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Yang Y, Liang Q, Chen Y, Cao Y, Zhuo Q, Liu B, Wang S. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene rs671 G>A polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of digestive tract cancer. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231206257. [PMID: 37871625 PMCID: PMC10594971 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231206257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acetaldehyde can accumulate in cells and form acetaldehyde-DNA adducts that result in digestive tract cancer development. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzymatic activity is involved in this process. Here, we aimed to analyze the relationship between an ALDH2 gene polymorphism and the digestive tract cancer risk in the Hakka population in China. METHODS This was a retrospective study, with the ALDH2 rs671 genotype and medical record information collected from all subjects. The relationships between these factors, including various blood cell parameters, and digestive tract cancer susceptibility were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, 307 cancer patients and 317 controls were included. The cancer patients had significantly higher percentages with a history of smoking and drinking alcohol, as well as an increased platelet to lymphocyte ratio and lower lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, compared with the controls. The ALDH2 rs671 genotype and allele distributions were significantly different between the cancer patients and controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that the ALDH2 G/A genotype (G/A vs. G/G) and A/A genotype (A/A vs. G/G) in the co-dominant mode were risk factors for digestive tract cancer susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS ALDH2 rs671 G/A or A/A genotype carriers may have an increased risk of developing digestive tract cancers among the Hakka people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Qun Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Yijin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Qingqing Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Boying Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Shengbing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhuo Q, Deng C, Yang Y, Luo W, Lai S, Rao H. ALDH2 gene rs671 G > a polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer: A hospital-based study. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24789. [PMID: 36426922 PMCID: PMC9757017 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The susceptibility to some cancers is linked to genetic factors, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) polymorphisms. The relationship between ALDH2 rs671 and colorectal cancer (CRC) is not clear in Hakka population. METHODS Between October 2015 and December 2020, a total of 178 CRC patients and 261 controls were recruited. ALDH2 rs671 was genotyped in these subjects, medical records (smoking history, drinking history and blood cell parameters) were collected, and the relationship between these information and CRC was analyzed. RESULTS The proportion of the ALDH2 rs671 G/G, G/A, and A/A genotype was 48.3%, 44.4%, and 7.3% in patients; 62.1%, 34.1%, and 3.8% in controls, respectively. The difference of ALDH2 genotypes distribution between cases and controls was statistically significant (p = 0.011). The higher percentage of smokers and alcoholics, higher level of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet count, and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lower level of lymphocyte count, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and mean hemoglobin concentration were observed in patients. Logistic regression analysis indicated that ALDH2 rs671 G/A genotype (G/A vs. G/G) (adjusted OR 1.801, 95% CI 1.160-2.794, p = 0.009) and A/A genotype (A/A vs. G/G) (adjusted OR 2.630, 95% CI 1.041-6.645, p = 0.041) in the co-dominant model, while G/A + A/A genotypes (G/A + A/A vs. G/G) (adjusted OR 1.883, 95% CI 1.230-2.881, p = 0.004) in the dominant model were risk factors for CRC. CONCLUSIONS Individuals carrying ALDH2 rs671 A allele (G/A, A/A genotypes) may be at increased risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's HospitalMeizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Yijin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Qingqing Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Changqing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Wen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Shixun Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Hui Rao
- Department of GastroenterologyMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMeizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
