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Le T, Ferling I, Qiu L, Nabaile C, Assunção L, Roskelley CD, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Redistribution of the glycocalyx exposes phagocytic determinants on apoptotic cells. Dev Cell 2024; 59:853-868.e7. [PMID: 38359833 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytes remove dead and dying cells by engaging "eat-me" ligands such as phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on the surface of apoptotic targets. However, PtdSer is obscured by the bulky exofacial glycocalyx, which also exposes ligands that activate "don't-eat-me" receptors such as Siglecs. Clearly, unshielding the juxtamembrane "eat-me" ligands is required for the successful engulfment of apoptotic cells, but the mechanisms underlying this process have not been described. Using human and murine cells, we find that apoptosis-induced retraction and weakening of the cytoskeleton that anchors transmembrane proteins cause an inhomogeneous redistribution of the glycocalyx: actin-depleted blebs emerge, lacking the glycocalyx, while the rest of the apoptotic cell body retains sufficient actin to tether the glycocalyx in place. Thus, apoptotic blebs can be engaged by phagocytes and are targeted for engulfment. Therefore, in cells with an elaborate glycocalyx, such as mucinous cancer cells, this "don't-come-close-to-me" barrier must be removed to enable clearance by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Le
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Iuliia Ferling
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lanhui Qiu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Clement Nabaile
- Department of Learning and Research in Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leonardo Assunção
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Brassard J, Hughes MR, Dean P, Hernaez DC, Thornton S, Banville AC, Smazynski J, Warren M, Zhang K, Milne K, Gilks CB, Mes-Masson AM, Huntsman DG, Nelson BH, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. A tumor-restricted glycoform of podocalyxin is a highly selective marker of immunologically cold high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1286754. [PMID: 38188285 PMCID: PMC10771318 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1286754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted-immunotherapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells or bispecific T-cell engagers (eg, BiTE®) all aim to improve cancer treatment by directly targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Success of these therapies requires tumor antigens that are abundantly expressed and, ideally, tumor specific. The CD34-related stem cell sialomucin, podocalyxin (PODXL), is a promising target as it is overexpressed on a variety of tumor types and its expression is consistently linked to poor prognosis. However, PODXL is also expressed in healthy tissues including kidney podocytes and endothelia. To circumvent this potential pitfall, we developed an antibody, named PODO447, that selectively targets a tumor-associated glycoform of PODXL. This tumor glycoepitope is expressed by 65% of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) tumors. Methods In this study we characterize these PODO447-expressing tumors as a distinct subset of HGSOC using four different patient cohorts that include pre-chemotherapy, post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and relapsing tumors as well as tumors from various peritoneal locations. Results We find that the PODO447 epitope expression is similar across tumor locations and negligibly impacted by chemotherapy. Invariably, tumors with high levels of the PODO447 epitope lack infiltrating CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells/plasma cells, an immune phenotype consistently associated with poor outcome. Discussion We conclude that the PODO447 glycoepitope is an excellent biomarker of immune "cold" tumors and a candidate for the development of targeted-therapies for these hard-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Brassard
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diana Canals Hernaez
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shelby Thornton
- Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mary Warren
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin Zhang
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katy Milne
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - C. Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dean PMA, Hernaez DC, Brassard J, Hughes MR, Bell EM, McNagny KM, Roskelley CD. Abstract 1134: Therapeutic potential of an antibody-drug conjugate directed against a tumor-specific epitope on podocalyxin. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a cell surface sialomucin that is frequently upregulated in tumors with high metastatic potential and its expression is associated with poor outcome in several human cancers. As such, Podxl is emerging as an important prognostic and theragnostic marker. While Podxl is expressed on normal vascular endothelia and kidney podocytes, we sought to produce a novel anti-Podxl antibody that selectively recognizes a tumor-restricted glycoepitope on the extracellular mucin domain of Podxl. The antibody we have produced, PODO447, is specific to the tumor glycoform of Podxl, demonstrated by a lack of binding to normal tissues that are known to express Podxl. In contrast, we show binding of the antibody to tumor cell lines, patient-derived cell lines, and primary tumor tissues. We have previously shown that the majority of tumors in an ovarian carcinoma array (219 cases), including 65% of the high-grade serous histotype, are positive for PODO447. Here, we further show the presence of PODO447 in tumors of the breast, urothelium, pancreas, endometrium, colon, prostate, lung (both small cell and non-small cell), and glioblastoma. To assess the therapeutic potential of our antibody as an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), we coupled PODO447 to the microtubule disruptor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) with an enzyme cleavable linker carbamoyl p-aminobenzyl carbamate (PABC), resulting in the ADC PODO447-Vedotin. We demonstrate promising in vitro activity of the ADC to various human tumor cell lines as well as in vivo efficacy to xenografted ovarian and pancreatic tumor lines. Our data reveals PODO447-Vedotin as a tumor-specific and highly efficacious therapeutic agent for the targeting of human tumors and as such, PODO447 exhibits potential for further development as a targeted clinical immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Pamela M. Austin Dean, Diana Canals Hernaez, Julyanne Brassard, Michael R. Hughes, Erin M. Bell, Kelly M. McNagny, Calvin D. Roskelley. Therapeutic potential of an antibody-drug conjugate directed against a tumor-specific epitope on podocalyxin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1134.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julyanne Brassard
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin M. Bell
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Bell EM, Kalloger SE, Dean PM, Kopp JL, McNagny KM, Roskelley CD. Abstract 3621: Identification of podocalyxin-positive tumor buds in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications for solid tumor collective invasion. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High expression of the single-pass transmembrane sialomucin, podocalyxin, has been shown to predict poor disease outcome in a number of solid tumor types, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (Taniuchi et al., 2016). In addition to the classical TMN staging measures of disease progression (tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis) local invasion at the primary tumor site is a valuable indicator of solid tumor progression. Local invasion has been observed histologically as tumor buds, defined by the presence of small cohesive clusters of tumor cells in the invasive tumor-stromal interface. To date, tumor budding has been characterized as an indicator of poor prognostic outcome in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUA), stomach and esophageal carcinomas, oral squamous cell carcinoma, periampullary adenocarcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our group has previously modelled tumor budding experimentally using the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line (Graves et al., 2016). We showed that forced over-expression of podocalyxin was a driver of local collective invasion and tumor budding in vitro and in vivo. Because podocalyxin is highly expressed in PDAC we sought to determine if its expression was involved in the process of tumor budding in this tumor context as well. We assessed large format histological sections from a cohort of patient PDAC tumors and identified high podocalyxin expression in tumor buds. Further, we generated podocalyxin-null MiaPaCa2 PDAC cell lines and demonstrated that podocalyxin-expression is required for collective invasion in 3D culture conditions. We are currently evaluating in vivo xenograft tumor models with these podocalyxin-expressing and podocalyxin-null MiaPaCa2 cells to determine whether changes in 3D culture invasion are representative of tumor budding in this model. Expression of podocalyxin by tumor buds provides rationale to support investigation into the impact of therapeutically targeting these invasive cells.
