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Abstract
The safety of Lacprodan® BLG, a whey-based protein, was evaluated with respect to genotoxicity and sub-chronic toxicity according to regulatory requirements. Lacprodan® BLG did not show any mutagenic potential in a bacterial reverse mutation assay or any clastogenic or aneugenic potential in an in vitro micronucleus assay performed in human lymphocytes. In a sub-chronic toxicity study, groups of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats received the test item orally by gavage for 90 days at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. A control group, also including 10 male and 10 female rats, received sterile water, as vehicle. No treatment-related clinical observations or toxicological effects on body or organ weights, food consumption, ophthalmic effects, hematology, clinical chemistry, fertility, urinalysis, or pathology were identified. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Lacprodan® BLG in the 90-day toxicity study was established as 1000 mg/kg bw/day, corresponding to the highest dose level administered.
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Kim HS, Kang GH, Yang MJ, Ahn HJ, Han SC, Hwang JH. Toxicity of diclofenac sodium salt in Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa) following 4 weeks of daily intramuscular administration. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:557-570. [PMID: 33777702 PMCID: PMC7985715 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-week repeated-dose toxicity of intramuscular DSS was studied in minipigs. DSS administration at ≥10 mg/kg/day causes toxicity and injection-site reaction. The NOAEL of DSS after 4-week administration was 2 mg/kg/day in minipigs.
Diclofenac sodium salt (DSS) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The present study was performed under good laboratory practice (GLP) regulations to investigate the toxicity of DSS after 4 weeks of repeated intramuscular administration at doses of 0, 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day in 32 minipigs and to evaluate the DSS effect following a 2-week recovery period. Dose-related clinical signs and alterations of hematological or clinical chemistry parameters, organ weight, and macroscopic as well as histopathological findings in hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, skin and injection sites were observed in both sexes’ animals of the 10 or 20 mg/kg/day group. With the exception of the skin-related findings, most symptoms showed a tendency to resolve after the 2-week recovery period. The systemic exposure (AUClast) of DSS in plasma showed similar pattern to the increase rate of the dose and similar values between males and females except for the female 20 mg/kg dose group (56 %) on Day1. The systemic exposure showed a decreasing trend in the 10 or 20 mg/kg group after 4-week of repeated administration compared to Day1. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of DSS in this study was considered to be 2 mg/kg/day in both male and female minipigs.
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Key Words
- 4-Week repeated toxicity
- AAALAC, association for assessment and accreditation of laboratory animal care
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AP, Alkaline phosphatase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the concentration-time curve
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- CAS, chemical abstracts service
- CL, clearance
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CREA, creatine
- CRO, contract research organization
- CV, coefficients of variation
- Cmax, maximum plasma concentration
- DSS, diclofenac sodium salt
- Diclofenac sodium salt
- ECG, Electrocardiogram
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HED, human effective dose
- HR, heart rate
- IACUC, institutional animal care and use committee
- Minipig
- NDA, new drug application
- NOAEL, No-observed-adverse-effect levels
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- No-observed-adverse-effect level
- RBC, red blood cell
- SD, standard deviation
- TK, toxicokinetics
- TP, total protein
- Tmax, time to maximum plasma concentration
- WBC, white blood cell
- aVF, augmented vector foot
- aVL, augmented vector left
- aVR, augmented vector right
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sun Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Pathology Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Ahn
- Jeonbuk Quality Assurance Unit, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Endres JR, Clewell AE, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Pasics Szakonyiné I. A toxicological evaluation of a fulvic and humic acids preparation. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1242-1254. [PMID: 32995299 PMCID: PMC7505752 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicological evaluations of blk. 333 according to OECD guidelines were negative. Blk. 333 was not mutagenic in vitro and showed no in vivo genotoxic activity. The NOAEL of the 90-day study was 2000 mg/kg bw/d blk. 333—the highest dose tested. No target organs or treatment-related toxicological effects were identified. Our results are relevant to a safety assessment of human ingestion of blk. 333.
