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Zhang H, Fu L. The role of ALDH2 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression: Targeting ALDH2 as a potential cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1400-11. [PMID: 34221859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major mitochondrial enzyme for protecting cells from acetaldehyde toxicity is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). The correlation between ALDH2 dysfunction and tumorigenesis/growth/metastasis has been widely reported. Either low or high ALDH2 expression contributes to tumor progression and varies among different tumor types. Furthermore, the ALDH2∗2 polymorphism (rs671) is the most common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Asia. Epidemiological studies associate ALDH2∗2 with tumorigenesis and progression. This study summarizes the essential functions and potential ALDH2 mechanisms in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of tumors in various types of cancer. Our study indicates that ALDH2 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Acetaldehyde
- BCa, bladder cancer
- COUP-TF, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer
- Cancer therapy
- DFS, disease-free survival
- EC, esophageal cancer
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FANCD2, Fanconi anemia protein
- GCA, gastric cancer
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HNC, head and neck cancer
- HNF-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
- HR, homologous recombination
- LCSCs, liver cancer stem cells
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MDR, multi-drug resistance
- MN, micronuclei
- Metastasis
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NCEs, normochromic erythrocytes
- NER, nucleotide excision repair pathway
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NHEJ, non-homologous end-joining
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2
- NRRE, nuclear receptor response element
- NSCLC, non-small-cell lung
- NeG, 1,N2-etheno-dGuo
- OPC, oropharyngeal cancer
- OS, overall survival
- OvCa, ovarian cancer
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PC, pancreatic cancer
- PdG, N2-propano-2′-deoxyguanosine
- Polymorphism
- Progression
- REV1, Y-family DNA polymerase
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Tumorigenesis
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
- ccRCC, clear-cell renal cell carcinomas
- εPKC, epsilon protein kinase C
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Mamoulakis C, Fragkiadoulaki I, Karkala P, Georgiadis G, Zisis IE, Stivaktakis P, Kalogeraki A, Tsiaoussis I, Burykina T, Lazopoulos G, Tsarouhas K, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A. Contrast-induced nephropathy in an animal model: Evaluation of novel biomarkers in blood and tissue samples. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:395-400. [PMID: 31080747 PMCID: PMC6506864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel biomarkers of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) that may more accurately detect renal function changes; reflect kidney damage; assist monitoring; and elucidate pathophysiology attract considerable scientific attention nowadays. To evaluate novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in blood/tissue samples of a CIN model, 10 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into group 1 (n = 5; iopromide) and group 2 (n = 5; control). Blood was drawn at 0 h (immediately), 24 h and 48 h after contrast medium (CM) administration. Animals were euthanized at 48 h and kidneys were removed. Serum creatinine (sCr)/symmetric-asymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA-ADMA) levels were measured. CM genotoxic/cytotoxic effect was investigated 48 h post-CM exposure using micronucleus assay in lymphocytes. Cytological examination was conducted using touch preparation technique (TPT). All animals in group 1 developed CIN: mean sCr levels increased by 68.2% within 48 h. Significant SDMA-ADMA level elevation was observed at 0 h and 24 h with insignificant drop at 48 h in group 1, remaining normal in group 2 at all time-points. Significant increase in bi-nucleated cells with micronuclei and micronuclei frequency was detected in group 1. Cytokinesis block proliferation index was reduced insignificantly in group 1. TPT revealed degenerative lesions/inflammation, cell degeneration, abnormal uterine tubular casts and rubella in kidneys of all animals in group 1. Group 2 presented normal cells.
