1
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Shishodia S, Demetriades M, Zhang D, Tam NY, Maheswaran P, Clunie-O’Connor C, Tumber A, Leung IKH, Ng YM, Leissing TM, El-Sagheer AH, Salah E, Brown T, Aik WS, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Structure-Based Design of Selective Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Protein (FTO) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16609-16625. [PMID: 34762429 PMCID: PMC8631710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FTO catalyzes the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent modification of nucleic acids, including the demethylation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA. FTO is a proposed target for anti-cancer therapy. Using information from crystal structures of FTO in complex with 2OG and substrate mimics, we designed and synthesized two series of FTO inhibitors, which were characterized by turnover and binding assays, and by X-ray crystallography with FTO and the related bacterial enzyme AlkB. A potent inhibitor employing binding interactions spanning the FTO 2OG and substrate binding sites was identified. Selectivity over other clinically targeted 2OG oxygenases was demonstrated, including with respect to the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases (PHD2 and FIH) and selected JmjC histone demethylases (KDMs). The results illustrate how structure-based design can enable the identification of potent and selective 2OG oxygenase inhibitors and will be useful for the development of FTO inhibitors for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Shishodia
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Marina Demetriades
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Dong Zhang
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Nok Yin Tam
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
SAR 999077, China
| | - Pratheesh Maheswaran
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Caitlin Clunie-O’Connor
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Anthony Tumber
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Yi Min Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
SAR 999077, China
| | - Thomas M. Leissing
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Afaf H. El-Sagheer
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Chemistry
Branch Department of Science and Mathematics, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Eidarus Salah
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Tom Brown
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Wei Shen Aik
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
SAR 999077, China
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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Savva AC, Mirallai SI, Zissimou GA, Berezin AA, Demetriades M, Kourtellaris A, Constantinides CP, Nicolaides C, Trypiniotis T, Koutentis PA. Preparation of Blatter Radicals via Aza-Wittig Chemistry: The Reaction of N-Aryliminophosphoranes with 1-(Het)aroyl-2-aryldiazenes. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C. Savva
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Styliana I. Mirallai
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia A. Zissimou
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrey A. Berezin
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos P. Constantinides
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Nicolaides
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodossis Trypiniotis
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panayiotis A. Koutentis
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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3
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Karuppagounder SS, Alim I, Khim SJ, Bourassa MW, Sleiman SF, John R, Thinnes CC, Yeh TL, Demetriades M, Neitemeier S, Cruz D, Gazaryan I, Killilea DW, Morgenstern L, Xi G, Keep RF, Schallert T, Tappero RV, Zhong J, Cho S, Maxfield FR, Holman TR, Culmsee C, Fong GH, Su Y, Ming GL, Song H, Cave JW, Schofield CJ, Colbourne F, Coppola G, Ratan RR. Therapeutic targeting of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases abrogates ATF4-dependent neuronal death and improves outcomes after brain hemorrhage in several rodent models. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:328ra29. [PMID: 26936506 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Disability or death due to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is attributed to blood lysis, liberation of iron, and consequent oxidative stress. Iron chelators bind to free iron and prevent neuronal death induced by oxidative stress and disability due to ICH, but the mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. We show that the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain (HIF-PHD) family of iron-dependent, oxygen-sensing enzymes are effectors of iron chelation. Molecular reduction of the three HIF-PHD enzyme isoforms in the mouse striatum improved functional recovery after ICH. A low-molecular-weight hydroxyquinoline inhibitor of the HIF-PHD enzymes, adaptaquin, reduced neuronal death and behavioral deficits after ICH in several rodent models without affecting total iron or zinc distribution in the brain. Unexpectedly, protection from oxidative death in vitro or from ICH in vivo by adaptaquin was associated with suppression of activity of the prodeath factor ATF4 rather than activation of an HIF-dependent prosurvival pathway. Together, these findings demonstrate that brain-specific inactivation of the HIF-PHD metalloenzymes with the blood-brain barrier-permeable inhibitor adaptaquin can improve functional outcomes after ICH in several rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishraq Alim
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Soah J Khim
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sama F Sleiman
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roseleen John
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | | | - Tzu-Lan Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sandra Neitemeier
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie and Klinische Pharmazie, Phillips-Universitaet Marburg, D 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dana Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irina Gazaryan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Lewis Morgenstern
