1
|
Szamweber P, Pietrzak A, Zissimou GA, Kaszyński P. Toward N- peri-Annulated Planar Blatter Radical through aza-Pschorr and Photocyclization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:17197-17205. [PMID: 37999684 PMCID: PMC10729016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of the elusive N-peri-annulated planar Blatter radicals was attempted using aza-Pschorr and photocyclization methods. In both methods, substrates containing N-Me and N-Ac groups yielded a zwitterionic heterocycle lacking the N-substituent as the main product, while in one of them a carbazole derivative representing a new heterocyclic system was also obtained. The formation of the zwitterion and the carbazole suggests the formation of the desired planar Blatter radical, which undergoes facile fragmentation through homolysis of the N-R bond. This mechanism is supported by DFT computational results, which also suggest that N-Ar derivatives should be sufficiently stable for isolation. Electronic structures of three planar Blatter radicals annulated with the O, S, and N-Ph groups are compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szamweber
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Łódź University
of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Georgia A. Zissimou
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu C, Yang Z, Rajca A. From Stable Radicals to Thermally Robust High-Spin Diradicals and Triradicals. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11954-12003. [PMID: 37831948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable radicals and thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals have emerged as important organic materials due to their promising applications in diverse fields. New fundamental properties, such as SOMO/HOMO inversion of orbital energies, are explored for the design of new stable radicals, including highly luminescent ones with good photostability. A relation with the singlet-triplet energy gap in the corresponding diradicals is proposed. Thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals, with energy gaps that are comparable to or greater than a thermal energy at room temperature, are more challenging to synthesize but more rewarding. We summarize a number of high-spin di- and triradicals, based on nitronyl nitroxides that provide a relation between the experimental pairwise exchange coupling constant J/k in the high-spin species vs experimental hyperfine coupling constants in the corresponding monoradicals. This relation allows us to identify outliers, which may correspond to radicals where J/k is not measured with sufficient accuracy. Double helical high-spin diradicals, in which spin density is delocalized over the chiral π-system, have been barely explored, with the sole example of such high-spin diradical possessing alternant π-system with Kekulé resonance form. Finally, we discuss a high-spin diradical with electrical conductivity and derivatives of triangulene diradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Camargo B, Zajcewa I, Pietrzak A, Obijalska E, Szczytko J, Kaszyński P. Thermally induced dimensionality changes in derivatives of a "super stable" Blatter radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22813-22818. [PMID: 37584108 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Two derivatives of a "super stable" Blatter radical (1,3-diphenyl-7-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl) with N(1)-Ar = 2-CF3C6H4 and 2-MeOC6H4 were obtained and investigated using XRD and SQUID magnetometry methods. The investigation revealed strong antiferromagnetic interactions in both radicals, which are described using the Hatfield model. For the latter radical, an abrupt and reversible change in the χ(T) plot was observed at 29 K. It was ascribed to a structural transition, consistent with a two-dimensional to one-dimensional thermally activated crossover, as supported by specific heat measurements (CvHvs. T). It is suggested that the transition is related to an order-disorder transition of the CF3 group, which is corroborated using XRD structural analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Camargo
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irina Zajcewa
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Z, Pink M, Nowik-Boltyk EM, Lu S, Junghoefer T, Rajca S, Stoll S, Casu MB, Rajca A. Thermally Ultrarobust S = 1/2 Tetrazolinyl Radicals: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, Magnetism, and Nanoneedle Assemblies on Silicon Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13335-13346. [PMID: 37285418 PMCID: PMC10438971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Open-shell organic molecules, including S = 1/2 radicals, may provide enhanced properties for several emerging technologies; however, relatively few synthesized to date possess robust thermal stability and processability. We report the synthesis of S = 1/2 biphenylene-fused tetrazolinyl radicals 1 and 2. Both radicals possess near-perfect planar structures based on their X-ray structures and density-functional theory (DFT) computations. Radical 1 possesses outstanding thermal stability as indicated by the onset of decomposition at 269 °C, based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. Both radicals possess very low oxidation potentials <0 V (vs. SCE) and their electrochemical energy gaps, Ecell ≈ 0.9 eV, are rather low. Magnetic properties of polycrystalline 1 are characterized by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry revealing a one-dimensional S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with exchange coupling constant J'/k ≈ -22.0 K. Radical 1 in toluene glass possesses a long electron spin coherence time, Tm ≈ 7 μs in the 40-80 K temperature range, a property advantageous