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Key Words
- ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ARRIVE, animal research: reporting of in vivo experiments
- AVMA, American Veterinary Medical Association
- Animal
- Asymmetric dimethylarginine
- BNMN, Bi-nucleated cells with micronuclei
- CBPI, cytokinesis block proliferation index
- CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CM, contrast medium
- Contrast media
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- GFR, glomerular filtration rate
- Iopromide
- KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1
- Kidney
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- MN, micronuclei
- Models
- NGAL, meutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nephropathy
- Nephrotoxicity
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- RBF, renal blood flow
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCR, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine
- Symmetric dimethylarginine
- TPT, touch preparation technique
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Phaedra Karkala
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiadis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis-Erineos Zisis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Polychronis Stivaktakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Alexandra Kalogeraki
- Department of Pathology-Cytopathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Tatyana Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - George Lazopoulos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Maronpot RR, Hobbs CA, Davis J, Swartz C, Boyle M, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Genetic and rat toxicity studies of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:381-392. [PMID: 28959560 PMCID: PMC5615836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is used to produce a water soluble form of glycosylated isoquercitrin. Genotoxicity battery on CGTase and sodium sulfate negative for mutations and DNA damage. No evidence of systemic toxicity in 90-day rat toxicity study of CGTase.
Introduction Microbiologically derived cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is used commercially as a processing agent in manufacture of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Its toxic potential was evaluated in anticipation of use in the production of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin, a water-soluble form of quercetin. Methods Following OECD guidelines, CGTase, produced by Bacillus pseudalcaliphilus DK-1139, was evaluated in a genotoxicity battery consisting of a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay and MN and comet assays using B6C3F1 male and female mice. These same genotoxicity assays were also conducted for sodium sulfate, a contaminant of CGTase preparation. In a 90-day Sprague Dawley rat toxicity study, CGTase was administered by gavage in water at daily doses of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Results CGTase did not induce mutations with or without metabolic activation in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Formation of micronuclei was not induced in either in vitro or in vivo MN assays with or without metabolic activation. No induction of DNA damage was detected in male or female mouse liver, stomach, or duodenum in the comet assay. Sodium sulfate also tested negative in these same genotoxicity assays. In the 90-day repeated dose rat study there were no treatment-related adverse clinical or pathological findings. Conclusion The genotoxicity assays and repeated dose toxicity study support the safe use of CGTase in production of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carol Swartz
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Molly Boyle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Ouaret D, Larsen AK. Protein kinase C β inhibition by enzastaurin leads to mitotic missegregation and preferential cytotoxicity toward colorectal cancer cells with chromosomal instability (CIN). Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2697-706. [PMID: 25486357 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzastaurin is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C β and a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. In addition, enzastaurin shows direct cytotoxic activity toward a subset of tumor cells including colorectal cancer cells (CRC). In spite of promising results in animal models, the clinical activity of enzastaurin in CRC patients has been disappointing although a subset of patients seems to derive benefit. In the present study we investigated the biological and cytotoxic activities of enzastaurin toward a panel of well-characterized CRC cell lines in order to clarify the mechanistic basis for the cytotoxic activity. Our results show that enzastaurin is significantly more cytotoxic toward CRC cells with chromosome instability (CIN) compared to cells with microsatellite instability (MSI). Since CIN is usually attributed to mitotic dysfunction, the influence of enzastaurin on cell cycle progression and mitotic transit was characterized for representative CIN and MSI cell lines. Enzastaurin exposure was accompanied by prolonged metaphase arrest in CIN cells followed by the appearance of tetraploid and micronuclei-containing cells as well as by increased apoptosis, whereas no detectable mitotic dysfunctions were observed in MSI cells exposed to isotoxic doses of enzastaurin. Our study identifies enzastaurin as a new, context dependent member of a heterogeneous group of anticancer compounds that induce "mitotic catastrophe," that is mitotic dysfunction accompanied by cell death. These data provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of enzastaurin and may allow the identification of biomarkers useful to identify CRC patients particularly likely, or not, to benefit from treatment with enzastaurin.
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Key Words
- CIN, chromosome instability
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- MAP, mitogen-activated protein
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MN, micronuclei
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RACK, receptor of activated protein kinase C
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor
- chromosome instability (CIN)
- colorectal cancer (CRC)
- enzastaurin
- mitotic catastrophe
- protein kinase C (PKC) β inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Ouaret
- a Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics; Center de Recherche Saint-Antoine ; Paris , France
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