1
|
Fujii T, Nishio E, Tsukamoto T, Kukimoto I, Iwata A. Performance of an ancillary test for cervical cancer that measures miRNAs and cytokines in serum and cervical mucus. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2795-2807. [PMID: 38749770 PMCID: PMC11309926 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, human papillomavirus tests and cytology are used to screen for cervical cancer. However, more accurate ancillary screening tests are needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and cytokines are promising biomarkers that are aberrantly expressed in cervical cancer. Therefore, the potential of developing new screening markers based on the levels of miRNAs and cytokines in serum and local mucus samples from the same patients with cervical neoplasia was investigated. miRNA screening was performed by microarray and measurement using real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR. Cytokine were measured using multiplex bead assay, and changes in expressions were analyzed based on disease severity. As lesions progressed, miR-20b-5p, -155-5p, -144-3p, -451a, and -126-3p expression levels were increased in mucus, and miR-16-5p, -223-3p, and -451a expression levels were decreased in serum. Regarding cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Eotaxin, interferon-γ, and RANTES were increased, whereas granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was significantly decreased in mucus. miRNAs and cytokines in serum did not have high diagnostic accuracy. However, a combination of miR-20b-5p, -451a, -126-3p, Eotaxin, as well as G-CSF in mucus samples, had high diagnostic accuracy with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.989 (0.979-0.999). Our results suggest that using mucus for this ancillary test is more beneficial than serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fujii
- Department of Gynecology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
- Fujita Health University Okazaki Medical CenterOkazakiAichiJapan
| | - Eiji Nishio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics CenterNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Aya Iwata
- Department of Gynecology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of MedicineFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rebolj M, Brentnall AR, Cuschieri K. Predictable changes in the accuracy of human papillomavirus tests after vaccination: review with implications for performance monitoring in cervical screening. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1733-1743. [PMID: 38615108 PMCID: PMC11130303 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is changing the performance of cytology as a cervical screening test, but its effect on HPV testing is unclear. We review the effect of HPV16/18 vaccination on the epidemiology and the detection of HPV infections and high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+) to evaluate the likely direction of changes in HPV test accuracy. The reduction in HPV16/18 infections and cross-protection against certain non-16/18 high-risk genotypes, most notably 31, 33, and/or 45, will likely increase the test's specificity but decrease its positive predictive value (PPV) for CIN2+. Post-vaccination viral unmasking of non-16/18 genotypes due to fewer HPV16 co-infections might reduce the specificity and the PPV for CIN2+. Post-vaccination clinical unmasking exposing a higher frequency of CIN2+ related to non-16/18 high-risk genotypes is likely to increase the specificity and the PPV of HPV tests. The effect of HPV16/18 vaccination on HPV test sensitivity is difficult to predict based on these changes alone. Programmes relying on HPV detection for primary screening should monitor the frequency of false-positive and false-negative tests in vaccinated (younger) vs. unvaccinated (older) cohorts, to assess the outcomes and performance of their service.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matejka Rebolj
- Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention, and Early Detection, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Adam R Brentnall
- Centre for Evaluation and Methods, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blimp-1 is a prognostic indicator for progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1991-2002. [PMID: 35386001 PMCID: PMC9294030 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to higher grade disease is associated with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and an absence of immune-mediated regression. However, the immune microenvironment that distinguishes progression from persistent or regressing lesions has not been well defined. Methods A total of 69 patients under the age of 25 with high-risk HPV-positive cytology and biopsy-confirmed p16-positive CIN2 were included in the study. Biopsies were stained using 20 antibodies to a range of immune markers. Based on a 2-year follow-up, samples were analysed in “progressor” (CIN3 +) or “persister/regressor” (CIN1, 2 or normal) groups. Results Progression was most strongly associated with Blimp-1 positive cell staining in the lesion (P = 0.0019) and with low numbers of infiltrating CD4 cells in the dermal region beneath the lesion (P = 0.0022). The presence of CD4, CD8 and T bet-positive cells in the dermal region most strongly correlated with CD11c cells in the persister/regressor but not the progressor group. Conclusion High numbers of Blimp-1 + cells in CIN2 lesions may predict progression to more severe disease. Measurement of Blimp-1 may have diagnostic utility for the determination of the need to treat women with cervical pre-cancer. Highlights CIN2 progression is associated with high numbers of Blimp-1 positive cells in the lesion. Detection of Blimp-1 in the lesion may have utility as a prognostic test to inform the need to treat CIN2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-022-03993-4.