for potential applications as a molecular spin qubit. Radical 1 is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) forming assemblies of intact radicals on a silicon substrate, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the radical molecules form nanoneedles on the substrate. The nanoneedles are stable for at least 64 hours under air as monitored by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of the thicker assemblies, prepared by UHV evaporation, indicate radical decay according to first-order kinetics with a long half-life of 50 ± 4 days at ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | | | - Shutian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boudalis AK, Constantinides CP, Chrysochos N, Carmieli R, Leitus G, Kourtellaris A, Lawson DB, Koutentis PA. Deciphering the ground state of a C 3-symmetrical Blatter-type triradical by CW and pulse EPR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 349:107406. [PMID: 36841142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3,3',3''-(Benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl) (1) is a C3-symmetrical triradical comprised of three Blatter radical units connected at the 1, 3, 5 positions of a central trimethylenebenzene core. This triradical has an excellent air, moisture, and thermal stability. Single-crystal XRD indicates that triradical 1 adopts a propeller-like geometry with the benzotriazinyl moieties twisted by 174.1(2)° and packs in 1D chains along the c axis to form an extensive network of weak intermolecular interactions. Frozen solution continuous wave (CW) EPR spectra and variable-temperature field-sweep echo-detected (FSED) spectra revealed an intramolecular ferromagnetic exchange within the spin system, supporting a quartet S = 3/2 ground state. DFT calculations further supported these experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios K Boudalis
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177, CNRS-Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christos P Constantinides
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan - Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States.
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gregory Leitus
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniel B Lawson
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan - Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Obijalska E, Pietrzak A, Constantinides CP, Sommer RD, Kaszyński P. "Super stable" Blatter radicals through ArLi addition: surprising chemistry of 7-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[ e][1,2,4]triazine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4008-4011. [PMID: 36916722 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00832k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Addition of PhLi to 7-(CF3)benzo[e][1,2,4]triazine at -78 °C gives the "super stable" Blatter radical in high yields, while above -5 °C two additional products are formed. XRD analysis revealed the formation of a "trimer" and a benzo[f][1,2,4]triazepine via a novel mechanism. The latter is formed from the anion generated from the isolated radical, which suggests its instability in organic batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Obijalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Roger D Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland. .,Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pomikło D, Bodzioch A, Kaszyński P. 3-Substituted Blatter Radicals: Cyclization of N-Arylguanidines and N-Arylamidines to Benzo[ e][1,2,4]triazines and PhLi Addition. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2999-3011. [PMID: 36802654 PMCID: PMC9990070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-amino- and 3-alkyl-substituted 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls was prepared in four steps involving N-arylation, cyclization of N-arylguanidines and N-arylamidines, reduction of the resulting N-oxides to benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines, and subsequent addition of PhLi followed by aerial oxidation. The resulting seven C(3)-substituted benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls were analyzed by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods augmented with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Electrochemical data were compared to DFT results and correlated with substituent parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pomikło
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 37132 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Broadhurst E, Wilson CJG, Zissimou GA, Padrón Gómez MA, Vasconcelos DML, Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA, Ayala AP, Parsons S. The Effect of High Pressure on Polymorphs of a Derivative of Blatter's Radical: Identification of the Structural Signatures of Subtle Phase Transitions. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:1915-1924. [PMID: 36879770 PMCID: PMC9983015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pressure on the α and β polymorphs of a derivative of Blatter's radical, 3-phenyl-1-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl, has been investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to maximum pressures of 5.76 and 7.42 GPa, respectively. The most compressible crystallographic direction in both structures lies parallel to π-stacking interactions, which semiempirical Pixel calculations indicate are also the strongest interactions present. The mechanism of compression in perpendicular directions is determined by void distributions. Discontinuities in the vibrational frequencies observed in Raman spectra measured between ambient pressure and ∼5.5 GPa show that both polymorphs undergo phase transitions, the α phase at 0.8 GPa and the β phase at 2.1 GPa. The structural signatures of the transitions, which signal the onset of compression of initially more rigid intermolecular contacts, were identified from the trends in the occupied and unoccupied volumes of the unit cell with pressure and in the case of the β phase by deviations from an ideal model of compression defined by Birch-Murnaghan equations of state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward
T. Broadhurst
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Cameron J. G. Wilson
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | | | | | | | - Christos P. Constantinides
- Department
of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128-1491, United States
| | | | - Alejandro P. Ayala
- Federal
University of Ceará, Physics Department, 65455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Simon Parsons
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, Pink M, Junghoefer T, Zhao W, Hsu SN, Rajca S, Calzolari A, Boudouris BW, Casu MB, Rajca A. High-Spin ( S = 1) Blatter-Based Diradical with Robust Stability and Electrical Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6059-6070. [PMID: 35333507 PMCID: PMC10439714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triplet ground-state organic molecules are of interest with respect to several emerging technologies but usually show limited stability, especially as thin films. We report an organic diradical, consisting of two Blatter radicals, that possesses a triplet ground state with a singlet-triplet energy gap, ΔEST ≈ 0.4-0.5 kcal mol-1 (2J/k ≈ 220-275 K). The diradical possesses robust thermal stability, with an onset of decomposition above 264 °C (TGA). In toluene/chloroform, glassy matrix, and fluid solution, an equilibrium between two conformations with ΔEST ≈ 0.4 kcal mol-1 and ΔEST ≈ -0.7 kcal mol-1 is observed, favoring the triplet ground state over the singlet ground-state conformation in the 110-330 K temperature range. The diradical with the triplet ground-state conformation is found exclusively in crystals and in a polystyrene matrix. The crystalline neutral diradical is a good electrical conductor with conductivity comparable to the thoroughly optimized bis(thiazolyl)-related monoradicals. This is surprising because the triplet ground state implies that the underlying π-system is cross-conjugated and thus is not compatible with either good conductance or electron delocalization. The diradical is evaporated under ultra-high vacuum to form thin films, which are stable in air for at least 18 h, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Sheng-Ning Hsu
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | | | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zissimou GA, Bartos P, Pietrzak A, Kaszyński P. "Upper" Ring Expansion of the Planar Blatter Radical via Photocyclization: Limitations and Impact on the Electronic Structure. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4829-4837. [PMID: 35290052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photocyclization of 8-aryloxybenzo[e][1,2,4]triazines leads to the formation of π-expanded flat Blatter radicals for three phenanthryloxy and pyren-1-yloxy derivatives, whereas no photoreaction is observed for the perylen-3-yloxy precursor. Two of the new radicals are nonplanar, out of which one is unstable to isolation. The radical with the fused pyrene ring constitutes the largest thus far paramagnetic polycyclic π-system containing seven fused rings with 27 sp2-hybridized atoms and 29 π-delocalized electrons. The investigation of the reaction conditions demonstrated the higher efficiency of photoformation of the parent radical in polar solvents, which suggests a polar transition state and the S1 photoreactive state. The effect of π expansion on the electronic structure was investigated with spectroscopic (UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance) and electrochemical methods augmented with density functional theory computational studies. The molecular structure of one of the radicals was determined with a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Zissimou
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-926 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kapuściński S, Anand B, Bartos P, Garcia Fernandez JM, Kaszyński P. Tethered Blatter Radical for Molecular Grafting: Synthesis of 6-Hydroxyhexyloxy, Hydroxymethyl, and Bis(hydroxymethyl) Derivatives and Their Functionalization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041176. [PMID: 35208966 PMCID: PMC8876519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic access to 7-CF3-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl radicals containing 4-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)phenyl, 4-hydroxymethylphenyl or 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl groups at the C(3) position and their conversion to tosylates and phosphates are described. The tosylates were used to obtain disulfides and an azide with good yields. The Blatter radical containing the azido group underwent a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with phenylacetylene under mild conditions, giving the [1,2,3]triazole product in 84% yield. This indicates the suitability of the azido derivative for grafting Blatter radical onto other molecular objects via the CuAAC "click" reaction. The presented derivatives are promising for accessing surfaces and macromolecules spin-labeled with the Blatter radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kapuściński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Bindushree Anand
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Jose M. Garcia Fernandez
- Institute for Chemical Research, CSIC, University of Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland; (S.K.); (P.B.)