Citation Format: Erin M. Bell, Steve E. Kalloger, Pamela M. Dean, Janel L. Kopp, Kelly M. McNagny, Calvin D. Roskelley. Identification of podocalyxin-positive tumor buds in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications for solid tumor collective invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Bell
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve E. Kalloger
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela M. Dean
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janel L. Kopp
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Brassard J, Hughes MR, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor-Specific Mucin Glycoepitopes. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022; 27:301. [PMID: 36472102 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2711301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Finding the ideal epitope to target is a key element for the development of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). To maximize drug delivery to tumor cells and reduce side effects, this epitope should be specific to cancer cells and spare all normal tissue. During cancer progression, glycosylation pathways are frequently altered leading to the generation of new glycosylation patterns selective to cancer cells. Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins frequently expressed on tumors and, thus, ideal presenters of altered glycoepitopes. In this review, we describe three different types of glycoepitopes that are recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and, therefore, serve as ideal scaffolds for ADC; glycan-only, glycopeptide and shielded-peptide glycoepitopes. We review pre-clinical and clinical results obtained with ADCs targeting glycoepitopes expressed on MUC1 or podocalyxin (Podxl) and two mAbs targeting glycoepitopes expressed on MUC16 or MUC5AC as potential candidates for ADC development. Finally, we discuss current limits in using glycoepitope-targeting ADCs to treat cancer and propose methods to improve their efficacy and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Brassard
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Canals Hernaez D, Hughes MR, Li Y, Mainero Rocca I, Dean P, Brassard J, Bell EM, Samudio I, Mes-Masson AM, Narimatsu Y, Clausen H, Blixt O, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Targeting a Tumor-Specific Epitope on Podocalyxin Increases Survival in Human Tumor Preclinical Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:856424. [PMID: 35600398 PMCID: PMC9115113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.856424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a CD34-related cell surface sialomucin that is normally highly expressed by adult vascular endothelia and kidney podocytes where it plays a key role in blocking adhesion. Importantly, it is also frequently upregulated on a wide array of human tumors and its expression often correlates with poor prognosis. We previously showed that, in xenograft studies, Podxl plays a key role in metastatic disease by making tumor initiating cells more mobile and invasive. Recently, we developed a novel antibody, PODO447, which shows exquisite specificity for a tumor-restricted glycoform of Podxl but does not react with Podxl expressed by normal adult tissue. Here we utilized an array of glycosylation defective cell lines to further define the PODO447 reactive epitope and reveal it as an O-linked core 1 glycan presented in the context of the Podxl peptide backbone. Further, we show that when coupled to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) toxic payload, PODO447 functions as a highly specific and effective antibody drug conjugate (ADC) in killing ovarian, pancreatic, glioblastoma and leukemia cell lines in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate PODO447-ADCs are highly effective in targeting human pancreatic and ovarian tumors in xenografted NSG and Nude mouse models. These data reveal PODO447-ADCs as exquisitely tumor-specific and highly efficacious immunotherapeutic reagents for the targeting of human tumors. Thus, PODO447 exhibits the appropriate characteristics for further development as a targeted clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yicong Li
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ilaria Mainero Rocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julyanne Brassard
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M Bell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ismael Samudio
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Brassard J, Hernaez DC, Hughes MR, Milne K, Dean P, Warren M, Zhang K, Banville AC, Smazynski J, Bond D, Nelson BH, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. A tumor-restricted glycoepitope of podocalyxin correlates with immune evasion in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.177.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year disease-free survival of roughly 15%, partly because it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a highly glycosylated sialomucin normally expressed by vascular endothelia and kidney podocytes. Strikingly, Podxl expression is frequently upregulated by a variety of tumors (including HGSOC) and is consistently associated with poor prognosis. We capitalized on the fact that glycosylation pathways are frequently dysregulated in cancer to develop an antibody, PODO447, that recognizes a tumor-restricted glycoform of Podxl not expressed on normal tissue. While the exact epitope remains to be identified, our results suggest that PODO447 binds an epitope comprising a peptide domain of Podxl in combination with the core 1 O-GalNAc glycan (T-antigen). When coupled to a cytotoxin, a PODO447-antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) effectively kills human tumor cells in vitro and in xenografted mice. While the vast majority of ovarian tumors highly express the Podxl core protein, only a subset of these express the PODO447 epitope. Strikingly, tumors that express a high level of PODO447 epitope tend to be those that lack infiltrating CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells: a phenotype that has previously been linked to immune evasion and poorest disease-free survival. Furthermore, we find that PODO447 is a more consistent marker of these immunologically “cold” tumors than a number of other markers, including CA125, mesothelin and folate receptor α. These results highlight the PODO447-epitope as a highly selective diagnostic marker of poor outcome tumors and the PODO447-ADC as a novel strategy for therapeutic intervention.
This research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant Number: PJT-166180), the School of Biomedical Engineering (The University of British Columbia) postdoctoral fellowship and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR) research trainee award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Brassard
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael R Hughes
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katy Milne
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Pamela Dean
- 3Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary Warren
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Kevin Zhang
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Allyson C Banville
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Julian Smazynski
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - David Bond
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- 2Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- 3Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada
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Bell EM, Graves ML, Dean PM, Goodman TO, Roskelley CD. Modeling Collective Invasion and Single-Cell Mesenchymal Invasion in Three-Dimensional Matrigel-Collagen I Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2508:79-99. [PMID: 35737235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2376-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the modes and mechanisms of tumor cell invasion is key to developing targeted therapies against metastatic disease. In vitro assays modeling tumor progression have primarily been optimized for studying classical single-cell migration through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although experimental and clinical histopathological evidence has revealed that tumor invasion is plastic and that epithelial carcinomas can invade by a range of modes that vary from single, mesenchyme-like cells, all the way to cohesive, collective units, few in vitro assays have been designed to assess these modes specifically. Thus, we have developed a Matrigel-Collagen I overlay assay that is suitable for identifying and quantifying both collective and mesenchymal invasion. This three-dimensional (3D) culture assay utilizes the features of Matrigel and Collagen I to mimic the laminin-rich basement membrane and the stiff, fibrillar Collagen I tumor microenvironment allowing for spheroid invasion to be assessed at the interface between these two matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Bell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcia L Graves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela M Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tate O Goodman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Arif AA, Huang YH, Freeman SA, Atif J, Dean P, Lai JCY, Blanchet MR, Wiegand KC, McNagny KM, Underhill TM, Gold MR, Johnson P, Roskelley CD. Inflammation-Induced Metastatic Colonization of the Lung Is Facilitated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Secreting Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:2096-2109. [PMID: 34556524 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rate-limiting step for circulating tumor cells to colonize distant organ sites is their ability to locate a microenvironmental niche that supports their survival and growth. This can be achieved by features intrinsic to the tumor cells and/or by the conditioning of a "premetastatic" niche. To determine if pulmonary inflammation promotes the latter, we initiated models for inflammatory asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or bleomycin-induced sterile inflammation before introducing tumor cells with low metastatic potential into the circulation. All types of inflammation increased the end-stage metastatic burden of the lungs 14 days after tumor cell inoculation without overtly affecting tumor extravasation. Instead, the number and size of early micrometastatic lesions found within the interstitial tissues 96 hours after tumor cell inoculation were increased in the inflamed lungs, coincident with increased tumor cell survival and the presence of nearby inflammation-induced monocyte-derived macrophages (MoDM; CD11b+CD11c+). Remarkably, the adoptive transfer of these MoDM was sufficient to increase lung metastasis in the absence of inflammation. These inflammation-induced MoDM secrete a number of growth factors and cytokines, one of which is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), that augmented tumor cell survival under conditions of stress in vitro. Importantly, blocking HGF signaling with the cMET inhibitor capmatinib abolished inflammation-induced early micrometastatic lesion formation in vivo. These findings indicate that inflammation-induced MoDM and HGF in particular increase the efficiency of early metastatic colonization in the lung by locally preconditioning the microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS: Inflammation preconditions the distant site microenvironment to increase the metastatic potential of tumor cells that arrive there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Arif
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jawairia Atif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly C Wiegand