Collapse
|
4
|
Usyk M, Schlecht NF, Pickering S, Williams L, Sollecito CC, Gradissimo A, Porras C, Safaeian M, Pinto L, Herrero R, Strickler HD, Viswanathan S, Nucci-Sack A, Diaz A, Burk RD. molBV reveals immune landscape of bacterial vaginosis and predicts human papillomavirus infection natural history. Nat Commun 2022; 13:233. [PMID: 35017496 PMCID: PMC8752746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with adverse health outcomes. It has been proposed that BV's role as a pathogenic condition is mediated via bacteria-induced inflammation. However, the complex interplay between vaginal microbes and host immune factors has yet to be clearly elucidated. Here, we develop molBV, a 16 S rRNA gene amplicon-based classification pipeline that generates a molecular score and diagnoses BV with the same accuracy as the current gold standard method (i.e., Nugent score). Using 3 confirmatory cohorts we show that molBV is independent of the 16 S rRNA region and generalizable across populations. We use the score in a cohort without clinical BV states, but with measures of HPV infection history and immune markers, to reveal that BV-associated increases in the IL-1β/IP-10 cytokine ratio directly predicts clearance of incident high-risk HPV infection (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.19-2.9). Furthermore, we identify an alternate inflammatory BV signature characterized by elevated TNF-α/MIP-1β ratio that is prospectively associated with progression of incident infections to CIN2 + (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.62-5.42). Thus, BV is a heterogeneous condition that activates different arms of the immune response, which in turn are independent risk factors for HR-HPV clearance and progression. Clinical Trial registration number: The CVT trial has been registered under: NCT00128661.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Usyk
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas F Schlecht
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
- Department of Cancer Prevention & Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Pickering
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - LaShanda Williams
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Christopher C Sollecito
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Ana Gradissimo
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Carolina Porras
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Fundación INCIENSA, Costa Rica, USA
| | | | - Ligia Pinto
- HPV Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Fredrick, MD, USA
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Fundación INCIENSA, Costa Rica, USA
| | - Howard D Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Shankar Viswanathan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Anne Nucci-Sack
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Angela Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA.
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar‐Zadeh K, George J, Young HA, Liu G. Cytokines: From Clinical Significance to Quantification. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004433. [PMID: 34114369 PMCID: PMC8336501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification of cytokines has significant value in both clinical medicine and biology as the levels provide insights into physiological and pathological processes and can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment. Cytokines and their clinical significance are introduced from the perspective of their pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Factors affecting cytokines quantification in biological fluids, native levels in different body fluids, sample processing and storage conditions, sensitivity to freeze-thaw, and soluble cytokine receptors are discussed. In addition, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo assays, biosensors based on different signal outputs and intracellular to extracellular protein expression are summarized. Various quantification platforms for high-sensitivity and reliable measurement of cytokines in different scenarios are discussed, and commercially available cytokine assays are compared. A discussion of challenges in the development and advancement of technologies for cytokine quantification that aim to achieve real-time multiplex cytokine analysis for point-of-care situations applicable for both biomedical research and clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Dewei Chu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | | | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver CentreWestmead Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney and Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyWestmead HospitalWestmeadNSW2145Australia
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute at FrederickFrederickMD21702USA
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen518172P. R. China
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
From Allergy to Cancer-Clinical Usefulness of Eotaxins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010128. [PMID: 33401527 PMCID: PMC7795139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Eotaxins are small proteins included in the group of chemokines. They act mainly on blood cells called eosinophils which are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. This connection leads to involvement of eotaxins in the pathogenesis of all inflammatory related diseases, such as allergic diseases and cancer. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about eotaxins, showing their usefulness as markers that can be used not only in the detection of these diseases, but also to determine the effectiveness of treatment. Abstract Eotaxins are proteins which belong to the group of cytokines. These small molecules are secreted by cells that are mainly involved in immune-mediated reactions in the course of allergic diseases. Eotaxins were discovered in 1994 and their main role was considered to be the selective recruitment of eosinophils. As those blood cells are involved in the course of all inflammatory diseases, including cancer, we decided to perform an extensive search of the literature pertaining to our investigation via the MEDLINE/PubMed database. On the basis of available literature, we can assume that eotaxins can be used as markers for the detection and determination of origin or type of allergic disease. Many publications also confirm that eotaxins can be used in the determination of allergic disease treatment. Moreover, there are also studies indicating a connection between eotaxins and cancer. Some researchers revealed that CCL11 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11, eotaxin-1) concentrations differed between the control and tested groups indicating their possible usefulness in cancer detection. Furthermore, some papers showed usefulness of eotaxins in determining the treatment efficacy as markers of decreasing inflammation. Therefore, in this paper we present the current knowledge on eotaxins in the course of allergic and cancerous diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Petrini CG, Bastos LB, Duarte G, Dos Santos Melli PP, Alves-Filho JC, Quintana SM. Downregulation of IL-2 and IL-23 in Cervical Biopsies of Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Acta Cytol 2020; 64:442-451. [PMID: 32599588 DOI: 10.1159/000508015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and invasive cervical cancer. The host immune response plays a key role in whether HPV clears or persists. Most studies on local immune response to HPV collect cervical mucus in order to quantify secreted cytokines; however, cells located inside the tissue can release different cytokines associated with HPV infection. OBJECTIVE This study compared the cytokine levels in cervical biopsy specimens of women with abnormal colposcopic findings according to the histopathological results: low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), HSIL, and no intraepithelial lesion (NSIL). METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolling 141 cervical biopsy specimens examined the cytokine profile for interleukin (IL-) 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 and interferon-γ, using the Luminex assay/ELISA. Differences in cytokine levels among the cervical lesion groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The 141 specimens included 90 HSILs, 22 LSILs, and 29 NSILs. IL-2 levels were significantly higher in NSIL samples than in LSIL or in HSIL samples (p = 0.0001) and IL-23 levels were significantly higher in NSIL than in HSIL samples (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that in samples from the lesion site point, 2 important pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IL-23, are downregulated in HPV lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Galvão Petrini
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Brito Bastos
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Duarte
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Maria Quintana
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otani S, Fujii T, Kukimoto I, Yamamoto N, Tsukamoto T, Ichikawa R, Nishio E, Iwata A. Cytokine expression profiles in cervical mucus from patients with cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Cytokine 2019; 120:210-219. [PMID: 31121496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can persist in the cervical epithelium without provoking a strong host immune response, leading to the development of cervical cancer. Cytokines, which mediate innate and adaptive immune activities, are secreted in the cervical mucus; however, there is currently no appropriate method for assessing cytokine levels in mucus specimens. Here, we employed multiplexed bead-based immunoassays to examine cytokine levels in cervical mucus using both weighted-volume and total protein concentration methods to adjust for different specimen volumes in individual patients. Out of 18 cytokines initially examined in the primary cohort patient group (n = 28), 14 were detected in more than 10% of the samples. Of these 14 cytokines, expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), RANTES, and eotaxin were significantly increased with the disease severity in the secondary cohort patient group (n = 235). We also examined associations between cytokine levels and clinical parameters, such as cytology and HPV genotype. Of the 14 cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was downregulated in HPV-positive specimens. Examination of co-expression patterns of cytokines in relation to HPV infection status revealed that several pairs of cytokines were simultaneously upregulated in HPV-positive cases, including INF-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A, GM-CSF and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), GM-CSF and RANTES, IL-17A and RANTES, and MCP-1 and eotaxin. Interestingly, upregulation of GM-CSF and RANTES might reflect a shift in immuno-regulatory cytokines in HPV-positive specimens, potentially associated with more severe cervical neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Otani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takuma Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Regenerative Medicine Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Ryoko Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Aya Iwata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torres-Poveda K, Bahena-Román M, Delgado-Romero K, Madrid-Marina V. A prospective cohort study to evaluate immunosuppressive cytokines as predictors of viral persistence and progression to pre-malignant lesion in the cervix in women infected with HR-HPV: study protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:582. [PMID: 30453958 PMCID: PMC6245844 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by a persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). While most HPV infections are transient, persistent HPV infections are a significant health problem in Mexico. With an estimated HPV prevalence of 10% among women in reproductive age, approximately 25% of these women present at least a positive result in triage test, which according to previous studies is expected to be confirmed as positive CIN-2/3. The immune system has a key role in the natural history of HPV infection; alterations in the cellular immune response are responsible for the failure to eliminate HPV. The objective of this project is to assess the prognostic value of detecting immune markers (IL-10, IL-4, TGFβ1, IFNγ, IL-6, and TNFα), the expression of HPV-HR E6/E7 proteins, and the viral load at the cervical level with respect to the persistence or