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Gross S, Danielyan L, Buechler C, Kubitza M, Klein K, Schwab M, Melter M, Weiss TS. Hepatic Amyloid Beta-42-Metabolizing Proteins in Liver Steatosis and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8768. [PMID: 39201455 PMCID: PMC11354580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and, more recently, has been shown to protect against liver fibrosis. Therefore, we studied Aβ-42 levels and the expression of genes involved in the generation, degradation, and transport of Aβ proteins in liver samples from patients at different stages of metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD) and under steatotic conditions in vitro/in vivo. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), key Aβ-metabolizing proteins, and Aβ-42 were analyzed using RT-PCR, Western blotting, Luminex analysis in steatotic in vitro and fatty liver mouse models, and TaqMan qRT-PCR analysis in hepatic samples from patients with MASLD. Hepatocytes loaded with palmitic acid induced APP, presenilin, and neprilysin (NEP) expression, which was reversed by oleic acid. Increased APP and NEP, decreased BACE1, and unchanged Aβ-42 protein levels were found in the steatotic mouse liver compared to the normal liver. Aβ-42 concentrations were low in MASLD samples of patients with moderate to severe fibrosis compared to the livers of patients with mild or no MASLD. Consistent with the reduced Aβ-42 levels, the mRNA expression of proteins involved in APP degradation (ADAM9/10/17, BACE2) and Aβ-42 cleavage (MMP2/7/9, ACE) was increased. In the steatotic liver, the expression of APP- and Aβ-metabolizing proteins is increased, most likely related to oxidative stress, but does not affect hepatic Aβ-42 levels. Consistent with our previous findings, low Aβ-42 levels in patients with liver fibrosis appear to be caused by the reduced production and enhanced non-amyloidogenic processing of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gross
- Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kubitza
- Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Melter
- Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Liver Cell Research, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Zhang YD, Ma C, Zheng KW, Han SQ, Ha W, Shi YP. Direct and Rapid Visualization of the Spatial Distribution of Cholesterol in Alzheimer's and Cancer Tissue via MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1756-1767. [PMID: 39001840 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital component of the central nervous system and tissues, and understanding its spatial distribution is crucial for biology, pathophysiology, and diagnostics. However, direct imaging of cholesterol using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) remains challenging and time-consuming due to the difficulty in ionizing the sterol molecule. To tackle this issue, a MALDI-MSI method is established for direct and rapid analysis of the spatial distribution of cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease (AD), different cancer tissues and organs via MALDI-MSI. This excellent imaging performance depends on the study and systemic optimization of various conditions that affect the imaging of MALDI-MSI. In this case, we report the distribution and levels of cholesterol across specific structures of the AD mouse brain and different tumor tissue and organs. According to the results, the content of cholesterol in the AD mouse cerebellum, especially in the arborvitae, was significantly higher than that in the wild type (WT) model. Furthermore, we successfully visualize the distribution of cholesterol in other organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, as well as tumor tissues parenchyma and interstitium using MALDI-MSI. Notably, the attribution of cholesterol MS/MS hydrocarbon fragments was systematically investigated. Our presented optimization strategy and established MALDI-MSI method can be easily generalized for different animal tissues or live samples, thereby facilitating the potential for applications of MALDI-MSI in clinical, medical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chen Ma
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Evidence Science Techniques Research and Application, Gansu University of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Wen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Si-Qi Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Maleysm S, Pareek A, Jain V, Pareek A, Kaur R, Singh G. An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051398. [PMID: 37239068 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aβ and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aβ- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushmita Maleysm
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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4
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Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054354. [PMID: 36901787 PMCID: PMC10001958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and environmental factors, AD is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, defined as the combination of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these risk factors, the connection between AD and T2DM has been deeply studied. It has been suggested that the mechanism linking both conditions is insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone that regulates not only peripheral energy homeostasis but also brain functions, such as cognition. Insulin desensitization, therefore, could impact normal brain function increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that decreased neuronal insulin signalling can also have a protective role in aging and protein-aggregation-associated diseases, as is the case in AD. This controversy is fed by studies focused on neuronal insulin signalling. However, the role of insulin action on other brain cell types, such as astrocytes, is still unexplored. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the involvement of the astrocytic insulin receptor in cognition, as well as in the onset and/or development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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5
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Rudajev V, Novotny J. Cholesterol as a key player in amyloid β-mediated toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937056. [PMID: 36090253 PMCID: PMC9453481 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is one of the most devastating and widespread diseases worldwide, mainly affecting the aging population. One of the key factors contributing to AD-related neurotoxicity is the production and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ). Many studies have shown the ability of Aβ to bind to the cell membrane and disrupt its structure, leading to cell death. Because amyloid damage affects different parts of the brain differently, it seems likely that not only Aβ but also the nature of the membrane interface with which the amyloid interacts, helps determine the final neurotoxic effect. Because cholesterol is the dominant component of the plasma membrane, it plays an important role in Aβ-induced toxicity. Elevated cholesterol levels and their regulation by statins have been shown to be important factors influencing the progression of neurodegeneration. However, data from many studies have shown that cholesterol has both neuroprotective and aggravating effects in relation to the development of AD. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent findings on the role of cholesterol in Aβ toxicity mediated by membrane binding in the pathogenesis of AD and to consider it in the broader context of the lipid composition of cell membranes.
