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Unraveling the Impact of Intratumoral Heterogeneity on EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in EGFR-Mutated NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044126. [PMID: 36835536 PMCID: PMC9964908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for treating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been a game changer in lung cancer therapy. However, patients often develop resistance to the drugs within a few years. Despite numerous studies that have explored resistance mechanisms, particularly in regards to collateral signal pathway activation, the underlying biology of resistance remains largely unknown. This review focuses on the resistance mechanisms of EGFR-mutated NSCLC from the standpoint of intratumoral heterogeneity, as the biological mechanisms behind resistance are diverse and largely unclear. There exist various subclonal tumor populations in an individual tumor. For lung cancer patients, drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cell populations may have a pivotal role in accelerating the evolution of tumor resistance to treatment through neutral selection. Cancer cells undergo various changes to adapt to the new tumor microenvironment caused by drug exposure. DTP cells may play a crucial role in this adaptation and may be fundamental in mechanisms of resistance. Intratumoral heterogeneity may also be precipitated by DNA gains and losses through chromosomal instability, and the role of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) may play an important role. Significantly, ecDNA can increase oncogene copy number alterations and enhance intratumoral heterogeneity more effectively than chromosomal instability. Additionally, advances in comprehensive genomic profiling have given us insights into various mutations and concurrent genetic alterations other than EGFR mutations, inducing primary resistance in the context of tumor heterogeneity. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is clinically crucial since these molecular interlayers in cancer-resistance mechanisms may help to devise novel and individualized anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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2
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Wu P, Liu Y, Zhou R, Liu L, Zeng H, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Zhang W, Guo C, Wang F, Zhou M, Zu X, Zeng Z, Li Y, Li G, Huang H, Xiong W. Extrachromosomal Circular DNA: A New Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:814504. [PMID: 35494014 PMCID: PMC9046939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.814504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability and amplification are intrinsically important traits determining the development and heterogeneity of tumors. The role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in tumors has recently been highlighted. EccDNAs are unique genetic materials located off the chromosomal DNA. They have been detected in a variety of tumors. This review analyzes the mechanisms involved in the formation of eccDNAs and their genetic characteristics. In addition, the high-copy number and transcriptional levels of oncogenes located in eccDNA molecules contribute to the acceleration of tumor evolution and drug resistance and drive the development of genetic heterogeneity. Understanding the specific genomic forms of eccDNAs and characterizing their potential functions will provide new strategies for tumor therapy. Further research may yield new targets and molecular markers for the early diagnosis and treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruijia Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongli Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - He Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: He Huang, ; Wei Xiong,
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: He Huang, ; Wei Xiong,
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3
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Wang T, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Shi J. Extrachromosomal circular DNA: a new potential role in cancer progression. J Transl Med 2021; 19:257. [PMID: 34112178 PMCID: PMC8194206 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is considered a circular DNA molecule that exists widely in nature and is independent of conventional chromosomes. eccDNA can be divided into small polydispersed circular DNA (spcDNA), telomeric circles (t-circles), microDNA, and extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) according to its size and sequence. Multiple studies have shown that eccDNA is the product of genomic instability, has rich and important biological functions, and is involved in the occurrence of many diseases, including cancer. In this review, we focus on the discovery history, formation process, characteristics, and physiological functions of eccDNAs; the potential functions of various eccDNAs in human cancer; and the research methods employed to study eccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijian Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Liao Z, Jiang W, Ye L, Li T, Yu X, Liu L. Classification of extrachromosomal circular DNA with a focus on the role of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in tumor heterogeneity and progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188392. [PMID: 32735964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the eukaryotic genome is mainly comprised of linear chromosomal DNA, genes can also be found outside of chromosomes. The unconventional presence of extrachromosomal genes is usually found to be circular, and these structures are named extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), which are often observed in cancer cells. Various types of eccDNA including small polydispersed DNA (spcDNA), telomeric cirlces, microDNA, etc. have been discovered. Among these eccDNA, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), which encompasses the full spectrum of large, gene-containing extrachromosomal particles, has regained great research interest due to recent technological advances such as next-generation sequencing and super-resolution microscopy. In this review, we summarize the different types of eccDNA and discuss the role of eccDNA, especially ecDNA in tumor heterogeneity and progression. Additionally, we discuss some possible future investigative directions related to ecDNA biogenesis and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Jiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Bailey C, Shoura MJ, Mischel PS, Swanton C. Extrachromosomal DNA-relieving heredity constraints, accelerating tumour evolution. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:884-893. [PMID: 32275948 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) provides a mechanism by which cancer cells can rapidly adapt to changes in the tumour microenvironment. These circular structures contain oncogenes and their regulatory elements, and, lacking centromeres, they are subject to unequal segregation during mitosis. This non-Mendelian mechanism of inheritance results in increased tumour heterogeneity with daughter cells that can contain increasingly amplified oncogene copy number. These structures also contain favourable epigenetic modifications including transcriptionally active chromatin, further fuelling positive selection. ecDNA drives aggressive tumour behaviour, is related to poorer survival outcomes and provides mechanisms of drug resistance. Recent evidence suggests one in four solid tumours contain cells with ecDNA structures. The concept of tumour evolution is one in which cancer cells compete to survive in a diverse tumour microenvironment under the Darwinian principles of variation and fitness heritability. Unconstrained by conventional segregation constraints, ecDNA can accelerate intratumoral heterogeneity and cellular fitness. In this review, we highlight some of the recent discoveries underpinning this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bailey
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - M J Shoura
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - P S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, USA; San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - C Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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6
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Bao Y, Liu J, You J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Xu L, Wang L, Wang N, Tian X, Wang F, Liang H, Gao Y, Cui X, Ji G, Bai J, Yu J, Meng X, Jin Y, Sun W, Guan XY, Zhang C, Fu S. Met promotes the formation of double minute chromosomes induced by Sei-1 in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56664-56675. [PMID: 27494853 PMCID: PMC5302943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sei-1 is an oncogene capable of inducing double minute chromosomes (DMs) formation. DMs are hallmarks of amplification and contribute to oncogenesis. However, the mechanism of Sei-1 inducing DMs formation remains unelucidated. RESULTS DMs formation significantly increased during serial passage in vivo and gradually decreased following culture in vitro. micro nuclei (MN) was found to be responsible for the reduction. Of the DMs-carrying genes, Met was found to be markedly amplified, overexpressed and highly correlated with DMs formation. Inhibition of Met signaling decreased the number of DMs and reduced the amplification of the DMs-carrying genes. We identified a 3.57Mb DMs representing the majority population, which consists of the 1.21 Mb AMP1 from locus 6qA2 and the 2.36 Mb AMP2 from locus 6qA2-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed NIH-3T3 cell line with Sei-1 overexpression to monitor and characterize DMs in vivo and in vitro. Array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to reveal amplification regions and DMs-carrying genes. Metaphase spread was prepared to count the DMs. Western blot and Met inhibition rescue experiments were performed to examine for involvement of altered Met signaling in Sei-1 induced DMs. Genomic walking and PCR were adopted to reveal DMs structure. CONCLUSIONS Met is an important promotor of DMs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Bao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Genetics and Eugenics, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinghuangdao, Qinghuangdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Genetic Diagnosis Center, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Falin Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
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7
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Caliò A, Bria E, Pilotto S, Gilioli E, Nottegar A, Eccher A, Cima L, Santo A, Pedron S, Turri G, Knuutila S, Chilosi M, Vanzo F, Bogina G, Terzi A, Tortora G, Scarpa A, Loda M, Martignoni G, Brunelli M. ALK gene copy number in lung cancer: Unspecific polyploidy versus specific amplification visible as double minutes. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:215-220. [PMID: 28009326 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-161680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gains of a gene due to DNA polyploidy versus amplification of the specific locus are distinct molecular alterations in tumors. OBJECTIVE We quantified copy number gains of ALK gene due to unspecific polyploidy versus amplifications of the specific locus in a series of non-small cell lung cancers. METHODS The locus specific ALK copy (LSI) number status was evaluated in 205 cases by FISH. Ratio LSI ALK copy number corrected for control probes CEP2, CEP3 and CEP17 (CEPs) was scored. Amplification of the specific ALK locus was defined when ratio set to ≥ 2 while polyploidy was interpreted when the increase in gene copy resulted < 2 in ratio (LSI/control CEPs). RESULTS Twenty one cases (10.2%) showed ≥ 8 ALK signals, 68 cases (33.2%) 3-7 signals and 116 cases (56.6%) a mean of 2 signals. Only 2/21 cases of the cohort harboring ≥ 8 signals showed a ratio ≥ 2 after CEPs correction interpretable as amplified, showing numerous doubled fluorescent spots. All the remaining cases showed a mirrored number of fluorescent spots per each CEPs, interpretable as polyploidy. CONCLUSION We detected a high prevalence of ALK gene copy number usually due to polyploidy rather than ALK locus amplification, the latter visible prevalently as double minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caliò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Pilotto
- Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Eliana Gilioli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Albino Eccher
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Cima
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Santo
- Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Pedron
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Giona Turri
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetic, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Chilosi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanzo
- Arsenàl, Veneto's Research Center for eHealth Innovation, Veneto, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Terzi
- Thoracic Surgery, SacroCuore Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Loda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham And Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Martignoni
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy.,Anatomic Pathology, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera Del Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Anatomic Pathology, University and Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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8
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Jin Y, Liu Z, Cao W, Ma X, Fan Y, Yu Y, Bai J, Chen F, Rosales J, Lee KY, Fu S. Novel functional MAR elements of double minute chromosomes in human ovarian cells capable of enhancing gene expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30419. [PMID: 22319568 PMCID: PMC3272018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes or double minutes (DMs) are cytogenetic hallmarks of extrachromosomal genomic amplification and play a critical role in tumorigenesis. Amplified copies of oncogenes in DMs have been associated with increased growth and survival of cancer cells but DNA sequences in DMs which are mostly non-coding remain to be characterized. Following sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, we have found 5 novel matrix attachment regions (MARs) in a 682 kb DM in the human ovarian cancer cell line, UACC-1598. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we determined that all 5 MARs interact with the nuclear matrix in vitro. Furthermore, qPCR analysis revealed that these MARs associate with the nuclear matrix in vivo, indicating that they are functional. Transfection of MARs constructs into human embryonic kidney 293T cells showed significant enhancement of gene expression as measured by luciferase assay, suggesting that the identified MARS, particularly MARs 1 to 4, regulate their target genes in vivo and are potentially involved in DM-mediated oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinying Ma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jesusa Rosales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Fan Y, Mao R, Lv H, Xu J, Yan L, Liu Y, Shi M, Ji G, Yu Y, Bai J, Jin Y, Fu S. Frequency of double minute chromosomes and combined cytogenetic abnormalities and their characteristics. J Appl Genet 2010; 52:53-9. [PMID: 21107781 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-010-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (DMs) are the cytogenetic hallmark of extra-chromosomal genomic amplification. The frequency of DMs in primary cancer and the cytogenetic features of DMs-positive primary cancer cases are largely unknown. To unravel these issues, we retrieved the Mitelman database and analyzed all DMs-positive primary cancerous karyotypes (787 karyotypes). The overall frequency of DMs is 1.4% (787 DMs-positive cases; total 54,398 cases). We found that DMs have the highest frequency in adrenal carcinoma (28.6%, topography) and neuroblastoma (31.7%, morphology). The frequencies of DMs in each tumor were much lower than in previous reports. The frequency of DMs in malignant cancers is significantly higher than in benign cancers, which confirms that DMs are malignant cytogenetic markers. DMs combined cytogenetic abnormalities are identified and sorted into two groups by principal component analysis (PCA), with one group containing -4, -5, -8, -9, -10, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -20, -21, and -22, and the other containing -1p, -5q, +7, and +20. The prominent imbalance in DMs-positive cancer cases is chromosome loss. However, DMs-positive cancer cases, deriving from different morphologic cancers, cannot be clearly divided into subgroups. Our large database analysis provides novel knowledge of DMs and their combined cytogenetic abnormalities in primary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Fan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China
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10
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Trombetta D, Mertens F, Lonoce A, D'Addabbo P, Rennstam K, Mandahl N, Storlazzi CT. Characterization of a hotspot region on chromosome 12 for amplification in ring chromosomes in atypical lipomatous tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 48:993-1001. [PMID: 19691106 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring chromosomes are cytogenetic hallmarks of genomic amplification in several bone and soft tissue tumors, in particular atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT). In ALT, the ring chromosomes invariably contain amplified material from the central part of the long arm of chromosome 12, mainly 12q12-->15, but often also segments from other chromosomes are involved. Previous studies have shown that one of the recurrent amplicons in ALT, located in 12q13.3-14.1 and harboring the candidate target genes TSPAN31 and CDK4, often has a sharp centromeric border. To characterize this breakpoint region in more detail, 12 cases of ALT with ring chromosomes were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. In the seven cases showing a sharply delineated amplicon in 12q13.3-14.1, the breakpoint region was further investigated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Vectorette PCR. The breakpoints clustered to a 146-kb region containing 11 genes. Whereas there was no indication that the breakpoints gave rise to fusion genes, in silico analysis revealed that the breakpoint region was enriched for repeated elements that could be important for ring chromosome formation in ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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11