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Chao JT, Roskelley CD, Loewen CJR. MAPS: machine-assisted phenotype scoring enables rapid functional assessment of genetic variants by high-content microscopy. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:202. [PMID: 33879063 PMCID: PMC8056608 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic testing is widely used in evaluating a patient's predisposition to hereditary diseases. In the case of cancer, when a functionally impactful mutation (i.e. genetic variant) is identified in a disease-relevant gene, the patient is at elevated risk of developing a lesion in their lifetime. Unfortunately, as the rate and coverage of genetic testing has accelerated, our ability to assess the functional status of new variants has fallen behind. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more practical, streamlined and cost-effective methods for classifying variants. RESULTS To directly address this issue, we designed a new approach that uses alterations in protein subcellular localization as a key indicator of loss of function. Thus, new variants can be rapidly functionalized using high-content microscopy (HCM). To facilitate the analysis of the large amounts of imaging data, we developed a new software toolkit, named MAPS for machine-assisted phenotype scoring, that utilizes deep learning to extract and classify cell-level features. MAPS helps users leverage cloud-based deep learning services that are easy to train and deploy to fit their specific experimental conditions. Model training is code-free and can be done with limited training images. Thus, MAPS allows cell biologists to easily incorporate deep learning into their image analysis pipeline. We demonstrated an effective variant functionalization workflow that integrates HCM and MAPS to assess missense variants of PTEN, a tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in hereditary and somatic cancers. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a new way to rapidly assess variant function using cloud deep learning. Since most tumor suppressors have well-defined subcellular localizations, our approach could be widely applied to functionalize variants of uncertain significance and help improve the utility of genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Chao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada
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11
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Canals Hernaez D, Hughes MR, Dean P, Bergqvist P, Samudio I, Blixt O, Wiedemeyer K, Li Y, Bond C, Cruz E, Köbel M, Gilks B, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. PODO447: a novel antibody to a tumor-restricted epitope on the cancer antigen podocalyxin. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001128. [PMID: 33243933 PMCID: PMC7692987 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of new targeted cancer therapies has been dependent on the identification of tumor-specific antigens. Podocalyxin (Podxl) is upregulated on tumors with high metastatic index and its presence is associated with poor outcome, thus emerging as an important prognostic and theragnostic marker in several human cancers. Moreover, in human tumor xenograft models, Podxl expression promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Although a promising target for immunotherapy, the expression of Podxl on normal vascular endothelia and kidney podocytes could hamper efforts to therapeutically target this molecule. Since pathways regulating post-translational modifications are frequently perturbed in cancer cells, we sought to produce novel anti-Podxl antibodies (Abs) that selectively recognize tumor-restricted glycoepitopes on the extracellular mucin domain of Podxl. Methods Splenic B cells were isolated from rabbits immunized with a Podxl-expressing human tumor cell line. Abs from these B cells were screened for potent reactivity to Podxl+ neoplastic cell lines but not Podxl+ primary endothelial cells. Transcripts encoding heavy and light chain variable regions from promising B cells were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. Tumor specificity was assessed using primary normal tissue and an ovarian cancer tissue microarray (TMA). Mapping of the tumor-restricted epitope was performed using enzyme-treated human tumor cell lines and a glycan array. Results One mAb (PODO447) showed strong reactivity with a variety of Podxl+ tumor cell lines but not with normal primary human tissue including Podxl+ kidney podocytes and most vascular endothelia. Screening of an ovarian carcinoma TMA (219 cases) revealed PODO447 reactivity with the majority of tumors, including 65% of the high-grade serous histotype. Subsequent biochemical analyses determined that PODO447 reacts with a highly unusual terminal N-acetylgalactosamine beta-1 (GalNAcβ1) motif predominantly found on the Podxl protein core. Finally, Ab–drug conjugates showed specific efficacy in killing tumor cells in vitro. Conclusions We have generated a novel and exquisitely tumor-restricted mAb, PODO447, that recognizes a glycoepitope on Podxl expressed at high levels by a variety of tumors including the majority of life-threatening high-grade serous ovarian tumors. Thus, tumor-restricted PODO447 exhibits the appropriate specificity for further development as a targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Bergqvist
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismael Samudio
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ola Blixt
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Katharina Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yicong Li
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Bond
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Cruz
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Bell EM, Graves ML, Dean P, McNagny KM, Roskelley CD. Abstract 4911: Characterizing the role of podocalyxin's cytoplasmic tail domain in collective tumor invasion. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
High expression of the single-pass transmembrane sialomucin, podocalyxin, has been shown by many groups to correlate with poor disease outcome in a number of solid tumor types, including colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic and breast cancers. We had previously identified that high podocalyxin expression in invasive ductal breast carcinoma was an independent indicator of poor survival (Somasiri et al., 2004, Cancer Res. 64:15). Further analysis of these tumor samples revealed that this decrease in survival occurred without the loss of membranous, junctional E-cadherin, suggesting that these tumors may have invaded collectively without necessitating an overt epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Experimentally, forced over-expression of podocalyxin in polarity-disrupted human MCF7 breast cancer cells drives the formation of invasive orthotopic xenograft tumors and elongated, cohesive, and E-Cadherin-expressing spheroids in three-dimensional (3D) culture as compared to control (Graves et al., 2016, Breast Canc. Res. 18:11). Further, treatment of these podocalyxin-overexpressing MCF7 cells with the myosin inhibitor, blebbistatin, and the small molecule inhibitor of ezrin-actin binding, NSC668394, resulted in decreased collective invasion and migration, respectively. Together these data suggest that podocalyxin, through interactions with the actin cytoskeleton via its cytoplasmic tail binding partners, can facilitate increased collective epithelial tumor cell motility, at least in some contexts. To test this hypothesis, we generated podocalyxin null MCF7 clones and cell populations using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and reconstituted these cells with mutant forms of podocalyxin that are unable to interact with the scaffolding proteins NHERF and/or ezrin and hence with the actin cytoskeleton. Preliminary results from 3D culture and live imaging of these mutant podocalyxin-expressing cells suggests that loss of podocalyxin's cytoplasmic tail results in decreased spheroid invasion that may be a result of deficiencies in actomyosin contractility. Hence, increased expression and mislocalization of podocalyxin may facilitate aberrant interactions with the actin cytoskeleton and contractile machinery, driving enhanced cell motility and, in certain tumor microenvironments, promote collective tumor invasion.
Citation Format: Erin M. Bell, Marcia L. Graves, Pamela Dean, Kelly M. McNagny, Calvin D. Roskelley. Characterizing the role of podocalyxin's cytoplasmic tail domain in collective tumor invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Bell
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcia L. Graves
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela Dean
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Arif AA, Freeman SA, Atif J, Dean P, Gilmour M, Blanchet MR, Wiegand K, McNagny KM, Underhill M, Gold M, Johnson P, Roskelley CD. Abstract 978: Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to the inflammation-induced survival of experimental micrometastases in the lung. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells become fully metastatic if they are able to extravasate from the microvasculature and move into microenvironmental niches that facilitate their survival within distant site organs. To determine if inflammation promotes this process in the lungs, inflammatory asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or bleomycin-induced injury were initiated prior to the intravenous introduction of low malignant potential B16F0 melanoma cells. All three conditions increased end-stage metastatic burden without increasing the initial tumor cell extravasation from the lung microvasculature. There was, however, an increase in the number and size of early micrometastatic lesions within the lung interstitia that were visible 96 hr after melanoma cell introduction. There was also an increase in tumor cell survival within these early lesions located in the inflamed lungs that was associated with the presence of nearby newly recruited CD11c+CD11b+ monocyte-derived macrophages (MoDM). Adoptive transfer experiments indicated that these MoDM cells facilitated B16F0 cell metastasis in the absence of inflammation. Additionally, a factor, or factors, secreted by MoDM promoted B16F0 cell survival under stress-inducing condition. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inflammation-induced monocyte-derived macrophages act as a modifier of the post-extravasation microenvironment that appears to facilitate the early emergence of distant site metastasis.
Citation Format: Arif A. Arif, Spencer A. Freeman, Jawairia Atif, Pamela Dean, Megan Gilmour, Marie-Renee Blanchet, Kimberly Wiegand, Kelly M. McNagny, Michael Underhill, Michael Gold, Pauline Johnson, Calvin D. Roskelley. Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to the inflammation-induced survival of experimental micrometastases in the lung [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A. Arif
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Pamela Dean
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan Gilmour
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly Wiegand
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Underhill
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Gold
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Refaeli I, Hughes MR, Wong AKW, Bissonnette MLZ, Roskelley CD, Wayne Vogl A, Barbour SJ, Freedman BS, McNagny KM. Distinct Functional Requirements for Podocalyxin in Immature and Mature Podocytes Reveal Mechanisms of Human Kidney Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9419. [PMID: 32523052 PMCID: PMC7286918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant and recessive mutations in podocalyxin (PODXL) are associated with human kidney disease. Interestingly, some PODXL mutations manifest as anuria while others are associated with proteinuric kidney disease. PODXL heterozygosity is associated with adult-onset kidney disease and podocalyxin shedding into the urine is a common biomarker of a variety nephrotic syndromes. It is unknown, however, how various lesions in PODXL contribute to these disparate disease pathologies. Here we generated two mouse stains: one that deletes Podxl in developmentally mature podocytes (Podxl∆Pod) and a second that is heterozygous for podocalyxin in all tissues (Podxl+/-). We used histologic and ultrastructural analyses, as well as clinical chemistry assays to evaluate kidney development and function in these strains. In contrast to null knockout mice (Podxl-/-), which die shortly after birth from anuria and hypertension, Podxl∆Pod mice develop an acute congenital nephrotic syndrome characterized by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and proteinuria. Podxl+/- mice, in contrast, have a normal lifespan, and fail to develop kidney disease under normal conditions. Intriguingly, although wild-type C57Bl/6 mice are resistant to puromycin aminonucleoside (PA)-induced nephrosis (PAN), Podxl+/- mice are highly sensitive and PA induces severe proteinuria and collapsing FSGS. In summary, we find that the developmental timepoint at which podocalyxin is ablated (immature vs. mature podocytes) has a profound effect on the urinary phenotype due to its critical roles in both the formation and the maintenance of podocyte ultrastructure. In addition, Podxl∆Pod and Podxl+/- mice offer powerful new mouse models to evaluate early biomarkers of proteinuric kidney disease and to test novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Refaeli
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Alvin Ka-Wai Wong
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mei Lin Z Bissonnette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sean J Barbour
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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15