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Im PK, Yang L, Kartsonaki C, Chen Y, Guo Y, Du H, Lin K, Kerosi R, Hacker A, Liu J, Yu C, Lv J, Walters RG, Li L, Chen Z, Millwood IY. Alcohol metabolism genes and risks of site-specific cancers in Chinese adults: An 11-year prospective study. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1627-1639. [PMID: 35048370 PMCID: PMC7612513 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two genetic variants that alter alcohol metabolism, ALDH2-rs671 and ADH1B-rs1229984, can modify oesophageal cancer risk associated with alcohol consumption in East Asians, but their associations with other cancers remain uncertain. ALDH2-rs671 G>A and ADH1B-rs1229984 G>A were genotyped in 150 722 adults, enrolled from 10 areas in China during 2004 to 2008. After 11 years' follow-up, 9339 individuals developed cancer. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for site-specific cancers associated with these genotypes, and their potential interactions with alcohol consumption. Overall, the A-allele frequency was 0.21 for ALDH2-rs671 and 0.69 for ADH1B-rs1229984, with A-alleles strongly associated with lower alcohol consumption. Among men, ALDH2-rs671 AA genotype was associated with HR of 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.90) for IARC alcohol-related cancers (n = 1900), compared to GG genotype. For ADH1B-rs1229984, the HRs of AG and AA vs GG genotype were 0.80 (0.69-0.93) and 0.75 (0.64-0.87) for IARC alcohol-related cancers, 0.61 (0.39-0.96) and 0.61 (0.39-0.94) for head and neck cancer (n = 196) and 0.68 (0.53-0.88) and 0.60 (0.46-0.78) for oesophageal cancer (n = 546). There were no significant associations of these genotypes with risks of liver (n = 651), colorectal (n = 556), stomach (n = 725) or lung (n = 1135) cancers. Among male drinkers, the risks associated with higher alcohol consumption were greater among ALDH2-rs671 AG than GG carriers for head and neck, oesophageal and lung cancers (Pinteraction < .02). Among women, only 2% drank alcohol regularly, with no comparable associations observed between genotype and cancer. These findings support the causal effects of alcohol consumption on upper aerodigestive tract cancers, with ALDH2-rs671 AG genotype further exacerbating the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Kei Im
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rene Kerosi
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alex Hacker
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jingchao Liu
- NCDs Prevention and Control DepartmentWuzhong CDCSuzhouChina
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Robin G. Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Chen Y, Liu H, Yu Z, Yang Y, Huang Q, Deng C, Rao H, Wu H. ALDH2 Polymorphism rs671 *1/*2 Genotype is a Risk Factor for the Development of Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis in Hakka Alcoholics. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4067-4077. [PMID: 35450031 PMCID: PMC9017692 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s356761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcoholics are prone to alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is involved in alcohol metabolism. Herein, the relationship between ALDH2 genotypes and ALC was analyzed among Hakka alcoholics in southern China. Methods A total of 213 alcoholics and 214 non-alcoholics were included in the study. The ALDH2 gene rs671 polymorphism was analyzed, life history, disease history, and auxiliary examination results of these participants were collected. Results The alcoholics had higher level of total serum protein, and serum globulin, lower level of serum albumin, serum albumin/globulin ratio, serum prealbumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) than non-alcoholics. In the 213 alcoholics, 180 developed ALC. There were 206 non-ALC persons in the 214 non-alcoholics. The proportion of the ALDH2 rs671 G/G homozygous (*1/*1) was significantly lower in ALC patients (83.3%) than that of other groups (100.0% in non-ALC in alcoholics, 95.6% in non-ALC in non-alcoholics), while the proportion of the G/A heterozygous (*1/*2) was significantly higher in ALC patients (16.7%) than that of other groups (0% in non-ALC in alcoholics, 4.4% in non-ALC in non-alcoholics). Logistic regression analysis indicated that participants with low level of NLR (adjusted OR 5.543, 95% CI 2.964–10.368, P<0.001), LMR (adjusted OR 9.256, 95% CI 4.740–18.076, P<0.001), and PLR (adjusted OR 6.047, 95% CI 3.372–10.845, P<0.001), and ALDH2 G/A genotype (adjusted OR 6.323, 95% CI 2.477–16.140, P<0.001) had a significantly higher risk of ALC. Conclusion ALDH2 polymorphism rs671 *1/*2 genotype is a potential risk factor for the development of ALC among Hakka alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Heming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
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The role of ALDH2 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression: Targeting ALDH2 as a potential cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1400-1411. [PMID: 34221859 PMCID: PMC8245805 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major mitochondrial enzyme for protecting cells from acetaldehyde toxicity is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). The correlation between ALDH2 dysfunction and tumorigenesis/growth/metastasis has been widely reported. Either low or high ALDH2 expression contributes to tumor progression and varies among different tumor types. Furthermore, the ALDH2∗2 polymorphism (rs671) is the most common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Asia. Epidemiological studies associate ALDH2∗2 with tumorigenesis and progression. This study summarizes the essential functions and potential ALDH2 mechanisms in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of tumors in various types of cancer. Our study indicates that ALDH2 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Acetaldehyde
- BCa, bladder cancer
- COUP-TF, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer
- Cancer therapy
- DFS, disease-free survival
- EC, esophageal cancer
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FANCD2, Fanconi anemia protein
- GCA, gastric cancer
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HNC, head and neck cancer
