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Yang Z, Li H, Wu P, Li Q, Yu C, Wang D, Li W. Multi-biological functions of intermedin in diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1233073. [PMID: 37745233 PMCID: PMC10511904 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1233073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermedin (IMD) is a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)/calcitonin (CT) superfamily, and it is expressed extensively throughout the body. The typical receptors for IMD are complexes composed of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP), which leads to a biased activation towards Gαs. As a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, IMD regulates the initiation and metastasis of multiple tumors. Additionally, IMD functions as a proangiogenic factor that can restrain excessive vascular budding and facilitate the expansion of blood vessel lumen, ultimately resulting in the fusion of blood vessels. IMD has protective roles in various diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, metabolic disease, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases. This review systematically elucidates IMD's expression, structure, related receptors and signal pathway, as well as its comprehensive functions in the context of acute kidney injury, obesity, diabetes, heart failure and sepsis. However, the precise formation process of IMD short peptides in vivo and their downstream signaling pathway have not been fully elucidated yet. Further in-depth studies are need to translate IMD research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - ChunYan Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Denian Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Expression of the Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor (CALCRL) in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043960. [PMID: 36835377 PMCID: PMC9962437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available concerning protein expression of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) at the protein level. Here, we developed a rabbit monoclonal antibody, 8H9L8, which is directed against human CALCRL but cross-reacts with the rat and mouse forms of the receptor. We confirmed antibody specificity via Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry using the CALCRL-expressing neuroendocrine tumour cell line BON-1 and a CALCRL-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). We then used the antibody for immunohistochemical analyses of various formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of normal and neoplastic tissues. In nearly all tissue specimens examined, CALCRL expression was detected in the capillary endothelium, smooth muscles of the arterioles and arteries, and immune cells. Analyses of normal human, rat, and mouse tissues revealed that CALCRL was primarily present in distinct cell populations in the cerebral cortex; pituitary; dorsal root ganglia; epithelia, muscles, and glands of the larger bronchi; intestinal mucosa (particularly in enteroendocrine cells); intestinal ganglia; exocrine and endocrine pancreas; arteries, capillaries, and glomerular capillary loops in the kidneys; the adrenals; Leydig cells in the testicles; and syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta. In the neoplastic tissues, CALCRL was predominantly expressed in thyroid carcinomas, parathyroid adenomas, small-cell lung cancers, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, renal clear-cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, lymphomas, and melanomas. In these tumours with strong expression of CALCRL, the receptor may represent a useful target structure for future therapies.
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Benyahia Z, Gaudy-Marqueste C, Berenguer-Daizé C, Chabane N, Dussault N, Cayol M, Vellutini C, Djemli A, Nanni I, Beaufils N, Mabrouk K, Grob JJ, Ouafik L. Adrenomedullin Secreted by Melanoma Cells Promotes Melanoma Tumor Growth through Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235909. [PMID: 36497391 PMCID: PMC9738606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive tumor and can constitute a real therapeutic challenge despite the significant progress achieved with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, thus highlighting the need for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide with significant expression in multiple types of tumors and is multifunctional. AM impacts angiogenesis and tumor growth and binds to calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity-modifying protein 2 or 3 (CLR/RAMP2; CLR/RAMP3). METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to determine the functional role of AM in melanoma growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RESULTS In this study, AM and AM receptors were immunohistochemically localized in the tumoral compartment of melanoma tissue, suggesting that the AM system plays a role in melanoma growth. We used A375, SK-MEL-28, and MeWo cells, for which we demonstrate an expression of AM and its receptors; hypoxia induces the expression of AM in melanoma cells. The proliferation of A375 and SK-MEL-28 cells is decreased by anti-AM antibody (αAM) and anti-AMR antibodies (αAMR), supporting the fact that AM may function as a potent autocrine/paracrine growth factor for melanoma cells. Furthermore, migration and invasion of melanoma cells increased after treatment with AM and decreased after treatment with αAMR, thus indicating that melanoma cells are regulated by AM. Systemic administration of αAMR reduced neovascularization of in vivo Matrigel plugs containing melanoma cells, as demonstrated by reduced numbers of vessel structures, which suggests that AM is one of the melanoma cells-derived factors responsible for endothelial cell-like and pericyte recruitment in the construction of neovascularization. In vivo, αAMR therapy blocked angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and decreased proliferation in MeWo xenografts, thereby resulting in tumor regression. Histological examination of αAMR-treated tumors showed evidence of the disruption of tumor vascularity, with depletion of vascular endothelial cells and a significant decrease in lymphatic endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The expression of AM by melanoma cells promotes tumor growth and neovascularization by supplying/amplifying signals for neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Benyahia
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Gaudy-Marqueste
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Dermatologie et de Cancérologie Cutanée, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Norhimane Chabane
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Dussault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Cayol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christine Vellutini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Amina Djemli
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Nord, Service D’anatomopathologie, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Nanni
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Nord, Service D’Onco-Biologie, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Beaufils
