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Onozaki K. [Interluekin-1: from regulation of cell proliferation to chronic inflammatory diseases]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:645-60. [PMID: 23728092 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) was initially defined as a factor which is produced by macrophages and exhibits proliferative activity on thymocytes and fibroblasts, B cell activation and endogenous pyrogen activity. Now IL-1 is known to exhibit pleiotropic activities on various cell types and play important roles in the regulation of immune, nervous and endocrine systems, progression of tumor cells, hematopoietic cell proliferation/differentiation and especially in inflammatory diseases. In 1985 I found that IL-1 exhibits cytocidal activity against human melanoma cells. Since then I have been engaged in the research of various aspects of IL-1. This review summarizes current knowledge of IL-1, including our research and beneficial effect of IL-1 blocking on inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Enya K, Hayashi H, Takii T, Ohoka N, Kanata S, Okamoto T, Onozaki K. The interaction with Sp1 and reduction in the activity of histone deacetylase 1 are critical for the constitutive gene expression of IL-1 alpha in human melanoma cells. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:190-9. [PMID: 17906119 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A375-6 human melanoma cells are sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of IL-1. After a long period of culturing, we have obtained cells resistant to IL-1. The resistant clone A375-R8 constitutively produced IL-1 alpha. In this study, we identified a sequence, CGCC, located at -48 to -45 upstream of the transcription start site, to be essential for the constitutive IL-1 alpha gene activation. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and Sp3 bound to the nucleotide containing the sequence. Although the binding level to the nucleotide and expression level of Sp1 and Sp3 are comparable in A375-R8 and A375-6 cells, transactivation activity of Sp1 is higher in A375-R8 cells as compared with A375-6 cells. Sp3 could not transactivate the IL-1 alpha promoter. These results suggest that Sp1 but not Sp3 is important for IL-1 alpha gene activation. Trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), greatly augmented the IL-1 alpha promoter activity in A375-6 cells to the level comparable with that in A375-R8 cells. TSA also induced IL-1 alpha mRNA expression in A375-6 cells. Sp1 and Sp3 bound to HDAC1 in A375-R8 and A375-6 cells. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed the binding of Sp1 and HDAC1 to the promoter region of the IL-1 alpha gene. The activities of HDAC bound to Sp1 and Sp3, and that of HDAC1 was lower in A375-R8 cells as compared with A375-6 cells. These results indicate that the reduction in the activity and interaction of HDAC1 with Sp1 are critical for the constitutive IL-1 alpha gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Enya
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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3
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Yoon DY, Dinarello CA. Differential effects of anti-IL-1R accessory protein antibodies on IL-1alpha or IL-1beta-induced production of PGE(2) and IL-6 from 3T3-L1 cells. BMB Rep 2007; 40:562-70. [PMID: 17669273 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2007.40.4.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble or cell-bound IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) does not bind IL-1 but rather forms a complex with IL-1 and IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) resulting in signal transduction. Synthetic peptides to various regions in the Ig-like domains of IL-1RAcP were used to produce antibodies and these antibodies were affinity-purified using the respective antigens. An anti-peptide-4 antibody which targets domain III inhibited 70% of IL-1beta-induced productions of IL-6 and PGE(2) from 3T3-L1 cells. Anti-peptide-2 or 3 also inhibited IL-1-induced IL-6 production by 30%. However, anti-peptide-1 which is directed against domain I had no effect. The antibody was more effective against IL-1beta compared to IL-1alpha. IL-1-induced IL-6 production was augmented by coincubation with PGE(2). The COX inhibitor ibuprofen blocked IL-1-induced IL-6 and PGE(2) production. These results confirm that IL-1RAcP is essential for IL-1 signaling and that increased production of IL-6 by IL-1 needs the co-induction of PGE(2). However, the effect of PGE(2) is independent of expressions of IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP. Our data suggest that domain III of IL-1RAcP may be involved in the formation or stabilization of the IL-1RI/IL-1 complex by binding to epitopes on domain III of the IL-1RI created following IL-1 binding to the IL-1RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Young Yoon
- Laboratory of Cell and Immunobiochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang Dong 1, Seoul 143-801, Korea
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4
