1
|
Huang B, Liu H, Chan S, Liu J, Gu J, Chen M, Kuang L, Li X, Zhang X, Li J. RUNX2 promotes the suppression of osteoblast function and enhancement of osteoclast activity by multiple myeloma cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:115. [PMID: 36897488 PMCID: PMC10006269 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
RUNX2 is a transcription factor that participates in osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation and plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancers. With the deepening of research, evidence has indicated the correlation between RUNX2 and bone destruction in cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying its role in multiple myeloma remain unclear. By observing the induction effects of conditioned medium from myeloma cells on preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and preosteoclasts (RAW264.7) and constructing myeloma-bearing mice, we found that RUNX2 promotes bone destruction in multiple myeloma. In vitro, conditioned medium from RUNX2-overexpressing myeloma cells reduced osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast activity. In vivo, RUNX2 expression was positively correlated with bone loss in myeloma-bearing mice. These results suggest that therapeutic inhibition of RUNX2 may protect against bone destruction by maintaining the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity in multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Huang
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Szehoi Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Junru Liu
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingli Gu
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lifen Kuang
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaozhe Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2Nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thromboinflammatory Processes at the Nexus of Metabolic Dysfunction and Prostate Cancer: The Emerging Role of Periprostatic Adipose Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071679. [PMID: 35406450 PMCID: PMC8996963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As overweight and obesity increase among the population worldwide, a parallel increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer was observed. There appears to be a relationship between both diseases where the increase in the mass of fat tissue can lead to inflammation. Such a state of inflammation could produce many factors that increase the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, especially if this inflammation occurred in the fat stores adjacent to the prostate. Another important observation that links obesity, fat tissue inflammation, and prostate cancer is the increased production of blood clotting factors. In this article, we attempt to explain the role of these latter factors in the effect of increased body weight on the progression of prostate cancer and propose new ways of treatment that act by affecting how these clotting factors work. Abstract The increased global prevalence of metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes is mirrored by an increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa). Ample evidence suggests that these metabolic disorders, being characterized by adipose tissue (AT) expansion and inflammation, not only present as risk factors for the development of PCa, but also drive its increased aggressiveness, enhanced progression, and metastasis. Despite the emerging molecular mechanisms linking AT dysfunction to the various hallmarks of PCa, thromboinflammatory processes implicated in the crosstalk between these diseases have not been thoroughly investigated. This is of particular importance as both diseases present states of hypercoagulability. Accumulating evidence implicates tissue factor, thrombin, and active factor X as well as other players of the coagulation cascade in the pathophysiological processes driving cancer development and progression. In this regard, it becomes pivotal to elucidate the thromboinflammatory processes occurring in the periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), a fundamental microenvironmental niche of the prostate. Here, we highlight key findings linking thromboinflammation and the pleiotropic effects of coagulation factors and their inhibitors in metabolic diseases, PCa, and their crosstalk. We also propose several novel therapeutic targets and therapeutic interventions possibly modulating the interaction between these pathological states.