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Schallert
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ryan V Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jian Zhong
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie and Klinische Pharmazie, Phillips-Universitaet Marburg, D 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yijing Su
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John W Cave
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Chan MC, Atasoylu O, Hodson E, Tumber A, Leung IKH, Chowdhury R, Gómez-Pérez V, Demetriades M, Rydzik AM, Holt-Martyn J, Tian YM, Bishop T, Claridge TDW, Kawamura A, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. Potent and Selective Triazole-Based Inhibitors of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylases with Activity in the Murine Brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132004. [PMID: 26147748 PMCID: PMC4492579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the cellular adaptation to limiting oxygen availability in animals, the expression of a large set of genes is activated by the upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Therapeutic activation of the natural human hypoxic response can be achieved by the inhibition of the hypoxia sensors for the HIF system, i.e. the HIF prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs). Here, we report studies on tricyclic triazole-containing compounds as potent and selective PHD inhibitors which compete with the 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate. One compound (IOX4) induces HIFα in cells and in wildtype mice with marked induction in the brain tissue, revealing that it is useful for studies aimed at validating the upregulation of HIF for treatment of cerebral diseases including stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Chiang Chan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Onur Atasoylu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hodson
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Verónica Gómez-Pérez
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Rydzik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Holt-Martyn
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Min Tian
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Pugh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Ratcliffe
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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McMurray F, Demetriades M, Aik W, Merkestein M, Kramer H, Andrew DS, Scudamore CL, Hough TA, Wells S, Ashcroft FM, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Cox RD. Pharmacological inhibition of FTO. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121829. [PMID: 25830347 PMCID: PMC4382163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, a genome wide association study identified a SNP in intron one of the gene encoding human FTO that was associated with increased body mass index. Homozygous risk allele carriers are on average three kg heavier than those homozygous for the protective allele. FTO is a DNA/RNA demethylase, however, how this function affects body weight, if at all, is unknown. Here we aimed to pharmacologically inhibit FTO to examine the effect of its demethylase function in vitro and in vivo as a first step in evaluating the therapeutic potential of FTO. We showed that IOX3, a known inhibitor of the HIF prolyl hydroxylases, decreased protein expression of FTO (in C2C12 cells) and reduced maximal respiration rate in vitro. However, FTO protein levels were not significantly altered by treatment of mice with IOX3 at 60 mg/kg every two days. This treatment did not affect body weight, or RER, but did significantly reduce bone mineral density and content and alter adipose tissue distribution. Future compounds designed to selectively inhibit FTO’s demethylase activity could be therapeutically useful for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McMurray
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Myrte Merkestein
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Kramer
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S. Andrew
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L. Scudamore
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
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Aik WS, Demetriades M, Schofield C, McDonough M. Structures of human m 6A RNA demethylases: FTO and ALKBH5. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314086070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine in mRNA (m6A) was first observed around 40 years ago but little was known about the function of this modification at the time of discovery. Research over the last ten years has led to the identification of methyltransferases that produce or `write' the m6A RNA mark and recently demethylases that remove or `erase' m6A marks, thus indicating that the m6A modification is reversible. Recent analyses have identified the motif and regions where m6A marks are present within RNA transcripts as well as m6A binding protein `readers'. These studies have revealed a role for m6A methylation in mRNA stability and demonstrated that sequence specific subsets of transcripts can be regulated in this manner. Like the histone lysine JmjC demethylases, nucleic acid demethylases are members of the 2-oxoglutarate and iron dependent oxygenase superfamily. The human nucleic acid oxygenases (NAOXs) with known structures include the TET enzyme that produces 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA, ALKBH2 and 3 that demethylate 3-methylcytosine and 1-methyladenine in DNA, and ALKBH8 that modifies tRNA. We identified the fat mass and obesity associated protein, FTO, as a NAOX1and m6A in RNA was recently reported to be a bona-fide substrate of FTO in in-vivo. Subsequently, ALKBH5 was also shown to be an m6A demethylase. Here we present structural studies of FTO2and ALKBH53as well as biochemical work that has led to structurally informed inhibitor design of the m6A demethylases for the development of small molecules to probe biological function and for potential use as therapeutics.
