and myocardium were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 1, 6, 24 and 48h after RIPostC. Then, a total of 4×10(6) male MSCs were infused intravenously at 24h after RIPostC. The number of survived cells in the myocardium was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis for Y chromosome and the heart function was evaluated by echocardiography at 1month after cell infusion. Furthermore, 10μg/kg rabbit anti-rat CXCR4 polyclonal antibody was injected intraperitoneally to prove the role of SDF-1α for RIPostC. RIPostC induced an increase in SDF-1α in serum at 1h and enhanced SDF-1α transcription and protein synthesis in the myocardium at 24h after the procedure. 1month after cell transplantation, RIPostC significantly increased MSC myocardial retention by 79.1±12.3% and thereby contributed to enhanced cardiac function in comparison with cell transplantation without RIPostC. Furthermore, blockade with a CXCR4-specific antibody after RIPostC markedly attenuated the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy. We conclude that RIPostC activated SDF-1α expression and enhanced retention of the infused MSCs in the injured myocardium. Priming of the heart with RIPostC might be a novel adjunctive approach for intravenous cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wang XY, Ju S, Li C, Peng XG, Chen AF, Mao H, Teng GJ. Non-invasive imaging of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor neovascularization using a novel dual-modality paramagnetic/near-infrared fluorescence probe. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50575. [PMID: 23226317 PMCID: PMC3511537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bone-marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in tumor neovasculature. Due to their tumor homing property, EPCs are regarded as promising targeted vectors for delivering therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Consequently, non-invasive confirmation of targeted delivery via imaging is urgently needed. This study shows the development and application of a novel dual-modality probe for in vivo non-invasively tracking of the migration, homing and differentiation of EPCs. Methods The paramagnetic/near-infrared fluorescence probe Conjugate 1 labeled EPCs were systemically transplanted into mice bearing human breast MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence optical imaging were performed at different stages of tumor development. The homing of EPCs and the tumor neovascularization were further evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Conjugate 1 labeled EPCs can be monitored in vivo by MRI and NIR fluorescence optical imaging without altering tumor growth for up to three weeks after the systemic transplantation. Histopathological examination confirmed that EPCs were recruited into the tumor bed and then incorporated into new vessels two weeks after the transplantation. Tumor size and microvessel density was not influenced by EPCs transplantation in the first three weeks. Conclusions This preclinical study shows the feasibility of using a MRI and NIR fluorescence optical imaging detectable probe to non-invasively monitor transplanted EPCs and also provides strong evidence that EPCs are involved in the development of endothelial cells during the tumor neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Gui Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alex F. Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Takemoto Y, Li TS, Kubo M, Ohshima M, Kurazumi H, Ueda K, Enoki T, Murata T, Hamano K. The mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells contribute to wound healing after surgery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48052. [PMID: 23155375 PMCID: PMC3498273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is a serious clinical problem in patients after surgery. A recent study has demonstrated that bone marrow-derived c-kit-positive (c-kit+) cells play important roles in repairing and regenerating various tissues and organs. To examine the hypothesis that surgical injury induces the mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells to accelerate wound healing. Mice were subjected to a left pneumonectomy. The mobilization of c-kit+ cells was monitored after surgery. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP+) bone marrow-transplanted chimera mice, we investigated further whether the mobilized c-kit+ cells were recruited to effect wound healing in a skin puncture model. The group with left pneumonectomies increased the c-kit+ and CD34+ stem cells in peripheral blood 24 h after surgery. At 3 days after surgery, the skin wound size was observed to be significantly smaller, and the number of bone marrow-derived GFP+ cells and GFP+/c-kit+ cells in the wound tissue was significantly greater in mice that had received pneumonectomies, as compared with those that had received a sham operation. Furthermore, some of these GFP+ cells were positively expressed specific markers of macrophages (F4/80), endothelial cells (CD31), and myofibroblasts (αSMA). The administration of AMD3100, an antagonist of a stromal-cell derived factor (SDF)-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway, reduced the number of GFP+ cells in wound tissue and completely negated the accelerated wound healing. Surgical injury induces the mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells to contribute to wound healing. Regulating c-kit+ cells may provide a new approach that accelerates wound healing after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takemoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Medina RJ, O'Neill CL, O'Doherty TM, Knott H, Guduric-Fuchs J, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW. Myeloid angiogenic cells act as alternative M2 macrophages and modulate angiogenesis through interleukin-8. Mol Med 2011; 17:1045-55. [PMID: 21670847 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promote angiogenesis, and clinical trials have shown such cell therapy to be feasible for treating ischemic disease. However, clinical outcomes have been contradictory owing to the diverse range of EPC types used. We recently characterized two EPC subtypes, and identified outgrowth endothelial cells as the only EPC type with true progenitor and endothelial characteristics. By contrast, myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) were shown to be monocytic cells without endothelial characteristics despite being widely described as "EPCs." In the current study we demonstrated that although MACs do not become endothelial cells or directly incorporate into a microvascular network, they can significantly induce endothelial tube formation in vitro and vascular repair in vivo. MAC-derived interleukin-8 (IL-8) was identified as a key paracrine factor, and blockade of IL-8 but not vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) prevented MAC-induced angiogenesis. Extracellular IL-8 transactivates VEGFR2 and induces phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Further transcriptomic and immunophenotypic analysis indicates that MACs represent alternative activated M2 macrophages. Our findings demonstrate an unequivocal role for MACs in angiogenesis, which is linked to paracrine release of cytokines such as IL-8. We also show, for the first time, the true identity of these cells as alternative M2 macrophages with proangiogenic, antiinflammatory and pro-tissue-repair properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Operative injury accelerates tumor growth by inducing mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived stem cells. Surgery 2011; 149:792-800. [PMID: 21507448 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although operative injury is thought generally to worsen the prognosis of cancer patients, the relevant mechanisms are not yet understood fully. We tested the hypothesis that operative injury induces mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow stem cells, thereby enhancing angiogenesis and accelerating tumor growth. METHODS Mice were subjected to an open gastrotomy, and naïve mice were used as controls. The mobilization of bone marrow stem cells was monitored after operation. Using an established tumor model in green fluorescent protein (GFP)(+) bone marrow-transplanted chimera mice, we investigated further whether the mobilized stem cells affected tumor growth. RESULTS Compared with the control, gastrotomy increased the populations of CD34(+) cells (6.9 ± 4.5 % vs 3.3 ± 0.4%, P < .05) and CD34(+)/Flk-1(+) cells (0.08 ± 0.02% vs 0.05 ± 0.01%, P < .05) in peripheral blood 12 h after operation. Twelve days after operation, the tumor volume almost doubled in mice after gastrotomy compared with control (580 ± 106 mm(3) vs 299 ± 162 mm(3), P < .05). A histologic analysis of tumor tissue revealed that the microvessel density and number of proliferating cells were significantly greater, but those of apoptotic cells were significantly less, in mice after gastrotomy as compared with control. Furthermore, the number of GFP(+) cells found in tumor tissue was significantly greater in mice that underwent gastrotomy than in controls. Some of the stained GFP(+) cells were positive for CD34 and had been incorporated into microvessels. Administration of AMD3100, which is an antagonist of stromal-cell-derived factor (SDF)-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway, inhibited the recruitment of GFP(+) cells and negated completely the acceleration in tumor growth after operation (345 ± 172 mm(3), P < .05). CONCLUSION Operative injury may induce the mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow stem cells, thereby enhancing angiogenesis and accelerating tumor growth. Inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signals may represent a new therapeutic strategy for preventing acceleration of tumor growth after operation.