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Nord, Service D’Onco-Biologie, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Grob
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Dermatologie et de Cancérologie Cutanée, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - L’Houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CHU Nord, Service D’Onco-Biologie, 13015 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-491324447
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Jailani ABA, Bigos KJA, Avgoustou P, Egan JL, Hathway RA, Skerry TM, Richards GO. Targeting the adrenomedullin-2 receptor for the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:839-848. [PMID: 35733389 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2090541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide responsible for many physiological processes including vascular health and hormone regulation. Dysregulation of AM signaling can stimulate cancers by promoting proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Two AM receptors contribute to tumor progression in different ways. Adrenomedullin-1 receptor (AM1R) regulates blood pressure and blocking AM signaling via AM1R would be clinically unacceptable. Therefore, antagonizing adrenomedullin-2 receptor (AM2R) presents as an avenue for anti-cancer drug development. AREAS COVERED We review the literature to highlight AM's role in cancer as well as delineating the specific roles AM1R and AM2R mediate in the development of a pro-tumoral microenvironment. We highlight the importance of exploring the residue differences between the receptors that led to the development of first-in-class selective AM2R small molecule antagonists. We also summarize the current approaches targeting AM and its receptors, their anti-tumor effects and their limitations. EXPERT OPINION As tool compounds, AM2R antagonists will allow the dissection of the functions of CGRPR (calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor), AM1R and AM2R, and has considerable potential as a first-in-class oncology therapy. Furthermore, the lack of detectable side effects and good drug-like pharmacokinetic properties of these AM2R antagonists support the promise of this class of compounds as potential anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera B A Jailani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamilla J A Bigos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paris Avgoustou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph L Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gareth O Richards
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Circulating Levels of the Cardiovascular Biomarkers ST2 and Adrenomedullin Predict Outcome within a Randomized Phase III Lung Cancer Trial (RASTEN). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051307. [PMID: 35267617 PMCID: PMC8909619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular comorbidity is common in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and may significantly affect treatment tolerability and patient outcome. Still, there are no established biomarkers for objective and dynamic assessment as a tool for improved treatment decisions. We have investigated circulating levels of midregional-pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), midregional-pro-atrial-natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), copeptin (surrogate for vasopressin) and suppression-of-tumorigenicity-2 (ST2), all known to correlate with various aspects of cardiovascular function, in a SCLC cohort (N = 252) from a randomized, controlled trial (RASTEN). For all measured biomarkers, protein levels were inversely associated with survival, particularly with ST2 and MR-proADM, where the top versus bottom quartile was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.40 (95% CI 1.44−3.98; p = 0.001) and 2.18 (95% CI 1.35−3.51; p = 0.001), respectively, in the entire cohort, and 3.43 (95% CI 1.73−6.79; p < 0.001) and 3.49 (95% CI 1.84−6.60; p < 0.001), respectively, in extensive disease patients. A high combined score of MR-proADM and ST2 was associated with a significantly reduced median OS of 7.0 months vs. 14.9 months for patients with a low combined score. We conclude that the cardiovascular biomarkers MR-proADM and ST2 strongly correlate with survival in SCLC, warranting prospective studies on the clinical utility of MR-proADM and ST2 for improved, individualized treatment decisions.
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Simonetti G, Angeli D, Petracci E, Fonzi E, Vedovato S, Sperotto A, Padella A, Ghetti M, Ferrari A, Robustelli V, Di Liddo R, Conconi MT, Papayannidis C, Cerchione C, Rondoni M, Astolfi A, Ottaviani E, Martinelli G, Gottardi M. Adrenomedullin Expression Characterizes Leukemia Stem Cells and Associates With an Inflammatory Signature in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:684396. [PMID: 34150648 PMCID: PMC8208888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.684396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a hypotensive and vasodilator peptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide family. It is secreted in vitro by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, and is significantly upregulated by a number of stimuli. Moreover, ADM participates in the regulation of hematopoietic compartment, solid tumors and leukemias, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To better characterize ADM involvement in AML pathogenesis, we investigated its expression during human hematopoiesis and in leukemic subsets, based on a morphological, cytogenetic and molecular characterization and in T cells from AML patients. In hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and T lymphocytes from healthy subjects, ADM transcript was barely detectable. It was expressed at low levels by megakaryocytes and erythroblasts, while higher levels were measured in neutrophils, monocytes and plasma cells. Moreover, cells populating the hematopoietic niche, including mesenchymal stem cells, showed to express ADM. ADM was overexpressed in AML cells versus normal CD34+ cells and in the subset of leukemia compared with hematopoietic stem cells. In parallel, we detected a significant variation of ADM expression among cytogenetic subgroups, measuring the highest levels in inv(16)/t(16;16) or complex karyotype AML. According to the mutational status of AML-related genes, the analysis showed a lower expression of ADM in FLT3-ITD, NPM1-mutated AML and FLT3-ITD/NPM1-mutated cases compared with wild-type ones. Moreover, ADM expression had a negative impact on overall survival within the favorable risk class, while showing a potential positive impact within the subgroup receiving a not-intensive treatment. The expression of 135 genes involved in leukemogenesis, regulation of cell proliferation, ferroptosis, protection from apoptosis, HIF-1α signaling, JAK-STAT pathway, immune and inflammatory responses was correlated with ADM levels in the bone marrow cells of at least two AML cohorts. Moreover, ADM was upregulated in CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells from AML patients compared with healthy controls and some ADM co-expressed genes participate in a signature of immune tolerance that characterizes CD4+ T cells from leukemic patients. Overall, our study shows that ADM expression in AML associates with a stem cell phenotype, inflammatory signatures and genes related to immunosuppression, all factors that contribute to therapy resistance and disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Davide Angeli
