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Barriers to Infection of Human Cells by Feline Leukemia Virus: Insights into Resistance to Zoonosis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02119-16. [PMID: 28031367 PMCID: PMC5309941 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02119-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome displays a rich fossil record of past gammaretrovirus infections, yet no current epidemic is evident, despite environmental exposure to viruses that infect human cells in vitro. Feline leukemia viruses (FeLVs) rank high on this list, but neither domestic nor workplace exposure has been associated with detectable serological responses. Nonspecific inactivation of gammaretroviruses by serum factors appears insufficient to explain these observations. To investigate further, we explored the susceptibilities of primary and established human cell lines to FeLV-B, the most likely zoonotic variant. Fully permissive infection was common in cancer-derived cell lines but was also a feature of nontransformed keratinocytes and lung fibroblasts. Cells of hematopoietic origin were generally less permissive and formed discrete groups on the basis of high or low intracellular protein expression and virion release. Potent repression was observed in primary human blood mononuclear cells and a subset of leukemia cell lines. However, the early steps of reverse transcription and integration appear to be unimpaired in nonpermissive cells. FeLV-B was subject to G→A hypermutation with a predominant APOBEC3G signature in partially permissive cells but was not mutated in permissive cells or in nonpermissive cells that block secondary viral spread. Distinct cellular barriers that protect primary human blood cells are likely to be important in protection against zoonotic infection with FeLV. IMPORTANCE Domestic exposure to gammaretroviruses such as feline leukemia viruses (FeLVs) occurs worldwide, but the basis of human resistance to infection remains incompletely understood. The potential threat is evident from the human genome sequence, which reveals many past epidemics of gammaretrovirus infection, and from recent cross-species jumps of gammaretroviruses from rodents to primates and marsupials. This study examined resistance to infection at the cellular level with the most prevalent human cell-tropic FeLV variant, FeLV-B. We found that blood cells are uniquely resistant to infection with FeLV-B due to the activity of cellular enzymes that mutate the viral genome. A second block, which appears to suppress viral gene expression after the viral genome has integrated into the host cell genome, was identified. Since cells derived from other normal human cell types are fully supportive of FeLV replication, innate resistance of blood cells could be critical in protecting against cross-species infection.
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2
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Prevalence and characterization of murine leukemia virus contamination in human cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125622. [PMID: 25927683 PMCID: PMC4416031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminations of cell cultures with microbiological organisms are well documented and can be managed in cell culture laboratories applying reliable detection, elimination and prevention strategies. However, the presence of viral contaminations in cell cultures is still a matter of debate and cannot be determined with general detection methods. In the present study we screened 577 human cell lines for the presence of murine leukemia viruses (MLV). Nineteen cell lines were found to be contaminated with MLV, including 22RV1 which is contaminated with the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus variant of MLV. Of these, 17 cell lines were shown to produce active retroviruses determined by product enhanced reverse transcriptase PCR assay for reverse transcriptase activity. The contaminated cell lines derive from various solid tumor types as well as from leukemia and lymphoma types. A contamination of primary human cells from healthy volunteers could not be substantiated. Sequence analyses of 17 MLV PCR products and five complete MLV genomes of different infected cell lines revealed at least three groups of related MLV genotypes. The viruses harvested from the supernatants of infected cell cultures were infectious to uninfected cell cultures. In the course of the study we found that contamination of human genomic DNA preparations with murine DNA can lead to false-positive results. Presumably, xenotransplantations of the human tumor cells into immune-deficient mice to determine the tumorigenicity of the cells are mainly responsible for the MLV contaminations. Furthermore, the use of murine feeder layer cells during the establishment of human cell lines and a cross-contamination with MLV from infected cultures might be sources of infection. A screening of cell cultures for MLV contamination is recommended given a contamination rate of 3.3%.
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3
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Complement-HIV interactions during all steps of viral pathogenesis. Vaccine 2007; 26:3046-54. [PMID: 18191309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon crossing the endothelial barrier of the host, HIV initiates immediate responses of the immunity system. Among its components, the complement system is one of the first the first elements, which are activated to affect HIV propagation. Complement participates not only in the early phase of the immune response, but its effects can be observed continuously and also concern the induction and modification of the adaptive immune response. Here we discuss the role of complement in early and late stages of HIV pathogenesis and review the escape mechanisms, which protect HIV from destruction by the complement system.