Humic substances are ubiquitous in soils and waters. These complex superstructures are derived from the decomposition of dead plant and animal matter and are vital to soil health. Their heterogenous composition is specific to their site of origin and is comprised of weakly bound aggregates of small organic compounds that can sequester minerals and make them available to plants. As such, they may possess potential nutritional value for humans, and extractions of fulvic and humic acids can be produced that could be suitable for such purposes. For this reason, we evaluated the toxicological profile of a specific preparation (blk. 333) of fulvic and humic acids derived from a lignite deposit in Alberta, Canada and found it to lack genotoxic potential in a bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. No general or organ toxicity was observed in Wistar rats following 90 days of continuous exposure, and a no observed adverse effect level (NOEAL) was determined at 2000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest tested dose. Our results suggest the feasibility of further evaluation for development of the preparation as a nutritional supplement in food.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CDFA, California Department of Food and Agricultural
- Cl-HA, chlorinated humic acid
- DME, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FA, fulvic acid
- FOB, functional observation battery
- Fulvic acid
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- HA, humic acid
- Humic acid
- MPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- O3-HA, ozonated humic acid
- O3/Cl2-HA, ozonated and chlorinated humic acid
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- S9, post mitochondrial supernatant S9-mix Phenobarbital/β-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver S9 metabolic activation system
- SCE, sister chromatid exchange
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SOP, standard operating procedure
- SPF, specific pathogen-free
- Safety
- TG, test guideline
- TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone
- Toxicity
- blk. 333
- fT4, free thyroxine
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Amy E Clewell
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary.,Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
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Ong KJ, Ede JD, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Sayes CM, Mulenos MR, Shatkin JA. A 90-day dietary study with fibrillated cellulose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:174-182. [PMID: 32021807 PMCID: PMC6994281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel forms of fibrillated cellulose offer improved attributes for use in foods. Conventional cellulose and many of its derivatives are already widely used as food additives and are authorized as safe for use in foods in many countries. However, novel forms have not yet been thoroughly investigated using standardized testing methods. This study assesses the 90-day dietary toxicity of fibrillated cellulose, as compared to a conventional cellulose, Solka Floc. Sprague Dawley rats were fed 2 %, 3 %, or 4 % fibrillated cellulose for 90 consecutive days, and parallel Solka Floc groups were used as controls. Survival, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic evaluations, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, post-mortem anatomic pathology, and histopathology were monitored and performed. No adverse observations were noted in relation to the administration of fibrillated cellulose. Under the conditions of this study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for fibrillated cellulose was 2194.2 mg/kg/day (males) and 2666.6 mg/kg/day (females), corresponding to the highest dose tested (4 %) for male and female Sprague Dawley rats. These results demonstrate that fibrillated cellulose behaves similarly to conventional cellulose and raises no safety concerns when used as a food ingredient at these concentrations.
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Key Words
- % RET, percent reticulocyte
- 90-day subchronic study
- ABAS, absolute basophil
- AEOS, absolute eosinophil
- ALB, albumin
- ALKP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALUC, absolute large unstained cell
- ALYM, absolute lymphocyte
- AMON, absolute monocyte
- ANEU, absolute neutrophil
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ARET, absolute reticulocyte
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CREAT, creatinine
- Cellulose
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Fibrillated cellulose
- GLOB, globulin
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- GLU, glucose
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBG, hemoglobin
- HCT, hematocrit
- MCH, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular cell volume
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD 408
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Oral exposure
- PLT, platelet count
- RBC, red blood cell count
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- SCOGS, Select Committee on GRAS Substances
- SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TBA, total bile acids
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxyl
- TP, total protein
- TRIG, triglycerides
- WBC, white blood cell count
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, United States
| | | | - Christie M. Sayes
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
| | - Marina R. Mulenos
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