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Petracci
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Eugenio Fonzi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Susanna Vedovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sperotto
- Hematology and Transplant Center Unit, Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Udine University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella Padella
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Martina Ghetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Valentina Robustelli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Michela Rondoni
- Hematology Unit & Romagna Transplant Network, Ravenna Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- “Giorgio Prodi” Cancer Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ottaviani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Michele Gottardi
- Onco Hematology, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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Grandits AM, Wieser R. Gene expression changes contribute to stemness and therapy resistance of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: roles of SOCS2, CALCRL, MTSS1, and KDM6A. Exp Hematol 2021; 99:1-11. [PMID: 34029637 PMCID: PMC7612147 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Relapse is associated with therapy resistance and is a major cause of death in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is thought to result from the accretion of therapy-refractory leukemic stem cells. Genetic and transcriptional changes that are recurrently gained at relapse are likely to contribute to the increased stemness and decreased therapy responsiveness at this disease stage. Despite the recent approval of several targeted drugs, chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and anthracyclines is still the mainstay of AML therapy. Accordingly, a number of studies have investigated genetic and gene expression changes between diagnosis and relapse of patients subjected to such treatment. Genetic alterations recurrently acquired at relapse were identified, but were restricted to small proportions of patients, and their functional characterization is still largely pending. In contrast, the expression of a substantial number of genes was altered consistently between diagnosis and recurrence of AML. Recent studies corroborated the roles of the upregulation of SOCS2 and CALCRL and of the downregulation of MTSS1 and KDM6A in therapy resistance and/or stemness of AML. These findings spur the assumption that functional investigations of genes consistently altered at recurrence of AML have the potential to promote the development of novel targeted drugs that may help to improve the outcome of this currently often fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Grandits
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rotraud Wieser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.
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Vázquez R, Riveiro ME, Berenguer-Daizé C, O'Kane A, Gormley J, Touzelet O, Rezai K, Bekradda M, Ouafik L. Targeting Adrenomedullin in Oncology: A Feasible Strategy With Potential as Much More Than an Alternative Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 10:589218. [PMID: 33489885 PMCID: PMC7815935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.589218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development, maintenance and metastasis of solid tumors are highly dependent on the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones through a series of processes that are respectively known as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Both are mediated by specific growth-stimulating molecules, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (AM), secreted by diverse cell types which involve not only the cancerogenic ones, but also those constituting the tumor stroma (i.e., macrophages, pericytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells). In this sense, anti-angiogenic therapy represents a clinically-validated strategy in oncology. Current therapeutic approaches are mainly based on VEGF-targeting agents, which, unfortunately, are usually limited by toxicity and/or tumor-acquired resistance. AM is a ubiquitous peptide hormone mainly secreted in the endothelium with an important involvement in blood vessel development and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we will introduce the state-of-the-art in terms of AM physiology, while putting a special focus on its pro-tumorigenic role, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target in oncology. A large amount of research has evidenced AM overexpression in a vast majority of solid tumors and a correlation between AM levels and disease stage, progression and/or vascular density has been observed. The analysis presented here indicates that the involvement of AM in the pathogenesis of cancer arises from: 1) direct promotion of cell proliferation and survival; 2) increased vascularization and the subsequent supply of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor; 3) and/or alteration of the cell phenotype into a more aggressive one. Furthermore, we have performed a deep scrutiny of the pathophysiological prominence of each of the AM receptors (AM1 and AM2) in different cancers, highlighting their differential locations and functions, as well as regulatory mechanisms. From the therapeutic point of view, we summarize here an exhaustive series of preclinical studies showing a reduction of tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and growth following treatment with AM-neutralizing antibodies, AM receptor antagonists, or AM receptor interference. Anti-AM therapy is a promising strategy to be explored in oncology, not only as an anti-angiogenic alternative in the context of acquired resistance to VEGF treatment, but also as a potential anti-metastatic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Vázquez
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Maria E Riveiro
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Anthony O'Kane
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Gormley
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Keyvan Rezai
- Department of Radio-Pharmacology, Institute Curie-René Huguenin Hospital, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Mohamed Bekradda
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
