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Galimova E, Rätsep R, Traks T, Chernov A, Gaysina D, Kingo K, Kõks S. Polymorphisms in corticotrophin-releasing hormone-proopiomalanocortin (CRH-POMC) system genes: Neuroimmune contributions to psoriasis disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:2028-2040. [PMID: 37319102 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin is a target organ and source of the corticotropin-releasing hormone-proopiomelanocortin (CRH-POMC) system, operating as a coordinator and executor of responses to stress. Environmental stress exacerbates and triggers inflammatory skin diseases through modifying the cellular components of the immune system supporting the importance of CRH-POMC system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The aim of this study was to analyse the association of CRH-POMC polymorphisms with psoriasis and evaluate transcript expression of lesional psoriatic and normal skin in RNA-seq data. METHODS Samples of 104 patients with psoriasis and 174 healthy controls were genotyped for 42 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CRH-POMC using Applied Biosystems SNPlex™ method. The transcript quantification was performed using Salmon software v1.3.0. RESULTS This study demonstrated the associations between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms rs2228479, rs3212369, dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) polymorphisms rs7987802, rs2031526, rs9524501 and psoriasis in the Tatar population. Very strong association was evident for the SNP rs7987802 in the DCT gene (pc = 5.95е-006) in psoriasis patients. Additionally, the haplotype analysis provided AT DCT (rs7992630 and rs7987802) and AGA MC1R (rs3212358, 2228479 and 885479) haplotypes significantly associated (pc ˂ 0.05) with psoriasis in the Tatar population, supporting the involvement of DCT and MC1R to the psoriasis susceptibility. Moreover, MC1R-203 and DCT-201 expression levels were decreased in psoriasis lesional skin compared with healthy control skin. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to identify genetic variants of the MC1R and DCT genes significantly associated with psoriasis in Tatar population. Our results support potential roles of CRH-POMC system genes and DCT in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Galimova
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ranno Rätsep
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Traks
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandr Chernov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Darya Gaysina
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Vírseda-González D, Lázaro-Ochaita P, Ribas Despuig G, Avilés-Izquierdo JA. Melanocortin 1 receptor variants and their association with phenotypic characteristics and sporadic multiple primary melanomas in a cohort of 402 Spanish subjects. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:678-683. [PMID: 36602233 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is considered to be a major determinant of the risk of melanoma. The role of MC1R polymorphisms as predisposing factors for the development of a second primary melanoma is not well established. The present study analyses the characteristics from subjects with certain MC1R variants without any other genetic predisposition, as well as the risk of second primary melanoma associated with these variants. We performed a prospective longitudinal single-centre study based on follow-up information of 402 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. MC1R gene was sequenced in all subjects. High-risk variants were defined as those previously associated with melanoma (V60L, V92M, I155T, R160W, R163Q and D294H). 253 (63%) patients had at least one predisposing variant. These individuals had higher proportion of red/blonde hair, multiple primary melanomas and first melanoma diagnosis under the age of 60. Second primary melanomas were detected in 28 (3.8%) subjects. Having more than 25 melanocytic nevi was associated significantly to the development of second primary melanomas. A higher proportion of individuals carrying at least one predisposing MC1R variant develop a second melanoma, although statistical significance was not reached. Therefore, some MC1R polymorphisms might determine clinical and histological differences between patients with cutaneous melanoma and may represent a risk factor for second primary melanoma, although more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Lázaro-Ochaita
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas Despuig
- Grupo de Investigación en Imagen Médica (GIBI230), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico de La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Li Y, Li Y, Xia Z, Zhang D, Chen X, Wang X, Liao J, Yi W, Chen J. Identification of a novel immune signature for optimizing prognosis and treatment prediction in colorectal cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25518-25549. [PMID: 34898475 PMCID: PMC8714135 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal malignant diseases. However, the currently approved therapeutic options for CRC failed to acquire satisfactory treatment efficacy. Tailoring therapeutic strategies for CRC individuals can provide new insights into personalized prediction approaches and thus maximize clinical benefits. METHODS In this study, a multi-step process was used to construct an immune-related genes (IRGs) based signature leveraging the expression profiles and clinical characteristics of CRC from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. An integrated immunogenomic analysis was performed to determine the association between IRGs with prognostic significance and cancer genotypes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Moreover, we performed a comprehensive in silico therapeutics screening to identify agents with subclass-specific efficacy. RESULTS The established signature was shown to be a promising biomarker for evaluating clinical outcomes in CRC. The immune risk score as calculated by this classifier was significantly correlated with over-riding malignant phenotypes and immunophenotypes. Further analyses demonstrated that CRCs with low immune risk scores achieved better therapeutic benefits from immunotherapy, while AZD4547, Cytochalasin B and S-crizotinib might have potential therapeutic implications in the immune risk score-high CRCs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this IRGs-based signature not only afforded a useful tool for determining the prognosis and evaluating the TIME features of CRCs, but also shed new light on tailoring CRCs with precise treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijin Xia
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Liao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes Associated with Skin Cancer Genetic Testing in Albuquerque Primary Care. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164053. [PMID: 34439206 PMCID: PMC8394482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic information is publicly available but research examining the best use of such information has not engaged diverse members of the public. We examined public reactions to melanoma genetic testing (using the melanocortin-1 receptor [MC1R] gene) in a study randomizing (like the flip of a coin) 600 diverse primary care patients to a MC1R test offer or usual care. We found that testing did not improve sun protection and skin cancer screening, nor did it lead worry to increase. However, groups less aware of their skin cancer risk, including those who thought their risk was “unlikely” at the start of the study, showed significant improvements in sun protection at three months. In conclusion, testing might be very helpful for certain people who have the most to learn about their risk, who may become motivated to protect themselves from the damaging effects of the sun as a result of skin cancer genetic testing. Abstract Public availability of genetic information is increasing; thus, efforts to improve diversity in basic and translational research in genomics is a top priority. Given the increasing U.S. incidence and mortality of melanoma, and the prevalence of common melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene melanoma risk variants in the general population, we examined genomic testing of MC1R for skin cancer risk in a randomized controlled trial in Albuquerque, New Mexico primary care. Participants were 48% Hispanic and were randomized 5:1 to a MC1R test invitation or usual care. We assessed 3 month sun protection, skin cancer screening, and skin cancer worry outcomes associated with testing, and key effect moderators (e.g., cancer risk perceptions, and skin cancer risk factors). Our findings indicate that the primary outcomes were unchanged by the MC1R test offer, test acceptance, and level of risk feedback. Moderator analyses showed that those with lower risk perception, and those with skin that readily tans, significantly increased their sun protection in response to higher than average risk feedback. Risk feedback did not prompt cancer worry, and average risk feedback did not erode existing sun protection. This study paves the way for the development of tailored strategies to address low skin cancer risk awareness in this understudied context of public health genomics.
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Manrique-Silva E, Rachakonda S, Millán-Esteban D, García-Casado Z, Requena C, Través V, Kumar R, Nagore E. Clinical, environmental and histological distribution of BRAF, NRAS and TERT promoter mutations among patients with cutaneous melanoma: a retrospective study of 563 patients. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:504-513. [PMID: 32506424 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinct somatic mutations that define clinical and histopathological heterogeneity in cutaneous melanoma could be dependent on host susceptibility to exogenous factors like ultraviolet radiation. OBJECTIVES Firstly, to characterize patients with cutaneous melanoma clinically and pathologically based on the mutational status of BRAF, NRAS and TERT promoter. Secondly, to elucidate the modified features due to the presence of TERT promoter mutations over the background of either BRAF or NRAS mutations. METHODS We performed a retrospective study on 563 patients with melanoma by investigating somatic mutations in BRAF, NRAS and TERT promoter. RESULTS We observed co-occurrence of TERT promoter mutations with BRAF and NRAS mutations in 26.3% and 6.9% of melanomas, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association between BRAF mutations and a decreased presence of cutaneous lentigines at the melanoma site, and an increased association with the presence of any MC1R polymorphism. We also observed an independent association between TERT promoter mutations and increased tumour mitotic rate. Co-occurrence of BRAF and TERT promoter mutations was independently associated with occurrence of primary tumours at usually sun-exposed sites, lack of histological chronic sun damage in surrounding unaffected skin at the melanoma site, and increased tumour mitotic rate. Co-occurrence of NRAS and TERT promoter mutations was independently associated with increased tumour mitotic rate. The presence of TERT promoter together with BRAF or NRAS mutations was associated with statistically significantly worse survival. CONCLUSIONS The presence of TERT promoter mutations discriminates BRAF- and NRAS-mutated tumours and indicates a higher involvement of ultraviolet-induced damage and tumours with worse melanoma-specific survival than those without any mutation. These observations refine classification of patients with melanoma based on mutational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manrique-Silva
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenci, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Rachakonda
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Millán-Esteban
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia (IVO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Z García-Casado
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia (IVO), Valencia, Spain
| | - C Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenci, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Través
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia (IVO), Valencia, Spain
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Nagore
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Decreased vitamin D serum levels at melanoma diagnosis are associated with tumor ulceration and high tumor mitotic rate. Melanoma Res 2020; 29:664-667. [PMID: 31469708 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at diagnosis and pathological characteristics in primary invasive melanoma. A cross-sectional study was designed based on a series of 204 consecutive patients diagnosed of invasive melanomas in the 2013-2017 period at a single institution. 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels at diagnosis were assessed, and three groups were defined by vitamin D status: deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency. Clinical and pathological characteristics were compared between the groups by Chi-square test. Logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and Breslow thickness, ulceration, and tumor mitotic rate. A significant association between vitamin D levels at diagnosis and location, tumor mitotic rate, and ulceration was found; and a borderline association with Breslow thickness and BMI. Deficient levels were found in 7.8% of patients and increased the risk of presenting ulcerated tumors [odds ratio: 6.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-29.7; P = 0.012)] and with a tumor mitotic rate greater than 1 mitosis/mm [odds ratio: 6.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-25.1; P = 0.014)]. A marginal increased risk of tumor thickness greater than 1 mm was also observed [odds ratio: 3.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.0-13.9; P = 0.057)]. Our study suggests a role of vitamin D levels in melanoma aggressiveness and raises the question as to whether vitamin D levels should be monitored, or even supplemented, in people with low yearly sun exposure.
