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Ceresa D, Alessandrini F, Lucchini S, Marubbi D, Piaggio F, Mena Vera JM, Ceccherini I, Reverberi D, Appolloni I, Malatesta P. Early clonal extinction in glioblastoma progression revealed by genetic barcoding. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1466-1479.e9. [PMID: 37541243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma progression in its early stages remains poorly understood. Here, we transfer PDGFB and genetic barcodes in mouse brain to initiate gliomagenesis and enable direct tracing of glioblastoma evolution from its earliest possible stage. Unexpectedly, we observe a high incidence of clonal extinction events and progressive divergence in clonal sizes, even after the acquisition of malignant phenotype. Computational modeling suggests these dynamics result from clonal-based cell-cell competition. Through bulk and single-cell transcriptome analyses, coupled with lineage tracing, we reveal that Myc transcriptional targets have the strongest correlation with clonal size imbalances. Moreover, we show that the downregulation of Myc expression is sufficient to drive competitive dynamics in intracranially transplanted gliomas. Our findings provide insights into glioblastoma evolution that are inaccessible using conventional retrospective approaches, highlighting the potential of combining clonal tracing and transcriptomic analyses in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ceresa
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandrini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Lucchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Jorge Miguel Mena Vera
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Irene Appolloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Emerging Roles of Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Cell Cycle Reentry and Beyond. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071746. [PMID: 32708313 PMCID: PMC7409121 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation (Id) proteins, a family of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins that includes four members of Id1 to Id4 in mammalian cells, are critical for regulating cell growth, differentiation, senescence, cell cycle progression, and increasing angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, as well as accelerating the ability of cell migration. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in the adult population, manifests the signs of cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and functional impairment. The underlying mechanisms for AD are not well-clarified yet, but the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβs), the major components in the senile plaques observed in AD brains, contributes significantly to the disease progression. Emerging evidence reveals that aberrant cell cycle reentry may play a central role in Aβ-induced neuronal demise. Recently, we have shown that several signaling mediators, including Id1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), cyclin-dependent kinases-5 (CDK5), and sonic hedgehog (Shh), may contribute to Aβ-induced cell cycle reentry in postmitotic neurons; furthermore, Id1 and CDK5/p25 mutually antagonize the expression/activity of each other. Therefore, Id proteins may potentially have clinical applications in AD. In this review article, we introduce the underlying mechanisms for cell cycle dysregulation in AD and present some examples, including our own studies, to show different aspects of Id1 in terms of cell cycle reentry and other signaling that may be crucial to alter the neuronal fates in this devastating neurodegenerative disease. A thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms may provide a rationale to make an earlier intervention before the occurrence of cell cycle reentry and subsequent apoptosis in the fully differentiated neurons during the progression of AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Alessandrini F, Ceresa D, Appolloni I, Pagani F, Poliani PL, Marubbi D, Malatesta P. Glioblastoma models driven by different mutations converge to the proneural subtype. Cancer Lett 2020; 469:447-455. [PMID: 31733287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The need of reliable syngeneic animal models for gliomas has been addressed in the last decades by reproducing genetic alterations typical of human glioblastoma in the mouse. Since different alterations underlie different molecular glioblastoma subtypes it is commonly expected that tumors induced by specific alterations represent models of the corresponding subtypes. We tested this assumption by a multilevel analysis ranging from a detailed histopathological analysis to a genome-wide expression profiling by microarray and RNA-seq on gliomas induced by two distinct molecular alterations: the overstimulation of the PDGF- and the EGF- pathways. These alterations are landmarks of proneural and classical glioblastoma subtypes respectively. However, our results consistently showed a strong similarity between the two glioma models. The expression profiles of both models converged toward a signature typical of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, regardless the wide differentiative potential of the cell of origin. A classification based on similarity with human gliomas profiles revealed that both models belong to the proneural subtype. Our results highlight that reproducing a molecular alteration specific of a glioblastoma subtype not necessarily generates a tumor model recapitulating such subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Ceresa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Appolloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Jaeckle KA, Anderson SK, Twohy EL, Dixon JG, Giannini C, Jenkins R, Egorin MJ, Sarkaria JN, Brown PD, Flynn PJ, Schwerkoske J, Buckner JC, Galanis E. Phase I-II trial of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec; STI571) in treatment of recurrent oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma. North central cancer treatment group study N0272 (ALLIANCE/NCCTG). J Neurooncol 2019; 143:573-581. [PMID: 31119479 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of imatinib in patients with recurrent oligodendroglial tumors. METHODS Patients with progressive WHO grade II-III recurrent tumors after prior RT and chemotherapy were eligible. A phase I dose-escalation study was conducted for patients on enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants (EIAC). A phase II study for non-EIAC patients utilized a fixed dose of 