Collapse
|
3
|
Matos B, Howl J, Jerónimo C, Fardilha M. The disruption of protein-protein interactions as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105145. [PMID: 32814172 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male-specific cancers worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates associated with advanced disease stages. The current treatment options of PCa are prostatectomy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the selection of which is usually dependent upon the stage of the disease. The development of PCa to a castration-resistant phenotype (CRPC) is associated with a more severe prognosis requiring the development of a new and effective therapy. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been recognised as an emerging drug modality and targeting PPIs is a promising therapeutic approach for several diseases, including cancer. The efficacy of several compounds in which target PPIs and consequently impair disease progression were validated in phase I/II clinical trials for different types of cancer. In PCa, various small molecules and peptides proved successful in inhibiting important PPIs, mainly associated with the androgen receptor (AR), Bcl-2 family proteins, and kinases/phosphatases, thus impairing the growth of PCa cells in vitro. Moreover, a majority of these compounds require further validation in vivo and, preferably, in clinical trials. In addition, several other PPIs associated with PCa progression have been identified and now require experimental validation as potential therapeutic loci. In conclusion, we consider the disruption of PPIs to be a promising though challenging therapeutic strategy for PCa. Agents which modulate PPIs might be employed as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to classical chemotherapeutics to overcome drug resistance and improve efficacy. The discovery of new PPIs with important roles in disease progression, and of novel optimized strategies to target them are major challenges for the scientific and pharmacological communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar- University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li N, Zeng Y, Huang J. Signaling pathways and clinical application of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1379-1393. [PMID: 32266538 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have focused on the early diagnostic value of the methylation of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. However, the intricate cellular events related to RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer are still a mystery. For researchers and clinicians aiming to more profoundly understand the diagnostic value of methylated RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer, this review will provide deeper insights into the molecular events of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. METHODOLOGY We searched for relevant publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "RASSF1A", "SHOX2" and "lung cancer" etc. First, we reviewed the RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes, from their family structures to the functions of their basic structural domains. Then we mainly focused on the roles of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer, especially on their molecular events in recent decades. Finally, we compared the value of measuring RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation with that of the common methods for the diagnosis of lung cancer patients. RESULTS The RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes were confirmed to be regulators or effectors of multiple cancer signaling pathways, driving tumorigenesis and lung cancer progression. The detection of RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation has higher sensitivity and specificity than other commonly used methods for diagnosing lung cancer, especially in the early stage. CONCLUSIONS The RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes are critical for the processes of tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence in lung cancer. The combined detection of RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation was identified as an excellent method for the screening and surveillance of lung cancer that exhibits high sensitivity and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Potential Role of RUNX2- RUNT Domain in Modulating the Expression of Genes Involved in Bone Metastases: An In Vitro Study with Melanoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030751. [PMID: 32204402 PMCID: PMC7140624 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of RUNX2 has been reported in several tumors. In melanoma cells, the RUNT domain of RUNX2 increases cell proliferation and migration. Due to the strong link between RUNX2 and skeletal development, we hypothesized that the RUNT domain may be involved in the modulation of mechanisms associated with melanoma bone metastasis. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of metastatic targets in wild type (WT) and RUNT KO melanoma cells by array and real-time PCR analyses. Western blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence, migration and invasion ability assays were also performed. Our findings showed that the expression levels of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (SPP1) genes, which are involved in malignancy-induced hypercalcemia, were reduced in RUNT KO cells. In addition, released PTHrP levels were lower in RUNT KO cells than in WT cells. The RUNT domain also contributes to increased osteotropism and bone invasion in melanoma cells. Importantly, we found that the ERK/p-ERK and AKT/p-AKT pathways are involved in RUNT-promoted bone metastases. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that the RUNX2 RUNT domain is involved in the mechanisms promoting bone metastasis of melanoma cells via complex interactions between multiple players involved in bone remodeling.