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Gebhart E. Double minutes, cytogenetic equivalents of gene amplification, in human neoplasia - a review. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 7:477-85. [PMID: 16373058 DOI: 10.1007/bf02717000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Double minutes are tiny spherical chromatin bodies of a few mega-base pairs of size which are found occasionally in hematopoietic neoplasia and more or less often in human solid tumors. They have been associated with worse prognosis and poor outcome of the malignancies where present. With the beginning era of molecular cytogenetics they could be defined as cytogenetic equivalents of amplified DNA sequences. The identification of involved chromosomal segments and their molecular nature led to the development of molecular genetic techniques for a rapid and reliable detection of prognostically important oncogene amplifications in human tumors and,as a consequence, to gene-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Gebhart
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
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12
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Wick U, Kirsch M, Rauch A, Chudoba I, Lausen B, Efferth T, Gebhart E. FISH studies on the telomeric regions of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 111:34-40. [PMID: 16093718 DOI: 10.1159/000085667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the problem of an influence of translocations on the telomeres of the involved chromosomes has not been addressed yet in human cells. Therefore, the telomeres of a karyotypically rather well characterized T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell line (CCRF-CEM) with several marker chromosomes were examined using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) telomere FISH probes to compare the telomere length of these markers with that of the chromosome arms of their origin. In addition, chromosome libraries, centromeric probes, and subtelomeric DNA probes were used to further define the marker chromosomes. Two markers could be newly defined and a concise karyotype of the cell line could be obtained by these detailed examinations: 42-47,X,-X,del(5) (q35?),t(5;15)(q14;q13.2),t(8;9)(p11;p24),del(9)(:p13-->qter)/inv(9)(pter-->p12::q21-->p12::q21-->qter),+13,+20,+der(22)(p+ [HSR?])[cp]. The relative telomere length of all chromosomes showed considerable interchromosomal, intercellular, and inter-passage variation. However, it could be shown, that in four different passages of the examined cell line the observed differences between relative telomere lengths of the markers and the chromosomes of their origin, with two exceptions (short arms of del/inv9 and der22), were not significant. On the other hand, because of its mentioned variability, telomere length alone is not sufficient to reliably define the derivation of markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wick
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Davidson B, Risberg B, Reich R, Berner A. Effusion cytology in ovarian cancer: new molecular methods as aids to diagnosis and prognosis. Clin Lab Med 2003; 23:729-54, viii. [PMID: 14560537 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(03)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the ovary is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in western countries. Ovarian carcinoma is commonly associated with the accumulation of fluid that contains malignant cells in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. This article details the current knowledge regarding the diagnostic and biologic characteristics of ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions, and the genotypic and phenotypic differences between solid primary tumors and metastatic lesions. Finally, we present a new approach, by which the analysis of fresh frozen viable cells allows us to study in vivo the links between expression and activity of extracellular mediators, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling, and transcription factors, and their potential therapeutic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Lee MC, Park HS, Kim SH, Jung S, Kim JH, Kang SS, Lee JH. Cytogenetic abnormalities related to histopathologic grade of astrocytic tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 1997; 14:103-11. [PMID: 15726788 DOI: 10.1007/bf02478878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was performed on 7 low-grade astrocytomas, 10 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 14 glioblastomas. Abnormal chromosome numbers were noted in all cases of high-grade astrocytomas but were rarely noted in low-grade astrocytomas (28%). The most consistent changes in high-grade astrocytomas were complete loss of chromosome 10 (61%), gain of chromosome 7 (56%), and loss of chromosome 17 (28%). Certain structural abnormalities, such as marker chromosomes and double minutes (33%), and the deletion and translocation of chromosomes 1 (33%) and 17 (17%), were also noted. These results indicate that changes in the number and/or structure of chromosomes with related inactivation of tumor suppressor gene or oncogene activation might play a critical role in the formation and anaplastic progression of astrocytic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 8 Hakdong, Dongku, Kwangju 501-190, Korea.