- HNF-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
- HR, homologous recombination
- LCSCs, liver cancer stem cells
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MDR, multi-drug resistance
- MN, micronuclei
- Metastasis
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NCEs, normochromic erythrocytes
- NER, nucleotide excision repair pathway
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NHEJ, non-homologous end-joining
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2
- NRRE, nuclear receptor response element
- NSCLC, non-small-cell lung
- NeG, 1,N2-etheno-dGuo
- OPC, oropharyngeal cancer
- OS, overall survival
- OvCa, ovarian cancer
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PC, pancreatic cancer
- PdG, N2-propano-2′-deoxyguanosine
- Polymorphism
- Progression
- REV1, Y-family DNA polymerase
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Tumorigenesis
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
- ccRCC, clear-cell renal cell carcinomas
- εPKC, epsilon protein kinase C
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Choi CK, Yang J, Kweon SS, Cho SH, Kim HY, Myung E, Shin MH. Association between ALDH2 polymorphism and esophageal cancer risk in South Koreans: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:254. [PMID: 33750341 PMCID: PMC7941978 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer; however, a high incidence of esophageal cancer is observed particularly among Eastern Asians, although they consume relatively less alcohol, presumably due to the high frequency of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671 polymorphisms. Nevertheless, the association between ALDH2 polymorphisms and esophageal cancer remains under debate. In the present study, we evaluated the association between ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms and the risk of esophageal cancer in the South Korean population. Methods This study included 783 hospital based-cases and 8732 population-based controls. Information on smoking history and alcohol consumption was obtained from the medical records or interview questionnaires. Age-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms and esophageal cancer. Results Odds ratios (ORs) for esophageal cancer in men with GA and AA genotypes were 2.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.34–3.23) and 0.08 (95% CI: 0.00–0.35), respectively; whereas, in women, these ratios were 2.99 (95% CI: 1.43–6.34) and 6.18 (95% CI: 1.40–19.62), respectively, taking subjects with the ALDH2 GG genotype as a reference. In men, the association between ALDH2 polymorphisms and esophageal cancer was modified by alcohol consumption. Conclusion In Eastern Asians, ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms are associated with esophageal cancer, which may be linked to acetaldehyde accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yang
- Graduate School of Public Health, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Cho
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
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Im PK, Millwood IY, Kartsonaki C, Chen Y, Guo Y, Du H, Bian Z, Lan J, Feng S, Yu C, Lv J, Walters RG, Li L, Yang L, Chen Z. Alcohol drinking and risks of total and site-specific cancers in China: A 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million adults. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:522-534. [PMID: 33634874 PMCID: PMC8359462 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is associated with increased risks of several site‐specific cancers, but its role in many other cancers remains inconclusive. Evidence is more limited from China, where cancer rates, drinking patterns and alcohol tolerability differ importantly from Western populations. The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank recruited >512 000 adults aged 30 to 79 years from 10 diverse areas during 2004 to 2008, recording alcohol consumption patterns by a standardised questionnaire. Self‐reported alcohol consumption was estimated as grams of pure alcohol per week based on beverage type, amount consumed per occasion and drinking frequency. After 10 years of follow‐up, 26 961 individuals developed cancer. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relating alcohol consumption to incidence of site‐specific cancers. Overall, 33% (n = 69 734) of men drank alcohol regularly (ie, ≥weekly) at baseline. Among male current regular drinkers, alcohol intake showed positive dose‐response associations with risks of cancers in the oesophagus (655 events; HR = 1.98 [95%CI 1.79‐2.18], per 280 g/wk), mouth and throat (236; 1.74 [1.48‐2.05]), liver (573; 1.52 [1.31‐1.76]), colon‐rectum (575; 1.19 [1.00‐1.43]), gallbladder (107; 1.60 [1.16‐2.22]) and lung (1017; 1.25 [1.10‐1.42]), similarly among never‐ and ever‐regular smokers. After adjustment for total alcohol intake, there were greater risks of oesophageal cancer in daily drinkers than nondaily drinkers and of liver cancer when drinking without meals. The risks of oesophageal cancer and lung cancer were greater in men reporting flushing after drinking than not. In this male population, alcohol drinking accounted for 7% of cancer cases. Among women, only 2% drank regularly, with no clear associations between alcohol consumption and cancer risk. Among Chinese men, alcohol drinking is associated with increased risks of cancer at multiple sites, with certain drinking patterns (eg, daily, drinking without meals) and low alcohol tolerance further exacerbating the risks.
What's new?