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Kimura M, Yoshida Y, Narita M, Takenaga K, Takenouchi T, Yamaguchi T, Saisho H, Sakiyama S, Tagawa M. Acquired immunity in nude mice induced by expression of the IL-2 or IL-4 gene in human pancreatic carcinoma cells and anti-tumor effect generated by in vivo gene transfer using retrovirus. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:549-55. [PMID: 10404069 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990812)82:4<549::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the anti-tumor effect in nude mice caused by human pancreatic cancer cells (AsPC-1) modified to secrete IL-2 or IL-4. Loss of tumorigenicity of cytokine-producing, but not wild-type, cells was observed despite their unaltered in vitro proliferation rates; and these anti-tumor effects were dependent on the amount of cytokine released. Wild-type cells inoculated into mice which had rejected IL-2- or IL-4-producer cells showed significant growth retardation, while no retardation was detected when unrelated human colon carcinoma cells were inoculated. Histological examination of regressing IL-2- or IL-4-producing AsPC-1 tumors in nude mice revealed infiltration by CD11b-, but not CD90-, positive cells around the tumors. Treatment of nude mice with anti-asialoGM(1) antibody did not affect loss of tumorigenicity. Mice injected i.p. with IL-2- or IL-4-producing AsPC-1 cells did not die, in contrast to mice inoculated with wild-type cells. Injection of retrovirus-bearing IL-2, but not beta-galactosidase, gene into mice which had wild-type cells in the peritoneal cavity also significantly prolonged survival. Thus, expression of the IL-2 or IL-4 gene in AsPC-1 cells may generate tumor-specific acquired immunity, even in mature T cell-deficient conditions. An anti-tumor response can be induced by in vivo transfer of the IL-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kimura
- Division of Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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5
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DePolo NJ, Harkleroad CE, Bodner M, Watt AT, Anderson CG, Greengard JS, Murthy KK, Dubensky TW, Jolly DJ. The resistance of retroviral vectors produced from human cells to serum inactivation in vivo and in vitro is primate species dependent. J Virol 1999; 73:6708-14. [PMID: 10400768 PMCID: PMC112755 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6708-6714.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to deliver genes as therapeutics requires an understanding of the vector pharmacokinetics similar to that required for conventional drugs. A first question is the half-life of the vector in the bloodstream. Retroviral vectors produced in certain human cell lines differ from vectors produced in nonhuman cell lines in being substantially resistant to inactivation in vitro by human serum complement (F. L. Cosset, Y. Takeuchi, J. L. Battini, R. A. Weiss, and M. K. Collins, J. Virol. 69:7430-7436, 1995). Thus, use of human packaging cell lines (PCL) may produce vectors with longer half-lives, resulting in more-efficacious in vivo gene therapy. However, survival of human PCL-produced vectors in vivo following systemic administration has not been explored. In this investigation, the half-lives of retroviral vectors packaged by either canine D17 or human HT1080 PCL were measured in the bloodstreams of macaques and chimpanzees. Human PCL-produced vectors exhibited significantly higher concentrations of circulating biologically active vector at the earliest time points measured (>1, 000-fold in chimpanzees), as well as substantially extended half-lives, compared to canine PCL-produced vectors. In addition, the circulation half-life of human PCL-produced vector was longer in chimpanzees than in macaques. This was consistent with in vitro findings which demonstrated that primate serum inactivation of vector produced from human PCL increased with increasing phylogenetic distance from humans. These results establish that in vivo retroviral vector half-life correlates with in vitro resistance to complement. Furthermore, these findings should influence the choice of animal models used to evaluate retroviral-vector-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J DePolo
- Vector Technologies Group, Center for Gene Therapy, Chiron Technologies, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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6
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Welsh RM, O'Donnell CL, Reed DJ, Rother RP. Evaluation of the Galalpha1-3Gal epitope as a host modification factor eliciting natural humoral immunity to enveloped viruses. J Virol 1998; 72:4650-6. [PMID: 9573228 PMCID: PMC109985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.4650-4656.