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Vagnoni G, Bortolotti E, Checchi S, Saieva C, Berti G, Doccioli C, Caini S. Lead (Pb) in biological samples in association with cancer risk and mortality: A systematic literature review. Cancer Epidemiol 2024:102630. [PMID: 39097499 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal and pervasive environmental contaminant, and a class 2 A carcinogen according to the IARC classification, yet its link with cancer at several body sites remains uncertain. Here, we aimed at summarizing the scientific evidence regarding its association with cancer risk and mortality, focusing on studies that carried out Pb measurements in biological samples. METHODS We reviewed articles published in PubMed and EMBASE until January 2nd, 2024, that quantified the epidemiological association between Pb measured in blood, urine, nails, and other biological media, and cancer risk and mortality (overall and by cancer site/type). RESULTS We included 46 articles (out of 8022 screened) published in 1995-2023 and reporting on investigations conducted in fifteen countries. In terms of design, 20 were prospective, 24 were retrospective case-control studies, and 2 were cross-sectional. Pb levels were determined in blood in the majority of studies (n=28). The most consistent evidence was for the association of Pb with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the oesophagus, stomach (RR ranging from 0.80 to 2.66), colon-rectum, and pancreas; and of the bladder and urinary tract (RR from 1.10 to 2.89). For other specific malignancies, the data were conflicting or too limited to draw reliable conclusions. Finally, increased Pb concentration in blood and urine was consistently associated with higher overall cancer incidence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Lead is a widespread and highly persistent environmental pollutant associated with cancer at multiple body sites. Comprehensive primary prevention interventions aiming at reducing opportunities for Pb exposure need to be continuously promoted and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vagnoni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Emma Bortolotti
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Checchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Postgraduate School in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Berti
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Doccioli
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy.
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Chen J, Hart JE, VoPham T, Elliott EG, Birmann BM, Laden F. Association of Residential Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants with Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:961-964. [PMID: 38656285 PMCID: PMC11216852 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain hazardous air pollutants (HAP) are known or suspected to pose immunological or cancer risk to humans, but evidence is limited from the general population. METHODS We assessed associations between residential exposure to HAPs at the census tract level and incident non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1986-2012) and NHSII (1989-2019). We used the covariate-adjusted proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of NHL, major NHL subtypes, and multiple myeloma per interquartile range increase in exposure to a given HAP and pooled the cohort-specific estimates using fixed-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS There were 810 NHL and 158 multiple myeloma cases in NHS (1,700,707 person-years) and 379 NHL and 59 multiple myeloma cases in NHSII (2,820,772 person-years). Most HRs approximated unity. Meta-analyses did not show consistent evidence of associations between any HAP exposure and risk of NHL or multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to HAPs was not consistently associated with risks of NHL or multiple myeloma in these nationwide prospective cohorts of women. IMPACT This is the first nationwide study assessing associations between residential HAP exposures and risk of lymphoid malignances in prospective cohorts and focuses on women, who have frequently been underrepresented in (primarily occupational) studies of exposure to HAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Brenda M. Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Derkacz R, Marciniak W, Baszuk P, Wysokińska M, Chrzanowska N, Lener M, Huzarski T, Gronwald J, Dębniak T, Cybulski C, Jakubowska A, Scott RJ, Lubiński J. Blood Cadmium Level Is a Marker of Cancer Risk in Men. Nutrients 2024; 16:1309. [PMID: 38732556 PMCID: PMC11085081 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a known carcinogen, but its impact on cancer risk at lower concentrations is poorly understood. Previous studies on Cd and cancer risk in men show inconsistent results, prompting further investigation. A prospective cohort study involving 2956 men was conducted. Blood Cd levels were measured, and participants were followed for 78 months to assess cancer incidence. Men with high blood Cd levels (>0.71 µg/L) had a significantly increased risk of cancer compared to those with low levels (<0.19 µg/L) (HR 3.42, p < 0.001), particularly among non-smokers (HR 3.74, p = 0.003), individuals aged < 60 years (HR 2.79, p = 0.017), and ≥60 (HR 4.63, p = 0.004). The influence of smoking on cancer risk based on Cd levels was not significant in this study. Blood Cd levels may influence cancer risk in men, emphasizing the importance of minimizing Cd exposure to reduce risk. Confirmation of these results in other populations is essential for effective preventive measures against Cd-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róża Derkacz
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland; (R.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Wojciech Marciniak
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland; (R.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Piotr Baszuk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Monika Wysokińska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Natalia Chrzanowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Zyty 28, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia;
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, Newcastle, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland; (R.D.); (W.M.)