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Lavelle TJ, Alver TN, Heintz KM, Wernhoff P, Nygaard V, Nakken S, Øy GF, Bøe SL, Urbanucci A, Hovig E. Dysregulation of MITF Leads to Transformation in MC1R-Defective Melanocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071719. [PMID: 32605315 PMCID: PMC7408466 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MC1R/cAMP/MITF pathway is a key determinant for growth, differentiation, and survival of melanocytes and melanoma. MITF-M is the melanocyte-specific isoform of Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) in human melanoma. Here we use two melanocyte cell lines to show that forced expression of hemagglutinin (HA) -tagged MITF-M through lentiviral transduction represents an oncogenic insult leading to consistent cell transformation of the immortalized melanocyte cell line Hermes 4C, being a melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) compound heterozygote, while not causing transformation of the MC1R wild type cell line Hermes 3C. The transformed HA-tagged MITF-M transduced Hermes 4C cells form colonies in soft agar and tumors in mice. Further, Hermes 4C cells display increased MITF chromatin binding, and transcriptional reprogramming consistent with an invasive melanoma phenotype. Mechanistically, forced expression of MITF-M drives the upregulation of the AXL tyrosine receptor kinase (AXL), with concomitant downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), leading to increased activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Treatment with AXL inhibitors reduces growth of the transformed cells by reverting AKT activation. In conclusion, we present a model system of melanoma development, driven by MITF-M in the context of MC1R loss of function, and independent of UV exposure. This model provides a basis for further studies of critical changes in the melanocyte transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Lavelle
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Tine Norman Alver
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Karen-Marie Heintz
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Patrik Wernhoff
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Vegard Nygaard
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Sigve Nakken
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Frode Øy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
| | - Sigurd Leinæs Bøe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (E.H.)
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (T.J.L.); (T.N.A.); (K.-M.H.); (P.W.); (V.N.); (S.N.); (G.F.Ø.)
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (E.H.)
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MC1R variants and associations with pigmentation characteristics and genetic ancestry in a Hispanic, predominately Puerto Rican, population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7303. [PMID: 32350296 PMCID: PMC7190662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer risk information based on melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants could inform prevention and screening recommendations for Hispanics, but limited evidence exists on the impact of MC1R variants in Hispanic populations. We studied Hispanic subjects, predominately of Puerto Rican heritage, from Tampa, Florida, US, and Ponce, PR. Blood or saliva samples were collected by prospective recruitment or retrieved from biobanks for genotyping of MC1R variants and ancestry informative markers. Participant demographic and self-reported phenotypic information was collected via biobank records or questionnaires. We determined associations of MC1R genetic risk categories and phenotypic variables and genetic ancestry. Over half of participants carried MC1R variants known to increase risk of skin cancer, and there was diversity in the observed variants across sample populations. Associations between MC1R genetic risk groups and some pigmentation characteristics were identified. Among Puerto Ricans, the proportion of participants carrying MC1R variants imparting elevated skin cancer risk was consistent across quartiles of European, African, and Native American genetic ancestry. These findings demonstrate that MC1R variants are important for pigmentation characteristics in Hispanics and that carriage of high risk MC1R alleles occurs even among Hispanics with stronger African or Native American genetic ancestry.
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Hay JL, Zielaskowski K, Meyer White K, Kaphingst K, Robers E, Guest D, Sussman A, Talamantes Y, Schwartz M, Rodríguez VM, Li Y, Schofield E, Bigney J, Hunley K, Buller D, Berwick M. Interest and Uptake of MC1R Testing for Melanoma Risk in a Diverse Primary Care Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 154:684-693. [PMID: 29801061 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Germline variants in the MC1R gene are common and confer moderate melanoma risk in those with varied skin types. Approaches to precision skin cancer prevention that include genetic information may promote risk awareness and risk reduction in the general population, including Hispanics. Objective To examine prevalence of interest in and uptake of MC1R testing in the general population and examine patterns across demographic and skin cancer risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants A randomized clinical trial examined interest in and uptake of MC1R testing among patients at University of New Mexico General Internal Medicine clinics. Study participants were randomized to either a usual-care condition (National Cancer Institute skin cancer pamphlet for diverse skin types) or an MC1R test offer. Participants were registered clinic patients (≥6 months) and English or Spanish fluent. Of the 600 participants recruited to the overall trial, the present study included those 499 participants randomized to the MC1R test offer. Interventions Participants were presented with the option to log onto the study website to read 3 educational modules presenting the rationale, benefits, and drawbacks of MC1R testing. Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes include website log on (yes vs no), saliva test kit request (yes vs no), and saliva test kit return for MC1R testing (yes vs no). Demographic and skin cancer risk factors were examined as potential predictors of test interest and uptake. Results Of the 499 participants (220 [44%] non-Hispanic white, 242 [48%] Hispanic, 396 [79%] female; mean [SD] age, 54 [14.3] years), 232 (46%) elected to learn about MC1R testing by logging onto the website; 204 (88%) of those who logged on decided to request testing; and 167 (82%) of those who requested testing returned the kit. The strongest predictors of website log on were race/ethnicity and education (non-Hispanic whites were more likely to log on [odds ratio for Hispanics vs non-Hispanic whites, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7], as were more highly educated individuals [odds ratio for more than high school vs high school or less, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7-4.3]). The strongest predictor of ordering the test was sunburn history (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.3-12.9 vs no sunburn history). Conclusions and Relevance There were moderately high levels of MC1R test interest and uptake in this diverse sample. Addressing potential barriers to testing may be warranted as genomic information becomes integrated into general population approaches to the precision prevention of skin cancer. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03130569.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kate Zielaskowski
- Clinical Research Finance, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kirsten Meyer White
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Kimberly Kaphingst
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Erika Robers
- New Mexico Translation and Transcription, Albuquerque
| | - Dolores Guest
- CRTC Population Sciences Academic Unit, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Andrew Sussman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Yvonne Talamantes
- CRTC Population Sciences Academic Unit, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Matthew Schwartz
- CRTC Population Sciences Academic Unit, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | | | - Yuelin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Schofield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Bigney
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Keith Hunley
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | | | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.,Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
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Bioluminescent SNP genotyping technique: Development and application for detection of melanocortin 1 receptor gene polymorphisms. Talanta 2018; 189:111-115. [PMID: 30086893 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SNP genotyping based on the reaction of specific primer extension with the following bioluminescent detection of its products was shown to be potentially applicable for biomedical exploration. The paper describes its elaboration and first application in extensive biomedical research concerning MC1R gene variants' frequency and associations with clinical characteristics in melanoma patients of Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk region, Russia). Polymorphisms rs 1805007 (R151C), rs 1805008 (R160W), and rs 1805009 (D294H) were detected in 174 DNA samples from patients with histologically proved diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and in 200 samples from healthy individuals. All the results on bioluminescent SNP genotyping were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Some features characteristic of the population were found, i.e. melanoma is mostly associated with R160W or R151C while variant D294H is extremely rare; simultaneous carriage of any two investigated variants is also strongly associated with melanoma; R151C is associated with ulceration and consequently the disease course is more aggressive, etc. The design of the technique allows fast evaluation of any known diagnostically important SNP frequencies and associations across population.