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Benyahia Z, Dussault N, Cayol M, Sigaud R, Berenguer-Daizé C, Delfino C, Tounsi A, Garcia S, Martin PM, Mabrouk K, Ouafik L. Stromal fibroblasts present in breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through adrenomedullin secretion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15744-15762. [PMID: 28178651 PMCID: PMC5362520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor- or cancer-associated fibroblasts (TAFs or CAFs) are active players in tumorigenesis and exhibit distinct angiogenic and tumorigenic properties. Adrenomedullin (AM), a multifunctional peptide plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth through its receptors calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity modifying protein-2 and -3 (CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3). We show that AM and AM receptors mRNAs are highly expressed in CAFs prepared from invasive breast carcinoma when compared to normal fibroblasts. Immunostaining demonstrates the presence of immunoreactive AM and AM receptors in the CAFs (n = 9). The proliferation of CAFs is decreased by anti-AM antibody (αAM) and anti-AM receptors antibody (αAMR) treatment, suggesting that AM may function as a potent autocrine/paracrine growth factor. Systemic administration of αAMR reduced neovascularization of in vivo Matrigel plugs containing CAFs as demonstrated by reduced numbers of the vessel structures, suggesting that AM is one of the CAFs-derived factors responsible for endothelial cell-like and pericytes recruitment to built a neovascularization. We show that MCF-7 admixed with CAFs generated tumors of greater volume significantly different from the MCF-7 xenografts in nude mice due in part to the induced angiogenesis. αAMR and AM22-52 therapies significantly suppressed the growth of CAFs/MCF-7 tumors. Histological examination of tumors treated with AM22-52 and aAMR showed evidence of disruption of tumor vasculature with depletion of vascular endothelial cells, induced apoptosis and decrease of tumor cell proliferation. Our findings highlight the importance of CAFs-derived AM pathway in growth of breast carcinoma and in neovascularization by supplying and amplifying signals that are essential for pathologic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Benyahia
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Dussault
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Cayol
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Sigaud
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Berenguer-Daizé
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Delfino
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Asma Tounsi
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Garcia
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, 13015, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Martin
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 CROPS, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille University, The Institut National pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, UMR 911, 13005, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, 13015, Marseille, France
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10
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Qiao F, Fang J, Xu J, Zhao W, Ni Y, Akuo BA, Zhang W, Liu Y, Ding F, Li G, Liu B, Wang H, Shao S. The role of adrenomedullin in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88464-88474. [PMID: 29179449 PMCID: PMC5687619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin has been shown to be overexpressed in many tumors, including gastric cancer tumors; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of adrenomedullin in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Using clinical specimens and immunohistochemistry, we found that the expression levels of adrenomedullin and its receptors are inordinately elevated as compared to the adjacent non-tumor gastric tissues. We used siRNA gene silencing, in BGC-823 gastric cancer cell lines, to target adrenomedullin genes, and found that increased adrenomedullin expression results in the proliferation of tumor cells, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, we found that under hypoxic conditions, gastric cancer BGC-823 cells exhibit higher expression levels of adrenomedullin and various other related proteins. Our results indicate the involvement of adrenomedullin in microvessel proliferation and partially in the release of hypoxia in solid tumors. Knockdown of adrenomedullin expression, at the protein level, reduced the levels of phosphoprotein kinase B and B-cell lymphoma 2 but increased the levels of cleaved-caspase3 and Bcl 2 associated x protein (Bax). Therefore, we hypothesized siRNA targeting of adrenomedullin genes inhibits various serine/threonine kinases via a signaling pathway that induces cell apoptosis. SiRNA targeting of adrenomedullin genes and green fluorescent control vectors were used to transfect BGC-823 cells, and western blot analyses were used to detect changes in the rates of autophagy in related proteins using confocal laser scanning microscopy. No significant changes were detected. Therefore, the knockdown of adrenomedullin and its receptors may represent a novel treatment strategy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Qiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.,Medical Laboratory, Xintai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xintai 271200, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jian Fang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenqiu Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying Ni
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fangfang Ding
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of The Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Baoguo Liu
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Taian Jiangong Hospital, Taian 271001, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shihe Shao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
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11
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Infiltrating mast cells promote renal cell carcinoma angiogenesis by modulating PI3K→︀AKT→︀GSK3β→︀AM signaling. Oncogene 2017; 36:2879-2888. [PMID: 28114284 PMCID: PMC5442425 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of vascular endothelial cells from the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote angiogenesis plays key roles in the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The potential impact of immune cells in the TME on RCC angiogenesis, however, remains unclear. Here, we found that recruitment of mast cells resulted in increased RCC angiogenesis in both in vitro cell lines and in vivo mouse models. Mechanistic analyses revealed that RCC recruited mast cells by modulating PI3K→AKT→GSK3β→AM signaling. A clinical survey of human RCC samples also showed that higher expression of the PI3K→AKT→GSK3β→AM signaling pathway correlated with increased angiogenesis. Interruption of PI3K→AKT→GSK3β→AM signaling via specific inhibitors led to decreased recruitment of mast cells, and targeting this infiltrating mast cell-related signaling via an AKT-specific inhibitor suppressed RCC angiogenesis in xenograft mouse models. Together, these results identified a novel role of infiltrating mast cells in RCC angiogenesis and metastasis and suggest a new strategy for treating RCC by targeting this newly identified signaling pathway.