600 mg/D. Primary efficacy endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). A 2-stage design was utilized, with 90% power to detect PFS6 increase from 25 to 45%. RESULTS In the Phase I, maximum tolerated dose was not reached at 1200 mg/D. For phase II patients, overall PFS6 was 33% and median PFS 4.0 months (95% CI 2.1, 5.7). Median overall survival (OS) was longer in imatinib-treated patients compared with controls (16.6 vs. 8.0 months; HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.41,1.0, p = 0.049), and longer in patients with 1p/19q-codeleted tumors (19.2 vs. 6.2 months, HR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21,0.89, p = 0.019). Confirmed response rate was 3.9% (PR = 1; REGR = 1), with stable disease observed in 52.9%. At 600 mg/D, mean steady-state imatinib plasma concentration was 2513 ng/ml (95% CI 1831,3195). Grade 3-4 adverse events (hematologic, fatigue, GI, hypophosphatemia, or hemorrhage) occurred in 61%. CONCLUSIONS Although adequate plasma levels were achieved, the observed PFS6 of 33% did not reach our pre-defined threshold for success. Although OS was longer in imatinib-treated patients than controls, this finding would require forward validation in a larger cohort. Imatinib might show greater activity in a population enriched for PDGF-dependent pathway activation in tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jaeckle
- Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - S K Anderson
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erin L Twohy
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jesse G Dixon
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - P J Flynn
- Minnesota Oncology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Tan BT, Jiang L, Liu L, Yin Y, Luo ZRX, Long ZY, Li S, Yu LH, Wu YM, Liu Y. Local injection of Lenti-Olig2 at lesion site promotes functional recovery of spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:475-487. [PMID: 28452182 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Olig2 is one of the most critical factors during CNS development, which belongs to b-HLH transcription factor family. Previous reports have shown that Olig2 regulates the remyelination processes in CNS demyelination diseases models. However, the role of Olig2 in contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) and the possible therapeutic effects remain obscure. This study aims to investigate the effects of overexpression Olig2 by lentivirus on adult spinal cord injury rats. METHODS Lenti-Olig2 expression and control Lenti-eGFP vectors were prepared, and virus in a total of 5 μL (108 TU/mL) was locally injected into the injured spinal cord 1.5 mm rostral and caudal near the epicenter. Immunostaining, Western blot, electron microscopy, and CatWalk analyzes were employed to investigate the effects of Olig2 on spinal cord tissue repair and functional recovery. RESULTS Injection of Lenti-Olig2 significantly increased the number of oligodendrocytes lineage cells and enhanced myelination after SCI. More importantly, the introduction of Olig2 greatly improved hindlimb locomotor performances. Other oligodendrocyte-related transcription factors, which were downregulated or upregulated after injury, were reversed by Olig2 induction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided the evidence that overexpression Olig2 promotes myelination and locomotor recovery of contusion SCI, which gives us more understanding of Olig2 on spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Brain, The Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Ru-Xin Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zai-Yun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le-Hua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pavlakis E, Tonchev AB, Kaprelyan A, Enchev Y, Stoykova A. Interaction between transcription factors PAX6/PAX6-5a and specific members of miR-183-96-182 cluster, may contribute to glioma progression in glioblastoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1579-1592. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Swartling FJ, Čančer M, Frantz A, Weishaupt H, Persson AI. Deregulated proliferation and differentiation in brain tumors. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 359:225-54. [PMID: 25416506 PMCID: PMC4286433 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, is deregulated in neural stem cell (NSC)- and progenitor-derived murine models of malignant medulloblastoma and glioma, the most common brain tumors of children and adults, respectively. Molecular characterization of human malignant brain tumors, and in particular brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs), has identified neurodevelopmental transcription factors, microRNAs, and epigenetic factors known to inhibit neuronal and glial differentiation. We are starting to understand how these factors are regulated by the major oncogenic drivers in malignant brain tumors. In this review, we will focus on the molecular switches that block normal neuronal differentiation and induce brain tumor formation. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of these switches in BTSCs has been shown to restore the ability of tumor cells to differentiate. We will discuss potential brain tumor therapies that will promote differentiation in order to reduce treatment resistance, suppress tumor growth, and prevent recurrence in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anders I Persson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Tan B, Yu J, Yin Y, Jia G, Jiang W, Yu L. The Olig family affects central nervous system development and disease. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:329-36. [PMID: 25206819 PMCID: PMC4146145 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell differentiation and maturation is a critical step during central nervous system development. The oligodendrocyte transcription family (Olig family) is known to be an important factor in regulating neural cell differentiation. Because of this, the Olig family also affects acute and chronic central nervous system diseases, including brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and even gliomas. Improved understanding about the functions of the Olig family in central nervous system development and disease will greatly aid novel breakthroughs in central nervous system diseases. This review investigates the role of the Olig family in central nervous system development and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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An amino terminal phosphorylation motif regulates intranuclear compartmentalization of Olig2 in neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8507-18. [PMID: 24948806 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0309-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 is expressed in cycling neural progenitor cells but also in terminally differentiated, myelinating oligodendrocytes. Sustained expression of Olig2 is counterintuitive because all known functions of the protein in expansion of neural progenitors and specification of oligodendrocyte progenitors are completed with the formation of mature white matter. How are the biological functions of Olig2 suppressed in terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes? In previous studies, we have shown that a triple serine motif in the amino terminus of Olig2 is phosphorylated in cycling neural progenitors but not in their differentiated progeny. We now show that phosphorylation of the triple serine motif regulates intranuclear compartmentalization of murine Olig2. Phosphorylated Olig2 is preferentially localized to a transcriptionally active "open" chromatin compartment together with coregulator proteins essential for regulation of gene expression. Unphosphorylated Olig2, as seen in mature white matter, is localized mainly within a transcriptionally inactive, chromatin fraction characterized by condensed and inaccessible DNA. Of special note is the observation that the p53 tumor suppressor protein is confined to the open chromatin fraction. Proximity ligation assays show that phosphorylation brings Olig2 within 30 nm of p53 within the open chromatin compartment. The data thus shed light on previously noted promitogenic functions of phosphorylated Olig2, which reflect, at least in part, an oppositional relationship with p53 functions.
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10
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Zhang Z, Lin CCJ. Taking advantage of neural development to treat glioblastoma. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2859-66. [PMID: 24964151 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is by far the most common and most malignant primary adult brain tumor (World Health Organization grade IV), containing a fraction of stem-like cells that are highly tumorigenic and multipotent. Recent research has revealed that GBM stem-like cells play important roles in GBM pathogenesis. GBM is thought to arise from genetic anomalies in glial development. Over the past decade, a wide range of studies have shown that several signaling pathways involved in neural development, including basic helix-loop-helix, Wnt-β-catenin, bone morphogenetic proteins-Smads, epidermal growth factor-epidermal growth factor receptor, and Notch, play important roles in GBM pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight the significance of these pathways in the context of developing treatments for GBM. Extrapolating knowledge and concepts from neural development will have significant implications for designing better strategies with which to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
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Jeon HM, Kim SH, Jin X, Park JB, Kim SH, Joshi K, Nakano I, Kim H. Crosstalk between glioma-initiating cells and endothelial cells drives tumor progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4482-92. [PMID: 24962027 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioma-initiating cells (GIC), which reside within the perivascular microenvironment to maintain self-renewal capacity, are responsible for glioblastoma initiation, progression, and recurrence. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling crosstalk between GICs and endothelial cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that, in both GICs and endothelial cells, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-driven activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase increases NO-dependent inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) expression, which in turn promotes JAGGED1-NOTCH activity through suppression of miR129 that specifically represses JAGGED1 suppression. This signaling axis promotes tumor progression along with increased GIC self-renewal and growth of tumor vasculature in the xenograft tumors, which is dramatically suppressed by NOTCH inhibitor. ID4 levels correlate positively with NOS2 (NO synthase-2), HES1, and HEY1 and negatively with miR129 in primary GICs. Thus, targeting the PDGF-NOS-ID4-miR129 axis and NOTCH activity in the perivascular microenvironment might serve as an efficacious therapeutic modality for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Jeon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xun Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University of School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaushal Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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A cadherin switch underlies malignancy in high-grade gliomas. Oncogene 2014; 34:1991-2002. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Adult neurogenesis and glial oncogenesis: when the process fails. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:438639. [PMID: 24738058 PMCID: PMC3971505 DOI: 10.1155/2014/438639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are known for their high degree of invasiveness, aggressiveness, and lethality. These tumors are made up of heterogeneous cell populations and only a small part of these cells (known as cancer stem cells) is responsible for the initiation and recurrence of the tumor. The biology of cancer stem cells and their role in brain tumor growth and therapeutic resistance has been extensively investigated. Recent work suggests that glial tumors arise from neural stem cells that undergo a defective process of differentiation. The understanding of this process might permit the development of novel treatment strategies targeting cancer stem cells. In the present review, we address the mechanisms underlying glial tumor formation, paying special attention to cancer stem cells and the role of the microenvironment in preserving them and promoting tumor growth. Recent advancements in cancer stem cell biology, especially regarding tumor initiation and resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy, have led to the development of novel treatment strategies that focus on the niche of the stem cells that make up the tumor. Encouraging results from preclinical studies predict that these findings will be translated into the clinical field in the near future.