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Kanetsky PA, Hay JL. Marshaling the Translational Potential of MC1R for Precision Risk Assessment of Melanoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:121-124. [PMID: 29246956 PMCID: PMC5839988 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma rates have been increasing in the United States, and neither primary (sun protection and avoidance) nor secondary (skin examination) prevention is practiced consistently, even by those with melanoma risk factors. Inherited variation at MC1R is a robust marker for increased risk of melanoma, even among individuals with "sun-resistant" phenotypes. Although MC1R conveys important information about inherited melanoma risk for a broad spectrum of individuals, concerns that MC1R feedback could have negative consequences, including increased distress about melanoma, inappropriate use of health services, and development of a false sense of security, are valid and require empirical examination. The time is right for high-quality research focusing on the translation of MC1R genotype into clinical and public health practice. If studies show MC1R genetic risk screening is effective at motivating behavior change, more melanomas may be detected at earliest stages for which surgical excision is highly curative or a large number of melanomas may be prevented altogether. While other genetic markers for melanoma susceptibility may emerge in the coming years, the burgeoning research agenda on the public health translational potential of MC1R genetic risk screening will inform and usefully advance current and future precision risk assessment of melanoma. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 121-4. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Hay JL, Berwick M, Zielaskowski K, White KA, Rodríguez VM, Robers E, Guest DD, Sussman A, Talamantes Y, Schwartz MR, Greb J, Bigney J, Kaphingst KA, Hunley K, Buller DB. Implementing an Internet-Delivered Skin Cancer Genetic Testing Intervention to Improve Sun Protection Behavior in a Diverse Population: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e52. [PMID: 28442450 PMCID: PMC5424125 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited translational genomic research currently exists to guide the availability, comprehension, and appropriate use of personalized genomics in diverse general population subgroups. Melanoma skin cancers are preventable, curable, common in the general population, and disproportionately increasing in Hispanics. Objective Variants in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene are present in approximately 50% of the population, are major factors in determining sun sensitivity, and confer a 2-to-3-fold increase in melanoma risk in the general population, even in populations with darker skin. Therefore, feedback regarding MC1R risk status may raise risk awareness and protective behavior in the general population. Methods We are conducting a randomized controlled trial examining Internet presentation of the risks and benefits of personalized genomic testing for MC1R gene variants that are associated with increased melanoma risk. We will enroll a total of 885 participants (462 participants are currently enrolled), who will be randomized 6:1 to personalized genomic testing for melanoma risk versus waiting list control. Control participants will be offered testing after outcome assessments. Participants will be balanced across self-reported Hispanic versus non-Hispanic ethnicity (n=750 in personalized genomic testing for melanoma risk arm; n=135 in control arm), and will be recruited from a general population cohort in Albuquerque, New Mexico, which is subject to year-round sun exposure. Baseline surveys will be completed in-person with study staff and follow-up measures will be completed via telephone. Results Aim 1 of the trial will examine the personal utility of personalized genomic testing for melanoma risk in terms of short-term (3-month) sun protection and skin screening behaviors, family and physician communication, and melanoma threat and control beliefs (ie, putative mediators of behavior change). We will also examine potential unintended consequences of testing among those who receive average-risk personalized genomic testing for melanoma risk findings, and examine predictors of sun protection at 3 months as the outcome. These findings will be used to develop messages for groups that receive average-risk feedback. Aim 2 will compare rates of test consideration in Hispanics versus non-Hispanics, including consideration of testing pros and cons and registration of a decision to either accept or decline testing. Aim 3 will examine personalized genomic testing for melanoma risk feedback comprehension, recall, satisfaction, and cancer-related distress in those who undergo testing, and whether these outcomes differ by ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic), or sociocultural or demographic factors. Final outcome data collection is anticipated to be complete by October 2017, at which point data analysis will commence. Conclusions This study has important implications for personalized genomics in the context of melanoma risk, and may be broadly applicable as a model for delivery of personalized genomic feedback for other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hay
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kate Zielaskowski
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Erika Robers
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Andrew Sussman
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | | | - Jennie Greb
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessica Bigney
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Keith Hunley
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Nagore E, Reyes-Garcia D, Heidenreich B, Garcia-Casado Z, Requena C, Kumar R. TERTpromoter mutations associate with MC1R variants in melanoma patients. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:273-275. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology; Instituto Valenciano de Oncología; Valencia Spain
| | | | - Barbara Heidenreich
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Researh Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia; Valencia Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology; Instituto Valenciano de Oncología; Valencia Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Researh Center; Heidelberg Germany
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Tell-Marti G, Puig-Butille JA, Gimenez-Xavier P, Segu-Roig A, Potrony M, Badenas C, Alvarez V, Millán JM, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Milà M, Puig S. The p. R151C Polymorphism in MC1R Gene Modifies the Age of Onset in Spanish Huntington's Disease Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3906-3910. [PMID: 27924526 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of CAG repeats (≥36 CAG) in the HTT gene is the only known genetic cause of Huntington's disease (HD) and the main determinant of the course of the disease. The length of the expanded CAG repeats correlates inversely with the age of onset (AOO) but does not completely determine it. We investigated the role of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene as a modifier factor of AOO in 600 HD patients from Spain. We sequenced the entire region of the MC1R gene and analyzed all the nonsynonymous MC1R genetic variants with a minor allele frequency of at least 0.01 in HD patients. The variability in AOO attributable to the CAG repeats and MC1R polymorphisms was evaluated using a multiple linear regression model. We found that the loss-of-function p. R151C MC1R polymorphism has a significant influence on the AOO (P = 0.004; Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.032) which explains 1.42% of the variance in AOO that cannot be accounted for by the expanded CAG repeat. Our results suggest that the MC1R gene could modify the AOO in Spanish HD patients and encourage the evaluation of loss-of-function MC1R polymorphisms in other HD populations with a higher frequency of these MC1R polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Tell-Marti
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Gimenez-Xavier
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariadna Segu-Roig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Badenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética. AGC Laboratorio de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José M Millán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, IIS-La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Trujillo-Tiebas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Ramos-Arroyo
- Medical Genetics Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 4, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Milà
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
- Medicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Genetic analysis of melanocortin 1 receptor red hair color variants in a Russian population of Eastern Siberia. Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 27:192-196. [PMID: 27755135 PMCID: PMC5802264 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor is a Gs protein-coupled receptor implicated in melanogenesis regulation. The receptor gene is highly polymorphic, which accounts for the association of several of its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with an increased risk of melanoma. The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of melanocortin 1 receptor gene variants R151C, R160W, and D294H within the Russian population of Eastern Siberia and its association with melanoma development. Melanoma patients (n=95) admitted to Krasnoyarsk Territorial Oncological Center and healthy controls (n=334) were enrolled in the study. A clinical examination of patients was performed to evaluate the phenotypic features of melanoma patients. SNPs were analyzed by real-time PCR. Clinical examination indicated a more frequent occurrence of fair skin type, blue eyes, blonde and red hair, and more frequent localization of freckles on the neck, trunk, and extremities in the melanoma group of patients. The R151C melanocortin 1 receptor gene variant was found in 18% of melanoma patients and associated with an increased likelihood of melanoma development (odds ratio=6.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.8–14.3; P=0.0001). The two remaining variant alleles of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene occurred with low frequency both in controls and in the melanoma group. The R160W SNP was identified neither in controls nor in melanoma patients. The D294H heterozygous variant was observed in 0.3% of individuals in the control group and in 1.1% of the patients in the melanoma group. Such an asymmetric distribution of the melanocortin 1 receptor within red hair color genotypes in the population under study compared with other populations may be because of Russian genetic homogeneity. Carriers of the mutant R151C allele should exercise caution in terms of exposure to the sun to avoid the risk of melanoma development.
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Espinosa P, Pfeiffer RM, García-Casado Z, Requena C, Landi MT, Kumar R, Nagore E. Risk factors for keratinocyte skin cancer in patients diagnosed with melanoma, a large retrospective study. Eur J Cancer 2015; 53:115-24. [PMID: 26702765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma survivors are at an increased risk of developing other malignancies, including keratinocyte skin cancer (KSC). While it is known that many risk factors for melanoma also impact risk of KSC in the general population, no previous study has investigated risk factors for KSC development in melanoma patients. OBJECTIVE We assessed associations of personal and clinical characteristics, including skin phenotype and variations in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, with KSC risk in melanoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used prospective follow-up information on 1200 patients treated for melanoma at the Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Spain, between 2000 and 2011. We computed hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of clinical, personal and genetic characteristics with risk of KSC, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) from Cox proportional hazard models. Five-year cumulative incidence based on competing risk models of SCC, BCC or KSC overall was computed using multivariate subdistribution hazard models. To assess predictive performance of the models, we computed areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUCs, discriminatory power) using cross-validation. RESULTS Median follow-up was 57.2 months; a KSC was detected in 163 patients (13.6%). In multivariable Cox models, age, sex, sunburns, chronic sun exposure, past personal history of non-melanoma skin cancer or other non-cutaneous neoplasia, and the MC1R variants p.D294H and p.R163Q were significantly associated with KSC risk. A cumulative incidence model including age, sex, personal history of KSC, and of other non-cutaneous neoplasia had an AUC of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71-0.80). When p.D294H and p.R163Q variants were added to the model, the AUC increased to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77-0.84) (p-value for difference <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In addition to age, sex, skin characteristics, and sun exposure, p.R163Q and p.D294H MC1R variants significantly increased KSC risk among melanoma patients. Our findings may help identify patients who could benefit most from preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Espinosa
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Zaida García-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain.