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/1997] [Accepted: 02/23/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sera contain high levels of natural antibody (Ab) to Galalpha1-3Gal, a terminal glycosidic structure expressed on the surface of cells of mammals other than Old World primates. Incorporation of this determinant onto retroviral membranes by passage of viruses in cells encoding alpha-1-3-galactosyltransferase (GT) renders retroviruses sensitive to lysis by natural Ab and complement in normal human serum (NHS). Plasma membrane-budding viruses representing four additional virus groups were examined for their sensitivities to serum inactivation after passage through human cell lines that lack a functional GT or human cells expressing recombinant porcine GT. The inactivation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) by NHS directly correlated with host modification of the virus via expression of Galalpha1-3Gal and was blocked by incorporation of soluble Galalpha1-3Gal disaccharide into the inactivation assay. GT-deficient mice immunized to make high levels of Ab to Galalpha1-3Gal (anti-Gal Ab) were tested for resistance to LCMV passaged in GT-expressing cells. Resistance was not observed, but in vitro analyses of the mouse immune sera revealed that the antiviral activity of the sera was insufficient to eliminate LCMV infectivity on its natural targets of infection, macrophages, which express receptors for Ab and complement. Newcastle disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were inactivated by NHS regardless of cell passage history, whereas Sindbis virus (SV) passaged in human cells resisted inactivation. Both VSV and SV passaged in Galalpha1-3Gal-expressing human cells incorporated this sugar moiety onto their major envelope glycoproteins. SV passaged in mouse cells expressing Galalpha1-3Gal was moderately sensitive to inactivation by NHS. These results indicate that enveloped viruses expressing Galalpha1-3Gal differ in their sensitivities to NHS and that a potent complement source, such as that in NHS, is required for efficient inactivation of sensitive viruses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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7
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Pensiero MN, Wysocki CA, Nader K, Kikuchi GE. Development of amphotropic murine retrovirus vectors resistant to inactivation by human serum. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:1095-101. [PMID: 8773511 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.9-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-deficient amphotropic retrovirus vectors (RV) or RV-producer cells are being developed for a variety of human gene therapy strategies. One of the hurdles to in vivo use of these agents is their inactivation by components of human serum. Murine leukemia viruses (MLV), from which most current RV are derived, are known to be inactivated by human serum via activation of the classical complement cascade. Other type C retroviruses, e.g., RD114 and BaEV, are resistant to inactivation by human serum when derived from infection of human and mink cells but not murine cells. We hypothesized that amphotropic RV could be made resistant to human serum inactivation if a more appropriate producer cell could be found. To test this hypothesis, RV were made using a variety of human (293, HOS, TE671) and murine (NIH-3T3) cell types as the producer cell. The parental cell lines, RV-producer cells, and RV themselves were evaluated for sensitivity to inactivation by human serum. Results showed that the murine NIH-3T3 cell line, the NIH-3T3-derived PA317 producer cell line, and RV derived from it were all sensitive to human serum inactivation. In contrast, all human cell lines tested were resistant to lysis. RV and RV-producer cells derived from 293 cells were also resistant; RV derived from HOS cells were resistant. Surprisingly, while TE671 cells were resistant, TE671-derived RV were sensitive to inactivation. To test whether expression of the amphotropic envelope protein was responsible for conferring this serum sensitivity to the RV, env was expressed in the absence of gag and pol in TE671 cells. However, TE671 cells expressing env were resistant to human serum inactivation. These observations have important implications for use of RV and RV-producer cells for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Pensiero
- Genetic Therapy, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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8
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Rother RP, Fodor WL, Springhorn JP, Birks CW, Setter E, Sandrin MS, Squinto SP, Rollins SA. A novel mechanism of retrovirus inactivation in human serum mediated by anti-alpha-galactosyl natural antibody. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1345-55. [PMID: 7595205 PMCID: PMC2192220 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type C retroviruses endogenous to various nonprimate species can infect human cells in vitro, yet the transmission of these viruses to humans is restricted. This has been attributed to direct binding of the complement component C1q to the viral envelope protein p15E, which leads to classical pathway-mediated virolysis in human serum. Here we report a novel mechanism of complement-mediated type C retrovirus inactivation that is initiated by the binding of "natural antibody" [Ab] (anti-alpha-galactosyl Ab) to the carbohydrate epitope Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R expressed on the retroviral envelope. Complement-mediated inactivation of amphotropic retroviral particles was found to be restricted to human and other Old World primate sera, which parallels the presence of anti-alpha-galactosyl natural Ab. Blockade or depletion of anti-alpha-galactosyl Ab in human serum prevented inactivation of both amphotropic and ecotropic murine retroviruses. Similarly, retrovirus was not killed by New World primate serum except in the presence of exogenous anti-alpha-galactosyl Ab. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that the alpha-galactosyl epitope was expressed on the surface of amphotropic and ecotropic retroviruses, and Western blot analysis further localized this epitope to the retroviral envelope glycoprotein gp70. Finally, down-regulation of this epitope on the surface of murine retroviral particle producer cells rendered them, as well as the particles liberated from these cells, resistant to inactivation by human serum complement. Our data suggest that anti-alpha-galactosyl Ab may provide a barrier for the horizontal transmission of retrovirus from species that express the alpha-galactosyl epitope to humans and to other Old World primates. Further, these data provide a mechanism for the generation of complement-resistant retroviral vectors for in vivo gene therapy applications where exposure to human complement is unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Rother