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7
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Xu C, Liu K, Tempel W, Demetriades M, Aik W, Schofield CJ, Min J. Structures of human ALKBH5 demethylase reveal a unique binding mode for specific single-stranded N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17299-311. [PMID: 24778178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N(6)-Methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most prevalent internal RNA modification in eukaryotes. ALKBH5 belongs to the AlkB family of dioxygenases and has been shown to specifically demethylate m(6)A in single-stranded RNA. Here we report crystal structures of ALKBH5 in the presence of either its cofactors or the ALKBH5 inhibitor citrate. Catalytic assays demonstrate that the ALKBH5 catalytic domain can demethylate both single-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA. We identify the TCA cycle intermediate citrate as a modest inhibitor of ALKHB5 (IC50, ∼488 μm). The structural analysis reveals that a loop region of ALKBH5 is immobilized by a disulfide bond that apparently excludes the binding of dsDNA to ALKBH5. We identify the m(6)A binding pocket of ALKBH5 and the key residues involved in m(6)A recognition using mutagenesis and ITC binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ke Liu
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, From the Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marina Demetriades
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - WeiShen Aik
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - Jinrong Min
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, From the Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Aik W, Scotti JS, Choi H, Gong L, Demetriades M, Schofield CJ, McDonough MA. Structure of human RNA N⁶-methyladenine demethylase ALKBH5 provides insights into its mechanisms of nucleic acid recognition and demethylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4741-54. [PMID: 24489119 PMCID: PMC3985658 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ALKBH5 is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and ferrous iron-dependent nucleic acid oxygenase (NAOX) that catalyzes the demethylation of N6-methyladenine in RNA. ALKBH5 is upregulated under hypoxia and plays a role in spermatogenesis. We describe a crystal structure of human ALKBH5 (residues 66–292) to 2.0 Å resolution. ALKBH566–292 has a double-stranded β-helix core fold as observed in other 2OG and iron-dependent oxygenase family members. The active site metal is octahedrally coordinated by an HXD…H motif (comprising residues His204, Asp206 and His266) and three water molecules. ALKBH5 shares a nucleotide recognition lid and conserved active site residues with other NAOXs. A large loop (βIV–V) in ALKBH5 occupies a similar region as the L1 loop of the fat mass and obesity-associated protein that is proposed to confer single-stranded RNA selectivity. Unexpectedly, a small molecule inhibitor, IOX3, was observed covalently attached to the side chain of Cys200 located outside of the active site. Modelling substrate into the active site based on other NAOX–nucleic acid complexes reveals conserved residues important for recognition and demethylation mechanisms. The structural insights will aid in the development of inhibitors selective for NAOXs, for use as functional probes and for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiShen Aik
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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9
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Cherblanc FL, Chapman KL, Reid J, Borg AJ, Sundriyal S, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Bignell E, Demetriades M, Schofield CJ, DiMaggio PA, Brown R, Fuchter MJ. On the Histone Lysine Methyltransferase Activity of Fungal Metabolite Chaetocin. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8616-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny L. Cherblanc
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L. Chapman
- Mechanism
and Functional Screening Facility, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12
ONN, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Reid
- Domainex
Ltd., 162 Cambridge Science
Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GH, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J. Borg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Centre
for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Centre
for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Department
of Chemistry and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department
of Chemistry and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. DiMaggio
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Brown
- Ovarian
Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12