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Ng'uni T, Klaasen JA, Fielding BC. Acute toxicity studies of the South African medicinal plant Galenia africana. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:813-818. [PMID: 30128298 PMCID: PMC6098221 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G. africana LD50 was over 2000 mg/kgbw for acute oral and dermal toxicity studies. G. africana was non-irritant on the reconstituted human epidermis models. Open application of extract at various concentrations did not result in a SI of ≥ 3. G. africana did not elicit a hypersensitivity response. G. africana can be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Background Medicinal plants are used by a large proportion of the global population as complementary and alternative medicines. However, little is known about their toxicity. G. africana has been used to treat wounds, coughs and skin diseases and is used in cosmetic formulations such as lotions and shampoos. Methods The acute oral and dermal toxicity potential of G. africana was analyzed after a single administration of 300 and 2000 mg/kgbw for acute oral toxicity and 2000 mg/kgbw for acute dermal toxicity. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the acute oral toxicity study whereas both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the acute dermal toxicity study. In the Episkin skin irritation test, the irritation potential of G. africana (concentrate) and G. africana (in-use dilution) extracts were assessed using the Episkin reconstituted human epidermis. In the dermal sensitization study, female CBA/Ca mice were treated with G. africana concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml respectively. The vehicle of choice was dimethylformamide which acted as a control. Results The results of the acute oral and dermal toxicity studies revealed that the median lethal dosage (LD50) for G. africana extract in Sprague-Dawley rats was considered to exceed 2000 mg/kgbw. In the irritation test, the G. africana (concentrate) and G. africana (in-use dilution) extracts were non-irritant on the Episkin reconstituted human epidermis. In the dermal sensitization study, the stimulation index (SI) values for the mice treated with the G. africana extract at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml/kgbw, when compared to the control group, were 1.3, 0.9 and 1.3 respectively. The open application of the extract at the various concentrations did not result in a SI of ≥ 3 in any group. Hence, it did not elicit a hypersensitivity response. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the acute toxicity profile for G. africana is acceptable and can subsequently be used for single use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Key Words
- Acute toxicity
- DPM, disintegrations per minute
- Dermal sensitization
- ECVAM, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
- Episkin
- G. africana, Galenia africana
- GHS, globally harmonized aystem
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- Galenia africana
- HCA, hexylcinnamicaldehyde
- LD50, lethal oral dosage
- LLNA, local lymph node assay
- Local lymph node assay
- MTT, methylthiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT)
- NAD, no abnormalities detected
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- SI, stimulation index
- Skin irritation
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa.,Plant Extract Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jeremy A Klaasen
- Plant Extract Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
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Kim Y, Jaja-Chimedza A, Merrill D, Mendes O, Raskin I. A 14-day repeated-dose oral toxicological evaluation of an isothiocyanate-enriched hydro-alcoholic extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds in rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:418-426. [PMID: 29854612 PMCID: PMC5977371 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-d short-term oral toxicity study in rats evaluated the safety of moringa isothiocyanate-1 (MIC-1)-enriched hydro-alcoholic moringa seeds extract (MSE). Rats (5 males/5 females per group) were gavaged daily for 14 d with the vehicle control or MSE, at 78 (low), 257 (mid-low), 772 (mid-high), or 2571 (high) mg/kg bw/d, standardized to MIC-1 (30, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg bw/d, respectively). Toxicological endpoints included body weight and weight gain, food consumption and feed efficiency, clinical observations, hematology, gross necropsy and histopathology, and relative organ weights. Mortality was only observed in the high dose group animals, both male and female, representing decreases in body weight/weight gain and food consumption/feed efficiency. Irregular respiratory patterns and piloerection were major clinical observations found primarily in the mid-high and high dose group animals. In the high dose group, gastrointestinal distention and stomach discoloration were observed in non-surviving males and females, and degeneration and necrosis of the testicular germinal cells and epididymal cells were also observed in a non-surviving male. Increased liver weights were found in females in the mid-high and high dose groups. Animals in the low and mid-low groups did not exhibit adverse effects of MSE (100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1). A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the standardized MSE was determined as 257 mg/kg bw/d providing 100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- ITC, isothiocyanate
- MIC-1, moringa isothiocyanate-1
- MICs, moringa isothiocyanates
- MSE, moringa seed extract
- Moringa isothiocyanates
- Moringa oleifera Lam.