clearance of HR-HPV infection, and the regression or progression of a cervical premalignant lesion. Methods A dynamic cohort study is being conducted in women with colposcopic, cytological, and histopathological results negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in the cervix and a positive HPV test; the subjects will be followed-up for 5 years, period from which 3 years have already elapsed, with yearly studies (colposcopy, cytology, and histopathology diagnosis, along with molecular HPV test, quantification of viral load and of IL-10, IL-4, TGFβ1, INFγ, IL-6, and TNFα levels, along with the expression of the HR-HPV E6/E7 proteins in the cervix as a viral marker. The outcome will be categorized as viral persistence or clearance; and as SIL persistence, progression, or regression. Binomial and/or multinomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders will be used, associating the relative risk of the outcome with the immune and viral markers evaluated. Discussion This research will generate knowledge about immune markers with predictive value for the persistence and clearance of HPV, which will improve the triage of positive HPV women and thus reduce the economic burden for the Mexican health system imposed by the management of high-grade SIL and CC cases, which are still detected in late stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Torres-Poveda
- Chronic Infectious Diseases and Cancer Division, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. .,CONACYT-INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - M Bahena-Román
- Chronic Infectious Diseases and Cancer Division, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - K Delgado-Romero
- Centro de Atención para la Salud de la Mujer (CAPASAM) (Center for Women's Health), Health Services of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - V Madrid-Marina
- Chronic Infectious Diseases and Cancer Division, Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhatia R, Kavanagh K, Stewart J, Moncur S, Serrano I, Cong D, Cubie HA, Haas JG, Busby-Earle C, Williams ARW, Howie SEM, Cuschieri K. Host chemokine signature as a biomarker for the detection of pre-cancerous cervical lesions. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18548-18558. [PMID: 29719625 PMCID: PMC5915092 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to distinguish which hrHPV infections predispose to significant disease is ever more pressing as a result of the increasing move to hrHPV testing for primary cervical screening. A risk-stratifier or “triage” of infection should ideally be objective and suitable for automation given the scale of screening. Results CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL12 emerged as the strongest, candidate biomarkers to detect underlying disease [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+)]. For CIN2+, CCL2 had the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.722 with a specificity of 82%. A combined biomarker panel of six chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CXCL12 provides a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 67%. Conclusion The present work demonstrates that the levels of five chemokine-proteins are indicative of underlying disease. We demonstrate technical feasibility and promising clinical performance of a chemokine-based biomarker panel, equivalent to that of other triage options. Further assessment in longitudinal series is now warranted. Methods A panel of 31 chemokines were investigated for expression in routinely taken archived and prospective cervical liquid based cytology (LBC) samples using Human Chemokine Proteomic Array kit. Nine chemokines were further validated using Procartaplex assay on the Luminex platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Bhatia
- Human Papillomavirus Research Group, Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Kavanagh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - June Stewart
- Centre for Inflammation research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Moncur
- Centre for Inflammation research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Itziar Serrano
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Duanduan Cong
- Centre for Inflammation research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heather A Cubie
- Global Health Academy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen G Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Busby-Earle
- Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R W Williams
- Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- Centre for Inflammation research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao Y, Han K, Wang Q, Hu Z, Liu Q, Liu L, Zeng K. Development of podophyllotoxin‑loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for the treatment of condyloma acuminatum. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6506-6514. [PMID: 29512736 PMCID: PMC5928623 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Podophyllotoxin (POD), a cytotoxic compound, is able to effectively treat HPV; however, the severe irritation side effects of POD restrict its use as a treatment for CA. The aim of the present study was to construct novel POD‑loaded nanostructured nanolipid carriers (POD‑NLCs) and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity. POD‑NLCs (0.5%) were prepared using emulsion‑evaporation and low temperature‑solidification methods with optimized conditions and preparations. Subsequently, the POD‑NLCs were physicochemically characterized and their in vitro and in vivo release efficiencies and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. The prepared POD‑NLCs had an average particle size, ζ potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficacy of 178.5±20 nm, ‑27±0.5 mV, 0.18±0.01 and 82.9±2%, respectively. In vitro and in vivo release studies demonstrated that POD‑NLCs are able to provide sustained drug delivery for 72 h in vitro and 10 h in the mucosa. Compared with a tincture formulation of POD (POD‑T), POD‑NLC induced less inflammatory cytokine production in the cervical mucous and led to a decreased histopathological score. In addition, a cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that inhibition of the POD‑NLCs was 98.4% at 24 h and remained >98% up to 72 h. Furthermore, more cells were arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle following POD‑NLC treatment compared with the POD‑T treatment. The present study provides evidence that POD‑NLC is a promising delivery system for the treatment of CA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Kai Han