ONN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Valegård K, Iqbal A, Kershaw NJ, Ivison D, Généreux C, Dubus A, Blikstad C, Demetriades M, Hopkinson RJ, Lloyd AJ, Roper DI, Schofield CJ, Andersson I, McDonough MA. Structural and mechanistic studies of the orf12 gene product from the clavulanic acid biosynthesis pathway. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:1567-79. [PMID: 23897479 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Structural and biochemical studies of the orf12 gene product (ORF12) from the clavulanic acid (CA) biosynthesis gene cluster are described. Sequence and crystallographic analyses reveal two domains: a C-terminal penicillin-binding protein (PBP)/β-lactamase-type fold with highest structural similarity to the class A β-lactamases fused to an N-terminal domain with a fold similar to steroid isomerases and polyketide cyclases. The C-terminal domain of ORF12 did not show β-lactamase or PBP activity for the substrates tested, but did show low-level esterase activity towards 3'-O-acetyl cephalosporins and a thioester substrate. Mutagenesis studies imply that Ser173, which is present in a conserved SXXK motif, acts as a nucleophile in catalysis, consistent with studies of related esterases, β-lactamases and D-Ala carboxypeptidases. Structures of wild-type ORF12 and of catalytic residue variants were obtained in complex with and in the absence of clavulanic acid. The role of ORF12 in clavulanic acid biosynthesis is unknown, but it may be involved in the epimerization of (3S,5S)-clavaminic acid to (3R,5R)-clavulanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Valegård
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Chowdhury R, Candela-Lena JI, Chan MC, Greenald DJ, Yeoh KK, Tian YM, McDonough MA, Tumber A, Rose NR, Conejo-Garcia A, Demetriades M, Mathavan S, Kawamura A, Lee MK, van Eeden F, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. Selective small molecule probes for the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1488-96. [PMID: 23683440 DOI: 10.1021/cb400088q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) system is central to the signaling of low oxygen (hypoxia) in animals. The levels of HIF-α isoforms are regulated in an oxygen-dependent manner by the activity of the HIF prolyl-hydroxylases (PHD or EGLN enzymes), which are Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases. Here, we describe biochemical, crystallographic, cellular profiling, and animal studies on PHD inhibitors including selectivity studies using a representative set of human 2OG oxygenases. We identify suitable probe compounds for use in studies on the functional effects of PHD inhibition in cells and in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - José Ignacio Candela-Lena
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Departmento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David Jeremy Greenald
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Min Tian
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Rose
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sinnakaruppan Mathavan
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Freek van Eeden
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Pugh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Ratcliffe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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12
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Bishop T, Talbot NP, Turner PJ, Nicholls LG, Pascual A, Hodson EJ, Douglas G, Fielding JW, Smith TG, Demetriades M, Schofield CJ, Robbins PA, Pugh CW, Buckler KJ, Ratcliffe PJ. Carotid body hyperplasia and enhanced ventilatory responses to hypoxia in mice with heterozygous deficiency of PHD2. J Physiol 2013; 591:3565-77. [PMID: 23690557 PMCID: PMC3731614 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by a set of closely related prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHD1, 2 and 3) regulates a range of transcriptional responses to hypoxia. This raises important questions about the role of these oxygen-sensing enzymes in integrative physiology. We investigated the effect of both genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition on the change in ventilation in response to acute hypoxic stimulation in mice. Mice exposed to chronic hypoxia for 7 days manifest an exaggerated hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) (10.8 ± 0.3 versus 4.1 ± 0.7 ml min−1 g−1 in controls; P < 0.01). HVR was similarly exaggerated in PHD2+/− animals compared to littermate controls (8.4 ± 0.7 versus 5.0 ± 0.8 ml min−1 g−1; P < 0.01). Carotid body volume increased (0.0025 ± 0.00017 in PHD2+/− animals versus 0.0015 ± 0.00019 mm3 in controls; P < 0.01). In contrast, HVR in PHD1−/− and PHD3−/− mice was similar to littermate controls. Acute exposure to a small molecule PHD inhibitor (PHI) (2-(1-chloro-4-hydroxyisoquinoline-3-carboxamido) acetic acid) did not mimic the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Further, 7 day administration of the PHI induced only modest increases in HVR and carotid body cell proliferation, despite marked stimulation of erythropoiesis. This was in contrast with chronic hypoxia, which elicited both exaggerated HVR and cellular proliferation. The findings demonstrate that PHD enzymes modulate ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia and identify PHD2 as the most important enzyme in this response. They also reveal differences between genetic inactivation of PHDs, responses to hypoxia and responses to a pharmacological inhibitor, demonstrating the need for caution in predicting the effects of therapeutic modulation of the HIF hydroxylase system on different physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Bishop