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Hughes MR, Canals Hernaez D, Cait J, Refaeli I, Lo BC, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. A sticky wicket: Defining molecular functions for CD34 in hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2020; 86:1-14. [PMID: 32422232 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD34 cell surface antigen is widely expressed in tissues on cells with progenitor-like properties and on mature vascular endothelia. In adult human bone marrow, CD34 marks hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) starting from the bulk of hematopoietic stem cells with long-term repopulating potential (LT-HSCs) throughout expansion and differentiation of oligopotent and unipotent progenitors. CD34 protein surface expression is typically lost as cells mature into terminal effectors. Because of this expression pattern of HSPCs, CD34 has had a central role in the evaluation or selection of donor graft tissue in HSC transplant (HSCT). Given its clinical importance, it is surprising that the biological functions of CD34 are still poorly understood. This enigma is due, in part, to CD34's context-specific role as both a pro-adhesive and anti-adhesive molecule and its potential functional redundancy with other sialomucins. Moreover, there are also critical differences in the regulation of CD34 expression on HSPCs in humans and experimental mice. In this review, we highlight some of the more well-defined functions of CD34 in HSPCs with a focus on proposed functions most relevant to HSCT biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ido Refaeli
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard C Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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16
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Chao JT, Hollman R, Meyers WM, Meili F, Matreyek KA, Dean P, Fowler DM, Haas K, Roskelley CD, Loewen CJR. A Premalignant Cell-Based Model for Functionalization and Classification of PTEN Variants. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2775-2789. [PMID: 32366478 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As sequencing becomes more economical, we are identifying sequence variations in the population faster than ever. For disease-associated genes, it is imperative that we differentiate a sequence variant as either benign or pathogenic, such that the appropriate therapeutic interventions or surveillance can be implemented. PTEN is a frequently mutated tumor suppressor that has been linked to the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. Although the domain structure of PTEN and the functional impact of a number of its most common tumor-linked mutations have been characterized, there is a lack of information about many recently identified clinical variants. To address this challenge, we developed a cell-based assay that utilizes a premalignant phenotype of normal mammary epithelial cells lacking PTEN. We measured the ability of PTEN variants to rescue the spheroid formation phenotype of PTEN-/- MCF10A cells maintained in suspension. As proof of concept, we functionalized 47 missense variants using this assay, only 19 of which have clear classifications in ClinVar. We utilized a machine learning model trained with annotated genotypic data to classify variants as benign or pathogenic based on our functional scores. Our model predicted with high accuracy that loss of PTEN function was indicative of pathogenicity. We also determined that the pathogenicity of certain variants may have arisen from reduced stability of the protein product. Overall, this assay outperformed computational predictions, was scalable, and had a short run time, serving as an ideal alternative for annotating the clinical significance of cancer-associated PTEN variants. SIGNIFICANCE: Combined three-dimensional tumor spheroid modeling and machine learning classifies PTEN missense variants, over 70% of which are currently listed as variants of uncertain significance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/13/2775/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Chao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rocio Hollman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Warren M Meyers
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fabian Meili
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Matreyek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kurt Haas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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17
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Dong Y, Arif AA, Guo J, Ha Z, Lee-Sayer SSM, Poon GFT, Dosanjh M, Roskelley CD, Huan T, Johnson P. CD44 Loss Disrupts Lung Lipid Surfactant Homeostasis and Exacerbates Oxidized Lipid-Induced Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:29. [PMID: 32082314 PMCID: PMC7002364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are CD44 expressing cells that reside in the alveolar space where they maintain lung homeostasis by serving critical roles in immunosurveillance and lipid surfactant catabolism. AMs lacking CD44 are unable to bind the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, which compromises their survival and leads to reduced numbers of AMs in the lung. Using RNA sequencing, lipidomics and multiparameter flow cytometry, we demonstrate that CD44−/− mice have impaired AM lipid homeostasis and increased surfactant lipids in the lung. CD44−/− AMs had increased expression of CD36, a lipid scavenger receptor, as well as increased intracellular lipid droplets, giving them a foamy appearance. RNA sequencing revealed the differential expression of genes associated with lipid efflux and metabolism in CD44−/− AMs. Lipidomic analysis showed increased lipids in both the supernatant and cell pellet extracted from the bronchoalveolar lavage of CD44−/− mice. Phosphatidylcholine species, cholesterol, oxidized phospholipids and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in CD44−/− AMs. Oxidized phospholipids were more cytotoxic to CD44−/− AMs and induced greater lung inflammation in CD44−/− mice. Reconstitution of CD44+/+ mice with CD44−/− bone marrow as well as adoptive transfer of CD44−/− AMs into CD44+/+ mice showed that lipid accumulation in CD44−/− AMs occurred irrespective of the lung environment, suggesting a cell intrinsic defect. Administration of colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF-2), a critical factor in AM development and maintenance, increased AM numbers in CD44−/− mice and decreased phosphatidylcholine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage, but was unable to decrease intracellular lipid accumulation in CD44−/− AMs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), downstream of CSF-2 signaling and a regulator of lipid metabolism, was reduced in the nucleus of CD44−/− AMs, and PPARγ inhibition in normal AMs increased their lipid droplets. Thus, CD44 deficiency causes defects in AMs that lead to abnormal lipid accumulation and oxidation, which exacerbates oxidized lipid-induced lung inflammation. Collectively, these findings implicate CD44 as a regulator of lung homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zongyi Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grace F T Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Noble JW, Hunter DV, Roskelley CD, Chan EKL, Mills J. Loukoumasomes Are Distinct Subcellular Structures from Rods and Rings and Are Structurally Associated with MAP2 and the Nuclear Envelope in Retinal Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165162. [PMID: 27798680 PMCID: PMC5087950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
“Rods and rings” (RR) and loukoumasomes are similarly shaped, subcellular macromolecular structures with as yet unknown function. RR, so named because of their shape, are formed in response to inhibition in the GTP or CTP synthetic pathways and are highly enriched in the two key enzymes of the nucleotide synthetic pathway. Loukoumasomes also occur as linear and toroidal bodies and were initially inferred to be the same as RR, largely due to their shared shape and size and the fact that it was unclear if they shared the same subcomponents. In human retinoblastoma tissue and cells we have observed toroidal, perinuclear, macromolecular structures of similar size and antigenicity to those previously reported in neurons (neuronal-loukoumasomes). To further characterize the subcomponents of the retinal-loukoumasomes, confocal analysis following immunocytochemical staining for alpha-tubulin, beta-III tubulin and detyrosinated tubulin was performed. These studies indicate that retinal-loukoumasomes are enriched for beta-III tubulin and other tubulins associated with microtubules. Immunofluorescence together with the in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), confirmed that beta-III tubulin colocalized with detyrosinated tubulin within loukoumasomes. Our results indicate that these tissues contain only loukoumasomes because these macromolecular structures are immunoreactive with an anti-tubulin antibody but are not recognized by the prototype anti-RR/inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) antibody (It2006). To further compare the RR and retinal-loukoumasomes, retinoblastoma cells were exposed to the IMPDH-inhibitor ribavirin, a drug known to induce the formation of RR. In contrast to RR, the production of retinal-loukoumasomes was unaffected. Coimmunostaining of Y79 cells for beta-III tubulin and IMPDH indicate that these cells, when treated with ribavirin, can contain both retinal-loukoumasomes and RR and that these structures are antigenically distinct. Subcellular fractionation studies indicate that ribavirin increased the RR subcomponent, IMPDH, in the nuclear fraction of Y79 cells from 21.3 ± 5.8% (0 mM ribavirin) to 122.8 ± 7.9% (1 mM ribavirin) while the subcellular localization of the retinal-loukoumasome subcomponent tubulin went unaltered. Further characterization of retinal-loukoumasomes in retinoblastoma cells reveals that they are intimately associated with lamin folds within the nuclear envelope. Using immunofluorescence and the in situ PLA in this cell type, we have observed colocalization of beta-III tubulin with MAP2. As MAP2 is a microtubule-associated protein implicated in microtubule crosslinking, this supports a role for microtubule crosslinkers in the formation of retinal-loukoumasomes. Together, these results suggest that loukoumasomes and RR are distinct subcellular macromolecular structures, formed by different cellular processes and that there are other loukoumasome-like structures within retinal tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W. Noble
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana V. Hunter
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward K. L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julia Mills
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shin JJ, Aftab Q, Austin P, McQueen JA, Poon T, Li SC, Young BP, Roskelley CD, Loewen CJR. Systematic identification of genes involved in metabolic acid stress resistance in yeast and their potential as cancer targets. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1039-49. [PMID: 27519690 PMCID: PMC5047693 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of all primary and metastatic tumours is their high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis. A consequence of the glycolytic phenotype is the accumulation of metabolic acid; hence, tumour cells experience considerable intracellular acid stress. To compensate, tumour cells upregulate acid pumps, which expel the metabolic acid into the surrounding tumour environment, resulting in alkalization of intracellular pH and acidification of the tumour microenvironment. Nevertheless, we have only a limited understanding of the consequences of altered intracellular pH on cell physiology, or of the genes and pathways that respond to metabolic acid stress. We have used yeast as a genetic model for metabolic acid stress with the rationale that the metabolic changes that occur in cancer that lead to intracellular acid stress are likely fundamental. Using a quantitative systems biology approach we identified 129 genes required for optimal growth under conditions of metabolic acid stress. We identified six highly conserved protein complexes with functions related to oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III and IV), mitochondrial tRNA biosynthesis [glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex], histone methylation (Set1C-COMPASS), lysosome biogenesis (AP-3 adapter complex), and mRNA processing and P-body formation (PAN complex). We tested roles for two of these, AP-3 adapter complex and PAN deadenylase complex, in resistance to acid stress using a myeloid leukaemia-derived human cell line that we determined to be acid stress resistant. Loss of either complex inhibited growth of Hap1 cells at neutral pH and caused sensitivity to acid stress, indicating that AP-3 and PAN complexes are promising new targets in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, our data suggests that tumours may be genetically sensitized to acid stress and hence susceptible to acid stress-directed therapies, as many tumours accumulate mutations in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes required for their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Qurratulain Aftab