A comprehensive assessment of the role of alcohol in cancer aetiology is needed in China, where cancer rates, drinking patterns, and alcohol tolerability differ from those in the West. In this large prospective study, regular alcohol drinkers had increased risks of cancers in several sites previously considered to be alcohol‐related (i.e., oesophagus, mouth and throat, liver and colon‐rectum) as well as in the lung and gallbladder. Certain drinking patterns (e.g., drinking daily or without meals) and low alcohol tolerance further exacerbated the risks. The findings suggest that lowering population‐levels of alcohol consumption is an important strategy for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Kei Im
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lan
- NCDs Prevention and Control Department, Liuzhou CDC, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shixian Feng
- NCDs Prevention and Control Department, Henan CDC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Du XY, Wen L, Hu YY, Deng SQ, Xie LC, Jiang GB, Yang GL, Niu YM. Association Between the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 rs671 G>A Polymorphism and Head and Neck Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis in East Asians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:307-317. [PMID: 33283290 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays an important role in the alcohol detoxification and acetaldehyde metabolism. Published studies have demonstrated some inconsistent associations between ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed to provide pooled data on the association between the ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism and HNC risk. Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine the pooled effect size of each genetic model. In addition, heterogeneity test, accumulative analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were conducted to test the statistical power. RESULTS Thirteen publications (14 independent case-control studies) involving 10,939 subjects were selected. The stratified analysis indicated that both light/moderated drinking (e.g., GA vs. GG: OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.86, p < 0.01, I2 = 81.1%) and heavy drinking would increase HNC risk with rs671 G>A mutation (e.g., GA vs. GG: OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.77, p = 0.03, I2 = 81.9%). CONCLUSIONS In summary, this meta-analysis suggested that the ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism may play an important synergistic effect in the pathogenesis of HNC development in East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Du
- From the, Department of Stomatology, (X-YD, G-LY, Y-MN), The People's Hospital of Longhua Shenzhen, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medicine University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Dermatology, (LW), Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hu
- Department of Stomatology, (Y-YH, L-CX, Y-MN), Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Research Affair Management, (Y-YH, S-QD), Gongli Hospital, the Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology and Stomatology, (Y-YH, G-BJ), Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Sheng-Qiong Deng
- Department of Research Affair Management, (Y-YH, S-QD), Gongli Hospital, the Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Chuan Xie
- Department of Stomatology, (Y-YH, L-CX, Y-MN), Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guang-Bin Jiang
- Department of Radiology and Stomatology, (Y-YH, G-BJ), Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Gong-Li Yang
- From the, Department of Stomatology, (X-YD, G-LY, Y-MN), The People's Hospital of Longhua Shenzhen, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medicine University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, (G-Li Y), Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Ming Niu
- From the, Department of Stomatology, (X-YD, G-LY, Y-MN), The People's Hospital of Longhua Shenzhen, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medicine University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Stomatology, (Y-YH, L-CX, Y-MN), Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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SHENG N, YUE HJ, PANG SY, QI XM, ZHANG YJ, WU YZ, SONG QX, ZOU BJ, ZHOU GH. Visualized Detection of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Polymorphism By Serial Invasive Reaction Coupled with Gold Nanoparticle Probe Assembling. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Iwasaki M, Budhathoki S, Yamaji T, Tanaka-Mizuno S, Kuchiba A, Sawada N, Goto A, Shimazu T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Inclusion of a gene-environment interaction between alcohol consumption and the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 genotype in a risk prediction model for upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Japanese men. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3835-3844. [PMID: 32662535 PMCID: PMC7540993 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known gene-environment interaction between alcohol consumption and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype in upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk may improve our ability to identify high-risk subjects. Here, we developed and validated risk prediction models for this cancer in Japanese men and evaluated whether adding the gene-environment interaction to the model improved the predictive performance. We developed two case-cohort datasets in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study: one from subjects in the baseline survey for model development (108 cases and 4049 subcohort subjects) and the second from subjects in the 5-year follow-up survey for model validation (31 cases and 1527 subcohort subjects). We developed an environmental model including age, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, and a gene-environment interaction model including age, smoking status, and the combination of alcohol consumption and the ALDH2 genotype. We found a statistically significant gene-environment interaction for alcohol consumption and the ALDH2 genotype. The c-index for the gene-environment interaction model (0.71) was slightly higher than that for the environmental model (0.67). The values of integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement for the gene-environment interaction model were also slightly higher than those for the environmental model. Goodness-of-fit tests suggested that the models were well calibrated. Results from external model validation by the 5-year follow-up survey were consistent with those from the model development by the baseline survey. The addition of a gene-environment interaction to a lifestyle-based model might improve the performance to estimate the probability of developing upper aerodigestive tract cancer for Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanjeev Budhathoki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Aya Kuchiba