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ji Q, Zhou L, Sui H, Yang L, Wu X, Song Q, Jia R, Li R, Sun J, Wang Z, Liu N, Feng Y, Sun X, Cai G, Feng Y, Cai J, Cao Y, Cai G, Wang Y, Li Q. Primary tumors release ITGBL1-rich extracellular vesicles to promote distal metastatic tumor growth through fibroblast-niche formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1211. [PMID: 32139701 PMCID: PMC7058049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a hallmark of cancer. Metastatic cancer cells often reside in distal tissues and organs in their dormant state. Mechanisms underlying the pre-metastatic niche formation are poorly understood. Here we show that in a colorectal cancer (CRC) model, primary tumors release integrin beta-like 1 (ITGBL1)-rich extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the circulation to activate resident fibroblasts in remote organs. The activated fibroblasts induce the pre-metastatic niche formation and promote metastatic cancer growth by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-6 and IL-8. Mechanistically, the primary CRC-derived ITGBL1-enriched EVs stimulate the TNFAIP3-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway to activate fibroblasts. Consequently, the activated fibroblasts produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote metastatic cancer growth. These findings uncover a tumor-stromal interaction in the metastatic tumor microenvironment and an intimate signaling communication between primary tumors and metastases through the ITGBL1-loaded EVs. Targeting the EVs-ITGBL1-CAFs-TNFAIP3-NF-κB signaling axis provides an attractive approach for treating metastatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinnan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Yihai Cao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and cancer institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geniposide promotes the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells by regulation of microRNA-214. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106121. [PMID: 31972426 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The research plans to make sure how Geniposide (GEN) functions in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells were treated with the GEN, XAV-939 and/or transfected with microRNA (miR)-214 mimic or corresponding control. Cell viability was detected with the CCK-8. The CyclinD1, Runx2, Osx, Ocn, Wnt3a and β-catenin were individually quantified via western blot. The cell cycle was tested by cell cycle analysis assay. The ALP activity was tested by ALP assay. qRT-PCR was used to examine the miR-214 expression level. The cell viability and the expressions of the CyclinD1, Runx2, Osx, Ocn Wnt3a and β-catenin, as well as the ALP activity were individually and significantly promoted by the GEN. Besides, miR-214 was down-regulated by the GEN. The XAV-939 or the miR-214 mimic destroyed the promotional effect of GEN on these elements above. In conclusion, GEN induced the proliferation and differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells by targeting the miR-214 through Wnt/β-catenin activation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang E, Kang Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Li X, Lan X. Detection of insertions/deletions (InDels) within the goat Runx2 gene and their association with litter size and growth traits. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:169-177. [PMID: 31591922 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1671858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is characterized by its critical functions in osteoblastic and ovulatory processes. The goal of this study was to explore the insertion/deletion (indel) variants of this gene and to evaluate their association with productive traits. Herein, a 12 bp and 6 bp insertion within the Runx2 gene was uncovered in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (SBWC; n = 1200). Chi-square analysis revealed that the 12 bp insertion was related to litter size (p < 0.01). Further association analysis also found this insertion was significantly associated with litter size (p = 1.1E-5). Interestingly, this insertion was also significantly associated with chest circumference (p = 0.018). Additionally, the 6 bp insertion was associated with body length (p = 0.003), chest width (p = 0.011), and chest circumference (p = 0.005). Furthermore, diplotype associations also uncovered that the combined genotypes of these two indels also significantly affected litter size and growth traits (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that these two insertions within the Runx2 gene were significantly associated with reproduction and growth traits, which would make them beneficial functional DNA markers that can be used in goat breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zihong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Villanueva F, Araya H, Briceño P, Varela N, Stevenson A, Jerez S, Tempio F, Chnaiderman J, Perez C, Villarroel M, Concha E, Khani F, Thaler R, Salazar-Onfray F, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo M. The cancer-related transcription factor RUNX2 modulates expression and secretion of the matricellular protein osteopontin in osteosarcoma cells to promote adhesion to endothelial pulmonary cells and lung metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13659-13679. [PMID: 30637720 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are bone tumors that frequently metastasize to the lung. Aberrant expression of the transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), is a key pathological feature in osteosarcoma and associated with loss of p53 and miR-34 expression. Elevated RUNX2 may transcriptionally activate genes mediating tumor progression and metastasis, including the RUNX2 target gene osteopontin (OPN/SPP1). This gene encodes a secreted matricellular protein produced by osteoblasts to regulate bone matrix remodeling and tissue calcification. Here we investigated whether and how the RUNX2/OPN axis regulates lung metastasis of osteosarcoma. Importantly, RUNX2 depletion attenuates lung metastasis of osteosarcoma cells in vivo. Using next-generation RNA-sequencing, protein-based assays, as well as the loss- and gain-of-function approaches in selected osteosarcoma cell lines, we show that osteopontin messenger RNA levels closely correlate with RUNX2 expression and that RUNX2 controls the levels of secreted osteopontin. Elevated osteopontin levels promote heterotypic cell-cell adhesion of osteosarcoma cells to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, but not in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, these findings indicate that the RUNX2/OPN axis regulates the ability of osteosarcoma cells to attach to pulmonary endothelial cells as a key step in metastasis of osteosarcoma cells to the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Villanueva