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Maltby S, Freeman S, Gold MJ, Baker JHE, Minchinton AI, Gold MR, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Opposing roles for CD34 in B16 melanoma tumor growth alter early stage vasculature and late stage immune cell infiltration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18160. [PMID: 21494591 PMCID: PMC3073928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis are determined by the complex interplay of factors, including those intrinsic to tumor cells and extrinsic factors associated with the tumor microenvironment. Our previous work demonstrated key roles for CD34 in the maintenance of vascular integrity and eosinophil and mast cell homing. Since both of these functions affect tumor development, we characterized the effect of CD34 ablation on tumor growth using the B16F1 melanoma model. Intriguingly, we found that CD34 plays a biphasic role in tumor progression. In early growth, both subcutaneous-injected tumors and intravenous-injected lung metastases grew more slowly in Cd34−/− mice. This correlated with abnormal vessel morphology and increased vascular permeability in these mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments confirmed that this reflects a non-hematopoietic function of CD34. At later stages, subcutaneous tumor growth was accelerated in Cd34−/− mice and surpassed growth in wildtype mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated this difference was due to a hematopoietic function for CD34 and, correspondingly we found reduced intra-tumor mast cell numbers in Cd34−/− mice. In aggregate, our analysis reveals a novel role for CD34 in both early and late tumor growth and provides novel insights into the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Spencer Freeman
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer H. E. Baker
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
| | - Andrew I. Minchinton
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
| | - Michael R. Gold
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Duda DG, Kozin SV, Kirkpatrick ND, Xu L, Fukumura D, Jain RK. CXCL12 (SDF1alpha)-CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway inhibition: an emerging sensitizer for anticancer therapies? Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2074-80. [PMID: 21349998 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Addition of multiple molecularly targeted agents to the existing armamentarium of chemotherapeutics and radiotherapies represents a significant advance in the management of several advanced cancers. In certain tumor types with no efficacious therapy options, these agents have become the first line of therapy, for example, sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma or bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma. Unfortunately, in many cases, the survival benefits are modest, lasting only weeks to a few months. Moreover, they may not show benefit in patients with localized disease (i.e., in the adjuvant setting). Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that activation of the chemokine CXCL12 (SDF1α) pathway is a potential mechanism of tumor resistance to both conventional therapies and biological agents via multiple complementary actions: (i) by directly promoting cancer cell survival, invasion, and the cancer stem and/or tumor-initiating cell phenotype; (ii) by recruiting "distal stroma" (i.e., myeloid bone marrow-derived cells) to indirectly facilitate tumor recurrence and metastasis; and (iii) by promoting angiogenesis directly or in a paracrine manner. Here, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical data that support the potential use of anti-CXCL12 agents (e.g., AMD3100, NOX-A12, or CCX2066) as sensitizers to currently available therapies by targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL12/CXCR7 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Duda
- Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Suzuki Y, Sakai K, Ueki J, Xu Q, Nakamura T, Shimada H, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K. Inhibition of Met/HGF receptor and angiogenesis by NK4 leads to suppression of tumor growth and migration in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1948-57. [PMID: 20104519 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NK4 exhibits two distinct biological actions: antagonistic inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) through binding to the Met/HGF receptor, and antiangiogenic action through binding to perlecan. Here, the anti-tumor effect of NK4 on malignant pleural mesothelioma was investigated. Of the 7 human malignant mesothelioma cell lines (ACC-Meso-1, ACC-Meso-4, EHMES-1, EHMES-10, H28, H2052 and JMN-1B), only EHMES-10 cells formed subcutaneous tumors when implanted into mice. For EHMES-10 cells, HGF facilitated invasion of the cells in collagen gel, whereas NK4 and neutralizing anti-HGF antibody suppressed the HGF-induced invasion. In addition, NK4 but not anti-HGF antibody suppressed proliferation of EHMES-10 cells in collagen, suggesting that the suppression by NK4 was independent of the HGF-Met pathway. In the subcutaneous tumor model, recombinant adenovirus-mediated intratumoral expression of NK4 inhibited tumor growth, while the invasive characteristic of tumor cells was not observed. Analysis of Met receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, proliferation, apoptosis and blood vessels in the tumor tissues indicated that the inhibitory effect of NK4 expression might be primarily caused by the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. In all the 7 mesothelioma lines, HGF stimulated Met tyrosine phosphorylation, and this was associated with enhanced cell migration. HGF-dependent Met activation and migration were inhibited by NK4. Since malignant pleural mesothelioma represents an aggressive neoplasm characterized by extensive invasive growth, suppression of invasive growth has therapeutic value. Thus, the simultaneous inhibition of the HGF-Met pathway and angiogenesis by NK4 for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma is significant, particularly to