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Characterization of individuals at high risk of developing melanoma in Latin America: bases for genetic counseling in melanoma. Genet Med 2015; 18:727-36. [PMID: 26681309 PMCID: PMC4940430 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: CDKN2A is the main high-risk melanoma-susceptibility gene, but it has been poorly assessed in Latin America. We sought to analyze CDKN2A and MC1R in patients from Latin America with familial and sporadic multiple primary melanoma (SMP) and compare the data with those for patients from Spain to establish bases for melanoma genetic counseling in Latin America. Genet Med18 7, 727–736. Methods: CDKN2A and MC1R were sequenced in 186 Latin American patients from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay, and in 904 Spanish patients. Clinical and phenotypic data were obtained. Genet Med18 7, 727–736. Results: Overall, 24 and 14% of melanoma-prone families in Latin America and Spain, respectively, had mutations in CDKN2A. Latin American families had CDKN2A mutations more frequently (P = 0.014) than Spanish ones. Of patients with SMP, 10% of those from Latin America and 8.5% of those from Spain had mutations in CDKN2A (P = 0.623). The most recurrent CDKN2A mutations were c.-34G>T and p.G101W. Latin American patients had fairer hair (P = 0.016) and skin (P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of MC1R variants (P = 0.003) compared with Spanish patients. Genet Med18 7, 727–736. Conclusion: The inclusion criteria for genetic counseling of melanoma in Latin America may be the same criteria used in Spain, as suggested in areas with low to medium incidence, SMP with at least two melanomas, or families with at least two cases among first- or second-degree relatives. Genet Med18 7, 727–736.
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18
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Tell-Martí G, Puig-Butille JA, Potrony M, Badenas C, Milà M, Malvehy J, Martí MJ, Ezquerra M, Fernández-Santiago R, Puig S. Reply. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:161-3. [PMID: 26389780 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Tell-Martí
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute.,Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Celia Badenas
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute.,Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Montserrat Milà
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute.,Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute
| | - María José Martí
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurology, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurology, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurology, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic and August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute.,Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hepp D, Gonçalves GL, de Freitas TRO. Prediction of the damage-associated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human MC1R gene. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121812. [PMID: 25794181 PMCID: PMC4368538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is involved in the control of melanogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with variation in skin and hair color and with elevated risk for the development of melanoma. Here we used 11 computational tools based on different approaches to predict the damage-associated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the coding region of the human MC1R gene. Among the 92 nsSNPs arranged according to the predictions 62% were classified as damaging in more than five tools. The classification was significantly correlated with the scores of two consensus programs. Alleles associated with the red hair color (RHC) phenotype and with the risk of melanoma were examined. The R variants D84E, R142H, R151C, I155T, R160W and D294H were classified as damaging by the majority of the tools while the r variants V60L, V92M and R163Q have been predicted as neutral in most of the programs The combination of the prediction tools results in 14 nsSNPs indicated as the most damaging mutations in MC1R (L48P, R67W, H70Y, P72L, S83P, R151H, S172I, L206P, T242I, G255R, P256S, C273Y, C289R and R306H); C273Y showed to be highly damaging in SIFT, Polyphen-2, MutPred, PANTHER and PROVEAN scores. The computational analysis proved capable of identifying the potentially damaging nsSNPs in MC1R, which are candidates for further laboratory studies of the functional and pharmacological significance of the alterations in the receptor and the phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hepp
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul—Câmpus Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gislene Lopes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta, 1520 Arica, Chile
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Pasquali E, García-Borrón JC, Fargnoli MC, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Bagnardi V, Specchia C, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T, Nagore E, Kumar R, Hansson J, Kanetsky PA, Ghiorzo P, Debniak T, Branicki W, Gruis NA, Han J, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Landi MT, Palmieri G, Ribas G, Stratigos A, Council M, Autier P, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Raimondi S. MC1R variants increased the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma in darker-pigmented Caucasians: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:618-31. [PMID: 24917043 PMCID: PMC4378685 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The MC1R gene is a key regulator of skin pigmentation. We aimed to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma (CM) within the M-SKIP project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. Data included 5,160 cases and 12,119 controls from 17 studies. We calculated a summary odds ratio (SOR) for the association of each of the nine most studied MC1R variants and of variants combined with CM by using random-effects models. Stratified analysis by phenotypic characteristics were also performed. Melanoma risk increased with presence of any of the main MC1R variants: the SOR for each variant ranged from 1.47 (95%CI: 1.17-1.84) for V60L to 2.74 (1.53-4.89) for D84E. Carriers of any MC1R variant had a 66% higher risk of developing melanoma compared with wild-type subjects (SOR; 95%CI: 1.66; 1.41-1.96) and the risk attributable to MC1R variants was 28%. When taking into account phenotypic characteristics, we found that MC1R-associated melanoma risk increased only for darker-pigmented Caucasians: SOR (95%CI) was 3.14 (2.06-4.80) for subjects with no freckles, no red hair and skin Type III/IV. Our study documents the important role of all the main MC1R variants in sporadic CM and suggests that they have a direct effect on melanoma risk, independently on the phenotypic characteristics of carriers. This is of particular importance for assessing preventive strategies, which may be directed to darker-pigmented Caucasians with MC1R variants as well as to lightly pigmented, fair-skinned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pasquali
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - José C. García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Specchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, IRCCS AOU San Martino –IST, Genoa
| | - Tadeusz Debniak
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Polabska, Poland
| | | | - Nelleke A. Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terry Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Dptd. Oncologia medica y hematologia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M.Laurin Council
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Julian Little
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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A large French case-control study emphasizes the role of rare Mc1R variants in melanoma risk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925716. [PMID: 24982914 PMCID: PMC4003837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MC1R gene implicated in melanogenesis and skin pigmentation is highly polymorphic. Several alleles are associated with red hair and fair skin phenotypes and contribute to melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE This work aims to assess the effect of different classes of MC1R variants, notably rare variants, on melanoma risk. Methods. MC1R coding region was sequenced in 1131 melanoma patients and 869 healthy controls. MC1R variants were classified as RHC (R) and non-RHC (r). Rare variants (frequency < 1%) were subdivided into two subgroups, predicted to be damaging (D) or not (nD). RESULTS Both R and r alleles were associated with melanoma (OR = 2.66 [2.20-3.23] and 1.51 [1.32-1.73]) and had similar population attributable risks (15.8% and 16.6%). We also identified 69 rare variants, of which 25 were novel. D variants were strongly associated with melanoma (OR = 2.38 [1.38-4.15]) and clustered in the same MC1R domains as R alleles (intracellular 2, transmembrane 2 and 7). CONCLUSION This work confirms the role of R and r alleles in melanoma risk in the French population and proposes a novel class of rare D variants as important melanoma risk factors. These findings may improve the definition of high-risk subjects that could be targeted for melanoma prevention and screening.
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Peña-Vilabelda M, García-Casado Z, Requena C, Traves V, López-Guerrero J, Guillén C, Kumar R, Nagore E. Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma According to Variants in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor Gene. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Heidenreich B, Nagore E, Rachakonda PS, Garcia-Casado Z, Requena C, Traves V, Becker J, Soufir N, Hemminki K, Kumar R. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in primary cutaneous melanoma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3401. [PMID: 24569790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a disease segregating causal germline mutation in a melanoma family and recurrent somatic mutations in metastasized tumours from unrelated patients in the core promoter region of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene. Here we show that the TERT promoter mutations, besides causing an increased gene expression, associate with increased patient age, increased Breslow thickness and tumour ulceration in 287 primary melanomas. The mutations are more frequent at both intermittently and chronically sun-exposed sites than non-exposed sites and tend to co-occur with BRAF and CDKN2A alterations. The association with parameters generally connected with poor outcome, coupled with high recurrence and mechanistic relevance, raises the possibility of the eventual use of TERT promoter mutations in the disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Heidenreich
- 1] Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2]
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- 1] Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain [2] Universidad Catolica de Valencia, Valencia 46001, Spain [3]
| | | | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain
| | - Victor Traves
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of General Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Nadem Soufir
- Departement de Genetique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris 75877, France
| | - Kari Hemminki
- 1] Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Clinical characteristics of patients with cutaneous melanoma according to variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 105:159-71. [PMID: 24238329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cutaneous melanoma who are carriers of polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) have distinctive clinical characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics associated with differing degrees of functional impairment of the melanocortin 1 receptor, as determined by the number and type (R and r) of MC1R polymorphisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 1044 consecutive patients with melanoma diagnosed in our hospital after January 2000 were selected from the melanoma database. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to a score based on nonsynonymous MC1R polymorphisms. The frequencies of epidemiologic, phenotypic, and histologic variables and personal and family history of cancer were compared. RESULTS Patients with a score of 3 or more were more likely to develop melanoma before the age of 50 years (odds ratio [OR]=1.47), have a tumor on the head or neck (OR=3.04), have a history of basal cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (OR=1.70), have atypical nevi (OR=1.74), and have nevi associated with the melanoma (OR=1.87). CONCLUSIONS The use of a scoring system for MC1R polymorphisms allowed us to identify associations between the degree of functional impairment of the melanogenesis pathway and the clinical characteristics of the patients and melanoma presentation.