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Araya
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Briceño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Varela
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Stevenson
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Tempio
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonas Chnaiderman
- Program of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola Perez
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milena Villarroel
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile.,National Child Programme of Antineoplastic Drugs (PINDA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Concha
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Cancer Center, The Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mario Galindo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kanwal R, Shukla S, Walker E, Gupta S. Acquisition of tumorigenic potential and therapeutic resistance in CD133+ subpopulation of prostate cancer cells exhibiting stem-cell like characteristics. Cancer Lett 2018; 430:25-33. [PMID: 29775627 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD133 (Prominin-1) as a cancer stem cell marker may be useful for therapeutic approaches and prognostication in prostate cancer patients. We investigated the stem-cell-related function and biological features of a subpopulation of CD133+ cells isolated from established primary human prostate cancer cell lines. The CD133+ cells sorted from human prostate cancer 22Rv1 exhibited high clonogenic and tumorigenic capabilities, sphere forming capacity and serially reinitiated transplantable tumors in NOD-SCID mice. Gene profiling analysis of CD133+ cells showed upregulation of markers of stem cell differentiation (CD44, Oct4, SOX9 and Nanog), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (c-myc and BMI1), osteoblastic differentiation (Runx2), and skeletal morphogenesis (BMP2), compared to side population of CD133- cells. These cells are highly malignant and resistant to γ-radiation and chemotherapeutic drug, docetaxel. Importantly, a docetaxel-resistant subclone was more enriched in CD133+ cells with significant increase in Runx2 expression, compared to CD133- cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Runx2 in these cells resulted in differential response to chemotherapy, sensitizing them to increased cell death. These results demonstrate therapy-resistant population with stem-like features are distinct subpopulation of malignant cells that resides within parental cell lines. The molecular signature of CD133+ cells may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnee Kanwal
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ethan Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chuang LSH, Ito K, Ito Y. Roles of RUNX in Solid Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:299-320. [PMID: 28299665 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
All RUNX genes have been implicated in the development of solid tumors, but the role each RUNX gene plays in the different tumor types is complicated by multiple interactions with major signaling pathways and tumor heterogeneity. Moreover, for a given tissue type, the specific role of each RUNX protein is distinct at different stages of differentiation. A regulatory function for RUNX in tissue stem cells points sharply to a causal effect in tumorigenesis. Understanding how RUNX dysregulation in cancer impinges on normal biological processes is important for identifying the molecular mechanisms that lead to malignancy. It will also indicate whether restoration of proper RUNX function to redirect cell fate is a feasible treatment for cancer. With the recent advances in RUNX research, it is time to revisit the many mechanisms/pathways that RUNX engage to regulate cell fate and decide whether cells proliferate, differentiate or die.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Kosei Ito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeong HM, Cho SW, Park SI. Osteoblasts Are the Centerpiece of the Metastatic Bone Microenvironment. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:485-492. [PMID: 28029019 PMCID: PMC5195822 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is comprised of diverse stromal cell populations in addition to tumor cells. Increasing evidence now clearly supports the role of microenvironment stromal cells in tumor progression and metastasis, yet the regulatory mechanisms and interactions among tumor and stromal cells remain to be elucidated. Bone metastasis is the major problem in many types of human malignancies including prostate, breast and lung cancers, and the biological basis of bone metastasis let alone curative approaches are largely undetermined. Among the many types of stromal cells in bone, osteoblasts are shown to be an important player. In this regard, osteoblasts are a key target cell type in the development of bone metastasis, but there are currently no drugs or therapeutic approaches are available that specifically target osteoblasts. This review paper summarizes the current knowledge on osteoblasts in the metastatic tumor microenvironment, aiming to provide clues and directions for future research endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Min Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Q, Yu W, Huang T, Zhu Y, Huang C. RUNX2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion by upregulating MMP9 expression. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2777-2784. [PMID: 27666365 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was first identified as a transcription factor to play an important role in different biological processes of osteoblast and chondrocyte, including differentiation and migration. Recently, RUNX2 has been implicated in promigratory/proinvasive behavior in different human malignancies. In the present study, we demonstrated that the RUNX2 mRNA and protein expression were both increased significantly in HCC tissues and cell lines. High RUNX2 expression was correlated obviously with poor clinicopathological characteristics including multiple tumor nodes, high histological grading, venous infiltration and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. In addition, we demonstrated that RUNX2 was a prognostic indicator for predicting 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients. Our studies showed that RUXN2 overexpression promoted, while RUNX2 knockdown inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Notably, RUNX2 positively regulated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) accumulation in HCC cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that RUNX2 was positively correlated with MMP9 expression in HCC tissues by Pearson correlation analysis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that MMP9 overexpression increased HCC cell migration and invasion, while MMP9 knockdown reduced HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Alteration of MMP9 expression partially abrogated the effects of RUNX2 on HCC cell migration and invasion, which suggests that RUNX2 developed its pro-metastatic biological function by upregulating the expression of MMP9 in HCC cells. In conclusion, our results reveal that RUNX2 promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by MMP9-mediated pathway, and potentially serves as a new prognostic biomarker and in therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Changshan Huang
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Same difference: A pilot study of cyclin D1, bcl-2, AMACR, and ALDH-1 identifies significant differences in expression between primary colon adenocarcinoma and its metastases. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:995-1003. [PMID: 27623206 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity implies the possibility of significantly different expression of key pathways between primary and metastatic clones. Colon adenocarcinoma is one of the few tumors where current practice includes resection of primary and isolated organ metastases simultaneously without neoadjuvant therapy. We performed a pilot study on 28 cases of colon adenocarcinoma resected simultaneously with metastases in patients with no history of neoadjuvant therapy. We assayed matched primary and metastatic tumors from each patient with common diagnostic antibodies to Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, AMACR, and ALDH-1 by immunohistochemistry with semi-quantitative interpretation on archived formalin fixed, paraffin embedded samples. We were powered for large, consistent differences between primary and metastatic expression, and found 21 of 28 had a significant difference in expression of at least one of the four proteins, accounting for multiplicity of testing. Cyclin D1 had significantly more cases with differential metastatic:primary expression than would be expected by chance alone (p-value 0.0043), favoring higher expression in the metastatic sample. Bcl-2 and ALDH-1 had trends in this direction (p-value 0.078 each). Proportionately more cases with significant differences were identified when a liver metastasis was tested. We conclude differences in expression between metastatic and primary colon adenocarcinoma within the same patient exist, and may have therapeutic and biomarker testing consequences.
Collapse
|
15
|
Berlanga P, Muñoz L, Piqueras M, Sirerol JA, Sánchez-Izquierdo MD, Hervás D, Hernández M, Llavador M, Machado I, Llombart-Bosch A, Cañete A, Castel V, Font de Mora J. miR-200c and phospho-AKT as prognostic factors and mediators of osteosarcoma progression and lung metastasis. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1043-53. [PMID: 27155790 PMCID: PMC5423177 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung metastasis is the major cause of death in osteosarcoma patients. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this metastasis remain poorly understood. To identify key molecules related with pulmonary metastasis of pediatric osteosarcomas, we analyzed high-throughput miRNA expression in a cohort of 11 primary tumors and 15 lung metastases. Results were further validated with an independent cohort of 10 primary tumors and 6 metastases. In parallel, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of activated signaling pathways in 36 primary osteosarcomas. Only phospho-AKT associated with lower overall survival in primary tumors, supporting its role in osteosarcoma progression. CTNNB1 expression also associated with lower overall survival but was not strong enough to be considered an independent variable. Interestingly, miR-200c was overexpressed in lung metastases, implicating an inhibitory feed-back loop to PI3K-AKT. Moreover, transfection of miR200c-mimic in U2-OS cells reduced phospho-AKT levels but increased cellular migration and proliferation. Notably, miR-200c expression strongly correlated with miR-141 and with the osteogenic inhibitor miR-375, all implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. These findings contrast epithelial tumors where reduced miR-200c expression promotes metastasis. Indeed, we noted that osteosarcoma cells in the lung also expressed the epithelial marker CDH1, revealing a change in their mesenchymal phenotype. We propose that miR-200c upregulation occurs late in osteosarcoma progression to provide cells with an epithelial phenotype that facilitates their integration in the metastatic lung niche. Thus, our findings identify phospho-AKT in the primary tumor and miR-200c later during tumor progression as prognostic molecules and potential therapeutic targets to prevent progression and metastasis of pediatric osteosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Berlanga