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Sumitomo M, Tachibana M, Murai M, Hayakawa M, Nakamura H, Takayanagi A, Shimizu N. Overexpression of IL-1ra gene up-regulates interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) gene expression: possible mechanism underlying IL-1beta-resistance of cancer cells. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:277-86. [PMID: 10496353 PMCID: PMC2362876 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of endogenous interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1ra, and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) in four human urological cancer cell lines, KU-19-19, KU-1, KU-2 and KU-19-20. Northern blot analysis showed that IL-1beta gene was expressed in all cell lines. On the other hand, in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20, the gene expressions of both IL-1ra and ICE were suppressed. MTT assay revealed that IL-1beta (10 ng ml(-1)) promoted cell growth in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20, while it inhibited in KU-1 and KU-2. An ICE inhibitor, Acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO (YVAD-CHO) blocked IL-1beta-induced growth inhibition in KU-1 and KU-2. Overexpression of the secretory type IL-1ra with adenovirus vector (AxlL-1ra) enhanced ICE gene expression, while exogenous IL-1ra (100 ng ml(-1)) did not enhance it. Furthermore, AxIL-1ra treatment promoted endogenous IL-1beta secretion and induced significant growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death on KU-19-19 and KU-19-20. Treatment with either IL-1ra (100 ng ml(-1)), IL-1beta antibody (100 microg ml(-1)), or YVAD-CHO blocked AxlL-1ra-induced cell death in KU-19-19 and KU-19-20. These results suggest that IL-1beta-sensitivity depends on the level of ICE gene expression, which is regulated by the level of endogenous slL-1ra expression. This is a first report on the intracellular function of slL-1ra and these findings may provide key insights into the mechanism underlying the viability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sumitomo
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Itoh S, Hattori T, Hayashi H, Mizutani Y, Todo M, Takii T, Yang D, Lee JC, Matsufuji S, Murakami Y, Chiba T, Onozaki K. Antiproliferative Effect of IL-1 Is Mediated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Human Melanoma Cell A375. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in IL-1-induced growth inhibition was investigated using IL-1-sensitive human melanoma A375-C2-1 cells and IL-1-resistant A375-R8 cells. In both cells, p38 MAPK was activated by IL-1. A selective inhibitor for p38 MAPK, SB203580, almost completely recovered the IL-1-induced growth inhibition in A375-C2-1 cells. IL-1-induced IL-6 production was also suppressed by SB203580. However, the reversal effect of SB203580 was not due to the suppression of IL-6 production because the SB203580 effect was still observed in the presence of exogenous IL-6. Down-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity as well as its protein level has been shown to be essential for IL-1-induced growth inhibition. SB203580 also reversed the IL-1-induced down-regulation of ODC activity and intracellular polyamine levels without affecting ODC mRNA levels in A375-C2-1 cells. In IL-1-resistant R8 cells, however, IL-1 only slightly suppressed ODC activity. In A375-C2-1 cells, the mRNA expression level of antizyme (AZ), a regulatory factor of ODC activity, has been shown to be up-regulated by IL-1. IL-1-induced up-regulation of AZ mRNA level was not affected by SB203580. These findings demonstrate that p38 MAPK plays an important role in IL-1-induced growth inhibition in A375 cells through down-regulating ODC activity without affecting the level of ODC mRNA and AZ mRNA. In IL-1-resistant A375-R8 cells, IL-1 signaling pathway is deficient between p38 MAPK activation and down-regulation of ODC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saotomo Itoh
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mizutani
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Todo
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takemasa Takii
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - De Yang
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - John C. Lee
- †SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia, PA 19406; and
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- ‡Department of Biochemistry II, Jikei University of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Murakami
- ‡Department of Biochemistry II, Jikei University of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Chiba
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kikuo Onozaki
- *Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
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Hayashi H, Shimizu R, Fujii K, Itoh S, Yang D, Onozaki K. Resistance to IL-1 anti-proliferative effect, accompanied by characteristics of advanced melanoma, permits invasion of human melanoma cells in vitro, but not metastasis in the nude mouse. Int J Cancer 1997; 71:416-21. [PMID: 9139878 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970502)71:3<416::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier that IL-1 inhibits the growth of human melanoma cells (A375-6), and that these cells become resistant to IL-1 after prolonged periods of culture. The resistant cells constitutively produce IL-alpha and IL-6 with IL-6 production was induced by endogenous IL-1 in an autocrine manner. The cells are also resistant to IL-6 anti-proliferative effects. In the present study, we show that the resistant clones exhibited up-regulated expression of intercellular-adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vitronectin receptor (integrin alpha(v)beta3) when compared with the IL-1-sensitive clone, A375-6. Moreover, these IL-1-resistant clones exhibited many other metastatic characteristics, such as expression of IL-8 mRNA, production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and augmented invasion activity. However, contrary to our expectations, the IL-1-resistant cells did not exhibit experimental metastasis in a nude-mouse model, similarly to the IL-1-sensitive parental A375-6 cell line. In contrast, the highly metastatic clone A375-SM exhibited alpha(v)beta3 expression at a level comparable to that of the IL-1-resistant cells, but expressed low or no ICAM-1, metalloproteinase and displayed little in vitro invasion activity. These results show that the metastatic characteristics of IL-1-resistant cells are not sufficient to produce metastasis in vivo and suggest that these resistant clones may provide a good model system for characterizing the molecular mechanisms of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hayashi