attenuate migration and invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Janic B, Arbab AS. The role and therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor neovascularization. ScientificWorldJournal 2010; 10:1088-99. [PMID: 20563532 PMCID: PMC2889926 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor growth and metastasis are not completely understood, it is established that formation and growth of new blood vessels is a conditio sine qua non for tumor survival, growth, and expansion. Numerous studies over the past decades demonstrated that neovascularization associated with tumor growth occurs via angiogenic and vasculogenic mechanisms that involve sprouting angiogenesis, intussusceptive angiogenesis, vessel co-option, vasculogenic mimicry, lymphangiogenesis, and the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Due to their ability to self-renew, circulate, home to the ischemic sites, and differentiate into mature endothelial cells, EPCs hold enormous potential to be used as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in antitumor therapies. Hence, this review focuses on EPCs and their role in tumor angiogenesis with the emphasis on EPC recruitment/migration, and the potential use of EPCs as a therapeutic tool and imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Janic
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Comparative study on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients at active stage. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:1429-36. [PMID: 19847436 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CEPCs) play an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. Most previous studies on CEPC in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were on their number and some functions and the results were not consistent. No studies on their anti-inflammatory function and integrated status were reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the number, function (including anti-inflammatory function), and the integrated status of CEPCs in active SLE patients. The study was performed in 35 active SLE patients (28 females, 7 males) and 35 age-and gender-matched healthy controls. CEPC number was determined by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Proliferation capacity of CEPC was assessed by PCNA staining. Adhesion capacity of CEPC to fibronectin and adhesion capacity of THP1 cell to CEPC were determined by cell adhesion assay. Migratory capacity of CEPC was measured by transwell chamber assay and the potential to form tubes on Matrigel of CEPC was determined by in vivo tube formation on Matrigel test. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) assessed by quantitative PCR as well as the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) assessed by western-blotting were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function and cell status of CEPCs. The number of CEPC in SLE patients was not different from that in control (p > 0.05). Proliferation capacity of CEPC was decreased in active SLE patients (p = 0.027). Adhesion capacity of CEPC to fibronectin was decreased (p = 0.04) in SLE patients and adhesion capacity of THP1 cell to CEPC was increased in SLE patients (p < 0.001). Migratory activity was reduced in patient CEPCs (p < 0.001). Capacity of CEPCs to form tube on Matrigel was decreased in SLE patients (p < 0.001). Expression of iNOS and IL-6 (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, respectively) and ICAM-1 were increased in CEPC of SLE patients and expression of p-Akt was decreased in CEPC of SLE patients. Our data show that CEPC number in active SLE patients was not significantly different from healthy controls, but their functions were partly impaired, including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and tube formation. Bad cell status and increased susceptibility to inflammatory process of CEPCs in active SLE were also observed in our study.
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Kamota T, Li TS, Morikage N, Murakami M, Ohshima M, Kubo M, Kobayashi T, Mikamo A, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M, Hamano K. Ischemic pre-conditioning enhances the mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow stem cells to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the late phase. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:1814-22. [PMID: 19422991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contribute to cardioprotection in the late phase after ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC). BACKGROUND IPC is an innate phenomenon in which brief exposure to sublethal ischemia provides tissue protection from subsequent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A delayed cardioprotection also occurs after IPC, but the precise mechanism is unclear. METHODS IPC was created with 4 cycles of 5-min occlusion and reperfusion of the abdominal aorta in mice. Heart I/R injury was induced by occluding the left anterior descending artery for 30 min immediately (early phase) or 24 h (late phase) after IPC. RESULTS Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha levels were increased significantly 1 and 3 h after IPC, but CD34+ and CD34+/flk-1+ stem cells in the peripheral blood were increased significantly 12 and 24 h after IPC (p < 0.05). Compared with the control treatment, both the early and late phases of IPC protected the heart against I/R injury. However, the recruitment of BMSCs was significantly greater in the heart when I/R injury was induced in late phase than in the early phase of IPC (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the blockade of the recruitment of BMSCs significantly attenuated the cardioprotective effect of IPC in the late phase (p < 0.01) but did not change in the early phase. CONCLUSIONS Cardioprotection was observed in the early and late phases of IPC; however, the enhanced mobilization and recruitment of BMSCs played an important role in the late phase of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kamota
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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