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Pamela Austin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jennifer A McQueen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Tak Poon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Shu Chen Li
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Barry P Young
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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20
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Duminuco R, Noble JW, Goody J, Sharma M, Ksander BR, Roskelley CD, Cox ME, Mills J. Integrin-linked kinase regulates senescence in an Rb-dependent manner in cancer cell lines. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2924-37. [PMID: 26176204 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1064205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-integrin-linked kinase (ILK) therapies result in aberrant mitosis including altered mitotic spindle organization, centrosome declustering and mitotic arrest. In contrast to cells that expressed the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb, we have shown that in retinoblastoma cell lines that do not express Rb, anti-ILK therapies induced aberrant mitosis that led to the accumulation of temporarily viable multinucleated cells. The present work was undertaken to: 1) determine the ultimate fate of cells that had survived anti-ILK therapies and 2) determine whether or not Rb expression altered the outcome of these cells. Our data indicate that ILK, a chemotherapy drug target is expressed in both well-differentiated, Rb-negative and relatively undifferentiated, Rb-positive retinoblastoma tissue. We show that small molecule targeting of ILK in Rb-positive and Rb-deficient cancer cells results in increased centrosomal declustering, aberrant mitotic spindle formation and multinucleation. However, anti-ILK therapies in vitro have different outcomes in retinoblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines that depend on Rb expression. TUNEL labeling and propidium iodide FACS analysis indicate that Rb-positive cells exposed to anti-ILK therapies are more susceptible to apoptosis and senescence than their Rb-deficient counterparts wherein aberrant mitosis induced by anti-ILK therapies exhibit mitotic arrest instead. These studies are the first to show a role for ILK in chemotherapy-induced senescence in Rb-positive cancer lines. Taken together these results indicate that the oncosuppressive outcomes for anti-ILK therapies in vitro, depend on the expression of the tumor suppressor Rb, a known G1 checkpoint and senescence regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Duminuco
- a Department of Biology ; Trinity Western University ; Langley , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Jake W Noble
- a Department of Biology ; Trinity Western University ; Langley , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Joseph Goody
- a Department of Biology ; Trinity Western University ; Langley , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Manju Sharma
- b Vancouver Prostate Center; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute ; Vancouver , British Columbia
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- d Department of Ophthalmology ; Schepens Eye Research Institute; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , Massachusetts , United States of America
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- c Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences ; University of British Columbia ; Canada
| | - Michael E Cox
- b Vancouver Prostate Center; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute ; Vancouver , British Columbia
| | - Julia Mills
- a Department of Biology ; Trinity Western University ; Langley , British Columbia , Canada.,e Adjunct in the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry ; Simon Fraser University ; Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada
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21
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Freeman SA, Christian S, Austin P, Iu I, Graves ML, Huang L, Tang S, Coombs D, Gold MR, Roskelley CD. Applied stretch initiates directional invasion through the action of Rap1 GTPase as a tension sensor. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:152-163. [PMID: 27199371 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that a stiffening of the stroma and the rearrangement of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix facilitate the movement of tumor cells away from the primary lesion, the underlying mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. We now show that this invasion, which can be initiated by applying tensional loads to a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix in culture, is dependent on the Rap1 GTPases (Rap1a and Rap1b, referred to collectively as Rap1). Under these conditions Rap1 activity stimulates the formation of focal adhesion structures that align with the tensional axis as single tumor cells move into the matrix. These effects are mediated by the ability of Rap1 to induce the polarized polymerization and retrograde flow of actin, which stabilizes integrins and recruits vinculin to preformed adhesions, particularly those near the leading edge of invasive cells. Rap1 activity also contributes to the tension-induced collective invasive elongation of tumor cell clusters and it enhances tumor cell growth in vivo Thus, Rap1 mediates the effects of increased extracellular tension in multiple ways that are capable of contributing to tumor progression when dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Christian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pamela Austin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Irene Iu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marcia L Graves
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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22
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Snyder KA, Hughes MR, Hedberg B, Brandon J, Hernaez DC, Bergqvist P, Cruz F, Po K, Graves ML, Turvey ME, Nielsen JS, Wilkins JA, McColl SR, Babcook JS, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Podocalyxin enhances breast tumor growth and metastasis and is a target for monoclonal antibody therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:46. [PMID: 25887862 PMCID: PMC4423095 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Podocalyxin (gene name PODXL) is a CD34-related sialomucin implicated in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration and polarity. Upregulated expression of podocalyxin is linked to poor patient survival in epithelial cancers. However, it is not known if podocalyxin has a functional role in tumor progression. Methods We silenced podocalyxin expression in the aggressive basal-like human (MDA-MB-231) and mouse (4T1) breast cancer cell lines and also overexpressed podocalyxin in the more benign human breast cancer cell line, MCF7. We evaluated how podocalyxin affects tumorsphere formation in vitro and compared the ability of podocalyxin-deficient and podocalyxin-replete cell lines to form tumors and metastasize using xenogenic or syngeneic transplant models in mice. Finally, in an effort to develop therapeutic treatments for systemic cancers, we generated a series of antihuman podocalyxin antibodies and screened these for their ability to inhibit tumor progression in xenografted mice. Results Although deletion of podocalyxin does not alter gross cell morphology and growth under standard (adherent) culture conditions, expression of PODXL is required for efficient formation of tumorspheres in vitro. Correspondingly, silencing podocalyxin resulted in attenuated primary tumor growth and invasiveness in mice and severely impaired the formation of distant metastases. Likewise, in competitive tumor engraftment assays where we injected a 50:50 mixture of control and shPODXL (short-hairpin RNA targeting PODXL)-expressing cells, we found that podocalyxin-deficient cells exhibited a striking decrease in the ability to form clonal tumors in the lung, liver and bone marrow. Finally, to validate podocalyxin as a viable target for immunotherapy, we screened a series of novel antihuman podocalyxin antibodies for their ability to inhibit tumor progression in vivo. One of these antibodies, PODOC1, potently blocked tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions We show that podocalyxin plays a key role in the formation of primary tumors and distant tumor metastasis. In addition, we validate podocalyxin as potential target for monoclonal antibody therapy to inhibit primary tumor growth and systemic dissemination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0562-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Snyder
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Bradley Hedberg
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Jill Brandon
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Peter Bergqvist
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Frederic Cruz
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kelvin Po
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Marcia L Graves
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Michelle E Turvey
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Molecular & Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Julie S Nielsen
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - John A Wilkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Molecular & Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - John S Babcook
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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23
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Freeman SA, Jaumouillé V, Choi K, Hsu BE, Wong HS, Abraham L, Graves ML, Coombs D, Roskelley CD, Das R, Grinstein S, Gold MR. Toll-like receptor ligands sensitize B-cell receptor signalling by reducing actin-dependent spatial confinement of the receptor. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6168. [PMID: 25644899 PMCID: PMC4327415 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating signals from multiple receptors allows cells to interpret the physiological context in which a signal is received. Here we describe a mechanism for receptor crosstalk in which receptor-induced increases in actin dynamics lower the threshold for signalling by another receptor. We show that the Toll-like receptor ligands lipopolysaccharide and CpG DNA, which are conserved microbial molecules, enhance signalling by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) by activating the actin-severing protein cofilin. Single-particle tracking reveals that increased severing of actin filaments reduces the spatial confinement of the BCR within the plasma membrane and increases BCR mobility. This allows more frequent collisions between BCRs and greater signalling in response to low densities of membrane-bound antigen. These findings implicate actin dynamics as a means of tuning receptor signalling and as a mechanism by which B cells distinguish inert antigens from those that are accompanied by indicators of microbial infection. Microbial pathogens can activate both innate and adaptive receptors, and integration of these signals may enhance the sensitivity of the immune response. Freeman et al. show that innate microbial cues sensitize B cells to antigen by increasing actin dynamics and reducing the actin-dependent confinement of the B-cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [4] Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Kate Choi
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian E Hsu
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Harikesh S Wong
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Libin Abraham
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, 1984 Mathematics Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Marcia L Graves
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, 1984 Mathematics Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- 1] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Michael R Gold
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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24