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12
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Greillier L, Tounsi A, Berenguer-Daizé C, Dussault N, Delfino C, Benyahia Z, Cayol M, Mabrouk K, Garcia S, Martin PM, Barlesi F, Ouafik L. Functional Analysis of the Adrenomedullin Pathway in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:94-107. [PMID: 26762744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) grows aggressively within the thoracic cavity and has a very low cure rate, thus highlighting the need for identification of new therapeutic targets. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide that is highly expressed in several tumors and plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth after binding to its receptors, calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (CLR/RAMP2) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (CLR/RAMP3). METHODS Real time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the steady-state levels of AM, CLR, RAMP2 and RAMP3 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in normal pleural tissue (n=5) and MPM (n=24). The expression of these candidates at protein level was revealed by immunohistochemistry. We also characterized the expression and regulation by hypoxia of AM system in MPM cell lines and MeT-5A cells. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to determine the functional role of AM system in MPM. RESULTS In this study, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed twofold to 10-fold higher levels of AM messenger RNA in MPM tissue than in normal pleural tissue. The MPM cell lines H2452, H2052, and human mesothelioma cell line MSTO-211H showed a significant increase in expression of AM messenger RNA under hypoxic conditions. Our results also show that AM stimulates cell proliferation in vitro through the Raf1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (CRAF)/ Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK)/Extracellular regulated MAPKinase (ERK) pathway. Furthermore, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MPM cells were decreased after treatment with anti-AM (αAM) and anti-AM receptor antibodies, thus indicating that MPM cells are regulated by AM. The action of AM was specific and mediated by CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 receptors. In vivo, αAM and AM22-52 antagonist therapies blocked angiogenesis and induced apoptosis in MSTO-211H xenografts, thereby resulting in tumor regression. Histologic examination of tumors treated with AM22-52 and αAM antibody showed evidence of disruption of tumor vasculature with depletion of vascular endothelial cells and a significant decrease in lymphatic endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of the AM pathway in growth of MPM and in neovascularization by supplying and amplifying signals that are essential for pathologic neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenomedullin/genetics
- Adrenomedullin/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein/genetics
- Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mesothelioma/genetics
- Mesothelioma/metabolism
- Mesothelioma/pathology
- Mesothelioma, Malignant
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Pleural Neoplasms/genetics
- Pleural Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pleural Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2/genetics
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2/metabolism
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3/genetics
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenomedullin/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenomedullin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Greillier
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Service d'Oncologie Multidisciplinaire et Innovations Thérapeutiques, Marseille, France.
| | - Asma Tounsi
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Berenguer-Daizé
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Dussault
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Delfino
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Zohra Benyahia
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Cayol
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix-Marseille University, LCP UMR 6264, CROPS, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Garcia
- Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Martin
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Service d'Oncologie Multidisciplinaire et Innovations Thérapeutiques, Marseille, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix-Marseille University, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; INSERM, CRO2 UMR 911, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
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13
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Ganor Y, Drillet-Dangeard AS, Bomsel M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency type 1 transmission by Langerhans cells via an autocrine/paracrine feedback mechanism. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:432-41. [PMID: 25142255 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peripheral neurones innervating mucosal epithelia are in direct contact with resident immune cells, including Langerhans cells (LCs). Such neurones secrete the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that modulates LCs function. We recently found that CGRP strongly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, by interfering with multiple steps of mucosal LC-mediated HIV-1 transfer, including increased expression of the LC-specific lectin langerin. Herein, we investigated the anti-HIV-1 mechanism of CGRP. METHODS In the presence of CGRP, HIV-1 transfer from LCs to CD4+ T cells was tested with viral clones using either the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4). Surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4 and langerin was evaluated by flow cytometry. CGRP secretion by LCs was measured with an enzyme immunoassay. Expression of the multimeric CGRP receptor was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immuno-fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased transfer of HIV-1 R5, but increased that of X4. These opposing effects correlated with decreased CCR5 vs. increased CXCR4 surface expression in LCs. Inhibition of HIV-1 R5 transfer by CGRP involved signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) activation. Both αCGRP and βCGRP were similarly efficient in decreasing HIV-1 R5 transfer and increasing langerin expression. LCs secreted low basal levels of endogenous CGRP, which increased markedly following CGRP treatment. CGRP also increased expression of its cognate receptor in LCs. CONCLUSION CGRP engages a positive feedback mechanism that would further enhance its anti-HIV-1 activity. This information might be relevant for the therapeutic use of CGRP as a prophylactic agent against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - A.-S. Drillet-Dangeard
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - M. Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; Cochin Institute; CNRS (UMR 8104); Paris France
- INSERM U1016; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