- Moringa seeds
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PEITC, phenethyl isothiocyanate
- SD, standard deviation
- Toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Nutrasorb, LLC., NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
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Maronpot RR, Hobbs CA, Davis J, Swartz C, Boyle M, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Genetic and rat toxicity studies of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:381-392. [PMID: 28959560 PMCID: PMC5615836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is used to produce a water soluble form of glycosylated isoquercitrin. Genotoxicity battery on CGTase and sodium sulfate negative for mutations and DNA damage. No evidence of systemic toxicity in 90-day rat toxicity study of CGTase.
Introduction Microbiologically derived cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is used commercially as a processing agent in manufacture of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Its toxic potential was evaluated in anticipation of use in the production of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin, a water-soluble form of quercetin. Methods Following OECD guidelines, CGTase, produced by Bacillus pseudalcaliphilus DK-1139, was evaluated in a genotoxicity battery consisting of a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay and MN and comet assays using B6C3F1 male and female mice. These same genotoxicity assays were also conducted for sodium sulfate, a contaminant of CGTase preparation. In a 90-day Sprague Dawley rat toxicity study, CGTase was administered by gavage in water at daily doses of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Results CGTase did not induce mutations with or without metabolic activation in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Formation of micronuclei was not induced in either in vitro or in vivo MN assays with or without metabolic activation. No induction of DNA damage was detected in male or female mouse liver, stomach, or duodenum in the comet assay. Sodium sulfate also tested negative in these same genotoxicity assays. In the 90-day repeated dose rat study there were no treatment-related adverse clinical or pathological findings. Conclusion The genotoxicity assays and repeated dose toxicity study support the safe use of CGTase in production of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carol Swartz
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Molly Boyle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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Abstract
This first-in-human study examined the safety and pharmacokinetics of ch-mAb7F9, an anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers. Single, escalating doses of ch-mAb7F9 over the range of 0.2 to 20 mg/kg were administered to 42 subjects who were followed for 147 d. Safety was measured by physical examinations, adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory testing. Serum ch-mAb7F9 concentration and immunogenicity analyses were performed. There were no serious adverse reactions or discontinuations from the study due to adverse events. No trends emerged in the frequency, relatedness, or severity of adverse events with increased dose or between active and placebo treated subjects. Ch-mAb7F9 displayed expected IgG pharmacokinetic parameters, including a half-life of 17–19 d in the 3 highest dose groups and volume of distribution of 5–6 L, suggesting the antibody is confined primarily to the vascular compartment. Four (12.5%) of the 32 subjects receiving ch-mAb7F9 were confirmed to have developed a human anti-chimeric antibody response by the end of the study; however, this response did not appear to be dose related. Overall, no apparent safety or tolerability concerns were identified; a maximum tolerated dose was not reached in this Phase 1 study. Ch-mAb7F9 therefore appears safe for human administration.
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Key Words
- AE, adverse event
- AUC(0-inf), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity
- CL, clearance
- CTCAE, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
- Cmax, maximum concentration
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- HACA, human anti-chimeric antibodies
- KD, dissociation constant
- METH, (+)methamphetamine
- Vd, volume of distribution
- addiction
- chimeric antibody
- first in human
- healthy volunteers
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- methamphetamine
- monoclonal antibody
- pharmacokinetics
- t1/2, apparent terminal half-life
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Briggs K, Barber C, Cases M, Marc P, Steger-Hartmann T. Value of shared preclinical safety studies - The eTOX database. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:210-221. [PMID: 28962354 PMCID: PMC5598263 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
First analysis of the eTOX database for 1214 drugs or drug candidates. Shared data mainly from short term <20 days preclinical studies in rat via oral route. Identified the most frequent treatment related findings. Evaluated predictivity of clinical chemistry biomarkers. Present a first use case of the database during early drug development.
