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McMurray F, Demetriades M, Aik W, Merkestein M, Kramer H, Andrew DS, Scudamore CL, Hough TA, Wells S, Ashcroft FM, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ, Cox RD. Pharmacological inhibition of FTO. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121829. [PMID: 25830347 PMCID: PMC4382163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, a genome wide association study identified a SNP in intron one of the gene encoding human FTO that was associated with increased body mass index. Homozygous risk allele carriers are on average three kg heavier than those homozygous for the protective allele. FTO is a DNA/RNA demethylase, however, how this function affects body weight, if at all, is unknown. Here we aimed to pharmacologically inhibit FTO to examine the effect of its demethylase function in vitro and in vivo as a first step in evaluating the therapeutic potential of FTO. We showed that IOX3, a known inhibitor of the HIF prolyl hydroxylases, decreased protein expression of FTO (in C2C12 cells) and reduced maximal respiration rate in vitro. However, FTO protein levels were not significantly altered by treatment of mice with IOX3 at 60 mg/kg every two days. This treatment did not affect body weight, or RER, but did significantly reduce bone mineral density and content and alter adipose tissue distribution. Future compounds designed to selectively inhibit FTO’s demethylase activity could be therapeutically useful for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McMurray
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Demetriades
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Myrte Merkestein
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Kramer
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S. Andrew
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L. Scudamore
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Campus, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
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Horita S, Scotti JS, Thinnes C, Mottaghi-Taromsari YS, Thalhammer A, Ge W, Aik W, Loenarz C, Schofield CJ, McDonough MA. Structure of the ribosomal oxygenase OGFOD1 provides insights into the regio- and stereoselectivity of prolyl hydroxylases. Structure 2015; 23:639-52. [PMID: 25728928 PMCID: PMC4396695 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational ribosomal protein hydroxylation is catalyzed by 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and ferrous iron dependent oxygenases, and occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. OGFOD1 catalyzes trans-3 prolyl hydroxylation at Pro62 of the small ribosomal subunit protein uS12 (RPS23) and is conserved from yeasts to humans. We describe crystal structures of the human uS12 prolyl 3-hydroxylase (OGFOD1) and its homolog from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Tpa1p): OGFOD1 in complex with the broad-spectrum 2OG oxygenase inhibitors; N-oxalylglycine (NOG) and pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate (2,4-PDCA) to 2.1 and 2.6 Å resolution, respectively; and Tpa1p in complex with NOG, 2,4-PDCA, and 1-chloro-4-hydroxyisoquinoline-3-carbonylglycine (a more selective prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor) to 2.8, 1.9, and 1.9 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of uS12 hydroxylase structures with those of other prolyl hydroxylases, including the human hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), reveals differences between the prolyl 3- and prolyl 4-hydroxylase active sites, which can be exploited for developing selective inhibitors of the different subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Horita
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - John S Scotti
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Cyrille Thinnes
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yousef S Mottaghi-Taromsari
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Armin Thalhammer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wei Ge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christoph Loenarz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Michael A McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Xu C, Liu K, Tempel W, Demetriades M, Aik W, Schofield CJ, Min J. Structures of human ALKBH5 demethylase reveal a unique binding mode for specific single-stranded N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17299-311. [PMID: 24778178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N(6)-Methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most prevalent internal RNA modification in eukaryotes. ALKBH5 belongs to the AlkB family of dioxygenases and has been shown to specifically demethylate m(6)A in single-stranded RNA. Here we report crystal structures of ALKBH5 in the presence of either its cofactors or the ALKBH5 inhibitor citrate. Catalytic assays demonstrate that the ALKBH5 catalytic domain can demethylate both single-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA. We identify the TCA cycle intermediate citrate as a modest inhibitor of ALKHB5 (IC50, ∼488 μm). The structural analysis reveals that a loop region of ALKBH5 is immobilized by a disulfide bond that apparently excludes the binding of dsDNA to ALKBH5. We identify the m(6)A binding pocket of ALKBH5 and the key residues involved in m(6)A recognition using mutagenesis and ITC binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ke Liu
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, From the Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marina Demetriades
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - WeiShen Aik
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- the Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, and
| | - Jinrong Min
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, From the Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Hopkinson RJ, Tumber A, Yapp C, Chowdhury R, Aik W, Che KH, Li XS, Kristensen JBL, King ONF, Chan MC, Yeoh KK, Choi H, Walport LJ, Thinnes CC, Bush JT, Lejeune C, Rydzik AM, Rose NR, Bagg EA, McDonough MA, Krojer T, Yue WW, Ng SS, Olsen L, Brennan PE, Oppermann U, Muller-Knapp S, Klose RJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ, Kawamura A. 5-Carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline is a Broad Spectrum 2-Oxoglutarate Oxygenase Inhibitor which Causes Iron Translocation. Chem Sci 2013; 4:3110-3117. [PMID: 26682036 PMCID: PMC4678600 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate and iron dependent oxygenases are therapeutic targets for human diseases. Using a representative 2OG oxygenase panel, we compare the inhibitory activities of 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (IOX1) and 4-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (4C8HQ) with that of two other commonly used 2OG oxygenase inhibitors, N-oxalylglycine (NOG) and 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA). The results reveal that IOX1 has a broad spectrum of activity, as demonstrated by the inhibition of transcription factor hydroxylases, representatives of all 2OG dependent histone demethylase subfamilies, nucleic acid demethylases and γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Cellular assays show that, unlike NOG and 2,4-PDCA, IOX1 is active against both cytosolic and nuclear 2OG oxygenases without ester derivatisation. Unexpectedly, crystallographic studies on these oxygenases demonstrate that IOX1, but not 4C8HQ, can cause translocation of the active site metal, revealing a rare example of protein ligand-induced metal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Hopkinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - WeiShen Aik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ka Hing Che
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Botnar Research Centre, Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
| | - Xuan Shirley Li
- Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Function Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jan B. L. Kristensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver N. F. King
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
| | - Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
| | - Hwanho Choi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Louise J. Walport
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Cyrille C. Thinnes
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jacob T. Bush
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Clarisse Lejeune
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Anna M. Rydzik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nathan R. Rose
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Function Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Eleanor A. Bagg
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Stanley S. Ng
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Botnar Research Centre, Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
| | | | - Robert J. Klose
- Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Function Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Peter J. Ratcliffe
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
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