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Pierre ME, Manneh R, Hernández A, Rodríguez J, Fletcher AV, Ramírez HM, Niño OM, Gómez DA, Sanabria D, Contreras F, Pieschacón JR, Calderón PH. Expert consensus: Profiling and management of advanced or metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE OBSTETRICIA Y GINECOLOGIA 2024; 75:4094. [PMID: 39013199 PMCID: PMC11210286 DOI: 10.18597/rcog.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Introduction and objective: The approach to patients with advanced or metastatic high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has evolved over time with the advent of new therapies and multimodal strategies. The objective of this consensus of experts is to generate national recommendations for the profiling and management of advanced or metastatic high-grade OEC, defined as stages III and IV of the “The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification at the time of diagnosis to base on the literature review that included international evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Material and methods: Eleven panelists (oncologists and gynecological oncologists) answered 8 questions about the profiling and management of advanced or metastatic ovarian epithelial carcinoma. The panelists were chosen for their academic profile and influence in national health institutions. Guidelines from the “ESMO Standardized Operating Procedures Consensus Conference” were used to develop the consensus. It was agreed that the level of agreement to accept a recommendation should be ≥ 80%. The document was peer reviewed. Results: Eight general recommendations are made, which are presented into five domains. Some of these recommendations are subdivided into specific recommendations. Initial treatment Recommendation 1.1 Complete primary cytoreduction (PCS) surgery is suggested as the initial therapy of choice for patients with high-grade or metastatic EOC, which should ideally be carried out in centers with experience, followed by adjuvant therapy. 1.2 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreduction surgery (ICS) is suggested in those who are unlikely to achieve a complete cytoreduction in PCS either due to unresectable metastatic disease or who present unresectability criteria (imaging, laparoscopic and/or by laparotomy) and that have been defined by a gynecological oncologist and patients with poor functional status and comorbidities according to the criteria of the multidisciplinary team (clinical oncology, gynecological oncology, radiology, etc.). Recommendation 2. In patients with high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), in stage III locally advanced or metastatic, who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and achieved a complete or partial response (cytoreduction with tumor residue < 2.5 mm), the use of Hyperthermic IntraPeritoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) could be considered as an alternative to standard platinum-based adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy during interval cytoreductive surgery, after discussion in a multidisciplinary tumor board, at a center experienced in treating this type of patients. Use of genetic testing. Recommendation 3. It is suggested at the time of diagnosis to offer molecular genetic testing to all patients with high-grade advanced or metastatic EOC regardless of family history. Recommendation 4. It is suggested to offer genetic counseling, by qualified personnel, to all patients with high-grade advanced or metastatic EOC who are ordered genetic testing. Recommendation 5. It is suggested that all patients with advanced or metastatic high-grade EOC undergo a germ panel that includes the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1/2 genes (BRCA 1/2) and the other susceptibility genes according to with institutional protocols and the availability of genetic testing panels; If it is negative, then somatic testing should be performed that includes the homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) status, regardless of family history. Adjuvant Therapy Recommendation 6. 6.1. It is suggested that all patients with advanced stage III/IV EOC, with PSC of (0-2), got adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy as standard treatment within six weeks after Prc. It is suggested paclitaxel/carboplatin. Recommendation 6.2. It is suggested to use standard chemotherapy base on platinum plus Bevacizumab as adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with high-risk disease (EOC stage IV or stage III with suboptimal tumor cytoreduction), following by bevacizumab as maintenance. The use of bevacizumab as maintenance therapy is not recommended if bevacizumab was not included in the first line of treatment. We suggested the dose used in GOG-0218 and ICON7 trials. Recommendation 6.3 It is suggested combined intravenous/intraperitoneal chemotherapy only for selected patients, with optimal cytoreduction (residual lesions < 1 cm), especially those without residual disease (R0) and who are evaluated in a multidisciplinary meeting. It is not considered standard treatment. Recommendation 6.4. 6.4.1 It is suggested to use Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors such as olaparib or niraparib as maintenance after receiving first-line chemotherapy in patients with stage III/IV BRCA1/2 positive EOC who received platinumbased chemotherapy and obtained complete response/partial response (CR/PR), 6.4.2 It is suggested to use olaparib alone or in combination with bevacizumab or niraparib in patients with stage III/IV BRCA1/2 positive EOC who received platinum-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab and achieved CR/PR. 6.4.3 It is suggested to use niraparibin patients with stage III/IV BRCA1/2 negative or unknown EOC who received platinum-based chemotherapy and achieved CR/PR. 6.4.4 It is suggested to use bevacizumab or olaparib plus bevacizumab in patients with EOC stage III/IV BRCA1/2 negative or unknown (HRD positive) who received platinum-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab and obtained CR/PR. Treatment of disease relapse Recommendation 7. Secondary cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy is suggested for selected patients with high-grade advanced EOC in first relapse, platinum-sensitive (platinum-free interval ≥ 6 months), positive “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie – AGO” score or “I-model” positive (< 4.7) with a potential resection to R0 in centers with access to optimal surgical and postoperative support. Note: Platinum-free interval and AGO score have only been developed as positive predictors of complete resection and not to exclude patients from surgery. Recommendation 8. 8.1 For patients with relapse advanced high-grade EOC platinum-sensitive, the following is suggested: Platinum-based combination chemotherapy: carboplatin/liposomal doxorubicin or carboplatin/paclitaxel or carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel or carboplatin/docetaxel or carboplatin/gemcitabine) for six cycles. If combination therapy is not tolerated, give carboplatin or cisplatin alone. Combination chemotherapy (carboplatin/gemcitabine or carboplatin/paclitaxel or carboplatin/doxorubicin liposomal) plus bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab as maintenance (until progression or toxicity). Recommendation 8.2 For patients with relapsed advanced high-grade EOC platinum-resistant, it is suggested: Sequential treatment with chemotherapy, preferably with a non-platinum single agent (weekly paclitaxel or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or docetaxel or oral etoposide or gemcitabine or trabectidine or, topotecan). Weekly paclitaxel or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or topotecan could be administrate with or without bevacizumab. Other agents are considered potentially active (capecitabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, pemetrexed, vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide) could be recommended for later lines. Hormone receptor-positive patients who do not tolerate or have no response to cytotoxic regimens may receive hormone therapy with tamoxifen or other agents, including aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole and letrozole) or leuprolide acetate, or megestrol acetate. Patients with a performance score ≥ 3 should be considered only for best supportive care. Recommendation 8.3 Maintenance therapy with PARP inhibitors: It is suggested in patients with relapse advanced high-grade EOC stage III/IV BRCA1/2 (positive, negative or unknown) who have received two or more lines of platinum-based chemotherapy and have achieved CR/PR, use olaparib, niraparib or rucaparib. Niraparib could be useful in BRCA 1/2 +/-/unknown patients, as rucaparib, however, the latter does not yet have approval from the regulatory office in Colombia. Conclusions: It is expected that the recommendations issued in this consensus will contribute to improving clinical care, oncological impact, and quality of life of these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E. Pierre
- Centro de tratamiento e investigación sobre el Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia, ,Centro de tratamiento e investigación sobre el Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento (CTIC)BogotáColombia
| | - Ray Manneh
- Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia, ,Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del CesarValleduparColombia
| | - Abraham Hernández
- Centro hospitalario Serena del Mar, Cartagena, Colombia, Centro hospitalario Serena del MarCartagenaColombia
| | - Juliana Rodríguez
- Fundación Santafé de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia. Departamento de obstetricia y ginecología Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia, ,Universidad Nacional de ColombiaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Angélica V. Fletcher
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas Clínica San Diego (CIOSAD), Bogotá, Colombia, ,Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas Clínica San Diego (CIOSAD)BogotáColombia
| | - Heydi M. Ramírez
- Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia, ,Fundación Valle de LiliCaliColombia
| | - Oscar M. Niño
- Hospital San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia, ,Hospital San IgnacioBogotáColombia
| | - Diego A. Gómez
- . Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia, ,Hospital Internacional de ColombiaBucaramangaColombia
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Fundación Santafé de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia, ,Fundación Santafé de BogotáBogotáColombia
| | - Fernando Contreras
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia, ,Instituto Nacional de CancerologíaBogotáColombia
| | | | - Pedro H. Calderón
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia, Instituto Nacional de CancerologíaBogotáColombia
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Luck CC, Bass SB, Chertock Y, Kelly PJA, Singley K, Hoadley A, Hall MJ. Understanding perceptions of tumor genomic profile testing in Black/African American cancer patients in a qualitative study: the role of medical mistrust, provider communication, and family support. J Community Genet 2024; 15:281-292. [PMID: 38366313 PMCID: PMC11217212 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-024-00700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor genomic profiling (TGP) examines genes and somatic mutations specific to a patient's tumor to identify targets for cancer treatments but can also uncover secondary hereditary (germline) mutations. Most patients are unprepared to make complex decisions related to this information. Black/African American (AA) cancer patients are especially at risk because of lower health literacy, higher levels of medical mistrust, and lower awareness and knowledge of genetic testing. But little is known about their TGP attitudes or preferences. Five in-person focus groups were conducted with Black/AA cancer patients (N = 33) from an NCI-designated cancer center and an affiliated oncology unit in an urban safety-net hospital located in Philadelphia. Focus groups explored participants' understanding of TGP, cultural beliefs about genetics, medical mistrust, and how these perceptions informed decision-making. Participants were mostly female (81.8%), and one-third had some college education; mean age was 57 with a SD of 11.35. Of patients, 33.3% reported never having heard of TGP, and 48.5% were not aware of having had TGP as part of their cancer treatment. Qualitative analysis was guided by the principles of applied thematic analysis and yielded five themes: (1) mistrust of medical institutions spurring independent health-information seeking; (2) genetic testing results as both empowering and overwhelming; (3) how provider-patient communication can obviate medical mistrust; (4) how unsupportive patient-family communication undermines interest in secondary-hereditary risk communication; and (5) importance of developing centralized patient support systems outside of treatment decisions. Results improve understanding of how Black/AA patients perceive of TGP and how interventions can be developed to assist with making informed decisions about secondary hereditary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caseem C Luck
- Risk Communication Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Ave, Rm 947, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Sarah Bauerle Bass
- Risk Communication Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Ave, Rm 947, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Yana Chertock
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Patrick J A Kelly
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Katie Singley
- Risk Communication Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Ave, Rm 947, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ariel Hoadley