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15
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Van den Berg C, Von Hoff DD. Use of hydroxyurea to alter drug resistance of human tumor cells. Cancer Treat Res 1995; 78:95-114. [PMID: 8595149 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2007-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agents is a well-recognized problem for clinicians. Efforts are being made to develop agents that are not affected by cross-resistance to other drugs, as observed with the mdr phenotype. Other efforts are focused on reversing drug resistance to enhance chemotherapeutic intervention. Gene amplification accounts for one mechanism through which tumor cells develop drug resistance. Since amplified genes may be unstable, the elimination of these genes is likely to be a promising new target for cancer chemotherapy. The use of HU at low concentrations either to reestablish tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents or to decrease tumorigenicity, accomplished by the reduction of oncogene copy number, continues to be investigated. Studies thus far all report similar effects of noncytotoxic concentrations of HU on unstably amplified genes (EC DNA elimination), regardless of what gene is harbored on the EC DNA. The next essential step in the evaluation of HU-induced EC DNA elimination is to study the phenomena in vivo. In spite of extensive tissue distribution, HU appears to have pharmacokinetic properties, due to its short half-life, that may limit investigators' ability to study its use in prototype animal tumor models such as the nude mouse. In contrast, HU's half-life in humans (3.5 to 4.5 hours) [122] is comparatively longer, and therefore clinical trials may prove less troublesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van den Berg
- Univ. of Texas Health Center at San Antonio 78282-7884, USA
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16
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Eckhardt SG, Dai A, Davidson KK, Forseth BJ, Wahl GM, Von Hoff DD. Induction of differentiation in HL60 cells by the reduction of extrachromosomally amplified c-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6674-8. [PMID: 8022834 PMCID: PMC44265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene amplification in tumor cells results in the overexpression of proteins that confer a growth advantage in vitro and in vivo. Amplified oncogenes can reside intrachromosomally, within homogeneously staining regions (HSRs), or extrachromosomally, within double minute chromosomes (DMs). Since previous studies have shown that low concentrations of hydroxyurea (HU) can eliminate DMs, we studied the use of HU as a gene-targeting agent in tumor cells containing extrachromosomally amplified oncogenes. In a neuroendocrine cell line (COLO 320), we have shown that HU can eliminate amplified copies of c-myc located on DMs, leading to a reduction in tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. To determine whether the observed reduction in tumorigenicity was due to differentiation, we next investigated whether HU could induce differentiation in HL60 cells containing extrachromosomally amplified c-myc. We compared the effects of HU, as well as two other known differentiating agents (dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid), on c-myc gene copy number, c-myc expression, and differentiation in HL60 cells containing amplified c-myc genes either on DMs or HSRs. We discovered that HU and dimethyl sulfoxide reduced both c-myc gene copy number and expression and induced differentiation in cells containing c-myc amplified on DMs. These agents failed to have similar effects on HL60 cells with amplified c-myc in HSRs. By contrast, retinoic acid induced differentiation independent of the localization of amplified c-myc. These data illustrate the utility of targeting extrachromosomal DNA to modulate tumor phenotype and reveal that both HU and dimethyl sulfoxide induce differentiation in HL60 cells through DM elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Eckhardt
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center of South Texas, San Antonio 78229
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17
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Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Piper J, Tanner M, Stokke T, Chen L, Smith HS, Pinkel D, Gray JW, Waldman FM. Detection and mapping of amplified DNA sequences in breast cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:2156-60. [PMID: 8134364 PMCID: PMC43329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization was applied to 5 breast cancer cell lines and 33 primary tumors to discover and map regions of the genome with increased DNA-sequence copy-number. Two-thirds of primary tumors and almost all cell lines showed increased DNA-sequence copy-number affecting a total of 26 chromosomal subregions. Most of these loci were distinct from those of currently known amplified genes in breast cancer, with sequences originating from 17q22-q24 and 20q13 showing the highest frequency of amplification. The results indicate that these chromosomal regions may contain previously unknown genes whose increased expression contributes to breast cancer progression. Chromosomal regions with increased copy-number often spanned tens of Mb, suggesting involvement of more than one gene in each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kallioniemi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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18
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Sreekantaiah C, Bhargava MK. Double minute chromatin bodies in carcinoma of the human cervix uteri. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 58:134-40. [PMID: 1551076 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90099-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In direct G-banded preparations of 150 cases of cervical cancer, double minutes (dmin) were observed in 43% (64 cancers) of the patients, including a case of carcinoma-in-situ (CIS). The incidence of dmin varied from 1 to over 20 per cell. The karyotypic findings in the tumors containing dmin did not reveal any similarities and the prognosis of the patients with dmin was significantly worse compared to those without dmin. The presence of dmin in cytogenetic preparations of primary tumors may indicate a role in the maintenance and/or progression of malignancy, particularly as dmin have been suggested to represent amplified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sreekantaiah
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
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19
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Van de Vijver MJ, Nusse R. The molecular biology of breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1072:33-50. [PMID: 2018777 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(91)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Van de Vijver
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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20