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (P.B.); (M.W.); (N.C.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (T.D.); (C.C.); (A.J.)
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Sarpa M, da Costa VÍDB, Ferreira SN, de Almeida CÁ, de Oliveira PGS, de Mesquita LV, Schilithz AOC, Stefanoff CG, Hassan R, Otero UB. Investigation of occupational risk factors for the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults: A hospital-based case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297140. [PMID: 38408076 PMCID: PMC10896545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) is a malignancy of the lymphoid lineage of the hematopoietic system has worldwide, especially in developed countries. Better diagnostic and recording techniques, longer life expectancy, and greater exposure to risk factors are hypotheses for this growing incidence curve. Occupational exposures to chemical, biological, and physical agents have also been associated with NHL development, but the results are still controversial. We have investigated the occupational and lifestyle case-control study design with 214 adult patients and 452 population controls. Socio-demographic, clinical, and occupational exposure data were obtained through individual interviews with a standardized questionnaire. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathological data were obtained through medical records. Risk of NHL (any subtype), B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL, Follicular lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma was elevated among the those who had ever been exposed to any solvents, hydrocarbon solvents, pesticides, meat and meat products, and sunlight and tended to increase by years of exposure. A significant upward trend with years of exposure was detected for any solvents and hydrocarbon solvents (NHL (any subtype) p-value for trend<0.001), B-cell lymphoma (p-value for trend<0.001), and T-cell lymphoma (p-value for trend<0.023), pesticides (NHL (any subtype), p for trend<0.001) and T-cell lymphoma (p for trend<0.002), meat and meat products (NHL (any subtype) (p for trend<0.001) and DLBCL (p for trend<0.001), and sunlight (B-cell lymphoma (p for trend<0.001). The results of this study agree line with other international studies, can be extrapolated to other countries that have the same socio-demographic and occupational characteristics as Brazil and support strategies for surveillance and control of work-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Sarpa
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sâmila Natiane Ferreira
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ávila de Almeida
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Gabriela Sousa de Oliveira
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vargas de Mesquita
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur O C Schilithz
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Gustavo Stefanoff
- Coordination of Clinical Research and Technological Incorporation, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ubirani Barros Otero
- Coordination of Prevention and Surveillance, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Turner MC, Cogliano V, Guyton K, Madia F, Straif K, Ward EM, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Research Recommendations for Selected IARC-Classified Agents: Impact and Lessons Learned. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:105001. [PMID: 37902675 PMCID: PMC10615125 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs program assembles expert working groups who publish a critical review and evaluation of data on agents of interest. These comprehensive reviews provide a unique opportunity to identify research needs to address classification uncertainties. A multidisciplinary expert review and workshop held in 2009 identified research gaps and needs for 20 priority occupational chemicals, metals, dusts, and physical agents, with the goal of stimulating advances in epidemiological studies of cancer and carcinogen mechanisms. Overarching issues were also described. OBJECTIVES In this commentary we review the current status of the evidence for the 20 priority agents identified in 2009. We examine whether identified Research Recommendations for each agent were addressed and their potential impact on resolving classification uncertainties. METHODS We reviewed the IARC classifications of each of the 20 priority agents and identified major new epidemiological and human mechanistic studies published since the last evaluation. Information sources were either the published Monograph for agents that have been reevaluated or, for agents not yet reevaluated, Advisory Group reports and literature searches. Findings are described in view of recent methodological developments in Monographs evidence evaluation processes. DISCUSSION The majority of the 20 priority agents were reevaluated by IARC since 2009. The overall carcinogen classifications of 9 agents advanced, and new cancer sites with either "sufficient" or "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity were also identified for 9 agents. Examination of published findings revealed whether evidence gaps and Research Recommendations have been addressed and highlighted remaining uncertainties. During the past decade, new research addressed a range of the 2009 recommendations and supported updated classifications for priority agents. This supports future efforts to systematically apply findings of Monograph reviews to identify research gaps and priorities relevant to evaluation criteria established in the updated IARC Monograph Preamble. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Cogliano