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Spain; Clinical and Translational Research in Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | - Lisandra Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | - Marta Piqueras
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | - J Antoni Sirerol
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | | | - David Hervás
- Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | | | | | - Isidro Machado
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Spain
| | | | - Adela Cañete
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Spain; Clinical and Translational Research in Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | - Victoria Castel
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Spain; Clinical and Translational Research in Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain
| | - Jaime Font de Mora
- Clinical and Translational Research in Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feng H, Wang J, Xu J, Chen W, Zhang Y. The surgical management and treatment of metastatic lesions in the proximal femur: A mini review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3892. [PMID: 27428183 PMCID: PMC4956777 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Review current treatments of metastatic lesions in the proximal femur.We reviewed published literature related to diagnosis and surgical treatments and summarized current treatment options.Surgical management mainly consist of internal fixation, hip replacement, and percutaneous femoroplasty (PFP) which has been newly applied in clinical practice.An appropriate series of treatments is necessary for patients to avoid the occurrence of paraplegia and prolong survival time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helin Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Jianfa Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Correspondence: Yingze Zhang, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zissler UM, Chaker AM, Effner R, Ulrich M, Guerth F, Piontek G, Dietz K, Regn M, Knapp B, Theis FJ, Heine H, Suttner K, Schmidt-Weber CB. Interleukin-4 and interferon-γ orchestrate an epithelial polarization in the airways. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:917-26. [PMID: 26577568 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are key effector cytokines for the differentiation of T helper type 1 and 2 (Th1 and Th2) cells. Both cytokines induce fate-decisive transcription factors such as GATA3 and TBX21 that antagonize the polarized development of opposite phenotypes by direct regulation of each other's expression along with many other target genes. Although it is well established that mesenchymal cells directly respond to Th1 and Th2 cytokines, the nature of antagonistic differentiation programs in airway epithelial cells is only partially understood. In this study, primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to IL-4, IFN-γ, or both and genome-wide transcriptome analysis was performed. The study uncovers an antagonistic regulation pattern of IL-4 and IFN-γ in NHBEs, translating the Th1/Th2 antagonism directly in epithelial gene regulation. IL-4- and IFN-γ-induced transcription factor hubs form clusters, present in antagonistically and polarized gene regulation networks. Furthermore, the IL-4-dependent induction of IL-24 observed in rhinitis patients was downregulated by IFN-γ, and therefore IL-24 represents a potential biomarker of allergic inflammation and a Th2 polarized condition of the epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - A M Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R Effner
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Ulrich
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F Guerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - G Piontek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Dietz
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Regn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Knapp
- Institute of Computational Biology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - F J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - H Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - K Suttner
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - C B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chalanqui MJ, O'Doherty M, Dunne NJ, McCarthy HO. MiRNA 34a: a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1075-85. [PMID: 26942553 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1162294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of a therapy for bone metastases is of paramount importance for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The osteomimetic properties of CRPC confer a propensity to metastasize to osseous sites. Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) is non-coding RNA that acts as a post-transcriptional regulator of multiple proteins and associated pathways. Therefore identification of miRNAs could reveal a valid third generation therapy for CRPC. AREAS COVERED miR34a has been found to play an integral role in the progression of prostate cancer, particularly in the regulation of metastatic genes involved in migration, intravasation, extravasation, bone attachment and bone homeostasis. The correlation between miR34a down-regulation and metastatic progression has generated substantial interest in this field. EXPERT OPINION Examination of the evidence reveals that miR34a is an ideal target for gene therapy for metastatic CRPC. We also conclude that future studies should focus on the effects of miR34a upregulation in CRPC with respect to migration, translocation to bone micro-environment and osteomimetic phenotype development. The success of miR34a as a therapeutic is reliant on the development of appropriate delivery systems and targeting to the bone micro-environment. In tandem with any therapeutic studies, biomarker serum levels should also be ascertained as an indicator of successful miR34a delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas J Dunne