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Nürnberg P, Zischler H, Fuhrmann E, Thiel G, Losanova T, Kinzel D, Nisch G, Witkowski R, Epplen JT. Coamplification of simple repetitive DNA fingerprint fragments and the EGFR gene in human gliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1991; 3:79-88. [PMID: 1676908 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fingerprints were generated by the oligonucleotide probe (GTG)5 from surgically removed tissue and/or primary cell culture of 36 intracranial tumors (31 gliomas, 1 medulloblastoma, 4 metastatic carcinomas) and compared with the constitutional banding pattern obtained from the peripheral blood leukocytes of each patient. A multitude of somatic changes was detected and found to reflect the chromosome alterations identified by parallel karyotype analysis. Gain and/or loss of bands or significant band intensity shifts could be demonstrated in the fingerprints of more than 80% of the tumors investigated. This included a highly amplified fingerprint fragment in five independent gliomas (four of them had double minutes, dmin) which appeared not individual- but tumor-specific (2.4 kilobases, kb, after HaeIII digestion). Rehybridization with the oligonucleotide probes (GT)8 and (GATA)4, respectively, revealed additional amplified fingerprint fragments in the tumor DNA of these patients. While a (ca/gt)n fragment (2.6 kb. HaeIII) was also found to be amplified in all five cases, one band detected with (GATA)4 (1.4 kb, HaeIII) represented a unique feature for one of these tumors only. Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene via Southern blot hybridization was revealed only in those tumors showing the amplified DNA fingerprint fragments as well. Thus in many gliomas the amplification unit harbors two simple repetitive DNA fingerprint loci, (cac/gtg)n and (ca/gt)n, in addition to the EGFR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nürnberg
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik des Bereiches Medizin (Charité) der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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21
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Nürnberg P, Barth I, Fuhrmann E, Lenzner C, Losanova T, Peters C, Pöche H, Thiel G. Monitoring genomic alterations with a panel of oligonucleotide probes specific for various simple repeat motifs. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:186-92. [PMID: 2040265 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Germline and somatic instability of the human genome was studied, using synthetic oligonucleotides specific for simple repeat motifs. The following probes were used: (GTG)5, (GACA)4, (GATA)4, (CT)8, (TTAGGG)3, (GT)8, (GAA)6 and (GGAT)4. Each of them is unique with respect to the target regions recognized in the genome. Thus compilation of the various fingerprint data provides a complex map of the genome (and its deviations). While the fingerprints of differentiated somatic tissues never showed any alterations, in tumor tissues (namely gliomas) many changes could be detected. Most of the latter reflect secondary karyological aberrations. In nearly one third of the gliomas, drastically amplified and apparently monomorphic DNA fragments were identified. This marker should make it possible to deal with causal pathogenetic mechanisms as well as novel diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nürnberg
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät (Charité) Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Geleick D, Müller H, Matter A, Torhorst J, Regenass U. Cytogenetics of breast cancer. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 46:217-29. [PMID: 2340493 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90107-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome counts were performed on 1,100 cells from 17 malignant breast carcinomas and on 168 cells of four normal tissue samples after amethopterin treatment and G-banding. Karyotypes were established from 216 cells of 11 tumor-derived cultures and from 47 cells of four nonmalignant tissue-derived cultures. Karyotypes of cells from nonmalignant samples showed a normal diploid chromosomal constitution with no consistent loss or gain of a specific chromosome. Structural chromosomal abnormalities were not observed. Tumor-derived cultures could be distinguished from normal cultures on the basis of a significantly increased incidence of numerical changes and structural chromosomal aberrations. In nine of 11 tumor-derived cultures, numerically normal cells were shown to be pseudodiploid, with frequencies ranging to 43% (mean, 13.2%) of the diploid cells. In agreement with previous reports, cytogenetic analyses showed predominantly diploid cells. Clonal numerical changes of chromosomes 17, 18, 20, and 21 could be detected in three tumor samples. Clonal structural abnormalities could be observed in two of 11 analyzed tumours. A t(6;12)(p21;p13) and an enlarged chromosome 7 (7q+) were found in a patient with invasive ductal carcinoma. An inversion of chromosome 7 [inv(7)(q11.2q32)] was observed in one case, also diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma. The significance of these findings in relation to clinical data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geleick
- Research Department, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Hainsworth PJ, Garson OM. Breast cancer cytogenetics and beyond. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1990; 60:327-36. [PMID: 2185732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that cancers arise as a result of genetic or chromosomal alteration. Evidence for this is provided by the leukaemias and lymphomas in which cytogenetic studies are of established value in diagnosis, classification and follow-up. In contrast, the cytogenetic study of all solid tumours, including breast carcinoma, is in its infancy. However, cytogenetic studies indicate that clonal structural alterations do occur, affecting several loci on a number of chromosomes. Molecular studies provide further evidence of recurring chromosomal breakpoints in breast cancer. This paper reviews the chromosomal rearrangements observed to date and discusses their relevance to the biology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hainsworth
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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24