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MC1R gene variants and sporadic malignant melanoma susceptibility in the Canary Islands population. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:51-8. [PMID: 24170137 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several MC1R variants are associated with increased risk of malignant melanoma (MM) in a variety of populations. We aim to examine the influence of the MC1R variants (RHC: D84E, R151C, R160W; NRHC: V60L, R163Q and the synonymous polymorphism T314T) on the MM risk in a population from the Canary Islands. Overall, 1,046 Caucasian individuals were included in the study. A thousand of them were genotyped for MC1R variants: 509 were sporadic MM patients and 491 were healthy control subjects from general population. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, hair colour, eye colour, skin phototype and ancestry. We found that carriers of the R151C and R163Q variants were at an increased risk for melanoma OR 2.76 (1.59-4.78) and OR 5.62 (2.54-12.42), respectively. The risk of carrying RHC variants was 3.04 (1.90-4.86). Current study confirms the increased MM risk for R151C carriers. It also supports the association between R163Q variant and MM risk in the population on the Canary Islands, as opposed to reported on northern populations. These results highlight the importance of the sample population selection in this kind of studies.
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Puig-Butillé J, Carrera C, Kumar R, Garcia-Casado Z, Badenas C, Aguilera P, Malvehy J, Nagore E, Puig S. Distribution of MC1R variants among melanoma subtypes: p.R163Q is associated with lentigo maligna melanoma in a Mediterranean population. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:804-11. [PMID: 23647022 PMCID: PMC3863403 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma tumour is classified into clinicohistopathological subtypes that may be associated with different genetic and host factors. Variation in the MC1R gene is one of the main factors of risk variation in sporadic melanoma. The relationship between MC1R variants and the risk of developing a specific subtype of melanoma has not been previously explored. OBJECTIVES To analyse whether certain MC1R variants are associated with particular melanoma subtypes with specific clinicohistopathological features. METHODS An association study was performed between MC1R gene variants and clinicopathological subtypes of primary melanoma derived from 1679 patients. RESULTS We detected 53 MC1R variants (11 synonymous and 42 nonsynonymous). Recurrent nonsynonymous variants were p.V60L (30·0%), p.V92M (11·7%), p.D294H (9·4%), p.R151C (8·8%), p.R160W (6·2%), p.R163Q (4·2%) p.R142H (3·3%), p.I155T (3·8%), p.V122M (1·5%) and p.D84E (1·0%). Melanoma subtypes showed differences in the total number of MC1R variants (P = 0·028) and the number of red hair colour variants (P = 0·035). Furthermore, an association between p.R163Q and lentigo maligna melanoma was detected under a dominant model of heritance (odds ratio 2·16, 95% confidence interval 1·07-4·37; P = 0·044). No association was found between p.R163Q and Fitzpatrick skin phototype, eye colour or skin colour, indicating that the association was independent of the role of MC1R in pigmentation. No association was observed between MC1R polymorphisms and other melanoma subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that certain MC1R variants could increase melanoma risk due to their impact on pathways other than pigmentation, and may therefore be linked to specific melanoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Puig-Butillé
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Carrera
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Z. Garcia-Casado
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Badenas
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Aguilera
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Malvehy
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Puig
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez-Cadenas C, López S, Ribas G, Flores C, García O, Sevilla A, Smith-Zubiaga I, Ibarrola-Villaba M, Pino-Yanes MDM, Gardeazabal J, Boyano D, García de Galdeano A, Izagirre N, de la Rúa C, Alonso S. Simultaneous purifying selection on the ancestral MC1R allele and positive selection on the melanoma-risk allele V60L in south Europeans. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:2654-65. [PMID: 24045876 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the geographical apportionment of the coding diversity of the pigmentary locus melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is, unusually, higher in Eurasians than in Africans. This atypical observation has been interpreted as the result of purifying selection due to functional constraint on MC1R in high UV-B radiation environments. By analyzing 3,142 human MC1R alleles from different regions of Spain in the context of additional haplotypic information from the 1000 Genomes (1000G) Project data, we show that purifying selection is also strong in southern Europe, but not so in northern Europe. Furthermore, we show that purifying and positive selection act simultaneously on MC1R. Thus, at least in Spain, regions at opposite ends of the incident UV-B radiation distribution show significantly different frequencies for the melanoma-risk allele V60L (a mutation also associated to red hair and fair skin and even blonde hair), with higher frequency of V60L at those regions of lower incident UV-B radiation. Besides, using the 1000G south European data, we show that the V60L haplogroup is also characterized by an extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) pattern indicative of positive selection. We, thus, provide evidence for an adaptive value of human skin depigmentation in Europe and illustrate how an adaptive process can simultaneously help to maintain a disease-risk allele. In addition, our data support the hypothesis proposed by Jablonski and Chaplin (Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UVB radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:8962-8968), which posits that habitation of middle latitudes involved the evolution of partially depigmented phenotypes that are still capable of suitable tanning.
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Amaro-Ortiz A, Vanover JC, Scott TL, D'Orazio JA. Pharmacologic induction of epidermal melanin and protection against sunburn in a humanized mouse model. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 24056496 DOI: 10.3791/50670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling protein found on the surface of melanocytes. Mc1r stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production which, in turn, up-regulates melanocytic production of melanin in the skin. In order to study the mechanisms by which Mc1r signaling protects the skin against UV injury, this study relies on a mouse model with "humanized skin" based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (Scf). K14-Scf transgenic mice retain melanocytes in the epidermis and therefore have the ability to deposit melanin in the epidermis. In this animal model, wild type Mc1r status results in robust deposition of black eumelanin pigment and a UV-protected phenotype. In contrast, K14-Scf animals with defective Mc1r signaling ability exhibit a red/blonde pigmentation, very little eumelanin in the skin and a UV-sensitive phenotype. Reasoning that eumelanin deposition might be enhanced by topical agents that mimic Mc1r signaling, we found that direct application of forskolin extract to the skin of Mc1r-defective fair-skinned mice resulted in robust eumelanin induction and UV protection (1). Here we describe the method for preparing and applying a forskolin-containing natural root extract to K14-Scf fair-skinned mice and report a method for measuring UV sensitivity by determining minimal erythematous dose (MED). Using this animal model, it is possible to study how epidermal cAMP induction and melanization of the skin affect physiologic responses to UV exposure.