- Department of Molecular Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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9
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Russell DW, Berger MS, Miller AD. The effects of human serum and cerebrospinal fluid on retroviral vectors and packaging cell lines. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6:635-41. [PMID: 7578400 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.5-635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum is known to inactivate many retroviruses, including murine leukemia viruses (MLV). Exposure of vectors based on MLV to human serum components would presumably decrease the efficiency of gene transfer in vivo. Human serum also lyses xenogeneic cells, which would affect the survival of retroviral vector packaging cells in vivo. The effects of other body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), on MLV vectors and packaging lines have not been studied. We have found that retroviral vectors packaged in ecotropic, amphotropic, and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope proteins were all inactivated by human sera, and human sera also lysed mouse NIH-3T3 cells and the retroviral vector packaging cells derived from them. Human fibroblasts producing amphotropic vector particles were resistant to lysis, but the particles produced by them were inactivated. In contrast, CSF did not inactivate MLV vectors, nor did it lyse murine retrovirus packaging cells. Our results suggest that exposure to human serum may prevent in vivo gene transfer by MLV vectors and xenogeneic packaging lines, but gene transfer within the central nervous system should be more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Russell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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10
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Takeuchi Y, Cosset FL, Lachmann PJ, Okada H, Weiss RA, Collins MK. Type C retrovirus inactivation by human complement is determined by both the viral genome and the producer cell. J Virol 1994; 68:8001-7. [PMID: 7966590 PMCID: PMC237263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.8001-8007.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of type C retroviruses by human serum may be a considerable impediment to the use of retroviral vectors in vivo for gene therapy. Here we show that virus inactivation is dependent both on the virus and on the cell line used to produce the virus. All viruses produced from murine NIH 3T3 or dog Cf2ThS+L- cells are sensitive to human serum. In contrast, those produced from mink Mv-1-Lu and human HOS or TE671 cells are at least partially resistant, with the exception of murine leukemia viruses. In particular, the feline endogenous virus RD114 is completely resistant to a panel of eight human sera when produced from Mv-1-Lu or HOS cells. This differential resistance is controlled by the viral envelope proteins. Virus inactivation can be correlated with the ability of the producer cells to be lysed by human serum. Inactivation of sensitive viruses requires the classical pathway of complement but does not require virion lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeuchi
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Miller DG, Miller AD. Inhibitors of retrovirus infection are secreted by several hamster cell lines and are also present in hamster sera. J Virol 1993; 67:5346-52. [PMID: 8394452 PMCID: PMC237934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5346-5352.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are resistant to infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic pseudotype retroviral vectors because of the secretion of factors that inhibit retrovirus infection. Such factors were not secreted by any mouse or human cell lines tested. Secretion of the inhibitors and resistance to infection are abrogated by treatment of CHO cells with the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin. Here we show that the inhibitory activities against gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic viruses are partially separable and that glycosylation mutations in CHO cells mimic the effects of tunicamycin treatment. We find that several hamster cell lines derived from both Chinese and Syrian hamsters secrete inhibitors of retrovirus infection, showing that these inhibitors are not unique to the CHO cell line. Inhibitory factors are also present in the sera of Chinese and Syrian hamsters but were not detected in bovine serum. These results suggest the presence of specific factors that function to inhibit retrovirus infection in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Miller
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104-2092
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12