- a School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK.,b School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- a School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in Bone Remodeling and Perspectives as Biomarkers in Osteoporosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1652417. [PMID: 27073801 PMCID: PMC4814634 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1652417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in many cellular and molecular activities and played important roles in many biological and pathological processes, such as tissue formation, cancer development, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been reported that microRNAs can modulate the differentiation and activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the key cells that are involved in bone remodeling process. Meanwhile, the results from our and other research groups showed that the expression profiles of microRNAs in the serum and bone tissues are significantly different in postmenopausal women with or without fractures compared to the control. Therefore, it can be postulated that microRNAs might play important roles in bone remodeling and that they are very likely to be involved in the pathological process of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this review, we will present the updated research on the regulatory roles of microRNAs in osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the expression profiles of microRNAs in osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture patients. The perspective of serum microRNAs as novel biomarkers in bone loss disorders such as osteoporosis has also been discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
McNerney EM, Onate SA. New Insights in the Role of Androgen-to-Estrogen Ratios, Specific Growth Factors and Bone Cell Microenvironment to Potentiate Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.11131/2015/101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. McNerney
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Sergio A. Onate
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Chile
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Anatomy and Pathology Building, 2nd Floor, School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nesbitt H, Browne G, O'Donovan KM, Byrne NM, Worthington J, McKeown SR, McKenna DJ. Nitric Oxide Up-Regulates RUNX2 in LNCaP Prostate Tumours: Implications for Tumour Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:473-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Nesbitt
- Biomedical Science Research Institute; University of Ulster; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Gillian Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center; University of Vermont College of Medicine; Burlington Vermont
| | - Katie M. O'Donovan
- Biomedical Science Research Institute; University of Ulster; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Niall M. Byrne
- Bone Biology Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst Sydney Australia
| | - Jenny Worthington
- Biomedical Science Research Institute; University of Ulster; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
- Axis Bioservices Ltd.; Research Laboratory; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Stephanie R. McKeown
- Biomedical Science Research Institute; University of Ulster; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Declan J. McKenna
- Biomedical Science Research Institute; University of Ulster; Coleraine Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang X, Wu H, Dobson JR, Browne G, Hong D, Akech J, Languino LR, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Expression of the IL-11 Gene in Metastatic Cells Is Supported by Runx2-Smad and Runx2-cJun Complexes Induced by TGFβ1. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2098-108. [PMID: 25808168 PMCID: PMC4515199 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In tumor cells, two factors are abnormally increased that contribute to metastatic bone disease: Runx2, a transcription factor that promotes expression of metastasis related and osteolytic genes; and IL-11, a secreted osteolytic cytokine. Here, we addressed a compelling question: Does Runx2 regulate IL-11 gene expression? We find a positive correlation between Runx2, IL-11 and TGFβ1, a driver of the vicious cycle of metastatic bone disease, in prostate cancer (PC) cell lines representing early (LNCaP) and late (PC3) stage disease. Further, like Runx2 knockdown, IL-11 knockdown significantly reduced expression of several osteolytic factors. Modulation of Runx2 expression results in corresponding changes in IL-11 expression. The IL-11 gene has Runx2, AP-1 sites and Smad binding elements located on the IL-11 promoter. Here, we demonstrated that Runx2-c-Jun as well as Runx2-Smad complexes upregulate IL-11 expression. Functional studies identified a significant loss of IL-11 expression in PC3 cells in the presence of the Runx2-HTY mutant protein, a mutation that disrupts Runx2-Smad signaling. In response to TGFβ1 and in the presence of Runx2, we observed a 30-fold induction of IL-11 expression, accompanied by increased c-Jun binding to the IL-11 promoter. Immunoprecipitation and in situ co-localization studies demonstrated that Runx2 and c-Jun form nuclear complexes in PC3 cells. Thus, TGFβ1 signaling induces two independent transcriptional pathways - AP-1 and Runx2. These transcriptional activators converge on IL-11 as a result of Runx2-Smad and Runx2-c-Jun interactions to amplify IL-11 gene expression that, together with Runx2, supports the osteolytic pathology of cancer induced bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jason R. Dobson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gillian Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jacqueline Akech