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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13
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Aik W, Demetriades M, Hamdan MKK, Bagg EAL, Yeoh KK, Lejeune C, Zhang Z, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Structural basis for inhibition of the fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3680-8. [PMID: 23547775 DOI: 10.1021/jm400193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) is a potential target for anti-obesity medicines. FTO is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent N-methyl nucleic acid demethylase that acts on substrates including 3-methylthymidine, 3-methyluracil, and 6-methyladenine. To identify FTO inhibitors, we screened a set of 2OG analogues and related compounds using differential scanning fluorometry- and liquid chromatography-based assays. The results revealed sets of both cyclic and acyclic 2OG analogues that are FTO inhibitors. Identified inhibitors include small molecules that have been used in clinical studies for the inhibition of other 2OG oxygenases. Crystallographic analyses reveal inhibition by 2OG cosubstrate or primary substrate competitors as well as compounds that bind across both cosubstrate and primary substrate binding sites. The results will aid the development of more potent and selective FTO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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14
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Leung IKH, Demetriades M, Hardy AP, Lejeune C, Smart TJ, Szöllössi A, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ, Claridge TDW. Reporter ligand NMR screening method for 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:547-55. [PMID: 23234607 DOI: 10.1021/jm301583m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases belong to a family of structurally related enzymes that play important roles in many biological processes. We report that competition-based NMR methods, using 2OG as a reporter ligand, can be used for quantitative and site-specific screening of ligand binding to 2OG oxygenases. The method was demonstrated using hypoxia inducible factor hydroxylases and histone demethylases, and K(D) values were determined for inhibitors that compete with 2OG at the metal center. This technique is also useful as a screening or validation tool for inhibitor discovery, as exemplified by work with protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanhoe K H Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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15
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Yeoh KK, Chan MC, Thalhammer A, Demetriades M, Chowdhury R, Tian YM, Stolze I, McNeill LA, Lee MK, Woon ECY, Mackeen MM, Kawamura A, Ratcliffe PJ, Mecinović J, Schofield CJ. Dual-action inhibitors of HIF prolyl hydroxylases that induce binding of a second iron ion. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:732-745. [PMID: 23151668 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26648b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD or EGLN enzymes) is of interest for the treatment of anemia and ischemia-related diseases. Most PHD inhibitors work by binding to the single ferrous ion and competing with 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) co-substrate for binding at the PHD active site. Non-specific iron chelators also inhibit the PHDs, both in vitro and in cells. We report the identification of dual action PHD inhibitors, which bind to the active site iron and also induce the binding of a second iron ion at the active site. Following analysis of small-molecule iron complexes and application of non-denaturing protein mass spectrometry to assess PHD2·iron·inhibitor stoichiometry, selected diacylhydrazines were identified as PHD2 inhibitors that induce the binding of a second iron ion. Some compounds were shown to inhibit the HIF hydroxylases in human hepatoma and renal carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Thalhammer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Min Tian
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ineke Stolze
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A McNeill
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Centre, Korea Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Yuseong 305-333, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Esther C Y Woon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mukram M Mackeen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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16