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qingxiu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lishi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fakhry C, Qeadan F, Gilman RH, Yori P, Kosek M, Patterson N, Eisele DW, Gourin CG, Chitguppi C, Marks M, Gravitt P. Oral sampling methods are associated with differences in immune marker concentrations. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E214-E221. [PMID: 29171655 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the concentration and distribution of immune markers in paired oral samples were similar. STUDY TYPE Clinical research. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Paired saliva and oral secretions (OS) samples were collected. The concentration of immune markers was estimated using Luminex multiplex assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). For each sample, the concentration of respective immune markers was normalized to total protein present and log-transformed. Median concentrations of immune markers were compared between both types of samples. Intermarker correlation in each sampling method and across sampling methods was evaluated. RESULTS There were 90 study participants. Concentrations of immune markers in saliva samples were significantly different from concentrations in OS samples. Oral secretions samples showed higher concentrations of immunoregulatory markers, whereas the saliva samples contained proinflammatory markers in higher concentration. CONCLUSION The immune marker profile in saliva samples is distinct from the immune marker profile in paired OS samples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:E214-E221, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fares Qeadan
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Yori
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret Kosek
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David W Eisele
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine G Gourin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Morgan Marks
- Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patti Gravitt
- Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alvarez KLF, Beldi M, Sarmanho F, Rossetti RAM, Silveira CRF, Mota GR, Andreoli MA, Caruso EDDC, Kamillos MF, Souza AM, Mastrocalla H, Clavijo-Salomon MA, Barbuto JAM, Lorenzi NP, Longatto-Filho A, Baracat E, Lopez RVM, Villa LL, Tacla M, Lepique AP. Local and systemic immunomodulatory mechanisms triggered by Human Papillomavirus transformed cells: a potential role for G-CSF and neutrophils. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9002. [PMID: 28827632 PMCID: PMC5566396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the last stage of a series of molecular and cellular alterations initiated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The process involves immune responses and evasion mechanisms, which culminates with tolerance toward tumor antigens. Our objective was to understand local and systemic changes in the interactions between HPV associated cervical lesions and the immune system as lesions progress to cancer. Locally, we observed higher cervical leukocyte infiltrate, reflected by the increase in the frequency of T lymphocytes, neutrophils and M2 macrophages, in cancer patients. We observed a strong negative correlation between the frequency of neutrophils and T cells in precursor and cancer samples, but not cervicitis. In 3D tumor cell cultures, neutrophils inhibited T cell activity, displayed longer viability and longer CD16 expression half-life than neat neutrophil cultures. Systemically, we observed higher plasma G-CSF concentration, higher frequency of immature low density neutrophils, and tolerogenic monocyte derived dendritic cells, MoDCs, also in cancer patients. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between T cell activation by MoDCs and G-CSF concentration in the plasma. Our results indicate that neutrophils and G-CSF may be part of the immune escape mechanisms triggered by cervical cancer cells, locally and systemically, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Lucia Fernandez Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Beldi
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Sarmanho
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Ariza Marques Rossetti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Raony Farina Silveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giana Rabello Mota
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, LIM-24. R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 255, Radiology Building, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Dias de Carvalho Caruso
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ferreira Kamillos
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marta Souza
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Haydee Mastrocalla
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alejandra Clavijo-Salomon
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Noely Paula Lorenzi
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, office 1159, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, R. Antenor Duarte Vilela, 1331, Barretos, 14784-400, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, R. da Universidade and ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4704-553, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Edmund Baracat
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rossana Verónica Mendoza Lopez
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, LIM-24. R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 255, Radiology Building, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8th floor, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Tacla