- Risk Communication Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Ave, Rm 947, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Michael J Hall
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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Nowlen CJ, Daniels M, Uzunparmak B, Ileana Dumbrava EE, Yuan Y, Patel KP, Rayes N, Harkenrider J, Wathoo C, Veazie J, Luna KA, Wang W, Horombe C, Javle M, Ahnert JR, Yap TA, Arun B, Lu KH, Meric-Bernstam F. Limited Independent Follow-Up with Germline Testing of Variants Detected in BRCA1 and BRCA2 by Tumor-Only Sequencing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2024; 7:7-17. [PMID: 38327755 PMCID: PMC10846638 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-23-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Genomic profiling is performed in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, in order to direct cancer treatment, often sequencing tumor-only, without a matched germline comparator. However, because many of the genes analyzed on tumor profiling overlap with those known to be associated with hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes (HCPS), tumor-only profiling can unknowingly uncover germline pathogenic (P) and likely pathogenic variants (LPV). In this study, we evaluated the number of patients with P/LPVs identified in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) via tumor-only profiling, then determined the germline testing outcomes for those patients. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with BRCA1/2 variants on tumor-only genomic profiling, and whether they had germline testing. Results This study found that of 2923 patients with 36 tumor types who underwent tumor-only testing, 554 had a variant in BRCA1/2 (19.0%); 119 of the 554 patients (21.5%) had a P/LP BRCA1/2 variant, representing 4.1% of the overall population who underwent genomic profiling. Seventy-three (61.3%) of 119 patients with BRCA1/2 P/LPV on tumor-only testing did not undergo germline testing, 34 (28.6%) had already had germline testing before tumor-only testing, and 12 (10.1%) underwent germline testing after tumor-only testing. Twenty-eight germline BRCA1/2 P/LPVs were detected, 24 in those who had prior germline testing, and 4 among the 12 patients who had germline testing after tumor-only testing. Conclusion Tumor-only testing is likely to identify P/LPVs in BRCA1/2. Efforts to improve follow-up germline testing is needed to improve identification of germline BRCA1/2 alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Nowlen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Molly Daniels
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Burak Uzunparmak
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ecaterina E. Ileana Dumbrava
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur P. Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadine Rayes
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline Harkenrider
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chetna Wathoo
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Veazie
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle A. Luna
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanlin Wang
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chacha Horombe
- Department of Enterprise Development & Integration, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordi Rodon Ahnert
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A. Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banu Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen H. Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kanesvaran R, Chia PL, Chiong E, Chua MLK, Ngo NT, Ow S, Sim HG, Tan MH, Tay KH, Wong ASC, Wong SW, Tan PH. An approach to genetic testing in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023; 52:135-148. [PMID: 38904491 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction There has been a rapid evolution in the treatment strategies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) following the identification of targetable mutations, making genetic testing essential for patient selection. Although several international guidelines recommend genetic testing for patients with mCRPC, there is a lack of locally endorsed clinical practice guidelines in Singapore. Method A multidisciplinary specialist panel with representation from medical and radiation oncology, urology, pathology, interventional radiology, and medical genetics discussed the challenges associated with patient selection, genetic counselling and sample processing in mCRPC. Results A clinical model for incorporating genetic testing into routine clinical practice in Singapore was formulated. Tumour testing with an assay that is able to detect both somatic and germline mutations should be utilised. The panel also recommended the "mainstreaming" approach for genetic counselling in which pre-test counselling is conducted by the managing clinician and post-test discussion with a genetic counsellor, to alleviate the bottlenecks at genetic counselling stage in Singapore. The need for training of clinicians to provide pre-test genetic counselling and educating the laboratory personnel for appropriate sample processing that facilitates downstream genetic testing was recognised. Molecular tumour boards and multidisciplinary discussions are recommended to guide therapeutic decisions in mCRPC. The panel also highlighted the issue of reimbursement for genetic testing to reduce patient-borne costs and increase the reach of genetic testing among this patient population. Conclusion This article aims to provide strategic and implementable recommendations to overcome the challenges in genetic testing for patients with mCRPC in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Puey Ling Chia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nye Thane Ngo
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ow
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Hong Gee Sim
- Ravenna Urology Clinic, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Kiang Hiong Tay
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiation, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Karpel H, Manderski E, Pothuri B. Frequency of actionable germline pathogenic variants identified through tumor next-generation sequencing in a gynecologic cancer cohort. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2023:ijgc-2022-004142. [PMID: 36889816 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2022-004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor next-generation sequencing can identify potential germline pathogenic variants associated with cancer susceptibility. OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of tumor sequencing results that met European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) recommendations for further germline genetic testing, and the frequency of germline variants among a cohort with gynecologic cancer. METHODS Patients with gynecologic cancer who underwent tumor sequencing between September 2019 and February 2022 in a large healthcare system in New York City were retrospectively identified. Eligible patients with suspected germline pathogenic variants on tumor sequencing were identified based on ESMO guidelines. Logistic regression was used to explore variables associated with referral and completion of germline testing. RESULTS Of 358 patients with gynecologic cancers who underwent tumor sequencing, 81 (22.6%) had ≥1 suspected germline variant according to ESMO guidelines. Of the 81 patients with qualifying tumor sequencing results, 56 (69.1%) received germline testing: 41/46 (89.1%) eligible patients with ovarian cancer and 15/33 (45.5%) with endometrial cancer. In the endometrial cancer cohort, 11/33 (33.3%) eligible patients were not referred for germline testing and the majority of these patients had tumor variants in genes commonly known to cause hereditary cancer. Of the 56 patients who underwent germline testing, 40 (71.4%) had pathogenic germline variants. In multivariable analysis, race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white was associated with lower odds of germline testing referral and completion (OR=0.1, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.5 and OR=0.2, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSION Given the high rate of pathogenic germline variant detection and the importance of identifying such variants for both patients and their family, it is imperative that eligible patients undergo germline testing. Additional education for providers on multidisciplinary guidelines and development of clinical pathways to ensure germline testing of suspected pathogenic variants identified on tumor sequencing is warranted, especially in light of the racial/ethnic inequity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Karpel
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Manderski
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhavana Pothuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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Harriman JW, Espinel WF, Vagher J, Gammon A. BRCA1/2 Variants Identified Through Tumor Genomic Profiling: Assessing Genetic Counseling Outcomes. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100375. [DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As tumor genomic profiling (TGP) is increasingly used to help guide cancer treatment, BRCA variants, which may or may not be reflective of the germline genome, are being identified. As TGP use increases, it is becoming an important tool for referral to genetic counseling and identifying patients with hereditary cancer syndromes such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. This study explores genetic counseling referral patterns and germline implications of patients found to have pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants identified through TGP. METHODS Participants include patients at Huntsman Cancer Institute undergoing TGP through a single commercial laboratory between March 2014 and July 2018. A retrospective chart review was conducted for 62 patients found to have pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1/2 on TGP. Data on genetic counseling referrals and uptake, germline test results, family history, and patient demographics were collected. RESULTS In the study time frame, 1,899 patients underwent TGP. Testing identified 67 PVs in BRCA1 (23 variants) or BRCA2 (44 variants) in 62 patients. Thirty-five patients first received a referral to a genetic counselor following TGP with 33 patients completing genetic counseling. Of the 30 patients who pursued germline genetic testing following TGP, 11 were discovered to have a previously unknown germline BRCA PV. Nine of these patients were the first in their family diagnosed with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION This study represents one institution's experience with genetic counseling referrals, uptake, and germline results following TGP. For some patients, TGP will be the first indicator of an underlying hereditary condition. Identifying patients with PVs (which may be germline) through TGP is an important new genetic counseling referral tool that can have important implications for the patient and their family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Whitney F. Espinel
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennie Vagher
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amanda Gammon
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
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7
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Meiser B, Butow P, Davies G, Napier CE, Schlub TE, Bartley N, Juraskova I, Ballinger ML, Thomas DM, Tucker K, Goldstein D, Biesecker BB, Best MC. Psychological predictors of advanced cancer patients' preferences for return of results from comprehensive tumor genomic profiling. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:725-734. [PMID: 34755933 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the psychological predictors of preferences for return of comprehensive tumor genomic profiling (CTGP) results in patients with advanced cancers, enrolled in the Molecular Screening and Therapeutics Program. Patients completed a questionnaire prior to undergoing CTGP. Of the 1434 who completed a questionnaire, 96% would like to receive results that can guide treatment for their cancer, and preference for receiving this type of result was associated with lower tolerance of uncertainty. Sixty-four percent would like to receive results that cannot guide treatment, and lower tolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy, and perceived importance were associated with this preference. Fifty-nine percent would like to receive variants of unknown significance, which was associated with lower tolerance of uncertainty, higher self-efficacy, and perceived importance. Eighty-six percent wanted to receive germline results that could inform family risk. This was associated with higher self-efficacy, perceived importance, and perceived susceptibility. Although most patients wanted to receive all types of results, given the differing patient preferences regarding the return of results depending on the utility of the different types of results, it appears critical to safeguard patient understanding of result utility to achieve informed patient choices. This should be accompanied by appropriate consent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Meiser
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phyllis Butow
- Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG), School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grace Davies
- Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG), School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine E Napier
- Cancer Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy E Schlub
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicci Bartley
- Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG), School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilona Juraskova
- Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG), School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mandy L Ballinger
- Cancer Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- Cancer Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathy Tucker
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Megan C Best
- Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group (PoCoG), School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Ethics and Society, University of Notre Dame Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Openshaw MR, McVeigh TP. Non-invasive Technology Advances in Cancer-A Review of the Advances in the Liquid Biopsy for Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers. Front Digit Health 2021; 2:573010. [PMID: 34713045 PMCID: PMC8521848 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2020.573010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving cancer survival rates globally requires improvements in disease detection and monitoring, with the aim of improving early diagnosis and prediction of disease relapse. Traditional means of detecting and monitoring cancers rely largely on imaging and, where possible, blood-based protein biomarkers, many of which are non-specific. Treatments are being improved by identification of inherited and acquired genomic aberrations in tumors, some of which can be targeted by newly developed therapeutic interventions. Treatment of gynecological malignancy is progressively moving toward personalized therapy, as exemplified by application of PARP-inhibition for patients with BRCA-deficient tubo-ovarian cancers, or checkpoint inhibition in patients with mismatch repair-deficient disease. However, the more recent discovery of a group of biomarkers described under the umbrella term of “liquid biopsy” promises significant improvement in our ability to detect and monitor cancers. The term “liquid biopsy” is used to describe an array of tumor-derived material found in blood plasma and other bodily fluids such as ascites, pleural fluid, saliva, and urine. It includes circulating tumors cells (CTCs), circulating nucleic acids including DNA, messenger RNA and micro RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this review, we discuss recent advancements in liquid biopsy for biomarker detection to help in diagnosis, prognosis, and planning of treatment of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Openshaw
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terri P McVeigh
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Sapp JC, Facio FM, Cooper D, Lewis KL, Modlin E, van der Wees P, Biesecker LG. A systematic literature review of disclosure practices and reported outcomes for medically actionable genomic secondary findings. Genet Med 2021; 23:2260-2269. [PMID: 34433902 PMCID: PMC9017985 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Secondary findings (SF) are present in 1–4% of individuals undergoing genome/exome sequencing. A review of how SF are disclosed and what outcomes result from their receipt is urgent and timely. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of SF disclosure practices and outcomes after receipt including cascade testing, family and provider communication, and healthcare actions. Of the 1,184 non-duplicate records screened we summarize findings from 27 included research articles describing SF disclosure practices, outcomes after receipt, or both. Results: The included articles reported 709 unique SF index recipients/families. Referrals and/or recommendations were provided 647 SF recipients and outcome data were available for 236. At least one recommended evaluation was reported for 146 SF recipients; 16 reports of treatment or prophylactic surgery were identified. We found substantial variations in how the constructs of interest were defined and described. Conclusion: Variation in how SF disclosure and outcomes were described limited our ability to compare findings. We conclude the literature provided limited insight into how the ACMG guidelines have been translated into precision health outcomes for SF recipients. Robust studies of SF recipients are needed and should be prioritized for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Sapp
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Translational Health Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Flavia M Facio
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane Cooper
- National Institutes of Health Library, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katie L Lewis
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Modlin
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip van der Wees
- Translational Health Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Radboud University Medical Center, IQ Healthcare and Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Sandoval RL, Masotti C, de Macedo MP, Ribeiro MFSA, Leite ACR, Meireles SI, Bovolin RM, Santini FC, Munhoz RR, Jardim DLF, Katz A, Camargo AA, Fernandes GDS, Achatz MI. Identification of the TP53 p.R337H Variant in Tumor Genomic Profiling Should Prompt Consideration of Germline Testing for Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7:1141-1150. [PMID: 34270331 PMCID: PMC8457781 DOI: 10.1200/go.21.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is rare in the worldwide population, but it is highly prevalent in the Brazilian population because of a founder mutation, TP53 p.R337H, accounting for 0.3% of south and southeastern population. Clinical criteria for LFS may not identify all individuals at risk of carrying the Brazilian founder mutation because of its lower penetrance and variable expressivity. This variant is rarely described in databases of somatic mutations. Somatic findings in tumor molecular profiling may give insight to identify individuals who might be carriers of LFS and allow the adoption of risk reduction strategies for cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the frequency of the TP53 p.R337H variant in tumor genomic profiling from 755 consecutive Brazilian patients with pan-cancer. This is a retrospective cohort from January 2013 to March 2020 at a tertiary care center in Brazil. RESULTS The TP53 p.R337H variant was found in 2% (15 of 755) of the samples. The mutation allele frequency ranged from 30% to 91.7%. A total of seven patients were referred for genetic counseling and germline testing after tumor genomic profiling results were disclosed. All the patients who proceeded with germline testing (6 of 6) confirmed the diagnosis of LFS. Family history was available in 12 cases. Nine patients (9 of 12) did not meet LFS clinical criteria. CONCLUSION The identification of the TP53 p.R337H variant in tumor genomic profiling should be a predictive finding of LFS in the Brazilian population and should prompt testing for germline status confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cibele Masotti
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Artur Katz
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Postgraduate training in Cancer Genetics-a cross-specialty survey exploring experience of clinicians in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1427-1434. [PMID: 34195919 PMCID: PMC8244677 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background As genomic profiling of constitutional and tumour-derived DNA becomes increasingly critical in cancer risk estimation, prognostication and treatment, there is a growing need for clinicians involved in cancer care to up-skill in Cancer Genetics. In the Republic of Ireland (ROI), this is particularly crucial, given a paucity of vocationally trained Clinical Geneticists per capita compared to other European countries. Aims We aimed to assess the self-reported confidence of postgraduate medical/surgical trainees in ROI in requesting, interpreting, and managing genomic data in patients with cancer, and to assess their selfreported experience, and demand for future training in this area. Methods A cross-sectional survey of postgraduate trainees in four specialties (Medical and Radiation Oncology, Surgery, and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G)), training in ROI, was undertaken. A bespoke electronic questionnaire was designed to capture data regarding preceding experience, and confidence across several hypothetical clinical scenarios involving genomic testing. The survey was circulated to eligible participants by training programme administrators, after relevant institutional ethical approval. Data was collected anonymously. Results The study cohort included 62 respondents. A paucity of cancer genetics training at every level was demonstrated, with “hardly any” or “none at all” reported by 47(76%), 62(100%), and 50(81%) during undergraduate, core specialty, and higher specialist training, respectively. A relative lack of confidence in all clinical scenarios was apparent, particularly among Surgery/O&G trainees. Most respondents would value more training in Cancer Genetics. Conclusions This study demonstrates an unmet need in dedicated Cancer Genetics training for postgraduate specialty trainees in ROI.
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12
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Hiemenz MC, Oberley MJ, Doan A, Aye L, Ji J, Schmidt RJ, Biegel JA, Bhojwani D, Raca G. A multimodal genomics approach to diagnostic evaluation of pediatric hematologic malignancies. Cancer Genet 2021; 254-255:25-33. [PMID: 33571894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of somatic genetic drivers is important for risk stratification and treatment selection in pediatric leukemias; however, newly recognized genetic markers may not be detected by routine karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To identify the combination of assays that provides the highest detection rate for clinically significant molecular abnormalities, we tested 160 B- lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) by karyotyping, FISH, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and the custom next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, OncoKidsⓇ. In addition, we tested 40 myeloid malignancies with karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and OncoKidsⓇ; 36/40 myeloid malignancies were also tested with FISH. In B-ALL, individual testing methods had the following diagnostic yields for the key genetic drivers: karyotype 34%; basic FISH panel 45%; FISH panel with IGH and CRLF2 probes 65%; CMA 48%; OncoKidsⓇ 39%. CMA and OncoKidsⓇ testing allowed detection of key genetic drivers in 42% of the samples that remained unknown upon testing by conventional methods. In myeloid malignancies, OncoKidsⓇ had the highest yield for detection of both primary and secondary DNA mutations and RNA fusions. Our data highlights the complementarity between CMA and NGS and conventional cytogenetics/FISH in pediatric leukemia diagnostics. Due to rapid turn-around-time, FISH may be useful as an initial screening method in B-ALL. Our data also suggests NGS testing with a comprehensive panel, despite a longer turnaround time, is a good alternative to karyotyping and FISH in pediatric AML due to its superior detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hiemenz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Oberley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Doan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Le Aye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jianling Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryan J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gordana Raca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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13
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Juarez OA, Pencheva BB, Bellcross C, Schneider KW, Turner J, Porter CC. Cancer genetic counseling for childhood cancer predisposition is associated with improved levels of knowledge and high satisfaction in parents. J Genet Couns 2020; 30:710-719. [PMID: 33179831 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous surveys of adults with cancer have revealed increased levels of genetic knowledge, varying levels of worry, and high satisfaction with cancer genetic counseling. We sought to determine the impact of cancer genetic counseling on parental levels of genetic knowledge, worry about cancer, and satisfaction in the context of suspected cancer predisposition in a child. We hypothesized that parents would be satisfied with cancer genetic counseling and that cancer genetic counseling would improve baseline parental genetic knowledge and decrease levels of worry. Parents were recruited from a pediatric cancer predisposition clinic in the United States. A survey was administered to two cohorts: One cohort had received cancer genetic counseling in the past and only completed one survey (post-only, n = 26), and another cohort completed the survey before and after cancer genetic counseling (pre/post, n = 23). The survey included questions on demographics, knowledge of genetics, worry levels, and satisfaction with the cancer genetic counseling service. The post-genetic counseling survey also contained a free-text section for parents to indicate what they took away from the sessions. Parental levels of genetics knowledge increased by an average of 1.9 points (p = .01), with 65.2% of parents demonstrating an increase in genetics knowledge score. Average worry levels did not change significantly (p = .37), with 52.2% of parents indicating decreased worry, and 34.8% indicating increased worry. Overall, 91.8% of parents reported high levels of satisfaction. Our results show that cancer genetic counseling in a pediatric cancer predisposition clinic improves parental levels of genetics knowledge. Satisfaction rates suggest that parents find this service beneficial. These results demonstrate the positive impacts of cancer genetic counseling on parents of children in which a hereditary cancer syndrome is known or suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bojana B Pencheva