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Maccioni L, Rachakonda PS, Bermejo JL, Planelles D, Requena C, Hemminki K, Nagore E, Kumar R. Variants at the 9p21 locus and melanoma risk. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:325. [PMID: 23816148 PMCID: PMC3702420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of variants at the 9p21 locus on melanoma risk has been reported through investigation of CDKN2A variants through candidate gene approach as well as by genome wide association studies (GWAS). Methods In the present study we genotyped, 25 SNPs that tag 273 variants on chromosome 9p21 in 837 melanoma cases and 1154 controls from Spain. Ten SNPs were selected based on previous associations, reported in GWAS, with either melanocytic nevi or melanoma risk or both. The other 15 SNPs were selected to fine map the CDKN2A gene region. Results All the 10 variants selected from the GWAS showed statistically significant association with melanoma risk. Statistically significant association with melanoma risk was also observed for the carriers of the variant T-allele of rs3088440 (540 C>T) at the 3’ UTR of CDKN2A gene with an OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.04). Interaction analysis between risk associated polymorphisms and previously genotyped MC1R variants, in the present study, did not show any statistically significant association. Statistical significant association was observed for the interaction between phototypes and the rs10811629 (located in intron 5 of MTAP). The strongest association was observed between the homozygous carrier of the A–allele and phototype II with an OR of 15.93 (95% CI 5.34-47.54). Conclusions Our data confirmed the association of different variants at chromosome 9p21 with melanoma risk and we also found an association of a variant with skin phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maccioni
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ozola A, Azarjana K, Doniņa S, Proboka G, Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Cēma I, Heisele O, Eņģele L, Streinerte B, Pjanova D. Melanoma risk associated with MC1R gene variants in Latvia and the functional analysis of rare variants. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:81-91. [PMID: 23522749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association of melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) variants with melanoma risk in a Latvian population, the MC1R gene was sequenced in 200 melanoma patients and 200 control persons. A functional study of previously uncharacterized, rare MC1R variants was also performed. In total, 26 different MC1R variants, including two novel variants Val165Ile and Val188Ile, were detected. The highest risk of melanoma was associated with the Arg151Cys variant (odds ratio (OR) 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.19-9.14, P<0.001). A gene dosage effect was observed, with melanoma risk for carriers of two variants being twice (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.15-7.38, P<0.001) that of carriers of one variant (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26-3.11, P=0.003). After stratification according to the pigmentation phenotype, the risk of melanoma remained in groups with otherwise protective phenotypes. Functional analyses of eight previously uncharacterized MC1R variants revealed that a subset of them is functionally relevant. Our results support the contribution of MC1R variants to a genetic predisposition to melanoma in Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Ozola
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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Glanz K, Volpicelli K, Kanetsky PA, Ming ME, Schuchter LM, Jepson C, Domchek SM, Armstrong K. Melanoma genetic testing, counseling, and adherence to skin cancer prevention and detection behaviors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:607-14. [PMID: 23392000 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of knowledge of CDKN2A and MC1R genotype on melanoma prevention behaviors like sun avoidance and skin examination in the context of familial melanoma. METHODS Seventy-three adults with a family history of melanoma were randomly assigned to be offered individualized CDKN2A and MC1R genotyping results in the context of a genetic counseling session, or the standard practice of not being offered counseling or disclosure of genotyping results. Mixed effects or longitudinal logistic models were used to determine whether the intervention affected change in sun protection habits, skin examinations, and perception and beliefs related to melanoma risk, prevention, and genetic counseling. RESULTS All participants in the intervention group who attended genetic counseling sessions chose to receive their test results. From baseline to follow-up, participants in the intervention group reported an increase in the frequency of skin self-examinations compared with a slight decrease in the control group (P = 0.002). Participants in the intervention group reported a smaller decrease in frequency of wearing a shirt with long sleeves than did participants in the control group (P = 0.047). No effect of the intervention was noted for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Feedback of CDKN2A and MC1R genotype among families without known pathogenic CDKN2A mutations does not seem to decrease sun protection behaviors. IMPACT While disclosure of CDKN2A and MC1R genotype did not have negative effects on prevention, the benefits of communicating this information remain unclear. The small number of families who tested positive for CDKN2A mutations in this study is a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Glanz
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 801 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Horn S, Figl A, Rachakonda PS, Fischer C, Sucker A, Gast A, Kadel S, Moll I, Nagore E, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, Kumar R. TERT promoter mutations in familial and sporadic melanoma. Science 2013; 339:959-61. [PMID: 23348503 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1326] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma occurs in both familial and sporadic forms. We investigated a melanoma-prone family through linkage analysis and high-throughput sequencing and identified a disease-segregating germline mutation in the promoter of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase. The mutation creates a new binding motif for Ets transcription factors and ternary complex factors (TCFs) near the transcription start and, in reporter gene assays, caused up to twofold increase in transcription. We then screened the TERT promoter in sporadic melanoma and observed recurrent ultraviolet signature somatic mutations in 125 of 168 (74%) of human cell lines derived from metastatic melanomas, 45 of 53 corresponding metastatic tumor tissues (85%), and 25 of 77 (33%) primary melanomas. The majority of those mutations occurred at two positions in the TERT promoter and also generated binding motifs for Ets/TCF transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Horn
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Raimondi S, Gandini S, Fargnoli MC, Bagnardi V, Maisonneuve P, Specchia C, Kumar R, Nagore E, Han J, Hansson J, Kanetsky PA, Ghiorzo P, Gruis NA, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Fernandez-de-Misa R, Branicki W, Debniak T, Morling N, Landi MT, Palmieri G, Ribas G, Stratigos A, Cornelius L, Motokawa T, Anno S, Helsing P, Wong TH, Autier P, García-Borrón JC, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T. Melanocortin-1 receptor, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics (M-SKIP) project: study design and methods for pooling results of genetic epidemiological studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012; 12:116. [PMID: 22862891 PMCID: PMC3502117 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For complex diseases like cancer, pooled-analysis of individual data represents a powerful tool to investigate the joint contribution of genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors to the development of a disease. Pooled-analysis of epidemiological studies has many advantages over meta-analysis, and preliminary results may be obtained faster and with lower costs than with prospective consortia. Design and methods Based on our experience with the study design of the Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, SKin cancer and Phenotypic characteristics (M-SKIP) project, we describe the most important steps in planning and conducting a pooled-analysis of genetic epidemiological studies. We then present the statistical analysis plan that we are going to apply, giving particular attention to methods of analysis recently proposed to account for between-study heterogeneity and to explore the joint contribution of genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors in the development of a disease. Within the M-SKIP project, data on 10,959 skin cancer cases and 14,785 controls from 31 international investigators were checked for quality and recoded for standardization. We first proposed to fit the aggregated data with random-effects logistic regression models. However, for the M-SKIP project, a two-stage analysis will be preferred to overcome the problem regarding the availability of different study covariates. The joint contribution of MC1R variants and phenotypic characteristics to skin cancer development will be studied via logic regression modeling. Discussion Methodological guidelines to correctly design and conduct pooled-analyses are needed to facilitate application of such methods, thus providing a better summary of the actual findings on specific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ramusio 1, Milan, 20141, Italy.
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Maccioni L, Rachakonda PS, Scherer D, Bermejo JL, Planelles D, Requena C, Hemminki K, Nagore E, Kumar R. Variants at chromosome 20 (ASIP locus) and melanoma risk. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:42-54. [PMID: 22628150 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) locus on chromosome 20q11 is implicated, as shown by genome-wide association studies, in phenotype variation and melanoma risk. We genotyped 837 melanoma cases and 1,154 controls for 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) informative for 495 polymorphisms at the locus. Our data showed an increased risk of melanoma (odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03-1.57) in carriers of the rs4911414 variant, located 120 kb upstream of ASIP. The main effect of rs4911414, as reported previously, was in tandem with a 10 kb adjacent polymorphism rs1015362; two constituted risk-associated haplotype/diplotype. Except for rs1015363, none of the 12 tagging SNPs, genotyped to cover 239.9 kb region with polymorphisms linked to rs4911414 and rs1015362, were associated with melanoma. Our data confirmed a previous association of melanoma risk (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.37-2.41) with rs4911442, located in intron 5 of the nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6) gene. The rs910871, one of the six variants, genotyped to cover NCOA6, showed an association with melanoma risk (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.70). Both, rs4911442 and rs910871 were in moderate linkage with a, previously reported, risk-associated rs910873 polymorphism. A haplotype from the variants within NCOA6 showed an association with risk of melanoma (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.88). Interaction between risk-associated polymorphisms and previously genotyped melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) variants, in our study, was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the carriers of the variant alleles over the background of MC1R variants were at a higher risk than the carriers not enriched for MC1R variants. Our data confirmed the association of different variants at chromosome 20q11 with melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maccioni