- Division of Biostatistical Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Beesley LJ, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. An analytic framework for exploring sampling and observation process biases in genome and phenome-wide association studies using electronic health records. Stat Med 2020; 39:1965-1979. [PMID: 32198773 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale association analyses based on observational health care databases such as electronic health records have been a topic of increasing interest in the scientific community. However, challenges due to nonprobability sampling and phenotype misclassification associated with the use of these data sources are often ignored in standard analyses. The extent of the bias introduced by ignoring these factors is not well-characterized. In this paper, we develop an analytic framework for characterizing the bias expected in disease-gene association studies based on electronic health records when disease status misclassification and the sampling mechanism are ignored. Through a sensitivity analysis approach, this framework can be used to obtain plausible values for parameters of interest given summary results from standard analysis. We develop an online tool for performing this sensitivity analysis. Simulations demonstrate promising properties of the proposed method. We apply our approach to study bias in disease-gene association studies using electronic health record data from the Michigan Genomics Initiative, a longitudinal biorepository effort within The University Michigan health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Beesley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Millwood IY, Walters RG, Li L, Peto R, Chen Z. Alcohol consumption and vascular disease: other points to consider - Authors' reply. Lancet 2019; 394:1618. [PMID: 31690447 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iona Y Millwood
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Robin G Walters
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Peto
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Alcohol is a type I carcinogen and the WHO stated that it caused 5% of all deaths in 2016, of which 13% because of cancers. Among digestive tract cancers, this association is clear for esophageal, liver and colorectal cancer, and more debated for gastric and pancreatic cancer. The present review will revise recent evidence on epidemiologic association and mechanisms linking alcohol with the risk of esophageal, gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. RECENT FINDINGS Moderate alcohol intake increases the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Heavy alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers. These risks also depend on genetic variants and the interaction with smoking is inconsistent. The carcinogenic mechanisms are multiple with a key role of acetaldehyde because of its ability to cause DNA damage, alter telomere length and induce ROS. Data on the role of the gut microbiome as possible mediator of alcohol-induced carcinogenesis are limited. SUMMARY There is sufficient evidence for the association between alcohol consumption and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum and pancreas. Public health policies to prevent these cancer types should include modification of alcohol intake habits, especially among individuals at increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Archibugi
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy Division and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan
| | | | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy Division and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan
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14
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Wang CC, Chen X, Yin J, Qu J. An integrated framework for the identification of potential miRNA-disease association based on novel negative samples extraction strategy. RNA Biol 2019; 16:257-269. [PMID: 30646823 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1568820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human complex diseases. Predicting potential miRNA-disease associations could provide important prior information for medical researchers. Therefore, reliable computational models are expected to be an effective supplement for inferring associations between miRNAs and diseases. In this study, we developed a novel calculative model named Negative Samples Extraction based MiRNA-Disease Association prediction (NSEMDA). NSEMDA filtered reliable negative samples by two positive-unlabeled learning models, namely, the Spy and Rocchio techniques and calculated similarity weights for ambiguous samples. The positive samples, reliable negative samples and ambiguous samples with similarity weights were used to construct a Support Vector Machine-Similarity Weight model to predict miRNA-disease associations. NSEMDA improved the credibility of negative samples and reduced the impact of noise samples by introducing ambiguous samples with similarity weights to train prediction model. As a result, NSEMDA achieved the AUC of 0.8899 in global leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) and AUC of 0.8353 under local LOOCV. In 100 times 5-fold cross validation, NSEMDA obtained an average AUC of 0.8878 and standard deviation of 0.0014. These AUCs are higher than many classical models. Besides, we also carried out three kinds of case studies to evaluate the performance of NSEMDA. Among the top 50 potential related miRNAs of esophageal neoplasms, lung neoplasms and carcinoma hepatocellular predicted by NSEMDA, 46, 50 and 45 miRNAs were verified to be associated with the investigated disease by experimental evidences, respectively. Therefore, NSEMDA would be a reliable calculative model for inferring miRNA-disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Wang
- a School of Information and Control Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Xing Chen
- a School of Information and Control Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Jun Yin
- a School of Information and Control Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Jia Qu
- a School of Information and Control Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou , China
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Yang M, Zhang Y, Ren J. ALDH2 Polymorphism and Ethanol Consumption: A Genetic-Environmental Interaction in Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:229-236. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Gastric cancer may share genetic predisposition with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese populations. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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