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kami W Schneider
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joyce Turner
- Children's National Health System Rare Disease Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher C Porter
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Schneider BP, Stout LA, Philips S, Schroeder C, Scott SF, Hunter C, Kassem N, Kiel PJ, Radovich M. Implications of Incidental Germline Findings Identified In the Context of Clinical Whole Exome Sequencing for Guiding Cancer Therapy. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:1109-1121. [PMID: 35050776 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of incidental germline mutations in the context of next-generation sequencing is an unintended consequence of advancing technologies. These data are critical for family members to understand disease risks and take action. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of 1,028 adult patients with metastatic cancer who were sequenced with tumor and germline whole exome sequencing (WES). Germline variant call files were mined for pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants using the ClinVar database and narrowed to high-quality submitters. RESULTS Median age was 59 years, with 16% of patients ≤ 45 years old. The most common tumor types were breast cancer (12.5%), colorectal cancer (11.5%), sarcoma (9.3%), prostate cancer (8.4%), and lung cancer (6.6%). We identified 3,427 P/LP variants in 471 genes, and 84% of patients harbored one or more variant. One hundred thirty-two patients (12.8%) carried a P/LP variant in a cancer predisposition gene, with BRCA2 being the most common (1.6%). Patients with breast cancer were most likely to carry a P/LP variant (19.2%). One hundred ten patients (10.7%) carried a P/LP variant in a gene that would be recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics to be reported as a result of clinical actionability, with the most common being ATP7B (2.7%), BRCA2 (1.6%), MUTYH (1.4%), and BRCA1 (1%). Of patients who carried a P/LP variant in a cancer predisposition gene, only 53% would have been offered correct testing based on current clinical practice guidelines. Of 471 mutated genes, 231 genes had a P/LP variant identified in one patient, demonstrating significant genetic heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The majority of patients undergoing clinical cancer WES harbor a pathogenic germline variation. Identification of clinically actionable germline findings will create additional burden on oncology clinics as broader WES becomes common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Schneider
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leigh Anne Stout
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Courtney Schroeder
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Susanna F Scott
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Cynthia Hunter
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Nawal Kassem
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Patrick J Kiel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Milan Radovich
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Health Precision Genomics, Indianapolis, IN
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15
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Best M, Butow P, Jacobs C, Juraskova I, Savard J, Meiser B, Goldstein D, Ballinger M, Bartley N, Napier C, Davies G, Thomas D, Tucker K, Schlub T, Newson AJ. Advanced cancer patient preferences for receiving molecular profiling results. Psychooncology 2020; 29:1533-1539. [PMID: 32544291 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to discern preferences for receiving somatic molecular profiling (MP) results in cancer patients who have given consent to undergo testing. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods study to explore patients' views on which MP results they would like to receive and why. Advanced cancer patients (n = 1299) completed questionnaires after giving consent to participate in a parent genomics study and undergoing MP. A subset of patients (n = 20) participated in qualitative interviews. RESULTS Almost all (96%) participants were interested in receiving results which would direct cancer treatment (ie, were actionable). A smaller majority wanted to access results which were not actionable (64%) or were variants of unknown significance (60%). Most (86%) were interested in finding out about germline findings, though not as a priority. Themes identified in interview data were: (a) Cancer is the focus; (b) Trust in clinicians; and (c) Respect for a right not to know. CONCLUSIONS The majority of advanced cancer patients undergoing MP prioritised results which would lead to treatment options. They trusted their oncologists to help them navigate the results return process. While there was interest in knowing about other results, this was a lesser priority. Nevertheless, given high levels of interest in receiving all results, ethical aspects of not providing uninformative results requires further research, including a consideration of patient rationales for desiring this information and what health professionals can and should do to support patients in the absence of meaningful information being available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Best
- The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phyllis Butow
- Centre for Medical Psychology & Evidence-Based Decision-Making, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Jacobs
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilona Juraskova
- Centre for Medical Psychology & Evidence-Based Decision-Making, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - David Goldstein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital Cancer Services, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mandy Ballinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicci Bartley
- The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Christine Napier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grace Davies
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Thomas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathy Tucker
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital and Community Health Services, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Schlub
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ainsley J Newson
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Lacchetti C, Annunziata CM. Germline and Somatic Tumor Testing in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: ASCO Guideline Summary. JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 16:e835-e838. [DOI: 10.1200/jop.19.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Cremin C, Lee MK, Hong Q, Hoeschen C, Mackenzie A, Dixon K, McCullum M, Nuk J, Kalloger S, Karasinska J, Scudamore C, Kim PTW, Donnellan F, Lam ECS, Lim HJ, Neben CL, Stedden W, Zhou AY, Schaeffer DF, Sun S, Renouf DJ, Schrader KA. Burden of hereditary cancer susceptibility in unselected patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma referred for germline screening. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4004-4013. [PMID: 32255556 PMCID: PMC7286471 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent guidelines recommend consideration of germline testing for all newly diagnosed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The primary aim of this study was to determine the burden of hereditary cancer susceptibility in PDAC. A secondary aim was to compare genetic testing uptake rates across different modes of genetic counselling. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients diagnosed with PDAC in the province of British Columbia, Canada referred to a population-based hereditary cancer program were eligible for multi-gene panel testing, irrespective of cancer family history. Any healthcare provider or patients themselves could refer. RESULTS A total of 305 patients with PDAC were referred between July 2016 and January 2019. Two hundred thirty-five patients attended a consultation and 177 completed index germline genetic testing. 25/177 (14.1%) of unrelated patients had a pathogenic variant (PV); 19/25 PV were in known PDAC susceptibility genes with cancer screening or risk-reduction implications. PDAC was significantly associated with PV in ATM (OR, 7.73; 95% CI, 3.10 to 19.33, P = 6.14E-05) when comparing age and gender and ethnicity-matched controls tested on the same platform. The overall uptake rate for index testing was 59.2% and was significantly higher with 1-on-1 consultations and group consultations compared to telehealth consultations (88.9% vs 82.9% vs 61.8%, P < .001). CONCLUSION In a prospective clinic-based cohort of patients with PDAC referred for testing irrespective of family history, germline PV were detected in 14.1%. PV in ATM accounted for half of all PVs and were significantly associated with PDAC. These findings support recent guidelines and will guide future service planning in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Cremin
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michael Kuan‐Ching Lee
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Division of Medical OncologyBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Quan Hong
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Carolyn Hoeschen
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Division of Medical OncologyBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Anna Mackenzie
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Katherine Dixon
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Mary McCullum
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jennifer Nuk
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Steve Kalloger
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineVancouver General HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | | | - Charles Scudamore
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryVancouver General HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Peter T. W. Kim
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryVancouver General HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Fergal Donnellan
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of GastroenterologyVancouver General HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Eric C. S. Lam
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of GastroenterologySt. Paul's HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Howard J. Lim
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Division of Medical OncologyBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | | | | | | | - David F. Schaeffer
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineVancouver General HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sophie Sun
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
- Division of Medical OncologyBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Daniel J. Renouf
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Division of Medical OncologyBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
| | - Kasmintan A. Schrader
- Hereditary Cancer ProgramBC Cancer, part of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
- Pancreas Centre BCVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancerpart of Provincial Health Services AuthorityVancouverBCCanada
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18
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Davies G, Butow P, Napier CE, Bartley N, Juraskova I, Meiser B, Ballinger ML, Thomas DM, Schlub TE, Best MC. Advanced Cancer Patient Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Tumor Molecular Profiling. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100799. [PMID: 32450551 PMCID: PMC7256320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited research has indicated that despite their overwhelming interest in tumor molecular profiling (MP),1 cancer patients have poor knowledge about MP. The current study aimed to investigate demographic and psychological predictors of knowledge and perceived importance of MP in an advanced cancer patient cohort. Eligible participants had advanced solid cancers of any histological type with sufficient accessible tissue for MP and were enrolled in the Molecular Screening and Therapeutics (MoST) Program. A questionnaire was completed by 1074 participants (91% response rate) after consent, prior to undergoing MP. Overall, participants had poor to moderate knowledge of MP, yet perceived MP to have high importance. Higher education, speaking English at home, and greater satisfaction with the decision to undergo MP were associated with higher knowledge scores. More negative attitudes towards uncertainty, greater self-efficacy to cope with results, and lower perceived likelihood of cancer progression were associated with greater perceived importance of MP. Less educated participants and those who do not speak English at home will need clear explanations, visual aids and ample opportunity to ask questions about MP at the time of their decision-making. Clinicians also need to consider psychological factors relevant to patients' decision to pursue MP. Given the increased awareness of and demand for cancer genomic information and the rapidly changing nature of the actionability of MP, these findings will help inform an important ongoing debate on how to facilitate ethical and informed consent and manage patient expectations about personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Davies
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Phyllis Butow
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Christine E Napier
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Nicci Bartley
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ilona Juraskova
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bettina Meiser
- Psychosocial Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2032, Australia.