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.F.); (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bartos P, Celeda M, Pietrzak A, Kaszyński P. Planar Blatter radicals through Bu 3SnH- and TMS 3SiH-assisted cyclization of aryl iodides: azaphilic radical addition. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01742j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Radical chain cyclization of aryl iodides provides an efficient synthesis of planar Blatter radicals, and, for the first time, access to functionalized sulphur-containing analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Junghoefer T, Calzolari A, Baev I, Glaser M, Ciccullo F, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Kielgast F, Nissen M, Schwarz J, Gallagher NM, Rajca A, Martins M, Casu MB. Magnetic behavior in metal-free radical thin films. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Exner J, Maisuls I, Massolle A, Klabunde S, Hansen MR, Strassert CA, Neugebauer J, Eckert H, Studer A. Electronic effects in profluorescent benzotriazinyl radicals: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2999-3007. [PMID: 33480922 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical characterization, and quantum chemical calculations of a series of benzotriazinyl radicals and their styryl radical trapping products are presented. The benzotriazinyl radicals are non-luminescent but surprisingly the corresponding styryl radical trapping products exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields (up to 60% in some cases), making them highly valuable probes or labels. Additionally, the influence of the substitution pattern on the optical properties of the radical trapping products was observed experimentally and interpreted by means of quantum chemical calculations. Specific substitution patterns showed a bathochromic shift compared to the unsubstituted compound. Computationally, it was shown that this substitution pattern leads to a stronger energetic stabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital than the highest occupied molecular orbital. Analysis of the influence of the substitution pattern on the optical properties showed a bathochromic shift in several examples, which was interpreted by means of quantum chemical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Exner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany. and CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Massolle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael R Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany. and CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Instituto de Fisica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bartos P, Hande AA, Pietrzak A, Chrostowska A, Kaszyński P. Substituent effects on the electronic structure of the flat Blatter radical: correlation analysis of experimental and computational data. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized flat Blatter radicals were obtained and substituent effects on spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and stability were investigated by correlation and DFT methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aniket A. Hande
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM 64000, Pau, France
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-024, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Chrostowska
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM 64000, Pau, France
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bartos P, Young VG, Kaszyński P. Ring-Fused 1,4-Dihydro[1,2,4]triazin-4-yls through Photocyclization. Org Lett 2020; 22:3835-3840. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bartos
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Victor G. Young
- X-ray Crystallographic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sidharth TNS, Nasani R, Gupta A, Sooraj BNS, Roy S, Mondal A, Konar S. Reversal of magnetic exchange coupling between copper(II) and Blatter radical depending on the coordination environment. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
18
|
3,3′,3’’-(Benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl): A C3 symmetrical Blatter-type triradical. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Bazzi F, Danke AJ, Lawson DB, Manoli M, Leitus GM, Koutentis PA, Constantinides CP. 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl: a tricky “structure-to-magnetism” correlation aided by DFT calculations. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00669f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (2) is a Blatter radical with a challenging structure-to-magnetism correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadwat Bazzi
- Department of Natural Sciences
- University of Michigan – Dearborn
- Dearborn
- USA
| | - Alexander J. Danke
- Department of Natural Sciences
- University of Michigan – Dearborn
- Dearborn
- USA
| | - Daniel B. Lawson
- Department of Natural Sciences
- University of Michigan – Dearborn
- Dearborn
- USA
| | - Maria Manoli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cyprus
- 1678 Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | - Gregory M. Leitus
- Chemical Research Support Unit
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 7610001 Rehovot
- Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rogers FJM, Norcott PL, Coote ML. Recent advances in the chemistry of benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8255-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01394c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl, or Blatter radicals, are stable free radicals with customisable magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and wide-ranging applications in synthesis and functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus J. M. Rogers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Philip L. Norcott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Constantinides CP, Lawson DB, Zissimou GA, Berezin AA, Mailman A, Manoli M, Kourtellaris A, Leitus GM, Clérac R, Tuononen HM, Koutentis PA. Polymorphism in a π stacked Blatter radical: structures and magnetic properties of 3-(phenyl)-1-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first polymorphism example in Blatter radicals, is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B. Lawson
- Department of Natural Sciences
- University of Michigan-Dearborn
- Dearborn
- USA
| | | | | | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry
- NanoScience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Maria Manoli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cyprus
- 1678 Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | | | - Gregory M. Leitus
- Chemical Research Support Unit
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 7610001 Rehovot
- Israel
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. Bordeaux
- CNRS
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry
- NanoScience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Constantinides CP, Lawson DB, Berezin AA, Zissimou GA, Manoli M, Leitus GM, Koutentis PA. Ferromagnetic interactions in a 1D Heisenberg linear chain of 1-phenyl-3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yls. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1-Phenyl-3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (2), was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractometry and variable temperature SQUID magnetometry to investigate its structure-magnetism correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B. Lawson
- Department of Natural Sciences
- University of Michigan – Dearborn
- Dearborn
- USA
| | | | | | - Maria Manoli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cyprus
- 1678 Nicosia
- Cyprus
| | - Gregory M. Leitus
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 76100 Rehovot
- Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nasani R, Sidharth TNS, Roy S, Mondal A, Rawson JM, Konar S. Probing through-space and through-bond magnetic exchange couplings in a new benzotriazinyl radical and its metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14189-14200. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new Blatter radical and its Zn(ii) (1), Ni(ii) (2) and Co(ii) (3) complexes were isolated. Complex 1 exhibited radical⋯radical antiferromagnetic exchange coupling, whereas complexes 2 and 3 showed ferromagnetic metal–radical coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendar Nasani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462 066
- India
| | | | - Subhadip Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462 066
- India
| | - Arpan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462 066
- India
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The University of Windsor
- Windsor
- CANADA
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462 066
- India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
In the last decade technology has brought significant changes to our lives, including new habits and a new view on social relationships. These technological innovations are based on several factors, one of which is miniaturization. This was made possible also due to the discovery and synthesis of new materials with characteristics at the nanoscale that are designed for specific purposes. This "on purpose" approach, joined to the development of preparation and growth methods, has led to use of thin films rather than bulk materials in devices. Using thin films makes devices easier to produce, and using films for coating protects the devices and gives specific properties to surfaces. For several decades thin films, surfaces, and interfaces have been intensively investigated. Indeed, device performances rely on the optimized match of thin films of different natures, such as organic and inorganic semiconductors and metals for contacts. Surprisingly, in comparison, little attention has been devoted to the deposition of organic radicals on a substrate. This might be because these materials are considered not stable enough for evaporation. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to evaporate and deposit organic radicals onto well-defined surfaces under controlled conditions, without degradation. Using soft X-ray spectroscopies, performed also at synchrotrons, we investigate thin film processes, surfaces, and interfaces at the nanoscale, when organic radicals are deposited on metal and metal oxide surfaces. We suggest how to design organic radicals bearing in mind the thermodynamic factors that govern thin film stability, with the purpose of obtaining not only a chemically stable radical, but also stable thin films. We investigate the thermal and air stability of the deposited films, and we explore the influence of the surface/radical chemical bond and the role of surface defects on the magnetic moment at the interface. We find that organic radicals are physisorbed and keep their magnetic moment on inert and passivated surfaces such as Au(111) and Al2O3(112̅0) single crystals, SiO2, and ideal TiO2(110) single crystals, while defective sites such as oxygen vacancies or the presence of OH groups lead to chemisorption of the organic radicals on the surface with quenching of their magnetic moment. Our work shows that the use of X-ray based techniques represents a powerful approach to reveal the mechanisms governing complex interfaces, such as radical/metal and radical/metal-oxide, where it is important to