- Department of Gynecologic Clinic, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo; Clinics Hospital at the São Paulo University, R. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho aguiar, 255, 5th floor, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Ed. Biomédicas IV, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kotyza J. Chemokines in tumor proximal fluids. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:41-49. [PMID: 28115749 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines produced by leukocytes and other types of cells including tumor cells. Their action is determined by the expression of cognate receptors and subsequent signaling in target cells, followed by the modulation of cytoskeletal proteins and the induction of other responses. In tumors, chemokines produced by neoplastic/stroma cells control the leukocyte infiltrate influencing tumor growth and progression. Tumor cells also express functional chemokine receptors responding to chemokine signals, promoting cell survival, proliferation and metastasis formation. Chemokines may be detected in serum of cancer patients, but due to the paracrine nature of these molecules, more significant concentrations are found in the tumor adjacent, non-vascular fluids, collectively called tumor proximal fluids. This review summarizes the expression of CC and CXC chemokines in these fluids, namely in interstitial fluid, pleural, ascitic, and cyst fluids, but also in urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, cervical secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Most comparative clinical studies reveal increased chemokine levels in high-grade tumor proximal fluids rather than in low-grade tumors and benign conditions, indicating shorter survival periods. The data confirm peritumoral fluid chemokines as sensitive diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as offer support for chemokines and their receptors as potential targets for antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Kotyza
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilzen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a dismal prognosis. It is increasingly recognized that esophageal cancer is a heterogeneous disease. It can be subdivided into two distinct groups: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, based on histological appearance. In the Western world, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was considerably higher than esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) until the 1990s when, due to a dramatic increase, the incidence of EA surpassed that of squamous cell carcinoma. EA typically follows a well-established stepwise evolution from chronic inflammation due to reflux esophagitis (RE) that progresses to metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus [BE]) to dysplasia, which often culminates in EA. The pathophysiology of EA is complex and involves diverse factors, including gastroesophageal reflux, gastric acid secretion, dysfunction of the antireflux barrier, gastric emptying disturbances, and abnormalities in esophageal defense mechanisms. The current understanding of the etiology of EA is mainly derived from epidemiological studies of risk factors such as cigarette smoking, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disorders (GERD), and low fruit and vegetable consumption. Numerous studies have been done, but the factors that drive the dynamic increase in the incidence of EA remain elusive. The advent of widespread antibiotic use occurred in the 1950s, preceding the surge of EA. Based on this temporal sequence, it has been hypothesized that antibiotics alter the microbiome to which the esophagus is exposed in patients who have GERD and that chronic exposure to this abnormal microbiome (ie, changes in species diversity or abundance) accounts for the increase in EA. If changes in the proposed factors alter the stepwise progression (RE-BE-dysplasia-EA), they may represent potential targets for chemoprevention. New discoveries will help improve our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of these cancers, and aid in finding novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Galvao Neto
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - April Whitaker
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song D, Li H, Li H, Dai J. Effect of human papillomavirus infection on the immune system and its role in the course of cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:600-606. [PMID: 26622540 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely known as a cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. The mechanisms involved have been studied by numerous studies. The integration of the virus genome into the host cells results in the abnormal regulation of cell cycle control. HPV can also induce immune evasion of the infected cells, which enable the virus to be undetectable for long periods of time. The induction of immunotolerance of the host's immune system by the persistent infection of HPV is one of the most important mechanisms for cervical lesions. The present review elaborates on the roles of several types of immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, which are classified as innate immune cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), cluster of differentiation (CD)4+/CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells, which are classified as adaptive immune cells. HPV infection could effect the differentiation of these immune cells in a unique way, resulting in the host's immune tolerance to the infection. The immune system modifications induced by HPV infection include tumor-associated macrophage differentiation, a compromised cellular immune response, an abnormal imbalance between type 1 T-helper cells (Th1) and Th2 cells, regulatory T cell infiltration, and downregulated DC activation and maturation. To date, numerous types of preventative vaccines have been created to slow down carcinogenesis. Immune response activation-based therapeutic vaccine is becoming more and more attractive for the treatment of HPV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- Department of Gynecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kemp TJ, Castro FA, Gao YT, Hildesheim A, Nogueira L, Wang BS, Sun L, Shelton G, Pfeiffer RM, Hsing AW, Pinto LA, Koshiol J. Application of multiplex arrays for cytokine and chemokine profiling of bile. Cytokine 2015; 73:84-90. [PMID: 25743242 PMCID: PMC4382212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder disease is highly related to inflammation, but the inflammatory processes are not well understood. Bile