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14
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Larráyoz IM, Martínez-Herrero S, García-Sanmartín J, Ochoa-Callejero L, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin and tumour microenvironment. J Transl Med 2014; 12:339. [PMID: 25475159 PMCID: PMC4272513 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a regulatory peptide whose involvement in tumour progression is becoming more relevant with recent studies. AM is produced and secreted by the tumour cells but also by numerous stromal cells including macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Most cancer patients present high levels of circulating AM and in some cases these higher levels correlate with a worst prognosis. In some cases it has been shown that the high AM levels return to normal following surgical removal of the tumour, thus indicating the tumour as the source of this excessive production of AM. Expression of this peptide is a good investment for the tumour cell since AM acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor, prevents apoptosis-mediated cell death, increases tumour cell motility and metastasis, induces angiogenesis, and blocks immunosurveillance by inhibiting the immune system. In addition, AM expression gets rapidly activated by hypoxia through a HIF-1α mediated mechanism, thus characterizing AM as a major survival factor for tumour cells. Accordingly, a number of studies have shown that inhibition of this peptide or its receptors results in a significant reduction in tumour progression. In conclusion, AM is a great target for drug development and new drugs interfering with this system are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Sonia Martínez-Herrero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
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15
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Sena JA, Wang L, Pawlus MR, Hu CJ. HIFs enhance the transcriptional activation and splicing of adrenomedullin. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:728-41. [PMID: 24523299 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adrenomedullin (ADM) is important for tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, and survival. Under normoxic conditions, the ADM gene was found to produce two alternative transcripts, a fully spliced transcript that produces AM and PAMP peptides and intron-3-retaining transcript that produces a less functionally significant PAMP peptide only. ADM is a well-established hypoxia inducible gene; however, it is not clear which ADM isoform is induced by hypoxia. In this study, it was determined that various cancer and normal cells express two predominant types of ADM transcripts, a AM/PAMP peptide producing full-length transcript in which all introns are removed, and a nonprotein producing I1-3 transcript in which all introns are retained. Interestingly, hypoxia preferentially induced the full-length isoform. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), but not hypoxia per se, are necessary and sufficient to increase splicing of ADM pre-mRNA. ADM splicing reporters confirmed that transcriptional activation by HIF or other transcription factors is sufficient to enhance splicing. However, HIFs are more potent in enhancing ADM pre-mRNA splicing than other transcriptional activators. Thus, ADM intron retention is not a consequence of abnormal splicing, but is an important mechanism to regulate ADM expression. These results demonstrate a novel function of HIFs in regulating ADM expression by enhancing its pre-mRNA splicing. Importantly, using endogenous and cloned ADM gene, further evidence is provided for the coupling of transcription and RNA splicing. IMPLICATIONS Here, a novel function of HIFs in regulating ADM gene expression is identified by enhancing ADM pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny A Sena
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Biology Graduate Program, 2Department of Craniofacial Biology School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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16
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Nikitenko LL, Leek R, Henderson S, Pillay N, Turley H, Generali D, Gunningham S, Morrin HR, Pellagatti A, Rees MC, Harris AL, Fox SB. The G-protein-coupled receptor CLR is upregulated in an autocrine loop with adrenomedullin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and associated with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5740-8. [PMID: 23969937 PMCID: PMC3836221 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and its ligand peptide adrenomedullin (encoded by ADM gene) are implicated in tumor angiogenesis in mouse models but poorly defined in human cancers. We therefore investigated the diagnostic/prognostic use for CLR in human tumor types that may rely on adrenomedullin signaling and in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a highly vascular tumor, in particular. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In silico gene expression mRNA profiling microarray study (n = 168 tumors) and cancer profiling cDNA array hybridization (n = 241 pairs of patient-matched tumor/normal tissue samples) were carried out to analyze ADM mRNA expression in 13 tumor types. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing patient-matched renal tumor/normal tissues (n = 87 pairs) was conducted to study CLR expression and its association with clinicopathologic parameters and disease outcome. RESULTS ADM expression was significantly upregulated only in RCC and endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with normal tissue counterparts (P < 0.01). CLR was localized in tumor cells and vessels in RCC and upregulated as compared with patient-matched normal control kidney (P < 0.001). Higher CLR expression was found in advanced stages (P < 0.05), correlated with high tumor grade (P < 0.01) and conferred shorter overall survival (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In human tissues ADM expression is upregulated in cancer type-specific manner, implicating potential role for adrenomedullin signaling in particular in RCC, where CLR localization suggests autocrine/paracrine mode for adrenomedullin action within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized CLR upregulation in an autocrine loop with adrenomedullin in RCC with potential application for this GPCR as a target for future functional studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Nikitenko
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Keble College, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Linacre College, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Scientific Centre of the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Russell Leek
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Sarcoma Biology Group , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Turley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Daniele Generali
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
- Unità di Patologia Mammaria Senologia e Breast Unit Centro di Medicina Molecolare Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Sarah Gunningham
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Helen R. Morrin