describe both charge and spin behavior (spinterfaces). It also makes it possible to conceive new experiments to investigate the magnetic character of the thin films versus their structural properties, toward tuning the arrangement of the molecules in films. Controlling the molecular arrangement will give the opportunity to tune the mutual position and orientation of the molecules, that is, of the single magnetic moments in the films, "imprinting" their magnetic properties. A deep understanding of stable radical/inorganic spinterfaces may open the way to use radicals in solid state devices or as quantum bits with dedicated configurations, as proposed for other molecular quantum bits, and in spin-based electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gardias A, Kaszyński P, Obijalska E, Trzybiński D, Domagała S, Woźniak K, Szczytko J. Magnetostructural Investigation of Orthogonal 1‐Aryl‐3‐Phenyl‐1,4‐Dihydrobenzo[
e
][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐yl Derivatives. Chemistry 2017; 24:1317-1329. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gardias
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
- Department of Chemistry Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro TN 37-132 USA
| | - Emilia Obijalska
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sławomir Domagała
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Savva AC, Mirallai SI, Zissimou GA, Berezin AA, Demetriades M, Kourtellaris A, Constantinides CP, Nicolaides C, Trypiniotis T, Koutentis PA. Preparation of Blatter Radicals via Aza-Wittig Chemistry: The Reaction of N-Aryliminophosphoranes with 1-(Het)aroyl-2-aryldiazenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7564-7575. [PMID: 28628743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reacting N-aryliminophosphoranes with 1-(het)aroyl-2-aryldiazenes in preheated diphenyl ether at ca. 150-250 °C for 5-25 min affords in most cases the 1,3-diaryl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls (aka Blatter radicals) in moderate to good yields. All new compounds are fully characterized, including EPR and CV studies for the radicals. Single-crystal X-ray structures of 1-benzoyl-2-(perfluorophenyl)diazene and 1-(perfluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C Savva
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Styliana I Mirallai
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia A Zissimou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrey A Berezin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos P Constantinides
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Nicolaides
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodossis Trypiniotis
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panayiotis A Koutentis
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus , P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaszyński P, Kłys A, Domagała S, Woźniak K. Chirality of the trisubstituted nitrogen center – XRD, dynamic NMR, and DFT investigation of 1,2-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazine derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Supramolecular self-assembly carbazolyl radicals nanospheres triggered by ultraviolet light for explosives sensing. Talanta 2016; 160:133-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
29
|
Kaszyński P, Constantinides CP, Young VG. The Planar Blatter Radical: Structural Chemistry of 1,4‐Dihydrobenzo[
e
][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐yls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaszyński
- Center for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
- Department of Chemistry Middle Tennessee University Murfreesboro TN 37123 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | | | - Victor G. Young
- X-ray Crystallographic Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Twin Cities MN 55455 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaszyński P, Constantinides CP, Young VG. The Planar Blatter Radical: Structural Chemistry of 1,4‐Dihydrobenzo[
e
][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐yls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11149-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaszyński
- Center for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
- Department of Chemistry Middle Tennessee University Murfreesboro TN 37123 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | | | - Victor G. Young
- X-ray Crystallographic Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Twin Cities MN 55455 USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jasiński M, Szczytko J, Pociecha D, Monobe H, Kaszyński P. Substituent-Dependent Magnetic Behavior of Discotic Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyls. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9421-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Jasiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hirosato Monobe
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kansai Centre, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Center
for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37-132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The Suppression of Columnar π-Stacking in 3-Adamantyl-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050636. [PMID: 27187349 PMCID: PMC6273272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Adamantyl-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl (4) crystallizes as chains of radicals where the spin bearing benzotriazinyl moieties are isolated from each other. Magnetic susceptibility studies in the 5–300 K temperature region indicate that radical 4 demonstrates typical paramagnetic behavior stemming from non-interacting S = ½ spins.