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Yang D, Hayashi H, Takii T, Mizutani Y, Inukai Y, Onozaki K. Interleukin-1-induced growth inhibition of human melanoma cells. Interleukin-1-induced antizyme expression is responsible for ornithine decarboxylase activity down-regulation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:3376-83. [PMID: 9013579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.6.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a multi-functional cytokine and regulates cell growth either positively or negatively. Previous studies have shown that IL-1-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity down-regulation is involved in the anti-proliferative effect of IL-1 on human A375 melanoma cells. In this study, we examined the IL-1alpha-induced molecular events resulting in ODC activity down-regulation in C2-1, a A375 cell line stably transfected with human type I IL-1 receptor. Recombinant human (rh) IL-1alpha inhibited the growth and down-regulated the ODC activity of C2-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetics studies showed that both the DNA synthesis and ODC activity of C2-1 cells progressively decreased from 12 h after IL-1 addition. Northern hybridization showed that IL-1 had no influence on ODC mRNA level. However, rhIL-1 induced both a decrease of ODC protein and an ODC-inhibiting activity in IL-1-treated C2-1 cells. IL-1 specifically up-modulated the mRNA level of antizyme, a protein essential for ODC regulation, but had little effect on its stability. IL-1-induced antizyme up-modulation preceded IL-1-induced down-regulation of ODC protein, ODC activity, and DNA synthesis in C2-1 cells. Run-on transcription analysis confirmed that the increased antizyme mRNA expression was due to elevated antizyme gene transcription. Furthermore, the action of IL-1 to inhibit the ODC activity and growth of C2-1 cells was blocked by expressing the antisense RNA of human antizyme in C2-1 cells. These results suggest that IL-1-induced antizyme expression is responsible for IL-1-induced ODC activity down-regulation in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya 467, Japan
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8
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Baumann JB, Bagutti C, Siegrist W, Christen E, Zumsteg U, Eberle AN. MSH receptors and the response of human A375 melanoma cells to interleukin-1 beta. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 1997; 17:199-210. [PMID: 9029491 DOI: 10.3109/10799899709036604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH, alpha-melanotropin) has been shown to be an inhibitory factor in many immunologic and inflammatory processes involving the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). As the mechanism of the interaction between IL-1 and alpha-MSH at the receptor level is unknown, we have studied the role of MC1 melanocortin receptors in two variants of the human melanoma cell line A375 differing in their sensitivity to the cytostatic effects of IL-1 beta. Both IL-1 sensitive (A375r-) and resistant cells (A375r+) carry specific high affinity receptors for IL-1, albeit their concentration is 10-fold higher in A375r+ cells. In A375r- cells, MC1 receptors are absent or below the level for reliable detection in the binding assay. Conversion of A375r- to A375r+ cells by prolonged culture in medium not depleted of endotoxin led to the appearance of MC1 receptors (KD 0.4 +/- 0.123 nmol/l; 608 +/- 134 receptors/cell). Stable transfection of A375r- cells with the human MC1 receptor did not, however, render them resistant to the cytostatic effect of IL-1 beta on concomitant treatment with alpha-MSH or result in the production of IL-6 on treatment with IL-1 beta. Therefore, the presence of MC1 receptors on the surface of A375 cells or their binding to alpha-MSH does not seem to be a factor in cytokine resistance or IL-6 secretion. No interaction between IL-1 beta and alpha-MSH could be demonstrated at the cellular level in this melanoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Baumann