provides a direct substrate in assessing the local inflammatory response that develops in the gallbladder. To assess the reproducibility of measuring inflammatory markers in bile, we designed a methods study of 69 multiplexed immune-related markers measured in bile obtained from gallstone patients. METHODS To evaluate assay performance, a total of 18 bile samples were tested twice within the same plate for each analyte, and the 18 bile samples were tested on two different days for each analyte. We used the following performance parameters: detectability, coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and percent agreement (concordance among replicate measures above and below detection limit). Furthermore, we examined the association of analyte levels with gallstone characteristics such as type, numbers, and size. RESULTS All but 3 analytes (Stem Cell Factor, SCF; Thrombopoietin, TPO; sIL-1RI) were detectable in bile. 52 of 69 (75.4%) analytes had detectable levels for at least 50% of the subjects tested. The within-plate CVs were ⩽25% for 53 of 66 (80.3%) detectable analytes, and across-plate CVs were ⩽25% for 32 of 66 (48.5%) detectable analytes. Moreover, 64 of 66 (97.0%) analytes had ICC values of at least 0.8. Lastly, the percent agreement was high between replicates for all of the analytes (median; within plate, 97.2%; across plate, 97.2%). In exploratory analyses, we assessed analyte levels by gallstone characteristics and found that levels for several analytes decreased with increasing size of the largest gallstone per patient. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that multiplex assays can be used to reliably measure cytokines and chemokines in bile. In addition, gallstone size was inversely related to the levels of select analytes, which may aid in identifying critical pathways and mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of gallbladder diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Felipe A Castro
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Leticia Nogueira
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bing-Sheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gloriana Shelton
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Ann W Hsing
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saftlas AF, Spracklen CN, Ryckman KK, Stockdale CK, Penrose K, Ault K, Rubenstein LM, Pinto LA. Influence of a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) on levels of cytokines in cervical secretions. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 109:74-83. [PMID: 25721621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been heightened interest in determining if there is an increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes among women who had a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) to remove cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The objective of this exploratory study was to determine if the treatment of CIN with a LEEP is associated with changes in cervical soluble immune markers. Cervical cytokine concentrations were measured in women treated with LEEP and a control group of women who had colposcopy only and did not undergo LEEP. Cytokines were examined in cervical secretions collected in Merocel(®) sponges at study entry and at 6-month follow-up. Cytokines were measured using a Luminex 18-plex cytokine bead assay. The mean cytokine levels were not significantly changed from baseline to follow-up in either group, with the exception of TNF-α, which decreased among women who underwent a LEEP. When the mean levels of cytokines of the treated and untreated groups at baseline or follow-up were compared, cytokine levels tended to be lower in the treated group (particularly IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1). Findings from adjusted repeated measures analyses revealed no differences between the two groups with regard to changes in cytokine levels over time. Overall, women undergoing a LEEP showed few changes in the cervical microenvironment relative to untreated women. Future studies with additional cervical environment markers and larger sample sizes are needed to determine if a LEEP is associated with dysregulation of the cervical microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Saftlas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S427 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 5100 Genetic Medicine Building, CB #7264, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S435 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Colleen K Stockdale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 51214, USA.
| | - Kerri Penrose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh, S804 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Kevin Ault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mailstop 2028, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Linda M Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S415 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- Human Papillomavirus Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dzutsev A, Goldszmid RS, Viaud S, Zitvogel L, Trinchieri G. The role of the microbiota in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:17-31. [PMID: 25328099 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms, including those of humans. For more than 500 million years, commensal microorganisms and their hosts have coevolved and adapted to each other. As a result, the commensal microbiota affects many immune and nonimmune functions of their hosts, and de facto the two together comprise one metaorganism. The commensal microbiota communicates with the host via biologically active molecules. Recently, it has been reported that microbial imbalance may play a critical role in the development of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune conditions, and increased susceptibility to infection. In this review, we focus on the role of the commensal microbiota in the development, progression, and immune evasion of cancer, as well as some modulatory effects on the treatment of cancer. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to tumors, and the consequences on cancer progression and whether tumors subsequently become resistant or susceptible to different anticancer therapeutic regiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|