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Towle KM, Chaytor JL, Liu H, Austin P, Roberge M, Roskelley CD, Vederas JC. Synthesis and biological studies of neopetrosiamides as inhibitors of cancer cell invasion. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1476-81. [PMID: 23334605 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tricyclic peptides neopetrosiamides A and B, isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia sp., are potential antimetastatic agents that inhibit tumour cell invasion by both amoeboid and mesenchymal migration pathways. They differ in the stereochemistry of the methionine sulfoxide at position 24. Our previously reported syntheses using an orthogonal sulfur protection strategy established the critical connectivity of the three disulfide bonds. In this report, fifteen analogues of neopetrosiamide A and B, six which replace selected disulfide bonds and nine which replace the diastereomeric methionine sulfoxide, have been prepared using Fmoc solid-phase peptide chemistry. Disulfide replacement analogues were shown to lose activity, and only one of the methionine sulfoxide analogues retained full bioactivity in morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Towle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Zimmerman C, Austin P, Khong A, McLeod S, Bean B, Forestieri R, Andersen RJ, Jan E, Roberge M, Roskelley CD. The small molecule genkwanine M induces single mode, mesenchymal tumor cell motility. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:908-17. [PMID: 23333560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual tumor cells utilize one of two modes of motility to invade the extracellular matrix, mesenchymal or amoeboid. We have determined that the diterpenoid genkwanine M (GENK) enhances the mesenchymal mode of cell motility that is intrinsic to HT-1080 osteosarcoma cells, stimulates a mesenchymal mode of motility in stationary MDA-MB-453 breast carcinoma cells, and induces a shift to a mesenchymal mode of cell motility in LS174T colorectal adenocarcinoma cells that normally utilize the alternate amoeboid mode of motility. The ability of GENK to stimulate or induce mesenchymal motility was preceded by a rapid cell spreading, elongation and polarization that did not require new gene expression. However, these initial morphologic changes were integrin dependent and they were associated with a reorganization of focal contacts and focal adhesions as well as an activation of the focal adhesion kinase. Therefore, GENK induces a mesenchymal mode of cell motility in a wide variety of tumor cell types that may be mediated, at least in part, by an activation of integrin-associated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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26
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Austin P, Freeman SA, Gray CA, Gold MR, Vogl AW, Andersen RJ, Roberge M, Roskelley CD. The invasion inhibitor sarasinoside A1 reverses mesenchymal tumor transformation in an E-cadherin-independent manner. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:530-40. [PMID: 23399642 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During metastatic progression, an aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) that is most often driven by the loss of the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin generates noncohesive tumor cells that are highly invasive. We used mesenchymally transformed, E-cadherin-negative MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells in a natural product screen and determined that the triterpenoid saponin sarasinoside A1 inhibited their invasion and the invasion of a number of other tumor cell lines. Sarasinoside A1 also caused MDA-MB-231 cells to become cohesive in a three-dimensional basement membrane and collagen gel cultures. In two-dimensional culture, sarasinoside A1 initiated a morphologic re-epithelialization of MDA-MB-231 cells wherein preexisting nonepithelial cadherins and the junction-associated proteins β-catenin and ZO-1 all relocalized to sites of cell-cell contact. In addition, the intercellular space between neighboring cells narrowed considerably, the stability of polymerized actin at cell-cell contact sites increased, and there was a recruitment and stabilization of nectin-based adhesion complexes to these sites, all of which strongly suggested that functional cell-cell junctions had formed. Importantly, sarasinoside A1 induced nascent cell-cell junction formation that did not require changes in gene expression and was not associated with an induction of E-cadherin but resulted in increased activation of Rap GTPases. Therefore, our findings with sarasinoside A1 suggest that it may be possible to re-epithelialize metastatic tumor cells with phenotypic consequence even when E-cadherin is completely absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Austin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Zhou L, Graves M, MacDonald G, Cipollone J, Mueller CR, Roskelley CD. Microenvironmental regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by c-Jun and Fra2 in premalignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:272-81. [PMID: 23339184 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced BRCA1 gene expression is common in the sporadic form of ovarian carcinoma. The spread of this highly lethal cancer often begins when tumor cell clusters are shed into the fluid of the abdominopelvic cavity such that they can float freely before seeding distant sites on the peritoneal walls and organs. Thus, the microenvironment that tumor cells find themselves in changes dramatically during these early shedding and floating stages of transperitoneal metastasis. To mimic this microenvironmental change in vitro, we released premalignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells from the substratum and forced them to cluster in suspension. Under these conditions, steady state levels of BRCA1 mRNA and protein fell significantly and the transcriptional activation state of the BRCA1 promoter was suppressed. Analysis of the promoter indicated that the previously identified "CRE" element located within the "positive regulatory region" (PRR) contributed to this suppression. More specifically, we show that the suppression was mediated, at least in part, by a suspension culture-driven decrease in the levels of two members of the AP1 transcription factor complex, c-Jun and Fra2, that bind to the CRE element. Therefore, a microenvironmental change that is manifested during the initial stages of ovarian carcinoma dissemination may, potentially, help suppress BRCA1 expression in sporadic tumors and thus promote their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Weaver
- The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Onishi I, Lin PJC, Numata Y, Austin P, Cipollone J, Roberge M, Roskelley CD, Numata M. Organellar (Na+, K+)/H+ exchanger NHE7 regulates cell adhesion, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Oncol Rep 2011; 27:311-7. [PMID: 22076128 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are a group of secondary active antiporters that regulate cellular pH, cell volume and ion homeostasis. In humans, nine isoforms (NHE1-NHE9) were identified and characterized as functional NHEs. While a growing body of evidence indicates that NHE1 generates an acidic tumor environment and thereby contributes to tumor invasion, little is known about the role of other NHE isoforms in tumor progression. NHE7 is a unique member of the NHE gene family that dynamically shuttles between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane, and regulates the luminal pH of these organelles. Here we show that NHE7-overexpression in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells enhances cell overlay, cell-cell adhesion, invasion, anchorage-independent tumor growth and tumor formation in vivo. In contrast, NHE1-overexpression enhances tumor invasion, but it has little effect on cell adhesion or anchorage-independent tumor growth. Pathological examinations of the tumor samples derived from NHE7-overexpressing cells showed a similar appearance to aggressive tumors. Together, these results suggest that NHE7 enhances tumor progression. This is the first report to show the involvement of an organellar NHE in oncogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Onishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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Freeman SA, Lei V, Dang-Lawson M, Mizuno K, Roskelley CD, Gold MR. Cofilin-Mediated F-Actin Severing Is Regulated by the Rap GTPase and Controls the Cytoskeletal Dynamics That Drive Lymphocyte Spreading and BCR Microcluster Formation. J I 2011; 187:5887-900. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Maltby S, Freeman S, Gold MJ, Baker JHE, Minchinton AI, Gold MR, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Opposing roles for CD34 in B16 melanoma tumor growth alter early stage vasculature and late stage immune cell infiltration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18160. [PMID: 21494591 PMCID: PMC3073928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis are determined by the complex interplay of factors, including those intrinsic to tumor cells and extrinsic factors associated with the tumor microenvironment. Our previous work demonstrated key roles for CD34 in the maintenance of vascular integrity and eosinophil and mast cell homing. Since both of these functions affect tumor development, we characterized the effect of CD34 ablation on tumor growth using the B16F1 melanoma model. Intriguingly, we found that CD34 plays a biphasic role in tumor progression. In early growth, both subcutaneous-injected tumors and intravenous-injected lung metastases grew more slowly in Cd34−/− mice. This correlated with abnormal vessel morphology and increased vascular permeability in these mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments confirmed that this reflects a non-hematopoietic function of CD34. At later stages, subcutaneous tumor growth was accelerated in Cd34−/− mice and surpassed growth in wildtype mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated this difference was due to a hematopoietic function for CD34 and, correspondingly we found reduced intra-tumor mast cell numbers in Cd34−/− mice. In aggregate, our analysis reveals a novel role for CD34 in both early and late tumor growth and provides novel insights into the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Spencer Freeman
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer H. E. Baker
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
| | - Andrew I. Minchinton
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
| | - Michael R. Gold
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- I3 and CELL Research Groups, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Tognon CE, Somasiri AM, Evdokimova VE, Trigo G, Uy EE, Melnyk N, Carboni JM, Gottardis MM, Roskelley CD, Pollak M, Sorensen PHB. ETV6-NTRK3-mediated breast epithelial cell transformation is blocked by targeting the IGF1R signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2010; 71:1060-70. [PMID: 21148487 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 receptor (IGF1R) is an important therapeutic target under study in many cancers. Here, we describe a breast cancer model based on expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 (EN) chimeric tyrosine kinase that suggests novel therapeutic applications of IGF1R inhibitors in secretory breast cancers. Originally discovered in congenital fibrosarcomas with t(12;15) translocations, EN was identified subsequently in secretory breast carcinoma (SBC) which represent a variant of invasive ductal carcinoma. Because fibroblast transformation by EN requires the IGF1R axis, we hypothesized a similar dependency may exist in mammary cells and, if so, that IGF1R inhibitors might be useful to block EN-driven breast oncogenesis. In this study, we analyzed EN expressing murine and human mammary epithelial cell lines for transformation properties. Various IGF1R signaling inhibitors, including the dual specificity IGF1R/insulin receptor (INSR) inhibitor BMS-536924, were then tested for effects on three-dimensional Matrigel cell growth, migration, and tumor formation. We found that EN expression increased acinar size and luminal filling in Matrigel cultures and promoted orthotopic tumor growth in mice. Tumors were well differentiated and nonmetastatic, similar to human SBC. The known EN effector pathway, PI3K-Akt, was activated in an IGF1- or insulin-dependent manner. BMS-536924 blocked EN transformation in vitro, whereas BMS-754807, another IGIFR/INSR kinase inhibitor currently in clinical trials, significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, EN model systems mimic the clinical phenotype observed in human SBC. Moreover, EN has a strict requirement for IGF1R or INSR in breast cell transformation. Thus, our findings strongly encourage the evaluation of IGF1R/INSR inhibitors to treat EN-driven breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Tognon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Austin P, Heller M, Williams DE, McIntosh LP, Vogl AW, Foster LJ, Andersen RJ, Roberge M, Roskelley CD. Release of membrane-bound vesicles and inhibition of tumor cell adhesion by the peptide Neopetrosiamide A. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10836. [PMID: 20520768 PMCID: PMC2877099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neopetrosiamide A (NeoA) is a 28-amino acid tricyclic peptide originally isolated from a marine sponge as a tumor cell invasion inhibitor whose mechanism of action is unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We show that NeoA reversibly inhibits tumor cell adhesion, disassembles focal adhesions in pre-attached cells, and decreases the level of β1 integrin subunits on the cell surface. NeoA also induces the formation of dynamic, membrane-bound protrusions on the surface of treated cells and the release of membrane-bound vesicles into the culture medium. Proteomic analysis indicates that the vesicles contain EGF and transferrin receptors as well as a number of proteins involved in adhesion and migration including: β1 integrin and numerous α integrin subunits; actin and actin-binding proteins such as cofilin, moesin and myosin 1C; and membrane modulating eps15 homology domain (EHD) proteins. Surface labeling, trafficking inhibition, and real-time imaging experiments all suggest that β1 integrin-containing vesicles are released directly from NeoA-induced cell surface protrusions rather than from vesicles generated intracellularly. The biological activity of NeoA is dependent on its disulfide bond pattern and NMR spectroscopy indicates that the peptide is globular with a continuous ridge of hydrophobic groups flanked by charged amino acid residues that could facilitate a simultaneous interaction with lipids and proteins in the membrane. Conclusions/Significance NeoA is an anti-adhesive peptide that decreases cell surface integrin levels through a novel, yet to be elucidated, mechanism that involves the release of adhesion molecule-containing vesicles from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Austin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Markus Heller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence P. McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A. Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Program in Breast Cancer Metastasis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Freeman SA, McLeod SJ, Dukowski J, Austin P, Lee CCY, Millen-Martin B, Kubes P, McCafferty DM, Gold MR, Roskelley CD. Preventing the activation or cycling of the Rap1 GTPase alters adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics and blocks metastatic melanoma cell extravasation into the lungs. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4590-601. [PMID: 20484042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Rap1 GTPase is a master regulator of cell adhesion, polarity, and migration. We show that both blocking Rap1 activation and expressing a constitutively active form of Rap1 reduced the ability of B16F1 melanoma cells to extravasate from the microvasculature and form metastatic lesions in the lungs. This correlated with a decreased ability of the tumor cells to undergo transendothelial migration (TEM) in vitro and form dynamic, F-actin-rich pseudopodia that penetrate capillary endothelial walls in vivo. Using multiple tumor cell lines, we show that the inability to form these membrane protrusions, which likely promote TEM and extravasation, can be explained by altered adhesion dynamics and impaired cell polarization that result when Rap1 activation or cycling is perturbed. Thus, targeting Rap1 could be a useful approach for reducing the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells that undergo active TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- Departments of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Microbiology and Immunology and I3 and CELL Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu H, Boudreau MA, Zheng J, Whittal RM, Austin P, Roskelley CD, Roberge M, Andersen RJ, Vederas JC. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity of the Neopetrosiamides and Their Analogues: Revision of Disulfide Bond Connectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1486-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Marc A. Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Randy M. Whittal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Pamela Austin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Physiological Sciences, and Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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36
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Kemmer D, McHardy LM, Hoon S, Rebérioux D, Giaever G, Nislow C, Roskelley CD, Roberge M. Combining chemical genomics screens in yeast to reveal spectrum of effects of chemical inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:9. [PMID: 19144191 PMCID: PMC2632640 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single genome-wide screens for the effect of altered gene dosage on drug sensitivity in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide only a partial picture of the mechanism of action of a drug. RESULTS Using the example of the tumor cell invasion inhibitor dihydromotuporamine C, we show that a more complete picture of drug action can be obtained by combining different chemical genomics approaches--analysis of the sensitivity of rho0 cells lacking mitochondrial DNA, drug-induced haploinsufficiency, suppression of drug sensitivity by gene overexpression and chemical-genetic synthetic lethality screening using strains deleted of nonessential genes. Killing of yeast by this chemical requires a functional mitochondrial electron-transport chain and cytochrome c heme lyase function. However, we find that it does not require genes associated with programmed cell death in yeast. The chemical also inhibits endocytosis and intracellular vesicle trafficking and interferes with vacuolar acidification in yeast and in human cancer cells. These effects can all be ascribed to inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by dihydromotuporamine C. CONCLUSION Despite their similar conceptual basis, namely altering drug sensitivity by modifying gene dosage, each of the screening approaches provided a distinct set of information that, when integrated, revealed a more complete picture of the mechanism of action of a drug on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kemmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lianne M McHardy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Delphine Rebérioux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Singh R, Graves ML, Roskelley CD, Giritharan G, Rajamahendran R. Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor gene and protein expression and immunohistochemical localization in bovine uterus and oviducts. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 34:319-26. [PMID: 18035513 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently GnRH, GnRH-R systems has been demonstrated in various extrahypothalamic and extrapituitary reproductive tissues in different mammalian species, where GnRH acts in an autocrine and or paracrine manner and modulates different biological processes. GnRH-R mRNA has also been demonstrated in bovine ovaries (follicle and corpus luteum) and normal and carcinogenic human endometrium/endometrial cells. This is the first study elucidating presence of GnRH-R mRNA and GnRH-R protein in bovine uterus and oviducts in follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle and further localizing the receptors to endometrial and oviductal epithelial cells. To our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating GnRH-R mRNA and protein in mammalian oviducts. We used gene-specific primers and monoclonal GnRH-R antibody to test GnRH-R mRNA and GnRH-R protein through RT-PCR and immunobloting. Immunohistochemistry was employed to localize these receptors to endometrial and oviductal epithelial cells. GnRH-R mRNA and receptor protein were expressed at expected molecular weights of 920bp and 60kD, respectively. Densitometry analysis revealed that expression levels for GnRH-R protein in uterus and oviducts were similar to bovine pituitary. The presence of GnRH receptors in bovine uterus and oviducts is intriguing and it would be imperative to examine the functional role of this system in the regulation of reproductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 248-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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38
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Wu C, Cipollone J, Maines-Bandiera S, Tan C, Karsan A, Auersperg N, Roskelley CD. The morphogenic function of E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions in epithelial ovarian carcinoma formation and progression. Differentiation 2007; 76:193-205. [PMID: 17608733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin expression is unusually regulated in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. It is not expressed in poorly cohesive ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) target cells, but is expressed in cohesive pre-malignant lesions and in highly cohesive, well-differentiated tumors where it is membrane associated, presumably in adherens junctions. E-cadherin expression is subsequently suppressed, or its function is disrupted, in late-stage invasive tumors. Here, we observed that increased E-cadherin expression in ovarian carcinoma cells was associated with increased E-cadherin promoter activity, increased adherens junction formation, decreased beta-catenin signaling-dependent LEF-1 activity, and the generation of cohesive spheroids in basement membrane gel culture. Forced expression of wild-type E-cadherin in immortalized OSE cells initiated adherens junction formation, decreased LEF-1 activity, decreased the mesenchymal migration that is a characteristic of OSE cells that have been maintained in monolayer culture, and induced the formation of cohesive spheroids in basement membrane gels. Conversely, forced expression of a dominant-negative E-cadherin mutant in ovarian carcinoma cells disrupted adherens junctions, increased mesenchymal cell migration, and prevented spheroidal morphogenesis without altering LEF-1 signaling. Therefore, in addition to suppressing late-stage tumor progression, E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions may also contribute to the initial emergence of a cohesive morphogenic phenotype that is a hallmark of differentiated epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Wu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Science Center University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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39
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Diaz-Marrero AR, Austin P, Van Soest R, Matainaho T, Roskelley CD, Roberge M, Andersen RJ. Avinosol, a meroterpenoid-nucleoside conjugate with antiinvasion activity isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. Org Lett 2007; 8:3749-52. [PMID: 16898808 DOI: 10.1021/ol061333p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The new meroterpenoids avinosol (1), 3'-aminoavarone (2), and 3'-phenethylaminoavarone (3) have been isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. collected in Papua New Guinea, and their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Avinosol (1), which is apparently the first example of a naturally occurring meroterpenoid-nucleoside conjugate, showed antiinvasion activity in a cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Diaz-Marrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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40
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Warabi K, Patrick BO, Austin P, Roskelley CD, Roberge M, Andersen RJ. Strongylophorine-26, an inhibitor of cancer cell Invasion: SAR revealed by synthesis of analogues. J Nat Prod 2007; 70:736-40. [PMID: 17407351 DOI: 10.1021/np060481l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configuration of strongylophorine-26 (1) was determined to be 4S, 5R, 8R, 9S, 10S, 13S, 14S by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the derivative 7 prepared from the co-occurring metabolite strongylophorine-8 (4) and chemical interconversion to the bislactone 8. Synthetic analogues (+)- and (-)-3 have been prepared in order to explore the structure-activity relationship for the anti-invasion pharmacophore of stronglylophorine-26. These studies revealed the unanticipated importance of the A ring lactone moiety for the anti-invasion activity of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Warabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z1, Canada
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41
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Graves ML, Zhou L, MacDonald G, Mueller CR, Roskelley CD. Regulation of the BRCA1 promoter in ovarian surface epithelial cells and ovarian carcinoma cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1825-33. [PMID: 17434164 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As BRCA1 expression is often suppressed in sporadic ovarian carcinoma we characterized the regulation of the 231nt proximal 'L6' fragment of the BRCA1 promoter in two human ovarian surface epithelial cell and two sporadic ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Two individual regulatory elements within L6, the 'RIBS' element and the potential 'CRE' element were each necessary, but alone not sufficient for L6 activation in all four cell lines. The latter element showed some affinity for the CREB transcription factor, but cAMP pathway stimulation failed to promote its activation. This element did, however, interact with, and was activated by, c-Jun and Fra2 which suggests that it can interact with AP1-like transcription factors and that it may act co-operatively with RIBS-binding factors to regulate BRCA1 transcription in ovarian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Graves