A first analysis of a database of shared preclinical safety data for 1214 small molecule drugs and drug candidates extracted from 3970 reports donated by thirteen pharmaceutical companies for the eTOX project (www.etoxproject.eu) is presented. Species, duration of exposure and administration route data were analysed to assess if large enough subsets of homogenous data are available for building in silico predictive models. Prevalence of treatment related effects for the different types of findings recorded were analysed. The eTOX ontology was used to determine the most common treatment-related clinical chemistry and histopathology findings reported in the database. The data were then mined to evaluate sensitivity of established in vivo biomarkers for liver toxicity risk assessment. The value of the database to inform other drug development projects during early drug development is illustrated by a case study.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Biomarkers
- CDISC, Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
- CRO, contract research organisation
- DILI, drug induced liver injury
- Data mining
- Data sharing
- EFPIA, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
- FN, false negative
- FP, false positive
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation
- IMI, Innovative Medicines Initiative
- INHAND, International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria
- IT, information technology
- MCC, Matthews correlation coefficient
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Ontology
- PDF, Portable Document Format
- PDF/A, ISO-standardized version of PDF specialized for the digital preservation of electronic documents.
- QA, quality assurance
- SEND, Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data
- SME, small-to-medium enterprise
- TN, true negative
- TP, true positive
- Toxicology
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- eTOX, integrating bioinformatics and chemoinformatics approaches for the development of expert systems allowing the in silico prediction of toxicities
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Briggs
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Barber
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Montserrat Cases
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Marc
- PreClinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steger-Hartmann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Bayer HealthCare, Investigational Toxicology, Müllerstrasse 178, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Brott DA, Andersson HAS, Stewart J, Ewart L, Christoph G, Harleman J, Armstrong D, Kinter LB. A peripherally restricted P2Y 12 receptor antagonist altered rat tumor incidences with no human relevance: Mode of action consistent with dopamine agonism. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1202-12. [PMID: 28962330 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticagrelor is an orally available, direct acting and reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist approved for treatment of acute coronary syndrome. The objectives of these studies were to (1) evaluate the Ticagrelor 2-year rat carcinogenicity bioassay data; (2) investigate potential mode of action (MOA) and (3) interpret human relevance. Methods The following studies were done (1) rat two-year carcinogenicity study in male and female rats, (2) in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays, (3) quantitative whole body autoradiography (QWBA; male and female rats), (4) in vitro pharmacological profiling for more than 300 assays, and (5) in vivo ovariectomized rat assay. Results The carcinogenicity study indicated Ticagrelor increased uterine tumor incidence while decreasing mammary and pituitary tumors/hyperplasia incidences in only high dose female rats. However, this altered tumor incidences were not P2Y12 target related since marketed non-reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonists were not associated with alter tumor incidences. MOA studies determined Ticagrelor exposure in the anterior pituitary and Ticagrelor was (1) non-genotoxic, (2) peripherally-restricted, (3) a dopamine transport (DAT) inhibitor with an IC50 lower than systemic free exposure in the rat carcinogenic study and more than a log higher than the free systemic exposure seen in clinical trials and (4) an inhibitor of estradiol-induced prolactin secretion. Discussion Similar to Ticagrelor, centrally active dopamine agonists induce the same altered tumor incidence patterns that according to literature do not translate into the clinical setting, with a MOA involving decreased prolactin secretion. The Ticagrelor MOA data and literature suggest that altered dopamine levels in the hypophyseal part of the hypothalamus–hypophyseal axis (by Ticagrelor) will result in similar altered tumor incidences in rat that do not translate into the clinical setting, based on qualitative species differences. In conclusion Ticagrelor increased uterine tumors in the rat carcinogenesis study by a MOA consistent with reduced dopamine inhibition of prolactin, which is not a patient safety risk.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine-5′-diphosphate
- AUC, area under the curve
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- Carcinogenicity
- Cmax, maximal concentration, DAT, dopamine transport
- Dopamine transport inhibitor
- E2, estradiol
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IC50, inhibitory concentration fifty percent
- Ki, inhibition concentration
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric
- LLOQ, lower limits of quantification
- MOA, mode of action
- MTD, maximum tolerated dose
- NH, Hill coefficient
- Prolactin
- QWBA, quantitative whole body autoradiography
- TK, toxicokinetics
- Translational
- Uterine tumor
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