- Department of Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Itoh S, Hayashi H, Watanabe N, Kobayashi Y, Takii T, Onozaki K. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) production is not essential for acquired resistance of human A375 melanoma cells to anti-proliferative effect of IL-1. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:805-11. [PMID: 8631596 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960315)65:6<805::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of human melanoma cell line A375-6 is inhibited by interleukin l (IL-l). However, the cells acquired resistance to IL-l after a long period of culture. We have reported that 2 resistant subclones, A375-R8 and -R19, produced IL-l alpha constitutively and that IL-l induced IL-6 production in an autocrine manner. Therefore, we supposed that IL-l alpha production renders the cells resistant to IL-l. To investigate the relationship between IL-l alpha production and IL-l resistance, we transfected the IL-l alpha expression plasmid to the IL-l-sensitive clone, A375-6, and the anti-sense mRNA expression plasmid to IL-l-resistant cells, A375-R8 and -R19. A375-6MS, a transfectant of mature IL-l alpha expression plasmid, expressed IL-l alpha mRNA and produced IL-l activity at a level comparable to the resistant cells. The transfectant also produced IL-6 and exhibited augmented expression of Mn-SOD mRNA. However, IL-l sensitivity of this transfectant was not affected. With respect to sensitivity to anti-proliferative effects of other cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF alpha, there was no difference between the transfectant and parent cells. Although A375-R8PH10 and -R19PH10, transfectants of IL-l alpha anti-sense mRNA expression plasmid, exhibited a decrease in the level of IL-l production, their IL-l sensitivity did not differ from parent cells. These results, therefore, suggest that IL-l alpha production is not essential or sufficient for the acquisition of resistance to the anti-proliferative effect of IL-l.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itoh
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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Takei Y, Chiba T, Wada K, Hayashi H, Yamada M, Kuwashima J, Onozaki K. Glycosylated human recombinant interleukin-1 alpha, neo interleukin-1 alpha, with D-mannose dimer exhibits selective activities in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:713-9. [PMID: 8528944 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of carbohydrate-introduction on IL-1 activity, especially in vivo, and to develop IL-1 with less deleterious effects, recombinant human IL-1 alpha was coupled with mannose dimer, alpha-D-Man-1-6-D-Man [Man2 alpha(1-6)] by an acyl azide method. Previous studies demonstrated that the glycosylated IL-1 exhibited reduced activities compared with original IL-1 in all the experiments performed in vitro. In this study, we investigated the in vivo activities of Man2 alpha(1-6)-conjugated IL-1 alpha. The glycosylated IL-1 alpha exhibited very low pyrogenic activity and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein induction compared with untreated IL-1 alpha. Untreated IL-1 alpha increased the serum level of IL-6, but the glycosylated IL-1 alpha did not. However, the glycosylated IL-1 alpha possessed the same potency as untreated IL-1 alpha in reduction of serum levels of glucose and triglyceride and in recovery of peripheral white blood cells in 5-fluorouracil-treated mice. Therefore, glycosylation of IL-1 appeared to be useful for the development of neoIL-1 with selective activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takei
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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Maeurer MJ, Martin DM, Castelli C, Elder E, Leder G, Storkus WJ, Lotze MT. Host immune response in renal cell cancer: interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 mRNA are frequently detected in freshly collected tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41:111-21. [PMID: 7656270 PMCID: PMC11037792 DOI: 10.1007/bf01527407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1994] [Accepted: 05/15/1995] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human renal cell cancer (RCC) is clearly responsive to immunotherapy. Clinical responses may be mediated by "non-specific" (e.g. natural killer, NK, cells) or "specific" MHC-class-I-restricted tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. Typically RCC progresses, however, despite significant infiltration of various lymphoid cells. We examined freshly isolated RCC tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) derived from seven RCC patients for cytokine expression by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Established RCC tumor cell lines derived from these RCC patients were negative for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, and interferon gamma and found to be positive for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), IL-6, IL-1 beta, granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) message as detected by PCR. An identical pattern of cytokine mRNA expression was identified in other long-term RCC lines and in normal human kidney cells upon culture, but not in two Wilms tumor cell lines tested. Short-term-, and long-term-established RCC lines, but not Wilms tumor lines, secreted substantial levels of GM-CSF, TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both RCC lines and Wilms tumor lines secreted TGF beta 1. In comparison, normal kidney cells secreted IL-6 and GM-CSF, but not IL-1 beta, or TFG beta 1 under identical in vitro cell culture conditions. We applied PCR-based methods to characterize the cytokine mRNA expression pattern in immune cells infiltrating into renal cell cancer without the need for expansion of such effector cells in vitro. Examining freshly collected RCC TIL by PCR from patients with primary cell cell cancer, we could demonstrate that such cells, but not lympho-mononuclear cells harvested from normal human kidney tissue, typically exhibit IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Maeurer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15261, USA
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