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Nielsen JS, Graves ML, Chelliah S, Vogl AW, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. The CD34-related molecule podocalyxin is a potent inducer of microvillus formation. PLoS One 2007; 2:e237. [PMID: 17311105 PMCID: PMC1796660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocalyxin is a CD34-related transmembrane protein involved in hematopoietic cell homing, kidney morphogenesis, breast cancer progression, and epithelial cell polarization. Although this sialomucin has been shown to block cell adhesion, the mechanisms involved remain enigmatic. It has, however, been postulated that the adaptor proteins NHERF-1 and 2 could regulate apical targeting of Podocalyxin by linking it to the actin cytoskeleton. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, in contrast, we find that full-length Podocalyxin acts to recruit NHERF-1 to the apical domain. Moreover, we show that ectopic expression of Podocalyxin in epithelial cells leads to microvillus formation along an expanded apical domain that extends laterally to the junctional complexes. Removal of the C-terminal PDZ-binding domain of Podocalyxin abolishes NHERF-1 recruitment but, surprisingly, has no effect on the formation of microvilli. Instead, we find that the extracellular domain and transmembrane region of Podocalyxin are sufficient to direct recruitment of filamentous actin and ezrin to the plasma membrane and induce microvillus formation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that this single molecule can modulate NHERF localization and, independently, act as a key orchestrator of apical cell morphology, thereby lending mechanistic insights into its multiple roles as a polarity regulator, tumor progression marker, and anti-adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S. Nielsen
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcia L. Graves
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shierley Chelliah
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A. Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calvin D. Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Diaz-Marrero AR, Austin P, Van Soest R, Matainaho T, Roskelley CD, Roberge M, Andersen RJ. Avinosol, a meroterpenoid-nucleoside conjugate with antiinvasion activity isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. Org Lett 2006. [PMID: 16898808 DOI: 10.1021/ol061333p/suppl_file/ol061333psi20060705_042809.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The new meroterpenoids avinosol (1), 3'-aminoavarone (2), and 3'-phenethylaminoavarone (3) have been isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. collected in Papua New Guinea, and their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Avinosol (1), which is apparently the first example of a naturally occurring meroterpenoid-nucleoside conjugate, showed antiinvasion activity in a cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Diaz-Marrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Tan PC, Furness SGB, Merkens H, Lin S, McCoy ML, Roskelley CD, Kast J, McNagny KM. Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor-1 is a hematopoietic ligand for a subset of the CD34 family of stem cell surface proteins. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1150-61. [PMID: 16410385 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CD34 and its relatives, podocalyxin and endoglycan, comprise a family of surface sialomucins expressed by hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and vascular endothelia. Recent data suggest that they serve as either pro- or antiadhesion molecules depending on their cellular context and their post-translational modifications. In addition, their ability to function as blockers of adhesion may be further regulated by their subcellular localization in membrane microdomains via activation-dependent linkage with the actin cytoskeleton. To gain further insights into the function and regulation of CD34-type molecules, we sought to identify the intracellular ligands that govern their localization. Using both genetic and biochemical approaches, we have identified the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF-1) as a selective ligand for podocalyxin and endoglycan but not for the closely related CD34. Furthermore, we show that NHERF-1 is expressed by all c-kit(+) /lineage marker(-)/Sca-1(+) cells, which are known to express podocalyxin and have long-term repopulating abilities. Finally, we show that these proteins relocalize and colocalize in response to cytokine signaling. The results suggest that this cytosolic adaptor protein may be important for mobilization of CD34-type proteins in the plasma membrane and may thereby regulate their ability to block or enhance hematopoietic cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh C Tan
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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To KCW, Loh KT, Roskelley CD, Andersen RJ, O'Connor TP. The anti-invasive compound motuporamine C is a robust stimulator of neuronal growth cone collapse. Neuroscience 2006; 139:1263-74. [PMID: 16564636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal outgrowth is a fundamental process for normal development of the nervous system. Despite recent advances, the molecular mechanisms governing neuronal motility are still poorly understood. To provide insight into the intracellular signaling mechanisms required for neuronal outgrowth, we have characterized the effects of a compound previously identified for its anti-motility effects on transformed cells. We show that this compound, motuporamine C, acts as a robust inhibitor of chick neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, in the presence of motuporamine C, growth cone collapse is observed, followed by neurite retraction. After removal, growth cones re-extend lamellipodial and filopodial processes and re-establish motility. Neurons exposed to motuporamine C exhibit a significant upregulation of active Rho-GTP. Additionally, effector-blocking experiments using Rho and Rho-associated kinase inhibitors indicate that the Rho pathway plays a critical role in motuporamine C-mediated growth cone collapse. Thus, we have characterized a novel anti-motility compound that has a robust inhibitory effect on neuronal outgrowth and involves signaling through the Rho-Rho kinase collapse pathway. Due to these robust effects, motuporamine C may serve as a valuable tool in further examining the intracellular mechanisms associated with growth cone motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C W To
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Williams DE, Austin P, Diaz-Marrero AR, Soest RV, Matainaho T, Roskelley CD, Roberge M, Andersen RJ. Neopetrosiamides, Peptides from the Marine Sponge Neopetrosia sp. That Inhibit Amoeboid Invasion by Human Tumor Cells. Org Lett 2005; 7:4173-6. [PMID: 16146380 DOI: 10.1021/ol051524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Neopetrosiamdes A (1) and B (2), two diastereomeric tricyclic peptides that inhibit amoeboid invasion of human tumor cells, have been isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia sp. collected in Papua New Guinea. The structures of the neopetrosiamides were elucidated by analysis of MS and NMR data and confirmed by chemical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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McHardy LM, Warabi K, Andersen RJ, Roskelley CD, Roberge M. Strongylophorine-26, a Rho-dependent inhibitor of tumor cell invasion that reduces actin stress fibers and induces nonpolarized lamellipodial extensions. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:772-8. [PMID: 15897241 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strongylophorine-26, a new meroditerpenoid, was recently identified as an inhibitor of cancer cell invasion. This study was undertaken to characterize its mechanism of action. We find that strongylophorine-26 inhibits the motility of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells on a plastic surface. Upon addition of strongylophorine-26, rapid cell contraction and depolarization occurred, followed by spreading and flattening of the entire cell. Treated cells exhibited increased membrane ruffling throughout and extended lamellipodia in all directions. Strongylophorine-26 induced a decrease in actin stress fibers, a dramatic increase in the size and number of focal adhesions, and the appearance of a dense meshwork of actin filaments around the cell periphery. Strongylophorine-26 caused a transient activation of the small GTPase Rho and treatment with the Rho inhibitor C3 exoenzyme abrogated the anti-invasive activity of strongylophorine-26. These effects are distinct from those of many motility and angiogenesis inhibitors that seem to act by a common mechanism involving the induction of actin stress fibers. This difference in mechanism of action sets strongylophorine-26 apart as an experimental anticancer agent and indicates that pharmacologic inhibition of cell migration may be achieved by mechanisms not involving the stabilization of actin stress fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M McHardy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3, USA
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Abstract
Podocalyxin is a CD34 family member expressed by podocytes, vascular endothelium, mesothelium, and a subset of hematopoietic progenitors. Podocalyxin expression was not observed in the hematopoietic cells of normal adult bone marrow samples. However, podocalyxin was expressed by blasts in 30 (77%) of 39 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 22 (81%) of 27 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 13 (87%) of 15 cases of cutaneous myeloid sarcoma. No correlation with CD34 expression by immunohistochemical analysis was seen. Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression was detected in blasts in 17 AML cases (44%) and 21 ALL cases (78%). There was no correlation between WT1 and podocalyxin expression. We conclude that podocalyxin is expressed commonly by blasts in ALL and AML. Analysis of the expression of CD34 and podocalyxin increases sensitivity for the immunophenotypic detection of leukemic blasts compared with the analysis of CD34 alone. Therefore, podocalyxin seems to complement CD34 as a useful hematopoietic blast marker. The physiologic role of podocalyxin in leukemic blasts remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Kelley
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ward KR, Zhang KX, Somasiri AM, Roskelley CD, Schrader JW. Erratum: Expression of activated M-Ras in a murine mammary epithelial cell line induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zand L, Qiang F, Roskelley CD, Leung PCK, Auersperg N. Differential effects of cellular fibronectin and plasma fibronectin on ovarian cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2004; 39:178-82. [PMID: 14505428 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-003-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The main form of fibronectin (FN) encountered by tumor cells in vivo is cellular FN (cFN), which differs structurally and functionally from the commonly used plasma FN (pFN). We compared the effects of cFN and pFN on the ovarian carcinoma lines OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 and on cultures of normal ovarian surface epithelium, which is the precursor of the epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Ovarian surface epithelial cells and SKOV-3 cells attached and spread faster on cFN than on pFN. On cFN, SKOV-3 migration was enhanced compared with pFN or plastic. In a matrigel transfilter assay, cFN strongly inhibited SKOV-3 invasion, whereas pFN did not. In contrast to SKOV-3, OVCAR-3 cells adhered faster on FN than on plastic but did not discriminate between cFN and pFN, and they did not migrate or invade matrigel either with or without FN. In both carcinoma lines, proliferation was unaffected by either FN. The results show profound differences in the responses to cFN and pFN by two invasive ovarian carcinoma lines. Because cFN is the main type that cancer cells encounter in vivo, extrapolations from culture data to in vivo events should preferably be based on studies using this form of FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Zand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Children and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5
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