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Nakamura M, Sasaki H, Terada M, Ohno T. Complement-dependent virolysis of HIV-1 with monoclonal antibody NM-01. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:619-26. [PMID: 8369167 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have described the isolation of monoclonal antibodies that neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, although certain antibodies are capable of blocking infection of CD4+ cells, the antibody-HIV-1 complex could potentially remain infectious and enter cells by an Fc receptor-mediated mechanism. Indeed, one goal of HIV-1 therapy with antibodies is the development of reagents capable of killing virus. The present studies with murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) NM-01 demonstrate complement-mediated lysis of HIV-1. NM-01-dependent virolysis has been visualized by electron microscopy. Virus particles treated with NM-01 and rabbit or human complement undergo a process of outer envelope rupture and loss of the electron-dense core. The involvement of human complement in this process was confirmed by the presence of C9 in association with MoAb NM-01 immune complexes. In contrast, virolysis was not detectable with antibody or complement alone. Moreover, although MoAb NM-01 alone is capable of neutralizing HIV-1, the presence of rabbit complement was associated with over a 10-fold decrease in infectivity. Similar but less pronounced effects were observed with human complement. These findings support a potential role for antibody-dependent complement-mediated virolysis in HIV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Thieblemont N, Haeffner-Cavaillon N, Weiss L, Maillet F, Kazatchkine MD. Complement activation by gp160 glycoprotein of HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:229-33. [PMID: 8471312 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the gp160 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 to activate human complement and to bind C3 fragments was investigated by incubating mammalian-derived recombinant gp160 with seronegative serum and by quantitating the binding of C3b/iC3b to the protein using a biotinylated monoclonal antibody directed against a neoepitope expressed by cleaved human C3. Recombinant gp160 activated complement in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Complement activation occurred through the classical pathway, independently of antibodies, and required C1q. Binding of anti-HIV IgG to rgp160 prior to exposure of the envelope glycoprotein to serum resulted in enhanced complement activation. Complexes of rgp120 with anti-HIV IgG also cleaved C3 in serum, resulting in deposition of C3b on gp120. These results provide a basis for C3-mediated facilitation of viral entry into target cells expressing receptors for fragments of human C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thieblemont
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U28, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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14
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Boyer V, Desgranges C, Trabaud MA, Fischer E, Kazatchkine MD. Complement mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of a human T cell line in a CD4- and antibody-independent fashion. J Exp Med 1991; 173:1151-8. [PMID: 1827139 PMCID: PMC2118846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.173.5.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation of the human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-IIIB and HTLV-RF strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with normal seronegative human serum under conditions that allow complement activation resulted in enhancement of infection of the MT2 human T cell line cultured in the presence of low amounts of virus. Infection of MT2 cells was assessed by measuring reverse transcriptase activity in supernatants at day 9 of culture. Complement activation by viral suspensions occurred through the alternative pathway. Opsonization of HTLV-RF viral particles with complement was sufficient to allow a productive infection to occur in cells exposed to suboptimal amounts of virus. Infection of MT2 cells with suboptimal amounts of serum-opsonized HIV-1 was suppressed by blocking the C3dg receptor (CR2, CD21) on MT2 cells with monoclonal anti-CR2 antibody and rabbit F(ab')2 anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies. Blocking of the gp120-binding site on CD4 under similar experimental conditions had no inhibitory effect on infection of MT2 cells with opsonized virus. Opsonization of HIV-1 with seronegative serum also resulted in a CR2-mediated enhancement of the infection of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T lymphocytes. These results indicate that complement in the absence of antibody may enhance infection of C3 receptor-bearing T cells with HIV-1, and that the interaction of opsonized virus with the CR2 receptor may result by itself in the infection of target T cells in a CD4- and antibody-independent fashion.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Line
- Complement System Proteins/metabolism
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/physiology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Monocytes/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3d
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boyer
- Unité de Recherche sur les Hépatites, le SIDA, et les Rétrovirus Humains, INSERM U 271, Lyon, France
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15
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Dierich MP, Ebenbichler CF, Hallfeldt PH, Prodinger WM, Fuchs D, Wachter H. Interaction of complement with HIV-1 and Candida albicans: molecular mechanisms and biological implications. Mol Immunol 1990; 27:1349-53. [PMID: 2274064 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M P Dierich