- California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kathryn Guyton
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Massachusetts, USA
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du Plessis M, Fourie C, Stone W, Engelbrecht AM. The impact of endocrine disrupting compounds and carcinogens in wastewater: Implications for breast cancer. Biochimie 2023; 209:103-115. [PMID: 36775066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is often associated with geographic variation which indicates that a person's surrounding environment can be an important etiological factor in cancer development. Environmental risk factors can include exposure to sewage- or wastewater, which consist of a complex mixture of pathogens, mutagens and carcinogens. Wastewater contains primarily carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds, however it can also contain trace amounts of chemical pollutants including toxic metal cations, hydrocarbons and pesticides. More importantly, the contamination of drinking water by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds. Organic solvents and other pollutants often found in wastewater have been detected in various tissues, including breast and adipose tissues. Furthermore, these pollutants such as phenolic compounds in some detergents and plastics, as well as parabens and pesticides can mimic estrogen. High estrogen levels are a well-established risk factor for estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Therefore, exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for the initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Carcinogens present in wastewater can promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms, including the formation of DNA adducts, gene mutations and oxidative stress. Lastly, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater can have negative implications for ER-positive breast cancers, where these molecules can activate ERα to promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such, strategies should be implemented to limit exposure, such as providing funding into treatment technologies and implementation of regulations that limit the production and use of these potentially harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Carla Fourie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Wendy Stone
- Stellenbosch University Water Institute, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
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Jain RB. Associations between concentrations of selected perfluoroalkyl acids and concentrations of blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26537-26544. [PMID: 33483932 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Data (N = 2552) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for US adults aged ≥ 20 years for 2011-2016 were analyzed to estimate the associations between the concentrations of blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury and the concentrations of seven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), namely, 2-(N-Methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid (MPAH), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Concentrations of blood cadmium were negatively associated with the concentrations of PFHxS (β = - 0.05428, p < 0.01) and PFOS (β = - 0.0212, p = 0.02). Concentrations of blood lead were positively associated with the concentrations of MPAH (β = 0.03301, p < 0.01), PFOA (β = 0.04783, p = 0.01), PFNA (β = 0.11761, p < 0.01), PFDA (β = 0.08007, p < 0.01), PFUA (β = 0.11382, p < 0.01), and PFOS (β = 0.04996, p = 0.02). Percent increases in the concentration of blood lead were 0.32%, 0.46%, 1.13%, 0.77%, 1.09%, and 0.48% for 10% increases in the concentrations of MPAH, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, and PFOS, respectively. Concentrations of blood total mercury were positively associated with the concentrations of PFNA (β = 0.37105, p < 0.01), PFDA (β = 0.46875, p < 0.01), PFUA (β = 0.56934, p < 0.01), and PFOS (β = 0.17557, p < 0.01). Percent increases in the concentration of blood total mercury were 3.6%, 4.57%, 5.58%, and 1.69% for 10% increases in the concentrations of PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, and PFOS, respectively. Associations between the concentrations of PFAAs with blood total mercury were substantially stronger than the concentrations with blood lead. Higher the carbon chain length for PFAAs, stronger were the associations between PFAAs with lead and mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA, 30019, USA.
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