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Favaro R, Appolloni I, Pellegatta S, Sanga AB, Pagella P, Gambini E, Pisati F, Ottolenghi S, Foti M, Finocchiaro G, Malatesta P, Nicolis SK. Sox2 is required to maintain cancer stem cells in a mouse model of high-grade oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1833-44. [PMID: 24599129 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell-determining transcription factor Sox2 is required for the maintenance of normal neural stem cells. In this study, we investigated the requirement for Sox2 in neural cancer stem-like cells using a conditional genetic deletion mutant in a mouse model of platelet-derived growth factor-induced malignant oligodendroglioma. Transplanting wild-type oligodendroglioma cells into the brain generated lethal tumors, but mice transplanted with Sox2-deleted cells remained free of tumors. Loss of the tumor-initiating ability of Sox2-deleted cells was reversed by lentiviral-mediated expression of Sox2. In cell culture, Sox2-deleted tumor cells were highly sensitive to differentiation stimuli, displaying impaired proliferation, increased cell death, and aberrant differentiation. Gene expression analysis revealed an early transcriptional response to Sox2 loss. The observed requirement of oligodendroglioma stem cells for Sox2 suggested its relevance as a target for therapy. In support of this possibility, an immunotherapeutic approach based on immunization of mice with SOX2 peptides delayed tumor development and prolonged survival. Taken together, our results showed that Sox2 is essential for tumor initiation by mouse oligodendroglioma cells, and they illustrated a Sox2-directed strategy of immunotherapy to eradicate tumor-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Favaro
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Department of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C.Besta; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology at IFOM-IEO Campus; Tissue Processing Unit, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation-IFOM, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milano; and IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Sturm D, Bender S, Jones DT, Lichter P, Grill J, Becher O, Hawkins C, Majewski J, Jones C, Costello JF, Iavarone A, Aldape K, Brennan CW, Jabado N, Pfister SM. Paediatric and adult glioblastoma: multiform (epi)genomic culprits emerge. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:92-107. [PMID: 24457416 PMCID: PMC4003223 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have extended our understanding of the molecular biology that underlies adult glioblastoma over many years. By contrast, high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents have remained a relatively under-investigated disease. The latest large-scale genomic and epigenomic profiling studies have yielded an unprecedented abundance of novel data and provided deeper insights into gliomagenesis across all age groups, which has highlighted key distinctions but also some commonalities. As we are on the verge of dissecting glioblastomas into meaningful biological subgroups, this Review summarizes the hallmark genetic alterations that are associated with distinct epigenetic features and patient characteristics in both paediatric and adult disease, and examines the complex interplay between the glioblastoma genome and epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Grill
- Brain Tumor Program, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Universite Paris Sud, 114 Rue Eduoard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oren Becher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 91001, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, 2340 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cameron W. Brennan
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Srikanth M, Kim J, Das S, Kessler JA. BMP signaling induces astrocytic differentiation of clinically derived oligodendroglioma propagating cells. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:283-94. [PMID: 24269952 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that lack detailed investigation because of an inability to cultivate oligodendroglioma cells that faithfully recapitulate their salient qualities. We have successfully isolated and propagated glioma stem-like cells from multiple clinical oligodendroglioma specimens. These oligodendroglioma-propagating cells (OligPC) are multipotent and form xenografts with oligodendroglioma features. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are considered potent inhibitors of oligodendrogliogenesis during development; therefore, the effects of BMP signaling in OligPCs were characterized. BMP pathway components are expressed by OligPCs and canonical signaling via Smad proteins is intact. This signaling potently depletes CD133-positive OligPCs, decreasing proliferation, and inducing astrocytic differentiation. Furthermore, analyses revealed that cytoplasmic sequestration of the oligodendrocyte differentiation factors OLIG1/2 by the BMP signaling effectors ID2 and ID4 is a plausible underlying mechanism. These findings elucidate the molecular pathways that underlie the effects of BMP signaling on oligodendroglioma stem-like cells. IMPLICATIONS Stem-like cells are capable of propagating oligodendrogliomas, and BMP signaling potently diminishes their stemness by inducing astrocytic differentiation, suggesting that BMP activation may be effective as a cancer stem cell-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Srikanth
- 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Ward 10-233, Chicago, IL 60611.