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lazaro P, Pizarro A, Lluch A, Ribas G. Role of glutathione S-transferases in melanoma susceptibility: association with GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1176-83. [PMID: 22251241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 are multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of a wide range of reactive oxygen species produced during melanin synthesis and oxidative stress processes. OBJECTIVES Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GSTP1 and copy number variants in GSTM1 and GSTT1 may be candidate low-penetrance variants with a role in susceptibility to malignant melanoma (MM). METHODS In this case-control study, 562 Spanish patients with sporadic MM and 338 cancer-free control subjects were included, and the role of polymorphisms in these GST genes was investigated. Genotypes were established by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for GSTM1 and GSTT1 while TaqMan probes were used to genotype GSTP1 SNPs. RESULTS The GSTP1 polymorphism rs1695, which encodes the amino acid change p.Ile105Val, was individually associated with MM [odds ratio (OR): 1·32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·06-1·63]. Furthermore, individuals carrying one or two MC1R nonsynonymous changes and GSTP1 rs1695 rare allele had an increased risk of developing MM (OR: 3·34, 95% CI: 1·42-8·09 and OR: 20·42, 95% CI: 2·80-417·42, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism is reported to be associated with MM. In addition, this study is one of the largest GST polymorphism studies undertaken in the Spanish population and the first time that copy number variants have been scrutinized in relation to MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Avilés JA, Lázaro P, Fernández LP, Benítez J, Ibarrola-Villava M, Ribas G. Phenotypic and histologic characteristics of cutaneous melanoma in patients with melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphisms. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:44-50. [PMID: 22464597 DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is an important risk factor for melanoma due to its role in the production of melanin in response to sun exposure. OBJECTIVES To analyze the phenotypic and histologic characteristics of cutaneous melanoma in patients carrying mutations in MC1R and assess the influence of sun exposure on the occurrence of melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 224 patients with a diagnosis of melanoma seen in the Department of Dermatology at Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón in Madrid, Spain between September 2004 and December 2009 were included in the study. The genomic sequence of MC1R was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At least one of the following MC1R variants was present in 58% of the patients: V60L, V92M, I155T, R160W, D294H, and R163Q. Carriers of those variants had a history of sunburn (P=.018) and melanomas located on areas with intermittent sun exposure (P=.019), and the majority had a diagnosis of superficial spreading melanoma. These associations were especially significant in patients with the R160W and D294H variants. Carriers of R160W also had melanomas associated with melanocytic nevi (P=.028). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that there may be a relationship between the expression of certain MC1R variants and sun exposure, history of sunburn, and skin type. They also indicate a higher frequency of superficial spreading melanomas and melanomas associated with melanocytic nevi in patients carrying certain mutations in MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Avilés
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Hu HH, Guedj M, Fernandez LP, Descamps V, Basset-Seguin N, Bagot M, Benssussan A, Saiag P, Fargnoli MC, Peris K, Aviles JA, Lluch A, Ribas G, Soufir N. MC1R, SLC45A2 and TYR genetic variants involved in melanoma susceptibility in southern European populations: results from a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2183-91. [PMID: 22464347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Seven genetic biomarkers previously associated with melanoma were analysed in a meta-analysis conducted in three South European populations: five red hair colour (RHC) MC1R alleles, one SLC45A2 variant (p.Phe374Leu) and one thermosensitive TYR variant (p.Arg402Gln). The study included 1639 melanoma patients and 1342 control subjects. RESULTS The estimated odds ratio (OR) associated with carrying at least one MC1R RHC variant was 2.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86-2.55; p-value=1.02×10(-21)), with an additive effect for carrying two RHC variants (OR: 5.02, 95% CI: 2.88-8.94, p-value=3.91×10(-8)). The SLC45A2 variant, p.Phe374Leu, was significantly and strongly protective for melanoma in the three South European populations studied, with an overall OR value of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.33-0.50; p-value=3.50×10(-17)). The association with melanoma of the TYR variant p.Arg402Gln was also statistically significant (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.11-2.04; p-value=0.0089). Adjustment for all clinical potential confounders showed that melanoma risks attributable to MC1R and SLC45A2 variants strongly persisted (OR: 2.01 95% CI: 1.49-2.72 and OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.80, respectively), while the association of TYR p.Arg402Gln was no longer significant. In addition, stratification of clinical melanoma risk factors showed that the risk of melanoma was strong in those individuals who did not have clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results show without ambiguity that in South European populations, MC1R RHC and SCL45A2 p.Phe374Leu variants are strong melanoma risk predictors, notably in those individuals who would not be identified as high risk based on their phenotypes or exposures alone. The use of these biomarkers in clinical practice could be promising and warrants further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Davies JR, Randerson-Moor J, Kukalizch K, Harland M, Kumar R, Madhusudan S, Nagore E, Hansson J, Höiom V, Ghiorzo P, Gruis NA, Kanetsky PA, Wendt J, Pjanova D, Puig S, Saiag P, Schadendorf D, Soufir N, Okamoto I, Affleck P, García-Casado Z, Ogbah Z, Ozola A, Queirolo P, Sucker A, Barrett JH, van Doorn R, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop J. Inherited variants in the MC1R gene and survival from cutaneous melanoma: a BioGenoMEL study. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:384-94. [PMID: 22325793 PMCID: PMC3490389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inherited MC1R variants modulate MITF transcription factor signaling, which in turn affects tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The aim of this BioGenoMEL collaborative study in 10 melanoma cohorts was to test the hypothesis that inherited variants thereby moderate survival expectation. A survival analysis in the largest cohort (Leeds) was carried out adjusting for factors known to impact on survival. The results were then compared with data from nine smaller cohorts. The absence of any consensus MC1R alleles was associated with a significantly lower risk of death in the Leeds set (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46–0.89) and overall in the 10 data sets (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65–0.94) with some support from the nine smaller data sets considered together (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.67–1.04). The data are suggestive of a survival benefit for inherited MC1R variants in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Davies
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Wendt J, Schanab O, Binder M, Pehamberger H, Okamoto I. Site-dependent actinic skin damage as risk factor for melanoma in a central European population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:234-42. [PMID: 22145962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sun exposure is causal for melanoma but is subject to bias of recall so that it is difficult to dissect the role of particular patterns of sun exposure. In this hospital-based case-control study (n = 1991), we aimed to analyze pigmentation traits and signs of actinic damage at different anatomic locations as markers of melanoma risk in central European patients. Although all signs of actinic damage (freckling, wrinkling and solar lentigos) were significantly associated with melanoma risk in multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for age and sex, the strongest associations were observed for the dorsal parts of the body: adjusted odds ratios [OR] were 4.22 for wrinkling on the neck, 3.43 for solar lentigos and 3.37 for freckling on the back (all P < 0.001), respectively. These associations were independent of age, sex and pigmentation traits. Our results indicate that signs of actinic damage are predictors of melanoma risk, particularly on the back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wendt
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Guha S, Rosenfeld JA, Malhotra AK, Lee AT, Gregersen PK, Kane JM, Pe'er I, Darvasi A, Lencz T. Implications for health and disease in the genetic signature of the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R2. [PMID: 22277159 PMCID: PMC3334583 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively small, reproductively isolated populations with reduced genetic diversity may have advantages for genomewide association mapping in disease genetics. The Ashkenazi Jewish population represents a unique population for study based on its recent (< 1,000 year) history of a limited number of founders, population bottlenecks and tradition of marriage within the community. We genotyped more than 1,300 Ashkenazi Jewish healthy volunteers from the Hebrew University Genetic Resource with the Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad platform. Comparison of the genotyping data with that of neighboring European and Asian populations enabled the Ashkenazi Jewish-specific component of the variance to be characterized with respect to disease-relevant alleles and pathways. RESULTS Using clustering, principal components, and pairwise genetic distance as converging approaches, we identified an Ashkenazi Jewish-specific genetic signature that differentiated these subjects from both European and Middle Eastern samples. Most notably, gene ontology analysis of the Ashkenazi Jewish genetic signature revealed an enrichment of genes functioning in transepithelial chloride transport, such as CFTR, and in equilibrioception, potentially shedding light on cystic fibrosis, Usher syndrome and other diseases over-represented in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Results also impact risk profiles for autoimmune and metabolic disorders in this population. Finally, residual intra-Ashkenazi population structure was minimal, primarily determined by class 1 MHC alleles, and not related to host country of origin. CONCLUSIONS The Ashkenazi Jewish population is of potential utility in disease-mapping studies due to its relative homogeneity and distinct genomic signature. Results suggest that Ashkenazi-associated disease genes may be components of population-specific genomic differences in key functional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Guha
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59, 263rd St Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rosenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59, 263rd St Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59, 263rd St Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Annette T Lee
- Robert S Boas Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Robert S Boas Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - John M Kane
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59, 263rd St Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Itsik Pe'er
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ariel Darvasi
- Department of Genetics The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Todd Lencz
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59, 263rd St Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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Características fenotípicas e histológicas de los pacientes con melanoma cutáneo en función de los polimorfismos del MC1R. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Stanisz H, Seifert M, Tilgen W, Vogt T, Rass K. Reciprocal responses of fibroblasts and melanocytes to α-MSH depending on MC1R polymorphisms. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:259-65. [PMID: 22259655 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.4.17454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R) exhibits several variants in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are known to differentially regulate melanocyte function. However, whether and how MC1R polymorphisms also affect fibroblast function has not been investigated so far.Therefore we measured intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and cellular proliferation upon stimulation with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in eight different human fibroblast and melanocyte cell lines with wild type and different MC1R SNPs.We found that fibroblasts, as well as melanocytes, show differences in MC1R function depending on the MC1R genotype. MC1R stimulation with α-MSH in wild type (MC1R(wt)) melanocytes results in an increase of intracellular cAMP and cellular proliferation. In contrast, MC1R(wt) fibroblasts react with a decrease of intracellular cAMP and proliferation. In MC1R polymorphic fibroblasts (R163Q, R151C and V60L) both effects are significantly alleviated. Similar, but inverse effects could be found in MC1R polymorphic melanocytes (R142H and V92M) with a significantly lower cAMP increase and proliferation rate compared to MC1R(wt) melanocytes.Our results indicate that the MC1R displays reciprocal growth responses in melanocytes and fibroblasts, depending on the MC1R genotype. Thus, the MC1R seems to be not solely important for the skin pigmentary system, but also for the fibroblast function, and might influence different processes of the dermal compartment like wound healing, fibrosis and keloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Stanisz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; University Hospital of Saarland; Homburg, Germany