| | - Mandy L Ballinger
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - David M Thomas
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Timothy E Schlub
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Megan C Best
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Psycho-Oncology Co-operative Research Group, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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19
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Norquist B, Lacchetti C, Armstrong D, Grisham RN, Goodfellow PJ, Kohn EC, Levine DA, Liu JF, Lu KH, Sparacio D, Annunziata CM. Germline and Somatic Tumor Testing in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:1222-1245. [PMID: 31986064 PMCID: PMC8842911 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide recommendations on genetic and tumor testing for women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer based on available evidence and expert consensus. METHODS A literature search and prospectively defined study selection criteria sought systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and comparative observational studies published from 2007 through 2019. Guideline recommendations were based on the review of the evidence. RESULTS The systematic review identified 19 eligible studies. The evidence consisted of systematic reviews of observational data, consensus guidelines, and RCTs. RECOMMENDATIONS All women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer should have germline genetic testing for BRCA1/2 and other ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. In women who do not carry a germline pathogenic or likely pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant, somatic tumor testing for BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants should be performed. Women with identified germline or somatic pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 genes should be offered treatments that are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in the upfront and the recurrent setting. Women diagnosed with clear cell, endometrioid, or mucinous ovarian cancer should be offered somatic tumor testing for mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). Women with identified dMMR should be offered FDA-approved treatment based on these results. Genetic evaluations should be conducted in conjunction with health care providers familiar with the diagnosis and management of hereditary cancer. First- or second-degree blood relatives of a patient with ovarian cancer with a known germline pathogenic cancer susceptibility gene variant should be offered individualized genetic risk evaluation, counseling, and genetic testing. Clinical decision making should not be made based on a variant of uncertain significance. Women with epithelial ovarian cancer should have testing at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elise C Kohn
- Gynecologic Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Karen H Lu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,TX
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20
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Álvarez-Alegret R, Rojo Todo F, Garrido P, Bellosillo B, Rodríguez-Lescure Á, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Vera R, de Álava E, García-Campelo R, Remon J. [Liquid biopsy in oncology: A consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology]. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE PATOLOGÍA : PUBLICACIÓN OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA Y DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE CITOLOGÍA 2020; 53:234-245. [PMID: 33012494 DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of cancer patients with tumours that harbour a potentially targetable genomic alteration is increasing considerably. The diagnosis of these genomic alterations can lead to tailoring of treatment, at the onset of disease or during progression, as well as providing additional, predictive information on the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, in up to 25% of cases, the initial tissue biopsy is inadequate for precision oncology and, in many cases, tumour genomic profiling at progression is not possible due to technical limitations of obtaining new tumour tissue specimens. Efficient diagnostic alternatives are therefore required for molecular stratification, such as liquid biopsy. This technique enables the evaluation of the tumour genomic profile dynamically and as well as capturing intra-patient genomic heterogeneity. To date, there are several diagnostic techniques available for use in liquid biopsy, each with different precision and performance levels. The objective of this consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) is to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of the different methodological approaches of liquid biopsy in cancer patients, and the potential application of this method to current clinical practice. The experts contributing to this consensus statement agree that, according to current evidence, liquid biopsy is an acceptable alternative to tumour tissue biopsy for the study of biomarkers in various clinical settings. It is therefore important to standardise pre-analytical and analytical procedures to ensure reproducibility and to generate structured and accessible clinical reports. It is essential to appoint multidisciplinary tumour molecular committees to oversee these processes and to enable the most suitable therapeutic decisions for each patient according to the genomic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Rojo Todo
- Departamento de Patología, Fundación Universitaria Jiménez Díaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, España
| | - Pilar Garrido
- Universidad de Alcalá; Departamento de Oncología Médica, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBERONC, Madrid, España
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital del Mar, CIBERONC, Barcelona, España
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-Lescure
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Elche y Vega Baja, GEICAM, Elche, España
| | | | - Ruth Vera
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Institute for health research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, España
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, CIBERONC, Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Sevilla, España
| | - Rosario García-Campelo
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - Jordi Remon
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal Barcelona (CIOCCB), HM Delfos, Barcelona, España
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21
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Akras Z, Bungo B, Leach BH, Marquard J, Ahluwalia M, Carraway H, Grivas P, Sohal DP, Funchain P. Primer on Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Genes Included Within Somatic Next-Generation Sequencing Panels. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-11. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been estimated that 5% to 10% of cancers are due to hereditary causes. Recent data sets indicate that the incidence of hereditary cancer may be as high as 17.5% in patients with cancer, and a notable subset is missed if screening is solely by family history and current syndrome-based testing guidelines. Identification of germline variants has implications for both patients and their families. There is currently no comprehensive overview of cancer susceptibility genes or inclusion of these genes in commercially available somatic testing. We aimed to summarize genes linked to hereditary cancer and the somatic and germline panels that include such genes. METHODS Germline predisposition genes were chosen if commercially available for testing. Penetrance was defined as low, moderate, or high according to whether the gene conferred a 0% to 20%, 20% to 50%, or 50% to 100% lifetime risk of developing the cancer or, when percentages were not available, was estimated on the basis of existing literature descriptions. RESULTS We identified a total of 89 genes linked to hereditary cancer predisposition, and we summarized these genes alphabetically and by organ system. We considered four germline and six somatic commercially available panel tests and quantified the coverage of germline genes across them. Comparison between the number of genes that had germline importance and the number of genes included in somatic testing showed that many but not all germline genes are tested by frequently used somatic panels. CONCLUSION The inclusion of cancer-predisposing genes in somatic variant testing panels makes incidental germline findings likely. Although somatic testing can be used to screen for germline variants, this strategy is inadequate for comprehensive screening. Access to genetic counseling is essential for interpretation of germline implications of somatic testing and implementation of appropriate screening and follow-up.
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22
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Fishler KP, Breese EH, Walters-Sen L, McGowan ML. Experiences of a Multidisciplinary Genomic Tumor Board Interpreting Risk for Underlying Germline Variants in Tumor-Only Sequencing Results. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-8. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although analyzing germline and tumor samples concurrently provides the best opportunity for differentiating between germline and somatic mutations, tumor-only sequencing is becoming increasingly common in clinical care. The purpose of this study is to assess how a multidisciplinary genomic tumor board (MGTB) evaluated patients’ tumor-only sequencing results and made genetics referrals. With limited professional society guidance on how to manage pathogenic mutations identified via tumor-only sequencing, this study contemplates the professional knowledge and skills necessary to have represented on an MGTB to interpret these results in context of potential germline findings. METHODS Qualitative interviews with MGTB members and an ethnographic case study of a breast cancer MGTB at a National Cancer Institute cancer center were examined. RESULTS This MGTB discussed 34 cases of women with advanced-stage breast cancer over 13 months. Interviews and observations of MGTB meetings indicated that members of the MGTB contemplated whether variants were germline or somatic and potential for identification of germline cancer predisposition. On the basis of existing professional society guidelines, 18 patients would be eligible for germline testing. However, the MGTB only referred 11 patients (61%) for additional germline testing, and the remaining seven patients (39%) were not referred, raising questions about the kind of genomic expertise needed on an MGTB to optimize results interpretation and referrals. CONCLUSION To ensure adequate interpretation, recommendation, and communication of tumor sequencing results, an MGTB should include professionals with knowledge and experience in clinical translation of tumor sequencing, testing methodology, molecular pathology, cancer biology, genomic pathways, germline variant interpretation, evaluation of family history, and application of professional recommendations for germline testing after tumor-only sequencing. These skills may not be held by a single professional on an MGTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Fishler
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Erin H. Breese
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lauren Walters-Sen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michelle L. McGowan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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23
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Azam S, Ballester LY, Ramkissoon SH, Hsu S, Zhu JJ, Qualmann KJ. Lynch Syndrome With Germline MSH2 Mutation in a Patient With Primary Anaplastic Glioneuronal Tumor. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-6. [DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Azam
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Morrisville, NC
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Sigmund Hsu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jay-Jiguang Zhu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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24
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Yamamoto Y, Kanai M, Kou T, Sugiyama A, Nakamura E, Miyake H, Yamada T, Nishigaki M, Kondo T, Murakami H, Torishima M, Matsumoto S, Kosugi S, Muto M. Clinical significance of TP53 variants as possible secondary findings in tumor-only next-generation sequencing. J Hum Genet 2019; 65:125-132. [PMID: 31628423 PMCID: PMC6917569 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In tumor-only next-generation sequencing (NGS), identified variants have the potential to be secondary findings (SFs), but they require verification through additional germline testing. In the present study, 194 patients with advanced cancer who underwent tumor-only NGS between April 2015 and March 2018 were enrolled, and the incidences of possible and true SFs were evaluated. Among them, 120 patients (61.9%) harbored at least one possible SF. TP53 was the most frequent gene in which 97 variants were found in 91 patients (49.5%). Nine patients provided informed consent to undergo additional germline testing, and a total of 14 variants (BRCA1, n = 1; BRCA2, n = 2; PTEN, n = 2; RB1, n = 1; SMAD4, n = 1; STK11, n = 1; TP53, n = 6) were analyzed. Three variants (BRCA1, n = 1; BRCA2, n = 2) were confirmed to be SFs, whereas TP53 variants were confirmed to be somatic variants. To confirm the low prevalence of SFs in TP53, we analyzed 24 patients with TP53 variants who underwent a paired tumor–normal NGS assay. As expected, all TP53 variants were confirmed to be somatic variants. A total of 30 patients were tested for germline variants in TP53, but none of them resulted in true SFs, suggesting the low prevalence of SFs in this gene. Therefore, the significance of additional germline testing for TP53 variants appears to be relatively low in daily clinical practice using a tumor-only NGS assay, unless patients have any relevant medical or family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aiko Sugiyama
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eijiro Nakamura
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Miyake
- Faculty of Core Research, Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nishigaki
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Human Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kondo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Murakami
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shigemi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Kosugi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Liquid biopsy in oncology: a consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:823-834. [PMID: 31559582 PMCID: PMC7854395 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of cancer patients with tumours that harbour a potentially targetable genomic alteration is growing considerably. The diagnosis of these genomic alterations can lead to tailored treatment at the onset of disease or on progression and to obtaining additional predictive information on immunotherapy efficacy. However, in up to 25% of cases, the initial tissue biopsy is inadequate for precision oncology and, in many cases, tumour genomic profiling at progression is not possible due to technical limitations of obtaining new tumour tissue specimens. Efficient diagnostic alternatives are therefore required for molecular stratification, which includes liquid biopsy. This technique enables the evaluation of the tumour genomic profile dynamically and captures intra-patient genomic heterogeneity as well. To date, there are several diagnostic techniques available for use in liquid biopsy, each one of them with different precision and performance levels. The objective of this consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology is to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of the different methodological approaches in liquid biopsy in cancer patients and the potential application of this method to current clinical practice. The experts contributing to this consensus statement agree that, according to current evidence, liquid biopsy is an acceptable alternative to tumour tissue biopsy for the study of biomarkers in various clinical settings. It is therefore important to standardise pre-analytical and analytical procedures, to ensure reproducibility and generate structured and accessible clinical reports. It is essential to appoint multidisciplinary tumour molecular boards to oversee these processes and to enable the most suitable therapeutic decisions for each patient according to the genomic profile.