- Institut für Hygiene, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Sölder BM, Schulz TF, Hengster P, Löwer J, Larcher C, Bitterlich G, Kurth R, Wachter H, Dierich MP. HIV and HIV-infected cells differentially activate the human complement system independent of antibody. Immunol Lett 1989; 22:135-45. [PMID: 2789186 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(89)90180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human retroviruses HTLV-I and HIV-I have previously been shown not to be lysed by human serum. An interaction between HIV and the complement system, however, has not been investigated in any detail. In this report we show that purified HIV as well as HIV-infected cells activate the complement system. In the case of virus-infected cells this activation is mediated by the alternative pathway of complement, whereas the classical pathway seems to be in operation for the triggering of the complement system by purified virus and recombinant envelope glycoprotein (gp 160). We demonstrate that this leads to the deposition of C3b and/or C3bi on the surface of infected cells. But the HIV-infected cells are not lysed by human complement. C3 fragments deposited on the surface of HIV-infected cells are capable of mediating immune adherence to complement receptor-bearing cells, such as human erythrocytes and phagocytes. Whether this might have an influence on infectivity of HIV for certain cells bearing complement receptors has yet to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Sölder
- Institut für Hygiene, Innsbruck, Austria
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Banapour B, Sernatinger J, Levy JA. The AIDS-associated retrovirus is not sensitive to lysis or inactivation by human serum. Virology 1986; 152:268-71. [PMID: 3012872 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Unheated human serum does not lyse the AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), change the density of the virus, or suppress its ability to infect human peripheral mononuclear cells. The results indicate that ARV and the human oncovirus HTLV-I, unlike other animal retroviruses, are resistant to the effect of human serum. These two human viruses coming from different retrovirus subfamilies may be pathogenic because of this lack of sensitivity to human complement components.
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Cooper NR. The classical complement pathway: activation and regulation of the first complement component. Adv Immunol 1985; 37:151-216. [PMID: 3890478 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hoshino H, Tanaka H, Miwa M, Okada H. Human T-cell leukaemia virus is not lysed by human serum. Nature 1984; 310:324-5. [PMID: 6205277 DOI: 10.1038/310324a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses isolated from avian, feline, murine and simian sources have been found to be inactivated and lysed by normal human serum. There is much evidence that complement is activated directly by retroviruses in the absence of antibody. Thus, human complement is thought to function as a natural defence mechanism against horizontal infection by retroviruses. Recently, a novel retrovirus, human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), has been shown to be associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). A large number of healthy adults in south-west Japan, the West Indies and Africa carry antibodies against HTLV and these seropositive individuals are considered to be carriers of HTLV. Thus, horizontal spread of HTLV occurs frequently among humans. We set out to determine whether HTLV reacts with human complement, and report here that, unlike other animal retroviruses, HTLV is not lysed by normal human serum--this might explain the infectivity and persistence of HTLV in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Cats
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferons/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/microbiology
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/analysis
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/physiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/microbiology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Virus Replication
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Taguchi F, Nishimura Y. Effects of a heat-labile factor(s) in normal serum on the interferon-inducing activity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Brief report. Arch Virol 1983; 78:127-31. [PMID: 6197046 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fresh serum on the interferon-inducing activity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied. Infectivity in fertile eggs, hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes and interferon-inducing activity in mouse L cells and mouse spleen cells were all reduced by treatment of NDV with fresh serum from humans or guinea pigs, while hemagglutinating (HA) activity remained unchanged. The interferon-inducing ability of UV-inactivated NDV was also similarly reduced after treatment with serum. The serum effects were decreased by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes or the addition of 10 mM EDTA. These results suggest that a heat-labile serum factor(s) such as complement or certain enzyme(s) reduced the hemolytic activity and consequently the penetrating activity of NDV, and that interferon-inducing activity was related to the hemolytic but not to the HA activity of NDV particles. Thus, it was concluded that the hemolytic activity of NDV was necessary for interferon induction in both mouse L cells and mouse spleen cells.