- Cancer Society Tissue Bank, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Margaret C.P. Rees
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC, 3002, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Berenguer-Daizé C, Boudouresque F, Bastide C, Tounsi A, Benyahia Z, Acunzo J, Dussault N, Delfino C, Baeza N, Daniel L, Cayol M, Rossi D, El Battari A, Bertin D, Mabrouk K, Martin PM, Ouafik L. Adrenomedullin blockade suppresses growth of human hormone-independent prostate tumor xenograft in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6138-50. [PMID: 24100627 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the role of the adrenomedullin system [adrenomedullin and its receptors (AMR), CLR, RAMP2, and RAMP3] in prostate cancer androgen-independent growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer models were used to investigate the role and mechanisms of adrenomedullin in prostate cancer hormone-independent growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RESULTS Adrenomedullin and AMR were immunohistochemically localized in the carcinomatous epithelial compartment of prostate cancer specimens of high grade (Gleason score >7), suggesting a role of the adrenomedullin system in prostate cancer growth. We used the androgen-independent Du145 cells, for which we demonstrate that adrenomedullin stimulated cell proliferation in vitro through the cAMP/CRAF/MEK/ERK pathway. The proliferation of Du145 and PC3 cells is decreased by anti-adrenomedullin antibody (αAM), supporting the fact that adrenomedullin may function as a potent autocrine/paracrine growth factor for prostate cancer androgen-independent cells. In vivo, αAM therapy inhibits the growth of Du145 androgen-independent xenografts and interestingly of LNCaP androgen-dependent xenografts only in castrated animals, suggesting strongly that adrenomedullin might play an important role in tumor regrowth following androgen ablation. Histologic examination of αAM-treated tumors showed evidence of disruption of tumor vascularity, with depletion of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells and pericytes, and increased lymphatic endothelial cell apoptosis. Importantly, αAM potently blocks tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, but does not affect established vasculature and lymphatic vessels in normal adult mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that expression of adrenomedullin upon androgen ablation in prostate cancer plays an important role in hormone-independent tumor growth and in neovascularization by supplying/amplifying signals essential for pathologic neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6138-50. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Berenguer-Daizé
- Authors' Affiliations: Aix-Marseille Université and Insitut national de la santé et de la recherche medicale (INSERM), CRO2 UMR 911, 13005; AP-HM, CHU Nord, Service Urologie, 13015; Aix-Marseille Université, LCP UMR 6264, CROPS, 13397; and AP-HM, CHU Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, 13015, Marseille, France
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18
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Genomics and epigenomics of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: recent developments and potential applications. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:111-26. [PMID: 23933176 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are diagnosed in the advanced metastatic stage resulting in dramatic decrease of patient survival. Thereby, early detection and monitoring of the disease may improve prognosis and treatment results. Recent technological advances enable the identification of genetic events associated with ccRCC and reveal significant molecular heterogeneity of ccRCC tumors. This review summarizes recent findings in ccRCC genomics and epigenomics derived from chromosomal aberrations, DNA sequencing and methylation, mRNA, miRNA expression profiling experiments. We provide a molecular insight into ccRCC pathology and recapitulate possible clinical applications of genomic alterations as predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Park SJ, Kim JG, Son TG, Yi JM, Kim ND, Yang K, Heo K. The histone demethylase JMJD1A regulates adrenomedullin-mediated cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma under hypoxia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:722-7. [PMID: 23583388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the roles of JMJD1A and its target gene ADM in the growth of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and breast cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia stimulated HepG2 and Hep3B cell proliferation but had no effect on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. Interestingly, the JMJD1A and ADM expressions were enhanced by hypoxia only in HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Our ChIP results showed that hypoxia-induced HepG2 and Hep3B cell proliferation is mediated by JMJD1A upregulation and subsequent decrease in methylation in the ADM promoter region. Furthermore, JMJD1A gene silencing abrogated the hypoxia-induced ADM expression and inhibited HepG2 and Hep3B cell growth. These data suggest that JMJD1A might function as a proliferation regulator in some cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
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Adrenomedullin in ovarian cancer: foe in vitro and friend in vivo? PLoS One 2012; 7:e40678. [PMID: 22859951 PMCID: PMC3408475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal elements within a tumor interact with cancer cells to create a microenvironment that supports tumor growth and survival. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an autocrine/paracrine factor produced by both stromal cells and cancer cells to create such a microenvironment. During differentiation of macrophages, ADM is produced in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli and hypoxia. In this study we investigated the role of ADM as a growth factor for ovarian cancer cells and as a modulator of macrophages. We also analyzed ADM expression levels in a retrospective clinical study using nanofluidic technology and assessment of ADM at the gene level in 220 ovarian cancer patients. To study the effects of ADM, ovarian cancer cell lines A2780, OVCAR-3, and HEY and their drug-resistant counterparts were used for proliferation assays, while monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated in vitro. ADM was a weak growth factor, as revealed by proliferation assays and cell cycle analysis. After culturing cancer cells under stressing conditions, such as serum starvation and/or hypoxia, ADM was found to be a survival factor in HEY but not in other cell lines. In macrophages, ADM showed activity on proliferation/differentiation, primarily in type 2 macrophages (M2). Unexpectedly, the clinical study revealed that high expression of ADM was linked to positive outcome and to cancer with low Ca125. In conclusion, although in vitro ADM was a potential factor in biological aggressiveness, this possibility was not confirmed in patients. Therefore, use of an ADM antagonist would be inappropriate in managing ovarian cancer patients.