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26
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Rajagopal PS, Catenacci DV, Olopade OI. The Time for Mainstreaming Germline Testing for Patients With Breast Cancer Is Now. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2177-2178. [PMID: 31246531 PMCID: PMC6698918 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Padma Sheila Rajagopal
- Padma Sheila Rajagopal, MD, MPH; Daniel V.T. Catenacci, MD; and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel V.T. Catenacci
- Padma Sheila Rajagopal, MD, MPH; Daniel V.T. Catenacci, MD; and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- Padma Sheila Rajagopal, MD, MPH; Daniel V.T. Catenacci, MD; and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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27
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Clark DF, Maxwell KN, Powers J, Lieberman DB, Ebrahimzadeh J, Long JM, McKenna D, Shah P, Bradbury A, Morrissette JJD, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM. Identification and Confirmation of Potentially Actionable Germline Mutations in Tumor-Only Genomic Sequencing. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3. [PMID: 31511844 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-only genomic profiling (TGP) is increasingly advocated for all patients with cancer given the possible therapeutic implications. It is critical to develop clinical algorithms to identify and address potentially actionable germline findings identified by TGP. METHODS A multidisciplinary team analyzed publicly available data for genes in which mutations are implicated in germline cancer susceptibility and established a pipeline to automate clinical referral for evaluation of TGP findings. RESULTS A total of 2,308 patients underwent TGP, with 81 patients (3.5%) identified by the automatic referral pipeline; 37 patients (1.6%) were referred outside the pipeline based on concerns by the molecular geneticist, pathologist, or oncologist regarding genotype-phenotype correlation. Thirty-one patients (38%) and 17 patients (46%) underwent germline testing from the automatic pipeline and other referrals, respectively, and of these patients, 23 (72%) and four (24%) had confirmed germline pathogenic variants (GPVs), respectively. The majority of confirmed GPVs were in automatic referral genes, with BRCA2 being most common (confirmed GPVs in 11 [85%] of 13 patients tested), followed by PALB2 (five [67%] of six patients), BRCA1 (two [40%] of five patients), MSH6 (two of three patients), and MLH1 (two of two patients). Forty-eight percent of confirmed GPVs were found in tumors known to be associated with germline mutations in the gene. Germline testing was not performed in 50 (62%) of 81 patients identified by automatic referral as a result of poor patient health or death (30%), lack of follow-up (30%), and patient refusal (30%). CONCLUSION Of patients undergoing TGP, 5% had somatic findings triggering referral, and implementation of an automatic referral pipeline based solely on gene versus other clinical or molecular features resulted in a 74% germline confirmation. However, only 41% of referred patients underwent germline testing. Systems-based approaches are needed to identify carriers of actionable germline cancer susceptibility mutations identified by TGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Farengo Clark
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacquelyn Powers
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David B Lieberman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessica Ebrahimzadeh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessica M Long
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danielle McKenna
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Payal Shah
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Angela Bradbury
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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28
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Roy S, Agnihotri S, El Hallani S, Ernst WL, Wald AI, Santana dos Santos L, Hamilton RL, Horbinski CM, Wadhwani NR, Born DE, Pollack IF, Nikiforov YE, Nikiforova MN. Clinical Utility of GlioSeq Next-Generation Sequencing Test in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients With Brain Tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:694-702. [PMID: 31298284 PMCID: PMC10895411 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of death in children. Establishing an accurate diagnosis and therapy is critical for patient management. This study evaluated the clinical utility of GlioSeq, a next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay, for the diagnosis and management of pediatric and young adult patients with brain tumors. Between May 2015 and March 2017, 142 consecutive brain tumors were tested using GlioSeq v1 and subset using GlioSeq v2. Out of 142 samples, 63% were resection specimens and 37% were small stereotactic biopsies. GlioSeq sequencing was successful in 100% and 98.6% of the cases for the detection of mutations and copy number changes, and gene fusions, respectively. Average turnaround time was 8.7 days. Clinically significant genetic alterations were detected in 95%, 66.6%, and 66.1% of high-grade gliomas, medulloblastomas, and low-grade gliomas, respectively. GlioSeq enabled molecular-based stratification in 92 (65%) cases by specific molecular subtype assignment (70, 76.1%), substantiating a neuropathologic diagnosis (18, 19.6%), and diagnostic recategorization (4, 4.3%). Fifty-seven percent of the cases harbored therapeutically actionable findings. GlioSeq NGS analysis offers rapid detection of a wide range of genetic alterations across a spectrum of pediatric brain tumors using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens and facilitates integrated molecular-morphologic classification and personalized management of pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somak Roy
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Soufiane El Hallani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Wayne L Ernst
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas Santana dos Santos
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nitin R Wadhwani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald E Born
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Moss CA, Cojocaru E, Hanwell J, Ward S, Xu W, van Zyl M, O'Leary L, de Bono JS, Banerji U, Kaye SB, Minchom A, George AJ, Lopez J, McVeigh TP. Multidisciplinary interventions in a specialist Drug Development Unit to improve family history documentation and onward referral of patients with advanced cancer to cancer genetics services. Eur J Cancer 2019; 114:97-106. [PMID: 31078974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular aberrations in cancer may represent therapeutic targets, and, if arising from the germline, may impact further cancer risk management in patients and their blood relatives. Annually, 600-700 patients are referred for consideration of experimental drug trials in the Drug Development Unit (DDU) in our institution. A proportion of patients may merit germline genetic testing because of suspicious personal/family history or findings of tumour-based testing. We aimed to assess the impact of different multidisciplinary interventions on family history taking and referral rates from DDU to Cancer Genetics Unit (CGU). METHODS Over 42 months, three interventions were undertaken at different intervals: (1) embedding a genetics provider in the DDU review clinic, (2) 'traffic light' system flagging cancers with a heritable component and (3) virtual multidisciplinary meeting (MDM). Comparative analyses between intervals were undertaken, including referral rates to CGU, investigations and patient outcomes. Family history taking in a sample of 20 patients managed in each interval was assessed by a retrospective chart review. RESULTS Frequency of family history taking and referral to CGU, increased with each intervention, particularly, the virtual MDM (40% vs 85%). Referral rates increased over the study period, from 0.1 referral/week (5/year, 0.36% total referrals) to 1.2/week (projected 63/year, 3.81%). Forty-four (52%) patients referred required germline testing; in three of whom, variants were identified. Non-attendance rates were low (6, 7%). CONCLUSION Patients in the DDU are unique, with long cancer histories and often short estimated life expectancy. Multidisciplinary working between CGU and DDU facilitates germline testing of those patients who may otherwise miss the opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A Moss
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Janet Hanwell
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Ward
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | - Wen Xu
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Mary van Zyl
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Lorraine O'Leary
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Stan B Kaye
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Anna Minchom
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Angela J George
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, UK; Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Terri P McVeigh
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, UK.
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Menko FH, Ter Stege JA, van der Kolk LE, Jeanson KN, Schats W, Moha DA, Bleiker EMA. The uptake of presymptomatic genetic testing in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome: a systematic review of the literature and implications for clinical practice. Fam Cancer 2019; 18:127-135. [PMID: 29846880 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-018-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Following the identification in a proband of a germline BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer (HBOC) or a DNA mismatch repair gene mutation in Lynch syndrome (LS) he or she will be asked to inform at-risk family members about the option for presymptomatic DNA testing. However, in clinical practice multiple factors may complicate the process of information sharing. We critically evaluated studies on the uptake of presymptomatic genetic testing in both syndromes. A search of relevant MeSH terms and key words in PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO yielded 795 articles published between 2001 and 2017. Thirty of these publications included outcome measures relevant for the current study. Based on information provided by the proband (15 studies) the uptake of presymptomatic genetic testing ranged from 15 to 57% in HBOC, while one study in LS kindreds reported an uptake of 70%. Based on information provided by genetics centres (the remaining 15 studies) the uptake ranged from 21 to 44% in HBOC and from 41 to 94% in LS. However, when genetics centres contacted relatives directly a substantial number of additional family members could be tested. Proband-mediated provision of information to at-risk relatives is a standard procedure in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome. However, the resulting uptake of presymptomatic testing is disappointing-an issue that is now urgent due to the increased use of genetic testing in clinical oncology. We propose that additional strategies should be introduced including the geneticist directly contacting relatives. The outcomes of these strategies should be carefully monitored and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Menko
- Family Cancer Clinic, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline A Ter Stege
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lizet E van der Kolk
- Family Cancer Clinic, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki N Jeanson
- Family Cancer Clinic, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie Schats
- Department of Scientific Information Service, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daoud Ait Moha
- Family Cancer Clinic, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline M A Bleiker
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Trottier AM, Cavalcante de Andrade Silva M, Li Z, Godley LA. Somatic mutation panels: Time to clear their names. Cancer Genet 2019; 235-236:84-92. [PMID: 31101556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With improvements in DNA sequencing technologies and the consequent reduction in costs, next generation sequencing is being utilized increasingly in panel-based testing to perform molecular profiling of tumors. Such tumor-based panels are often referred to as 'somatic' panels, but this term is misleading and should not be used, since not all DNA variants within a tumor are somatic in nature. Every cell in a person's body contains that person's germline DNA, including tumor cells. Moreover, tumor samples are invariably contaminated with blood, a tissue that can contain somatic mutations itself in a process now called clonal hematopoiesis. Differentiating between germline variants or tumor-associated somatic mutations versus clonal hematopoiesis can be challenging. In this review, we address how to interpret the results of somatic mutation panels, how to differentiate between germline and truly somatic events, and discuss the importance of this distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Trottier
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637 United States
| | - Marcela Cavalcante de Andrade Silva
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637 United States; Hospital Universitario Prof Alberto Antunes -HU/UFAL, Maceio-AL, Brazil
| | - Zejuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637 United States; Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Hofman P. [Thoracic oncology and tumor mutational burden: Towards new challenges for the pathologist?]. Ann Pathol 2019; 39:212-220. [PMID: 30711336 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the different promising predictive biomarkers in immuno-oncology, the tumor mutational burden (TMB) may soon impose itself in clinical routine practice, in association with PD-L1 immunohistochemistry testing. However, the TMB is used currently in clinical trials only, in particular in the thoracic oncology field. If this biomarker becomes mandatory in the near future, the pathologist will have to respond to new challenges in tight collaboration with the activity of molecular pathology platforms. Given the high incidence of lung cancer in France, this new development could have a strong impact on the daily life of the laboratories. This review addresses the different challenges which could be soon proposed to the laboratories and the pathologists due to the use of TMB assays on a daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale, hôpital Pasteur, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Nice, université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, BP 69, 30, avenue de la voie romaine, 06001 Nice cedex 01, France; Biobanque hospitalière (BB-0033-00025), hôpital Pasteur, 06001 Nice cedex 01, France; FHU OncoAge, hôpital Pasteur, université Nice Côte d'Azur, 06001 Nice cedex 01, France.