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Sarma PS, Rowe WP. Mouse immunoglobulin antibodies require complement for neutralization of mouse retroviruses. J Virol 1983; 45:956-60. [PMID: 6300466 PMCID: PMC256501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.45.3.956-960.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of guinea pig complement was found to enhance the neutralizing capacity of mouse antibodies directed against the endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia viruses. The same immune sera, when tested without complement, had low or negligible neutralizing capacities, regardless of whether freshly harvested, unfrozen virus was used to preserve virus infectivity. Antibodies in high titers were found in sera from NFS congenic mice carrying the mouse leukemia virus inducing locus Akv-2. These mouse antibodies were type specific and failed to neutralize either Friend or Moloney leukemia virus. The mouse serum immunoglobulin fraction containing the complement-dependent antibodies was tentatively identified as immunoglobulin M.
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Cooper NR, Nemerow GR. Complement, viruses, and virus-infected cells. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1983; 6:327-47. [PMID: 6364429 PMCID: PMC7087538 DOI: 10.1007/bf02116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of specific antibody to viral glycoproteins and other structures on the surface of a virus or virus-infected cell has a number of potential consequences to the virus or virus-infected cell. Antibody is multivalent and thus able to redistribute or patch surface viral proteins or virus-encoded structures within the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope or the cell membrane. In certain instances, antibody may agglutinate viruses or virus-infected cells. The physical presence of antibody molecules on the virus surface may interfere with the ability of the virus to infect potentially susceptible cells. Antibody on the surface of virus-infected cells may prevent the maturation and release of virus particles; antibody also can alter certain normal cell functions. The Fc portions of antibody molecules bound to virus-infected cells facilitate interactions with effector cells bearing Fc receptors. In the case of lymphocytes and perhaps phagocytic cells, this interaction may lead to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) [51, 58]. The exposed Fc regions may also facilitate attempts at ingestion by monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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Abstract
Exposure in vitro of various mammalian retroviruses to the chelating agents EDTA or EGTA in millimolar concentrations resulted in partial disintegration of viral membranes as measured by accessibility or even release of reverse transcriptase, an internal viral protein, without any other treatment usually required. Among the viruses responding to chelators were mammalian type C viruses, primate type D viruses and bovine leukemia virus. The effect was dose-dependent. The avian type C virus AMV, however, was found to be not susceptible to the agents. Rauscher mouse leukemia virus treated in vitro with EDTA or EGTA showed reduced infectivity in mice. The results are considered as evidence for some association of divalent cations with membranes of mammalian retroviruses. The disintegrating activity of EGTA suggests that Ca2+ is an integral constituent of viruses but Mg2+ may also be involved. These cations seem to be responsible for maintaining integrity of retroviral membranes which, after chelation of ions, are either disrupted or become permeable for the exogenous template of reverse transcriptase. In addition, the disintegrating activity of trifluoperazine may indicate that a calmodulin-like protein occurs in retroviral membranes.
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Kobilinsky L, Hardy WD, Ellis R, Witkin SS, Day NK. In vitro activation of feline complement by feline leukemia virus. Infect Immun 1980; 29:165-70. [PMID: 6249754 PMCID: PMC551090 DOI: 10.1128/iai.29.1.165-170.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Incubation of normal feline serum with purified feline leukemia virus (FeLV) at 37 degrees C for 30 min resulted in the activation of the complement system via the classical pathway as demonstrated by consumption of the C1, C4, C2, C3, and, to a lesser extent, the later C components. A similar finding was observed when normal human serum was substituted for normal cat serum. In contrast, complement-dependent lysis of FeLV with normal feline serum as assayed by the release of ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase was one-third that of complement-dependent FeLV lysis with normal human serum. The levels of total hemolytic complement and neutralizing antibody in individual feline sera were also not proportional to the degree of virolytic activity. These observations indicate that the inefficient virolysis of FeLV by normal cat serum may be one of the factors contributing to the high incidence of leukemia observed in cats.
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Montelaro RC, Fischinger PJ, Larrick SB, Dunlop NM, Ihle JN, Frank H, Schäfer W, Bolognesi DP. Further characterization of the oncornavirus inactivating factor in normal mouse serum. Virology 1979; 98:20-34. [PMID: 225862 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cooper NR, Welsh RM. Antibody and complement-dependent viral neutralization. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1979; 2:285-310. [PMID: 32214620 PMCID: PMC7087519 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Cooper
- Departments of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, 92037 La Jolla, California USA
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Departments of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, 92037 La Jolla, California USA
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Jensen FC. Inactivation and lysis of oncornaviruses by human and primate complement. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1979; 23:501-3. [PMID: 120831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67057-2_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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