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Jacob A, Wu R, Wang P. Regulation of RAMP expression in diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:87-103. [PMID: 22434110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) belong to a single family of transmembrane proteins. RAMPs determine ligand specificity of G-protein coupled receptors; calcitonin receptor and the calcitonin-receptor like receptor (CLR). To date, three members of RAMP family (RAMP-1, -2, -3) have been identified. The co-expression of RAMP-1 with CLR constitutes the calcitonin gene related peptide receptor whereas the association of the RAMP-2 or RAMP-3 with CLR forms the adrenomedullin (AM) receptor. Alterations in signaling and subcellular distribution of G-protein coupled receptors can be responsible for the regulation of many disease conditions. These changes may be mediated by the different isoforms of RAMPs associated with such receptors. In this chapter, we describe the differential responses associated with upregulation of RAMPs in disease conditions. For instance, the upregulation of all three RAMP isoforms contributes to the cardioprotective effects of the CLR/RAMP ligands. On the other hand, strong evidence exists for the involvement of AM in various cancers and that its action is mediated by the upregulation of RAMP isoforms, RAMP-2 and -3. Though limited, a few studies have been reported on the differential response associated with the upregulation of RAMP in other disease conditions such as sepsis, liver cirrhosis, glomerulonephritis, Type 1 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Thus, the regulation of RAMP expression is involved in the pathophysiology associated with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jacob
- The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Evans JJ, Chitcholtan K, Dann JM, Guilford P, Harris G, Lewis LK, Nagase J, Welkamp AAW, Zwerus R, Sykes PH. Adrenomedullin interacts with VEGF in endometrial cancer and has varied modulation in tumours of different grades. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 125:214-9. [PMID: 22178239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.12.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrial cancer, in developed countries, is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Surgery and radiotherapy are successful in many patients but systemic and recurrent diseases have no consistently effective treatments, and for high grade advanced disease the prognosis is poor. The study investigated characteristics of adrenomedullin in endometrial cancer to assist in identifying targets for developing treatments. METHODS Endometrial samples of women with and without cancer, and the Ishikawa cell line were used to investigate adrenomedullin mRNA regulation, peptide expression, adrenomedullin secretion and effects of adrenomedullin on VEGF secretion. RESULTS Expression of adrenomedullin mRNA was upregulated compared to that in healthy post-menopausal endometria. Adrenomedullin secretion was increased by cobalt chloride in this study. Secretion was reduced by the naturally-occurring compounds, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and 3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol), which we have previously demonstrated to also suppress VEGF secretion in endometrial tumour tissue. We noted, for the first time, that adrenomedullin enhanced VEGF secretion from tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased adrenomedullin expression may result in amplifying both tumorigenic and angiogenic activities. A substantial impact on growth of tumours may result in vivo as a consequence of the synergism between adrenomedullin and VEGF. Adrenomedullin, which has altered cellular characteristics in tumour compared to healthy tissue, offers an understudied target with potential to modify endometrial cancer behaviour, complementing other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Hikosaka T, Tsuruda T, Nagata S, Kuwasako K, Tsuchiya K, Hoshiko S, Inatsu H, Chijiiwa K, Kitamura K. Adrenomedullin production is increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas; its relation to matrix metalloproteinase-9. Peptides 2011; 32:1825-31. [PMID: 21839130 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is highly expressed in various cancer cell lines, suggesting a possible association with cancer growth. In the present study, we examined the expression and/or concentration of AM, its related peptide, adrenomedullin2/intermedin (AM2/IMD) and their receptors in human colorectal cancer and the surrounding normal tissue. In addition, we assessed the correlation between the expression of AM and AM2/IMD with that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Using a specific immunoradiometric assay, we found that AM concentrations were 2-11-fold higher in colorectal cancer tissues than in the surrounding normal tissues. Moreover, real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of preproAM (+548%), preproAM2/IMD (+2674%), calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) (+518%), receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP)2 (+281%), RAMP3 (+178%), VEGF-A (+277%) and MMP-9 (+864%) mRNAs were significantly higher in cancer tissues than in the surrounding normal tissues, and there was a positive correlation between the gene expressions of MMP-9 and preproAM (r=0.352; p=0.005), but not with preproAM2/IMD (r=0.041, p=0.406). Both AM and AM2/IMD immunoreactivity were detected mainly within cancer cells, whereas MMP-9 immunoreactivity was mostly seen in the surrounding stroma. These findings suggest that AM produced in colorectal tumors acts in concert with MMP-9 in the stroma to contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hikosaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Circulation and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Deville JL, Salas S, Figarella-Branger D, Ouafik L, Daniel L. Adrenomedullin as a therapeutic target in angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:1059-72. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.522328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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