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Reed EK, Steinmark L, Seibert DC, Edelman E. Somatic Testing: Implications for Targeted Treatment. Semin Oncol Nurs 2019; 35:22-33. [PMID: 30660356 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of key considerations for somatic testing for the purpose of targeting cancer treatment. DATA SOURCES Literature; research reports. CONCLUSION Genomic testing of cancer cells to identify variants that drive the carcinogenic process is becoming common in clinical settings. Providers and patients need to weigh the potential benefits of testing with technologic and logistic issues. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Testing is available for thousands of genomic variants to identify one or more to guide targeted treatment. Oncology nurses need to understand the benefits and limitations of participating in patient-centered implementation of this testing.
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Vos S, van Diest PJ, Ausems MGEM, van Dijk MR, de Leng WWJ, Bredenoord AL. Ethical considerations for modern molecular pathology. J Pathol 2018; 246:405-414. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Vos
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margreet GEM Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marijke R van Dijk
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Wendy WJ de Leng
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Sadaps M, Funchain P, Mahdi H, Grivas P, Pritchard A, Klek S, Estfan B, Abraham J, Budd GT, Stevenson JP, Pennell NA, Khorana AA, Bolwell BJ, Sohal DP. Precision Oncology in Solid Tumors: A Longitudinal Tertiary Care Center Experience. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-11. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Precision oncology is widely discussed, but cohort studies are limited. We previously reported our prospective experience of precision oncology in solid tumors, and here we report our longitudinal experience, focusing on therapeutic impact. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 600 consecutive patients seen at Cleveland Clinic from 2013 to 2016 for treatment of incurable solid tumor malignancies for whom tumor genomic profiling was ordered using FoundationOne (Cambridge, MA). Results were discussed at our multidisciplinary genomics tumor board. Data analyzed included subsequent therapy and overall survival (OS). Results Median age was 59 years (range, 18 to 94 years), 308 (51.3%) were female, and 533 (88.8%) were white. Targeted therapy was recommended in 310 patients (51.7%). After results, 313 patients (52.2%) started any subsequent therapy; of these, 95 (30%; 15.8% overall) received genomics-driven therapy (G), and 218 (70%) received non–genomics-driven treatment (NG). For the G versus NG group, the on-label, off-label, and clinical trial therapy breakdowns were 23% versus 88%, 47% versus 3%, and 30% versus 9%, respectively. Median OS for patients receiving no therapy after tumor genomic profiling was 5.5 months; for the G and NG groups, it was 18 ( P < .001) and 14.4 ( P < .001) months, respectively ( P = NS for G v NG). The use of G increased from 10% in the first 250-patient cohort (reported earlier) to 20% in the subsequent 350-patient cohort. Conclusion Tumor genomic profiling influenced treatment in 15.8% of patients. More patients received treatment via clinical trials in the G cohort, and although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward increased OS in the G ( v NG) group. These data can further guide real-world applications of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sadaps
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Pauline Funchain
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Haider Mahdi
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Pritchard
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Stefan Klek
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bassam Estfan
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jame Abraham
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - G. Thomas Budd
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - James P. Stevenson
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nathan A. Pennell
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alok A. Khorana
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian J. Bolwell
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Davendra P.S. Sohal
- Meena Sadaps, Pauline Funchain, Haider Mahdi, Amy Pritchard, Stefan Klek, Bassam Estfan, Jame Abraham, G. Thomas Budd, James P. Stevenson, Nathan A. Pennell, Alok A. Khorana, Brian J. Bolwell, and Davendra P.S. Sohal, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; and Petros Grivas, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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Remon J, Dienstmann R. Precision oncology: separating the wheat from the chaff. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000446. [PMID: 30425845 PMCID: PMC6212683 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) test is growing in daily clinical practice. However, the real impact of this strategy in patients' outcome on a large scale remains uncertain. In this review, we summarise existing literature on this topic, limitations for broad NGS implementation, bottlenecks in genomic variant interpretation and the role of molecular tumour boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Remon
- Medical Oncology Department, Centro Integral Oncología Clara Campal Barcelona, HM-Delfos, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Hospital Vall d’Hebrón, Oncology Data Science (ODysSey) Group, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Stjepanovic N, Stockley TL, Bedard PL, McCuaig JM, Aronson M, Holter S, Semotiuk K, Leighl NB, Jang R, Krzyzanowska MK, Oza AM, Gupta A, Elser C, Ahmed L, Wang L, Kamel-Reid S, Siu LL, Kim RH. Additional germline findings from a tumor profiling program. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:65. [PMID: 30092803 PMCID: PMC6085686 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matched tumor-normal sequencing, applied in precision cancer medicine, can identify unidentified germline Medically Actionable Variants (gMAVS) in cancer predisposition genes. We report patient preferences for the return of additional germline results, and describe various gMAV scenarios delivered through a clinical genetics service. Methods Tumor profiling was offered to 1960 advanced cancer patients, of which 1556 underwent tumor-normal sequencing with multigene hotspot panels containing 20 cancer predisposition genes. All patients were provided with an IRB-approved consent for return of additional gMAVs. Results Of the whole cohort 94% of patients consented to be informed of additional germline results and 5% declined, with no statistically significant differences based on age, sex, race or prior genetic testing. Eight patients were found to have gMAVs in a cancer predisposition gene. Five had previously unidentified gMAVs: three in TP53 (only one fulfilled Chompret’s Revised criteria for Li-Fraumeni Syndrome), one in SMARCB1 in the absence of schwannomatosis features and one a TP53 variant at low allele frequency suggesting an acquired event in blood. Conclusion Interest in germline findings is high among patients who undergo tumor profiling. Disclosure of previously unidentified gMAVs present multiple challenges, thus supporting the involvement of a clinical genetics service in all tumor profiling programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0383-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Stjepanovic
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tracy L Stockley
- Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Genetics & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Philippe L Bedard
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeanna M McCuaig
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Melyssa Aronson
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Spring Holter
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Kara Semotiuk
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Raymond Jang
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Monika K Krzyzanowska
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Amit M Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Abha Gupta
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Christine Elser
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lailah Ahmed
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lisa Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Suzanne Kamel-Reid
- Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Genetics & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Cancer Genomics Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.