Collapse
|
33
|
Constantinides CP, Obijalska E, Kaszyński P. Access to 1,4-Dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl Derivatives. Org Lett 2016; 18:916-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91403 Łódź, Poland
- Center
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90363 Łódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ciccullo F, Gallagher NM, Geladari O, Chassé T, Rajca A, Casu MB. A Derivative of the Blatter Radical as a Potential Metal-Free Magnet for Stable Thin Films and Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1805-1812. [PMID: 26727145 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic radicals are fascinating materials because of their unique properties, which make them suitable for a variety of applications. Their synthesis may be challenging, and big efforts have focused on chemical stability. However, introducing a new material in electronics not only requires chemically stable molecules but also stable monolayers and thin films in view of their use in devices. In this work, we have investigated the thin films of a derivative of the Blatter radical that was synthesized bearing in mind the thermodynamic factors that govern thin film stability. We have proved our concept by investigating the electronic structure, the paramagnetic character, and stability of the obtained films under UHV and ambient conditions by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ex situ atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ciccullo
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - N M Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - O Geladari
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - M B Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA. Stable N- and N/S-Rich Heterocyclic Radicals. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
36
|
Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Miao MS, Wudl F, Nguyen TQ. Temperature Tunable Self-Doping in Stable Diradicaloid Thin-Film Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7412-7419. [PMID: 26485538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FDT and FDT-Br diradicaloids with stable coexisting close-shell and open-shell forms exhibit unconventional self-doping behavior in solid-state electronic devices that is temperature (T) tunable and reversible. The doping is strengthened by the increased T, leading to the absence of off-states (I(off)) in the transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Tohoku University WPI-AIMR and CNSI Joint Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Huiqiong Zhou
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Sheng Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 10084, P. R. China
| | - Fred Wudl
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zheng Y, Miao MS, Dantelle G, Eisenmenger ND, Wu G, Yavuz I, Chabinyc ML, Houk KN, Wudl F. A solid-state effect responsible for an organic quintet state at room temperature and ambient pressure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1718-1723. [PMID: 25619560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A stable organic diradicaloid with an intermolecular quintet at room temperature as a polycrystalline solid is studied. The conclusion is supported by the observation of the ΔMs = ±2 forbidden transition, electron spin resonance (ESR) simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the molecule, as the active component of a device, is an outstanding near-infrared photodetector with detectivity over 10(11) cm Hz(1/2) W(-1) at 1200 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zheng
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Tohoku University WPI-AIMR and CNSI Joint Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Constantinides CP, Berezin AA, Zissimou GA, Manoli M, Leitus GM, Bendikov M, Probert MR, Rawson JM, Koutentis PA. A Magnetostructural Investigation of an Abrupt Spin Transition for 1-Phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11906-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5063746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey A. Berezin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia A. Zissimou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Manoli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gregory M. Leitus
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Bendikov
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael R. Probert
- School
of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bodzioch A, Zheng M, Kaszyński P, Utecht G. Functional group transformations in derivatives of 1,4-dihydrobenzo[1,2,4]triazinyl radical. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7294-310. [PMID: 25068765 DOI: 10.1021/jo500898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transformations of functional groups OCOPh, OCH2Ph, I, NO2, and CO2Me in Blatter's radical derivatives 1-5 were investigated in order to develop synthetic tools for incorporation of the benzo[1,2,4]triazinyl system into complex molecular architectures. Thus, basic hydrolysis of OCOPh or Pd-catalyzed debenzylation of OCH2Ph gave phenol functionality, which was acylated and alkylated. Pd-catalyzed Suzuki, Negishi, Sonogashira, and Heck C-C cross-coupling reactions of iodo derivatives 1c, 1d, and 2d were also successful and efficient. Reduction of NO2 in 1e led to aniline derivative 1t, which was reductively alkylated with hexanal and coupled to l-proline. Selected benzo[1,2,4]triazinyl radicals were characterized by EPR and electronic absorption spectroscopy, and the results were analyzed in tandem with DFT computational methods. Lastly, the mechanism for formation of the 1,4-dihydrobenzo[1,2,4]triazine ring was investigated using the B3LYP/6-31G(2d,p) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Organic Materials Research Group Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|