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsai PH, Chien Y, Chuang JH, Chou SJ, Chien CH, Lai YH, Li HY, Ko YL, Chang YL, Wang CY, Liu YY, Lee HC, Yang CH, Tsai TF, Lee YY, Chiou SH. Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Functions and Osteogenic Differentiation in Cisd2-Deficient Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2561-76. [PMID: 26230298 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome 2 (WFS2) is a premature aging syndrome caused by an irreversible mitochondria-mediated disorder. Cisd2, which regulates mitochondrial electron transport, has been recently identified as the causative gene of WFS2. The mouse Cisd2 knockout (KO) (Cisd2(-/-)) recapitulates most of the clinical manifestations of WFS2, including growth retardation, osteopenia, and lordokyphosis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying osteopenia in WFS2 and Cisd2 KO mice remain unknown. In this study, we collected embryonic fibroblasts from Cisd2-deficient embryos and reprogrammed them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via retroviral transduction with Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/c-Myc. Cisd2-deficient mouse iPSCs (miPSCs) exhibited structural abnormalities in their mitochondria and an impaired proliferative capability. The global gene expression profiles of Cisd2(+/+), Cisd2(+/-), and Cisd2(-/-) miPSCs revealed that Cisd2 functions as a regulator of both mitochondrial electron transport and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is critical for cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Notably, Cisd2(-/-) miPSCs exhibited impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling, with the downregulation of downstream genes, such as Tcf1, Fosl1, and Jun and the osteogenic regulator Runx2. Several differentiation markers for tridermal lineages were globally impaired in Cisd2(-/-) miPSCs. Alizarin red S staining and flow cytometry analysis further revealed that Cisd2(-/-) miPSCs failed to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, our results, as determined using an miPSC-based platform, have demonstrated that Cisd2 regulates mitochondrial function, proliferation, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, and Wnt pathway signaling. Cisd2 deficiency impairs the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and thereby contributes to the pathogeneses of osteopenia and lordokyphosis in WFS2 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsing Tsai
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hua Chuang
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Hsu Chien
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiu Lai
- 4 Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yang Li
- 4 Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,5 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neurological Institute , Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Ko
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,5 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,7 Department of Pharmacy, Neurological Institute , Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ying Wang
- 5 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,5 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- 8 Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- 9 Department of Life Sciences & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,10 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute , Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cohen-Solal KA, Boregowda RK, Lasfar A. RUNX2 and the PI3K/AKT axis reciprocal activation as a driving force for tumor progression. Mol Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26204939 PMCID: PMC4513933 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first reported role of the transcription factor RUNX2 in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and migration to its involvement in promigratory/proinvasive behavior of breast, prostate, and thyroid cancer cells, osteosarcoma, or melanoma cells, RUNX2 currently emerges as a key player in metastasis. In this review, we address the interaction of RUNX2 with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, one of the critical axes controlling cancer growth and metastasis. AKT, either by directly phosphorylating/activating RUNX2 or phosphorylating/inactivating regulators of RUNX2 stability or activity, contributes to RUNX2 transcriptional activity. Reciprocally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by RUNX2 regulation of its different components has been described in non-transformed and transformed cells. This mutual activation in the context of cancer cells exhibiting constitutive AKT activation and high levels of RUNX2 might constitute a major driving force in tumor progression and aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.
| | - Rajeev K Boregowda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides 2015; 66:51-7. [PMID: 25701761 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is a complex process regulated by multifactorial signaling cascades that govern proper tissue specific cell differentiation and matrix production. The influence of certain regulatory peptides on cartilage or bone development can be predicted but are not widely studied. In this review, we aimed to assemble and overview those signaling pathways which are modulated by PACAP and VIP neuropeptides and are involved in cartilage and bone formation. We discuss recent experimental data suggesting broad spectrum functions of these neuropeptides in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, including the canonical downstream targets of PACAP and VIP receptors, PKA or MAPK pathways, which are key regulators of chondro- and osteogenesis. Recent experimental data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, while VIP has been reported playing an important role in the inflammatory reactions of surrounding joint tissues. Regulatory function of PACAP and VIP in bone development has also been proved, although the source of the peptides is not obvious. Crosstalk and collateral connections of the discussed signaling mechanisms make the system complicated and may obscure the pure effects of VIP and PACAP. Chondro-protective properties of PACAP during oxidative stress observed in our experiments indicate a possible therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Solveig Lind Helgadottir
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|