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Veyseh M, Ricker C, Espenschied C, Raymond V, D’Souza A, Barzi A. Secondary Germline Finding in Liquid Biopsy of a Deceased Patient; Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Oncol 2018; 8:259. [PMID: 30050867 PMCID: PMC6052887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are increasingly used in the care of patients with advanced cancers. These tests are used to find mutations and other genomic alterations, quantify these findings over time, and guide treatment. It is not unexpected that germline mutations contributing to the development of cancer can be identified in cell-free DNA. Consequently, increased use of liquid biopsies has resulted in subsequent rise of secondary identification of germline mutations. Clinicians need to be aware of this potential use of liquid biopsies and the need to evaluate the patient and family members for confirmation. Our case documents a deceased patient's liquid biopsy result that was confirmed as a germline mutation through a methodical work-up of the patient's family members. Here, we present the case and provide a brief review of pertinent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedah Veyseh
- Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charite Ricker
- Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Anishka D’Souza
- Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Afsaneh Barzi
- Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Cheng H, Powers J, Schaffer K, Sartor O. Practical Methods for Integrating Genetic Testing Into Clinical Practice for Advanced Prostate Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:372-381. [PMID: 30231311 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_205441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances clearly demonstrate the potential clinical relevance of germline genetic testing and somatic genomic profiling in identifying possible therapeutic and/or clinical trial options, particularly in advanced prostate cancer. In addition, if a germline genetic mutation/pathogenic variant is identified, there may be important family implications and possible life-saving changes to healthcare management. However, there is substantial debate and uncertainty about how best to offer genetic testing services, which tests to use, which patients to test, what sequence of testing, what timing, by whom, and with what kind of follow-up. To help address this new area of potential benefit and confusion, we provide a practical overview of recent advances, discuss options and considerations for both germline and somatic testing, and offer practical advice on what providers should understand before referring and/or ordering testing, key discussion points for patients and families, and available genetics resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Cheng
- From the University of Washington, Seattle, WA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jacquelyn Powers
- From the University of Washington, Seattle, WA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kerry Schaffer
- From the University of Washington, Seattle, WA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- From the University of Washington, Seattle, WA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
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McVeigh TP, Sundar R, Diamantis N, Kaye SB, Banerji U, Lopez JS, de Bono J, van der Graaf WTA, George AJ. The role of genomic profiling in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with advanced cancer participating in phase I clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 2018; 95:20-29. [PMID: 29614442 PMCID: PMC6296443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer between ages 15-39 years may harbour germline variants associated with cancer predisposition. Such variants represent putative therapeutic targets, as may somatic variants in the tumour. Germline and tumour molecular profiling is increasingly utilised to facilitate personalisation of cancer treatment in such individuals. AIM Considering AYAs with advanced solid tumours managed in a specialist drug development unit (DDU), the aims of this study were to investigate the use and impact of: 1. Germline genetic assessment. 2. Tumour molecular profiling. METHODS AYAs treated in the DDU at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 2002 and 2016 were identified from departmental databases. Data regarding clinicopathological features, clinical assessments and germline and tumour genetic testing were retrieved by chart review. RESULTS The study cohort included 219 AYAs. Common cancer types included sarcoma (41, 19%); cervical (27, 12%); breast (25, 11%); ovarian (23, 11%) and colorectal (21, 10%) cancers. Germline testing was undertaken in 34 (16%) patients, 22 of whom carried a pathogenic variant. Using current testing criteria, an additional 32 (15%) would be eligible for germline testing based on their personal history of cancer alone. Tumour testing was undertaken in 46 (21%) individuals. Somatic mutations were commonly identified in TP53 13 (28%); PIK3CA (8, 18%); KRAS (4, 9%) and MET 5 (11%). DISCUSSION A significant proportion of AYAs with advanced cancer have targetable somatic or germline mutations. Consideration of familial risk factors and inclusion of germline testing wherever appropriate can complement tumour testing to optimise patient management and inform management of at-risk relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Nikolaos Diamantis
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stan B Kaye
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Juanita S Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Angela J George
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Gynaecology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Bylstra Y, Lysaght T, Thrivikraman J, Watson S, Tan P. Ethical frameworks for obtaining informed consent in tumour profiling: an evidence-based case for Singapore. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 29221462 PMCID: PMC5723075 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic profiling of malignant tumours has assisted clinicians in providing targeted therapies for many serious cancer-related illnesses. Although the characterisation of somatic mutations is the primary aim of tumour profiling for treatment, germline mutations may also be detected given the heterogenous origin of mutations observed in tumours. Guidance documents address the return of germline findings that have health implications for patients and their genetic relations. However, the implications of discovering a potential but unconfirmed germline finding from tumour profiling are yet to be fully explored. Moreover, as tumour profiling is increasingly applied in oncology, robust ethical frameworks are required to encourage large-scale data sharing and data aggregation linking molecular data to clinical outcomes, to further understand the role of genetics in oncogenesis and to develop improved cancer therapies. RESULTS This paper reports on the results of empirical research that is broadly aimed at developing an ethical framework for obtaining informed consent to return results from tumour profiling tests and to share the biomolecular data sourced from tumour tissues of cancer patients. Specifically, qualitative data were gathered from 36 semi-structured interviews with cancer patients and oncology clinicians at a cancer treatment centre in Singapore. The interview data indicated that patients had a limited comprehension of cancer genetics and implications of tumour testing. Furthermore, oncology clinicians stated that they lacked the time to provide in depth explanations of the tumour profile tests. However, it was accepted from both patients and oncologist that the return potential germline variants and the sharing of de-identified tumour profiling data nationally and internationally should be discussed and provided as an option during the consent process. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide support for the return of tumour profiling results provided that they are accompanied with an adequate explanation from qualified personnel. They also support the use of broad consent regiments within an ethical framework that promotes trust and benefit sharing with stakeholders and provides accountability and transparency in the storage and sharing of biomolecular data for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bylstra
- POLARIS, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
- Inherited Cardiac Clinic, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jyothi Thrivikraman
- POLARIS, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangeetha Watson
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 incidentally revealed in a biobank research study: experiences from re-contacting mutation carriers and relatives. J Community Genet 2017; 9:201-208. [PMID: 29082482 PMCID: PMC6002297 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-017-0341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once an incidental finding (IF) is discovered in the course of genomic research, the researchers are faced with the question of whether or not that finding should be reported back to the study participant. A large number of hypothetical studies and policy documents on this issue have been published, but there are very few empirical studies to inform the bioethics debate. Within a biobank research study of somatic mutations in breast carcinomas, ten germline BRCA1/2 mutations were incidentally detected. After thorough discussions within a group of experts, the mutation carriers (n = 7) or relatives of deceased carriers (n = 3) were re-contacted and informed about the findings. Eight out of ten accepted to receive the information and underwent confirmatory testing. One year later, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with three of the study participants. All of them felt that BRCA mutations discovered in the course of research should be reported back to the individual study participants. In this paper, we report our step-by-step experiences of the re-contacting process. We hope that our detailed reporting will be helpful for other researchers and clinicians that are faced with similar situations. The results of our study lend empirical support to opinion that IFs that meet the three baseline criteria of analytic validity, clinical significance, and actionability should be reported back to the individual study participants.
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Borad MJ, LoRusso PM. Twenty-First Century Precision Medicine in Oncology: Genomic Profiling in Patients With Cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:1583-1591. [PMID: 28982488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing has accelerated the implementation of genomic profiling in the care and management of patients with cancer. Initial efforts have focused on target identification in patients with advanced cancer. Prognostication, resistance detection, disease monitoring, and early detection efforts are also underway. This review highlights some of the challenges in this evolving space. This includes choosing between gene-panel and comprehensive approaches, DNA and transcriptome data integration, reduction of false-positive variants, addressing tumor heterogeneity, establishment of workflows to address unsolicited findings, and data sharing and privacy concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Kuderer NM, Burton KA, Blau S, Senecal F, Gadi VK, Parker S, Mahen E, Veenstra D, Carlson JJ, Lyman GH, Blau CA. Participant Attitudes Toward an Intensive Trial of Multiple Biopsies, Multidimensional Molecular Analysis, and Reporting of Results in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:PO.17.00076. [PMID: 32913975 PMCID: PMC7446457 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidimensional molecular analysis of tumor tissue intensively over space and time can provide insight into how cancers evolve and escape treatment. Attitudes of participants in such trials have not been assessed. We explored patient views regarding an intensive study incorporating multiple biopsies, multidimensional molecular testing, and drug response predictions that are reported to the oncologist and patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS A structured, self-administered survey was conducted among the first 15 patients enrolled in ITOMIC-001 (Intensive Trial of Omics in Cancer). Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer were accrued at two sites in Washington state. Surveys containing 17 items were administered at enrollment and after the return of results. Surveys explored perceptions regarding risks, personal benefits, benefits to others, uncertainties associated with interpreting complex molecular results, concerns regarding multiple biopsies, and potential loss of confidentiality. At follow-up, three additional unique items explored patient coping. RESULTS All participants expressed a strong desire for their experiences to benefit others, and all perceived a higher likelihood of deriving benefit than described during detailed consent discussions. Loss of confidentiality ranked lowest among patient concerns. Despite acknowledging uncertainties and risks inherent in complex molecular testing for clinical reporting, participants wanted access to findings in evaluating treatment choices, even if the best available evidence was weak. Follow-up surveys demonstrated relatively little change in attitudes, although concern about study biopsies generally declined. Study participation helped several patients cope better with their disease. CONCLUSION In advanced breast cancer, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of engaging motivated patients in trials that navigate the uncertainties associated with intensive spatial and longitudinal multidimensional molecular testing for the purpose of advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Kuderer
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Kimberly A. Burton
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Sibel Blau
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Francis Senecal
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Vijayakrishna K. Gadi
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Stephanie Parker
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Elisabeth Mahen
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - David Veenstra
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Josh J. Carlson
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Gary H. Lyman
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - C. Anthony Blau
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
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Yohe S, Thyagarajan B. Review of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1544-1557. [PMID: 28782984 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0501-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology being used by many laboratories to test for inherited disorders and tumor mutations. This technology is new for many practicing pathologists, who may not be familiar with the uses, methodology, and limitations of NGS. OBJECTIVE - To familiarize pathologists with several aspects of NGS, including current and expanding uses; methodology including wet bench aspects, bioinformatics, and interpretation; validation and proficiency; limitations; and issues related to the integration of NGS data into patient care. DATA SOURCES - The review is based on peer-reviewed literature and personal experience using NGS in a clinical setting at a major academic center. CONCLUSIONS - The clinical applications of NGS will increase as the technology, bioinformatics, and resources evolve to address the limitations and improve quality of results. The challenge for clinical laboratories is to ensure testing is clinically relevant, cost-effective, and can be integrated into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Yohe
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Du H, Pan B, Chen T. Evaluation of chemical mutagenicity using next generation sequencing: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:140-158. [PMID: 28506110 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1328831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations are heritable changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can lead to many adverse effects. Genotoxicity assays have been used to identify chemical mutagenicity. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has been used for this purpose. In this review, we present the progress in NGS application for assessing mutagenicity of chemicals, including the methods used for detecting the induced mutations, bioinformatics tools for analyzing the sequencing data, and chemicals whose mutagenicity has been evaluated using NGS. Available information suggests that NGS technology has unparalleled advantages for evaluating mutagenicity of chemicals can be applied for the next generation of mutagenicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Du
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Bohu Pan
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Tao Chen
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Genetic Counselor Recommendations for Cancer Predisposition Evaluation and Surveillance in the Pediatric Oncology Patient. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:e91-e97. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Prawira A, Pugh T, Stockley T, Siu L. Data resources for the identification and interpretation of actionable mutations by clinicians. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:946-957. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Shao W, Ge Y, Ma G, Du M, Chu H, Qiang F, Zhang Z, Wang M. Evaluation of genome-wide genotyping concordance between tumor tissues and peripheral blood. Genomics 2017; 109:108-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Sheikine Y, Kuo FC, Lindeman NI. Clinical and Technical Aspects of Genomic Diagnostics for Precision Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:929-933. [PMID: 28297627 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.70.7539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of precision medicine has been predicated on significant recent advances in diagnostic technology, particularly the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS). Although the chemical technology underlying NGS is complex, and the computational biology expertise required to build systems to facilely interpret the results is highly specialized, the variables involved in designing and deploying a genomic testing program for cancer can be readily understood and applied by understanding several basic considerations. In this review, we present key strategic decisions required to optimize a genomic testing program and summarize the technical aspects of different technologies that render those methods more or less suitable for different types of programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Yuri Sheikine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; and Frank C. Kuo and Neal I. Lindeman, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Frank C Kuo
- Yuri Sheikine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; and Frank C. Kuo and Neal I. Lindeman, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Yuri Sheikine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; and Frank C. Kuo and Neal I. Lindeman, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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