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Alonso S, Boyano MD, Peña-Chilet M, Pita G, Aviles JA, Mayor M, Gomez-Fernandez C, Casado B, Martin-Gonzalez M, Izagirre N, De la Rua C, Asumendi A, Perez-Yarza G, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Boldo E, Lozoya R, Torrijos-Aguilar A, Pitarch A, Pitarch G, Sanchez-Motilla JM, Valcuende-Cavero F, Tomas-Cabedo G, Perez-Pastor G, Diaz-Perez JL, Gardeazabal J, de Lizarduy IM, Sanchez-Diez A, Valdes C, Pizarro A, Casado M, Carretero G, Botella-Estrada R, Nagore E, Lazaro P, Lluch A, Benitez J, Martinez-Cadenas C, Ribas G. A customized pigmentation SNP array identifies a novel SNP associated with melanoma predisposition in the SLC45A2 gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19271. [PMID: 21559390 PMCID: PMC3084811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of Malignant Melanoma (MM) reflects an interaction between skin colour and UV exposure, variations in genes implicated in pigmentation and tanning response to UV may be associated with susceptibility to MM. In this study, 363 SNPs in 65 gene regions belonging to the pigmentation pathway have been successfully genotyped using a SNP array. Five hundred and ninety MM cases and 507 controls were analyzed in a discovery phase I. Ten candidate SNPs based on a p-value threshold of 0.01 were identified. Two of them, rs35414 (SLC45A2) and rs2069398 (SILV/CKD2), were statistically significant after conservative Bonferroni correction. The best six SNPs were further tested in an independent Spanish series (624 MM cases and 789 controls). A novel SNP located on the SLC45A2 gene (rs35414) was found to be significantly associated with melanoma in both phase I and phase II (P<0.0001). None of the other five SNPs were replicated in this second phase of the study. However, three SNPs in TYR, SILV/CDK2 and ADAMTS20 genes (rs17793678, rs2069398 and rs1510521 respectively) had an overall p-value<0.05 when considering the whole DNA collection (1214 MM cases and 1296 controls). Both the SLC45A2 and the SILV/CDK2 variants behave as protective alleles, while the TYR and ADAMTS20 variants seem to function as risk alleles. Cumulative effects were detected when these four variants were considered together. Furthermore, individuals carrying two or more mutations in MC1R, a well-known low penetrance melanoma-predisposing gene, had a decreased MM risk if concurrently bearing the SLC45A2 protective variant. To our knowledge, this is the largest study on Spanish sporadic MM cases to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Programa Genetica Humana, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Boyano
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jose A. Aviles
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias Mayor
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Casado
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Neskuts Izagirre
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Concepcion De la Rua
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gorka Perez-Yarza
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Boldo
- Unidad de Cirugia Oncologica, Hospital Provincial Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozoya
- Unidad de Cirugia Oncologica, Hospital Provincial Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Ana Pitarch
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital General Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Gerard Pitarch
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital General Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Perez-Pastor
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital La Plana, Vila-real, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Valdes
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Angel Pizarro
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Casado
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Carretero
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Dr Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Lazaro
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Gloria Ribas
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Programa Genetica Humana, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
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Williams PF, Olsen CM, Hayward NK, Whiteman DC. Melanocortin 1 receptor and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis and estimates of population burden. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1730-40. [PMID: 21128237 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene have been associated with increased risks of melanoma, but different approaches to study design, analysis, and reporting have hindered comparisons of findings. We aimed to harmonize the published data by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of MC1R variants and thereby estimate relative risks and population attributable fractions (PAFs). We identified 20 analytic studies reporting on 25 populations, which presented quantitative data on melanoma risks associated with any of nine MC1R variants. We separately pooled estimates of risk per person and risk per chromosome using a random effects model. Red hair color (RHC) variants had the highest risk of melanoma [summary odds ratios (OR) 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-3.45, PAF 16.8% CI 0.119-0.202], but non-RHC variants were also associated with increased risk (summary OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51, PAF 7.4% CI 0.030-0.112). The summary risk of melanoma associated with individual variants ranged from OR 2.40 for R142H to 1.18 for V60L, although significant heterogeneity was evident for most variants. PAFs ranged from 0.55% for I155T to 6.28% for R151C. Our findings suggest the nine most common MC1R variants make a sizeable contribution to the burden of melanoma. Melanoma research would be greatly assisted by standardized classifications for MC1R variants and consistent reporting conventions. More compatible and comparable research would allow for more powerful data that could be clinically applied to predict melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Williams
- Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Gillie O. Sunlight robbery: a critique of public health policy on vitamin D in the UK. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1148-63. [PMID: 20440694 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The British Isles have a very cloudy climate and as a result receive fewer hours of clear sunlight than most other industrial regions. The majority of people in these islands have low blood levels of vitamin D [25(OH)D] all year round. Few food products are fortified with vitamin D in the UK and the government does not recommend any vitamin D supplement for most adults in the UK. Diseases associated with vitamin D insufficiency such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes (types 1 and 2) and multiple sclerosis are more frequent in the UK, and particularly in Scotland, than in many other European countries and some, such as multiple sclerosis and diabetes (types 1 and 2), are increasing in incidence. Present knowledge suggests that the risk of some chronic diseases could be reduced if vitamin D intake or sun exposure of the population were increased. Yet policy and public health recommendations of the UK government and its agencies (e.g. the Health Protection Agency, the Food Standards Agency) and of Cancer Research UK have failed to take full account of established and putative benefits of vitamin D and/or sunshine. The epidemic of chronic disease in the UK, which is associated with and caused at least in part by vitamin D insufficiency, has not been adequately recognized by these agencies, and too often measures taken by them have been misguided, inappropriate or ineffective.
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Influence of loss of function MC1R variants in genetic susceptibility of familial melanoma in Spain. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:342-8. [PMID: 20539244 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32833b159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored the presence of germline alterations in CDK4 exon 2, CDKN2A and MC1R in a hospital-based study of 89 melanoma cases from 89 families with at least two members affected by cutaneous melanoma. A total of 30% of the melanoma kindreds studied were carriers of CDKN2A variants, and three of these variants were known predominant alleles that have been identified earlier in Mediterranean populations (p.G101W, p.V59G and c.358delG). We observed a higher frequency of nonsynonymous MC1R variants in these Spanish melanoma kindreds (72%) with respect to the general population (60%). We observed a higher frequency of nonsynonymous MC1R variants in this Spanish melanoma kindred (72%) respect to general population (60%). A new classification of MC1R variants based on their functional effects over melanocortin-1 receptor, including the dominant-negative effect of some of them in heterozygotes, suggested an association of loss of function MC1R variants and multiple primary melanoma cases from melanoma kindred (odds ratio: 6.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.35-27.20). This study proposes the relevance of loss of function MC1R variants in the risk of melanoma in multiple primary melanoma cases with family history from areas with low melanoma incidence rate.
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Gast A, Scherer D, Chen B, Bloethner S, Melchert S, Sucker A, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, Kumar R. Somatic alterations in the melanoma genome: a high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:733-45. [PMID: 20544847 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed DNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization to identify somatic alterations specific to melanoma genome in 60 human cell lines from metastasized melanoma and from 44 corresponding peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data showed gross but nonrandom somatic changes specific to the tumor genome. Although the CDKN2A (78%) and PTEN (70%) loci were the major targets of mono-allelic and bi-allelic deletions, amplifications affected loci with BRAF (53%) and NRAS (12%) as well as EGFR (52%), MITF (40%), NOTCH2 (35%), CCND1 (18%), MDM2 (18%), CCNE1 (10%), and CDK4 (8%). The amplified loci carried additional genes, many of which could potentially play a role in melanoma. Distinct patterns of copy number changes showed that alterations in CDKN2A tended to be more clustered in cell lines with mutations in the BRAF and NRAS genes; the PTEN locus was targeted mainly in conjunction with BRAF mutations. Amplification of CCND1, CDK4, and other loci was significantly increased in cell lines without BRAF-NRAS mutations and so was the loss of chromosome arms 13q and 16q. Our data suggest involvement of distinct genetic pathways that are driven either through oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations complemented by aberrations in the CDKN2A and PTEN genes or involve amplification of oncogenic genomic loci and loss of 13q and 16q. It also emerges that each tumor besides being affected by major and most common somatic genetic alterations also acquires additional genetic alterations that could be crucial in determining response to small molecular inhibitors that are being currently pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gast
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Association between the germline MC1R variants and somatic BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma tumors. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2844-8. [PMID: 20720566 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Pita G, Bravo J, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Genetic analysis of three important genes in pigmentation and melanoma susceptibility: CDKN2A, MC1R and HERC2/OCA2. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:836-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Scherer D, Kumar R. Genetics of pigmentation in skin cancer--a review. Mutat Res 2010; 705:141-153. [PMID: 20601102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is one of the most overt human physical traits with consequences on susceptibility to skin cancer. The variations in skin pigmentation are dependent on geographic location and population ethnicity. Skin colouration is mainly due to the pigmentation substance melanin, produced in specialized organelles (melanosomes) within dendritic melanocytes, and transferred to neighbouring keratinocytes. The two types of melanin synthesized in well defined chemical reactions are the protective dark coloured eumelanin and the sulphur containing light red-yellow pheomelanin. The events leading to the synthesis of melanin are controlled by signalling cascades that involve a host of genes encoding ligands, receptors, transcription factors, channel transporters and many other crucial molecules. Several variants within the genes involved in pigmentation have been associated with high risk phenotypes like fair skin, brown-red hair and green-blue eyes. Many of those variants have also been implicated in the risk of various skin cancers. The variants within the key pigmentation gene, melanocortin-receptor 1 (MC1R), in particular have been ubiquitously linked with high risk traits and skin cancers involving both pigmentary and non-pigmentary functions and likely interaction with variants in other genes. Many of the variants in other genes, functional in pigmentation pathway, have also been associated with phenotypic variation and risk of skin cancers. Those genes include agouti signalling protein (ASIP), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2), various solute carrier genes and transporters. Most of those associations have been confirmed in genome wide association studies that at the same time have also identified new loci involved in phenotypic variation and skin cancer risk. In conclusion, the genetic variants within the genes involved in skin pigmentation besides influencing phenotypic traits are important determinants of risk of several skin cancers. However, ultimate risk of skin cancer is dependent on interplay between genetic and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Scherer
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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