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Demetriades M, Leung IKH, Chowdhury R, Chan MC, McDonough MA, Yeoh KK, Tian YM, Claridge TDW, Ratcliffe PJ, Woon ECY, Schofield CJ. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Employing Boronic Acids/Boronate Esters Leads to Potent Oxygenase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Demetriades M, Leung IKH, Chowdhury R, Chan MC, McDonough MA, Yeoh KK, Tian YM, Claridge TDW, Ratcliffe PJ, Woon ECY, Schofield CJ. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Employing Boronic Acids/Boronate Esters Leads to Potent Oxygenase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6672-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Woon ECY, Demetriades M, Bagg EAL, Aik W, Krylova SM, Ma JHY, Chan M, Walport LJ, Wegman DW, Dack KN, McDonough MA, Krylov SN, Schofield CJ. Dynamic combinatorial mass spectrometry leads to inhibitors of a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2173-84. [PMID: 22263962 DOI: 10.1021/jm201417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylases are of biological interest because of their roles in nucleic acid repair and modification. Although some of these enzymes are linked to physiology, their regulatory roles are unclear. Hence, there is a desire to develop selective inhibitors for them; we report studies on AlkB, which reveal it as being amenable to selective inhibition by small molecules. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry linked to mass spectrometric analyses (DCMS) led to the identification of lead compounds, one of which was analyzed by crystallography. Subsequent structure-guided studies led to the identification of inhibitors of improved potency, some of which were shown to be selective over two other 2OG oxygenases. The work further validates the use of the DCMS method and will help to enable the development of inhibitors of nucleic acid modifying 2OG oxygenases both for use as functional probes and, in the longer term, for potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C Y Woon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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19
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Eleftheriou A, Demetriades M, Kokkinos K, Eleftheriou P. A comparative analysis across the globe: blood transfusion therapy in thalassaemia major. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2008.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Davis JW, Demetriades M, Bowen JM. Immune chromatography: a quantitative radioimmunological assay. J Immunol Methods 1984; 68:157-65. [PMID: 6707476 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immune chromatography, a radioimmunological binding assay, employs paper chromatography to separate immune complexes from free antigen and antibodies. During chromatography free antigen and antibodies become distributed throughout the paper, while immune complexes remain near the bottoms of the strips. The chromatographic differences can be made quantitative by using either iodinated antigens or antibodies. Under these conditions nanogram quantities of antigen can be detected or antibodies in sera diluted several 1000-fold. The immune chromatography assay can also be performed as an indirect assay, since the paper strips are cut from nitrocellulose paper. In this case the immune components are absorbed by the paper during chromatography. Antigen is then detected with an iodinated second antibody. The indirect immune chromatography assay is particularly useful for identifying different sera that react with the same antigen. Reaction with the first serum before chromatography reduces the amount of antigen available to the second serum following chromatography. In addition to characterizing the immune chromatography procedure, we discuss the possible applications of chromatography assays for the quantitation of other types of molecular binding interactions.
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21
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Meyn RE, Corry PM, Fletcher SE, Demetriades M. Thermal enhancement of DNA damage in mammalian cells treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Cancer Res 1980; 40:1136-9. [PMID: 7188882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) were shown to be strongly potentiated by hyperthermia. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this potentiation were investigated by assaying the degree of DNA cross-linking produced under the different drug treatment conditions by the technique of alkaline elution. The results showed that the cells treated with the drug at 43 degrees had a greater amount of DNA cross-linking immediately after treatment than did cells treated with the drug at 37 degrees, indicating a possible thermal enhancement of drug uptake by the cells. Whereas the hyperthermia potentiated the cytotoxicity of cis-DDP by a factor of nearly 10, the degree of DNA cross-linking was only enhanced by a factor of 6.5, suggesting that while a large portion of the enhanced cytotoxicity may be attributed to the increased cross-linking other factors may also play some role. The possible influence of hyperthermia on the repair of the DNA damage induced by cis-DDP was investigated; however, no significant differnence in the rate of disappearance of cross-links between cells treated at 37 or 43 degrees was observed. Advantageous combination of chemotherapy with cis-DDP and hyperthemia for the treatment of cancer is implied by these results.
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22
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Meyn RE, Corry PM, Fletcher SE, Demetriades M. Thermal enhancement of DNA strand breakage in mammalian cells treated with bleomycin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979; 5:1487-9. [PMID: 94047 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(79)90755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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