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McMillan TJ, Kalebic T, Stark GR, Hart IR. High frequency of double drug resistance in the B16 melanoma cell line. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26:565-7. [PMID: 2144741 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(90)90077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) are two agents to which cellular resistance can be conferred by gene amplification, but they do not generally show cross resistance. However, combined treatment with these two agents produced drug resistant cells in the B16 melanoma cell line at a much higher frequency than would be expected if resistance to the two agents was totally independent. An isolated doubly resistant clone, B16-F1 MP, showed a high frequency of resistance to pyrazofurin and ouabain, which are also agents to which resistance can be conferred by gene amplification. Thus MTX combined with PALA selected cells with an 'amplificator' phenotype (an increased ability to amplify parts of the genome). These B16-F1 MP cells had a decreased ability to form experimental lung metastases compared with the parent line but this difference was not found in baby hamster kidney cells with the amplificator phenotype. The mechanism underlying drug resistance may need to be considered when designing combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J McMillan
- Radiotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey U.K
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25
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Teyssier JR, Bénard J, Ferre D, Da Silva J, Renaud L. Drug-related chromosomal changes in chemoresistant human ovarian carcinoma cells. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1989; 39:35-43. [PMID: 2731146 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Four resistant sublines were derived from the sensitive human ovarian carcinoma IGROV 1 (OV1-P) cell line by exposure to increasing concentrations of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cisplatinum. The vincristine-resistant sublines expressed the MDR phenotype associated with a complete reversion of malignant properties. Cytogenetic studies of sensitive and resistant cells have been repeatedly performed over a 1-year period. Consistent and stable drug-related chromosomal structural rearrangements have been observed in each resistant population affecting chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 22, and X. The most significant result was the presence in OV1/P cells of a minor subclone with a del(11)(p13) marker that represented the whole OV1/VCR population. This result suggests a possible role of this deletion either in the drug-selection process, or in the malignant reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Teyssier
- Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique. INSERM U 314, Faculté de Médecine, Reims, France
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Wolman
- Program of Cancer Genetics, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit 48201
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27
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Rotmensch J, Turkula TE, Weichselbaum RR, Schwartz JL. Cytogenetic observations of a human ovarian carcinoma clinically resistant to therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159:1099-103. [PMID: 3189443 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of a cancer cell to therapy represents an important problem in tumor biology. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism of resistance have included genetic instability, gene amplification, aneuploidy, and altered cell growth kinetics. Cytogenetic assays allow for the analysis of each of these parameters and provide important information concerning tumor heterogeneity. In using cytogenetic analysis, we have analyzed a human ovarian carcinoma clinically resistant to therapy. The ovarian carcinoma had a complex but stable karyotype with a mean chromosome number of 61.7 chromosomes/cell. Approximately 50% of the metaphase preparations examined had double-minute chromosomes, which have sometimes been associated with gene amplification. The frequency of double minutes varied from one pair to hundreds of pairs per cell. Cell cycle kinetic analysis revealed an average generation time of 38 hours. The cells were relatively resistant to doxorubicin in vitro, and the baseline sister chromatid exchange frequency, a measure of genetic instability, was elevated. These results suggest that cytogenetic assays have potential as predictive assays of tumor chemoresistance and may provide information regarding the biologic aggressiveness encountered clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rotmensch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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28
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Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is currently undergoing an intensive reappraisal because of its unimpressive performance against the major common cancers. There are a number of possible reasons for this lack of success; one considered here is that under some circumstances anti-neoplastic drug treatment actually increases the malignant behaviour of tumours. Support for this idea comes mainly from experimental studies in which drug treatments increased metastatic spread. Investigation of this phenomenon shows that drug induced modifications of the host, including immunosuppression and vascular damage, can indeed facilitate metastasis. In addition, new data are presented demonstrating that the direct action of drugs on the tumour cells themselves can have similar enhancing effects. The possible mechanisms underlying such direct effects are discussed and the ability of anti-cancer drugs to cause genetic mutations, amplify genes, and alter gene expression are considered. While the nature and extent of this facilitation of tumour malignancy is not fully understood, it is suggested that this possibility should be considered in the design of treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J McMillan
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, London, UK
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29
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Alitalo K, Koskinen P, Mäkelä TP, Saksela K, Sistonen L, Winqvist R. myc oncogenes: activation and amplification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 907:1-32. [PMID: 3552050 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(87)90016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Bigner SH, Mark J, Bullard DE, Mahaley MS, Bigner DD. Chromosomal evolution in malignant human gliomas starts with specific and usually numerical deviations. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1986; 22:121-35. [PMID: 3011240 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(86)90172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous karyotypic studies of malignant human gliomas have demonstrated that their most consistent early or primary gross changes include gains of #7, losses of #10, #22, and the gonosomes, and the presence of double minutes. Karyotypes of 15 additional malignant human gliomas reported here have confirmed these observations and, by enlarging our series, we can now show that in addition to double minutes, certain other gross structural abnormalities also are clearly associated with the early evolution of this type of tumor. The most prevalent deviations are deletions and translocations involving 9p. Other chromosomes commonly involved in rearrangements are #1, #6, and #13, and less frequently #7, #11, and #16.