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Pax6 exerts regional control of cortical progenitor proliferation via direct repression of Cdk6 and hypophosphorylation of pRb. Neuron 2013; 78:269-84. [PMID: 23622063 PMCID: PMC3898967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which early spatiotemporal expression patterns of transcription factors such as Pax6 regulate cortical progenitors in a region-specific manner are poorly understood. Pax6 is expressed in a gradient across the developing cortex and is essential for normal corticogenesis. We found that constitutive or conditional loss of Pax6 increases cortical progenitor proliferation by amounts that vary regionally with normal Pax6 levels. We compared the gene expression profiles of equivalent Pax6-expressing progenitors isolated from Pax6+/+ and Pax6−/− cortices and identified many negatively regulated cell-cycle genes, including Cyclins and Cdks. Biochemical assays indicated that Pax6 directly represses Cdk6 expression. Cyclin/Cdk repression inhibits retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, thereby limiting the transcription of genes that directly promote the mechanics of the cell cycle, and we found that Pax6 inhibits pRb phosphorylation and represses genes involved in DNA replication. Our results indicate that Pax6’s modulation of cortical progenitor cell cycles is regional and direct. Pax6 loss increases cortical progenitor proliferation by region-specific amounts The size of this effect correlates directly with normal Pax6 expression levels Expression of many key cell-cycle regulators is increased in the absence of Pax6 Pax6 directly represses Cdk6 expression and controls pRb phosphorylation
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18
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Separated at birth? The functional and molecular divergence of OLIG1 and OLIG2. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 13:819-31. [PMID: 23165259 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (OLIG1) and OLIG2 are structurally similar and, to a first approximation, coordinately expressed in the developing CNS and postnatal brain. Despite these similarities, it was apparent from early on after their discovery that OLIG1 and OLIG2 have non-overlapping developmental functions in patterning, neuron subtype specification and the formation of oligodendrocytes. Here, we summarize more recent insights into the separate roles of these transcription factors in the postnatal brain during repair processes and in neurological disease states, including multiple sclerosis and malignant glioma. We discuss how the unique functions of OLIG1 and OLIG2 may reflect their distinct genetic targets, co-regulator proteins and/or post-translational modifications.
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Appolloni I, Curreli S, Caviglia S, Barilari M, Gambini E, Pagano A, Malatesta P. Role of Btg2 in the progression of a PDGF-induced oligodendroglioma model. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203087 PMCID: PMC3509603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is a key aspect in oncology. Not even the overexpression of a powerful oncogenic stimulus such as platelet derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) is sufficient per se to confer full malignancy to cells. In previous studies we showed that neural progenitors overexpressing PDGF-B need to undergo progression to acquire the capability to give rise to secondary tumor following transplant. By comparing the expression profile of PDGF-expressing cells before and after progression, we found that progressed tumors consistently downregulate the expression of the antiproliferative gene Btg2. We therefore tested whether the downregulation of Btg2 is sufficient and necessary for glioma progression with loss and gain of function experiments. Our results show that downregulation of Btg2 is not sufficient but is necessary for tumor progression since the re-introduction of Btg2 in fully progressed tumors dramatically impairs their gliomagenic potential. These results suggest an important role of Btg2 in glioma progression. Accordingly with this view, the analysis of public datasets of human gliomas showed that reduced level of Btg2 expression correlates with a significantly worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Appolloni
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Sebastiano Curreli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Sara Caviglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Manuela Barilari
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Gambini
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Aldo Pagano
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (S.C.); (E.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-010-5737403; Fax: +39-010-5737405
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Efficacy of HER2 retargeted herpes simplex virus as therapy for high-grade glioma in immunocompetent mice. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:788-95. [PMID: 22996742 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Replication-competent oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are considered a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of high-grade gliomas (HGGs), which are usually resistant to all the available treatments. We previously demonstrated that R-LM113, a recombinant HSV-1 fully retargeted to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), is safe and prolongs survival of immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice in an intracranial model of HGG. However, because the treatment is designed to be employed on immunocompetent patients, it is necessary to test whether the host immune system impairs the viral efficacy or triggers a potentially fatal reaction. Here we confirmed the safety of R-LM113 in the immunocompetent mouse strain BALB/c, where it does not trigger encephalitis when intracranially inoculated. Then, we set up a syngeneic HGG model expressing HER2 in adult BALB/c mice and evaluated R-LM113 therapeutic efficacy. We found that R-LM113 leads to a significant improvement in animal survival when administered at the time of tumor inoculation, as well as when injected into an already established tumor. This study suggests that the host immune defenses do not curtail the oncolytic antitumor activity of replication-competent HSV R-LM113, which results effective in counteracting tumor growth.
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