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31
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Gebhart E, Brüderlein S, Augustus M, Siebert E, Feldner J, Schmidt W. Cytogenetic studies on human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1986; 8:125-38. [PMID: 3469005 DOI: 10.1007/bf01807701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were performed on cell material obtained from surgical specimens of 50 human breast carcinomas and from 61 cancerous effusions of 46 patients. Classical cytogenetic analyses of numerical chromosome changes and marker chromosomes revealed the non-random involvement of chromosomes #X and #22 as monosomics, of chromosomes #3, #7, and #19 as trisomics, and chromosome #1 (particularly p 13 to q 12) in marker formation. Karyotypic evolution was followed in vitro and in vivo and showed a highly individualistic pattern of stability and variability. In addition, a systematic screening for the presence of cytogenetic equivalents of gene amplification (double minutes 'DM', homogeneously staining regions 'HSR') was carried out. A high incidence of DM-positive cases was detected in primary tumors (48%) as well as in metastatic cells from effusions (40%), with the frequency of DM-containing metaphases ranging from 1 to 100% in the positive cases. This finding supports the assumption of the fundamental biological importance of gene amplification in human solid tumors. Furthermore, chromosome breakage and micronuclei were observed in breast carcinoma cells as an apparent consequence of therapy-independent mutability.
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Brüderlein S, Gebhart E, Siebert E, Augustus M. Premature chromosome condensation--studies on human metastatic carcinoma cells. Hum Genet 1986; 73:44-52. [PMID: 3710479 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) studies were carried out on interphase chromatin of metastatic cells from 52 cancerous effusions obtained from 45 patients presenting with various solid carcinomas. A highly individual pattern of distribution of the various interphase stages was detected, reflecting the heterogeneity of human solid tumors in an advanced stage. Nevertheless a variety of clinical, biologic, and technical factors were examined for their possible influence on these PCC patterns. The duration in culture was one of the influencing factors, as were the time lapse between the first diagnosis and the sampling of the respective effusion, or the nature of cytostatic therapy. Cytogenetic equivalents of gene amplification, as represented by "double minutes", could be found in the prematurely interphase chromatin of 35 of the 52 effusions. G1-PCC proved to be most reliable with regard to screening of double minutes. In addition, an adequate quality of Giemsa banding was achieved in PCC of 21 out of 24 effusions yielding a sufficient number of well-spread PCC. In six of these 21 cases PCC was superior to metaphase analysis in obtaining karyotypes, while the same was true for 14 of the 52 effusions screened for double minutes. Thus the PCC technique was shown to be an indispensable additional source of cytogenetic information in cells of human solid tumors.
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Brüderlein S, Gebhart E. Double minutes in prematurely condensed chromatin of human tumor cells. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1985; 16:145-52. [PMID: 3971339 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(85)90008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies on the occurrence of double minutes (DMs) were performed on metaphases and prematurely condensed interphases (G1, G2) of cells from 28 cancerous effusions of 24 carcinoma patients. In 21 of these effusions, agreement between metaphase and prematurely condensed chromatin (PCC) data was obtained concerning occurrence or nonoccurrence of DMs (10 DM positive, 11 DM negative). In two cases, DMs were observed in metaphases only, whereas in five cases, they were found in interphases only. In normal cells, no DMs could be found, neither in metaphase nor in PCC. No causal correlation of the occurrence of DMs and cytostatic therapy was found. The data suggest that cytogenetic screening of prematurely condensed interphase cells from human tumors or cancerous effusions provides a valuable method for estimating the incidence of gene amplification in malignant cells, particularly in those with poor mitotic yield.
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