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Zubillaga M, Rosa D, Astiz M, Tricerri MA, Arnal N. Effect of Sublethal Copper Overload on Cholesterol De Novo Synthesis in Undifferentiated Neuronal Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25022-25030. [PMID: 35910134 PMCID: PMC9330139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal for cells, it can induce harmful effects as it participates in the Fenton reaction. Involuntary exposure to Cu overload is much more common than expected and has been linked with neurodegeneration, particularly with Alzheimer's disease (AD) evidenced by a positive correlation between free Cu in plasma and the severity of the disease. It has been suggested that Cu imbalance alters cholesterol (Chol) homeostasis and that high membrane Chol promotes the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) secreting the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Despite the wide knowledge on the effects of Cu in mature brain metabolism, the consequence of its overload on immature neurons remains unknown. Therefore, we used an undifferentiated human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) to analyze the effect of sublethal concentrations of Cu on 1- de novo Chol synthesis and membrane distribution; 2-APP levels in cells and its distribution in membrane rafts; 3-the levels of Aβ in the culture medium. Our results demonstrated that Cu increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favors Chol de novo synthesis in both ROS-dependent and independent manners. Also, at least part of these effects was due to the activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). In addition, Cu increases the Chol/PL ratio in the cellular membranes, specifically Chol content in membrane rafts. We found no changes in total APP cell levels; however, its presence in membrane rafts increases with the consequent increase of Aβ in the culture medium. We conclude that Cu overload favors Chol de novo synthesis in both ROS-dependent and independent manners, being at least in part, responsible for the high Chol levels found in the cell membrane and membrane rafts. These may promote the redistribution of APP into the rafts, favoring the amyloidogenic processing of this protein and increasing the levels of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Zubillaga
- Laboratorio
de Neurociencia, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de
La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET (Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)—UNLP
(Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Calle 60 y 120, CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diana Rosa
- Laboratorio
de Nutrición Mineral, Fac. Cs Veterinarias, UNLP (Universidad Nacional de La Plata). Calle 60 CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Astiz
- Institute
of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M. Alejandra Tricerri
- Laboratorio
de Neurociencia, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de
La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET (Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)—UNLP
(Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Calle 60 y 120, CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nathalie Arnal
- Laboratorio
de Neurociencia, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de
La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET (Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)—UNLP
(Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Calle 60 y 120, CP 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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7
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Cholesterol and its reciprocal association with prion infection. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:235-246. [PMID: 35821439 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are incurable, infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect both humans and animals. The pathogenesis of prion disease involves the misfolding of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, to a disease-causing conformation, PrPSc, in the brain. The exact mechanism of conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is not clear; however, there are numerous studies supporting that this process of misfolding requires the association of PrPC with lipid raft domains of the plasma membrane. An increase in the cellular cholesterol content with prion infection has been observed in both in vivo and in vitro studies. As cholesterol is critical for the formation of lipid rafts, on the one hand, this increase may be related to, or aiding in, the process of prion conversion. On the other hand, increased cholesterol levels may affect neuronal viability. Here, we discuss current literature on the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of elevated neuronal cholesterol in prion infection and advancements in prion disease therapeutics targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis.
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Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Fábrias G, Casas J, Wandosell F. Diets with Higher ω-6/ω-3 Ratios Show Differences in Ceramides and Fatty Acid Levels Accompanied by Increased Amyloid-Beta in the Brains of Male APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010907. [PMID: 34681567 PMCID: PMC8535881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaque formation as a consequence of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregation constitutes one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This pathology is characterized by synaptic alterations and cognitive impairment. In order to either prevent or revert it, different therapeutic approaches have been proposed, and some of them are focused on diet modification. Modification of the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids (FA) ratio in diets has been proven to affect Aβ production and senile plaque formation in the hippocampus and cortex of female transgenic (TG) mice. In these diets, linoleic acid is the main contribution of ω-6 FA, whereas alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are the contributors of ω-3 FA. In the present work, we have explored the effect of ω-6/ω-3 ratio modifications in the diets of male double-transgenic APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (AD model) and wild-type mice (WT). Amyloid burden in the hippocampus increased in parallel with the increase in dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratio in TG male mice. In addition, there was a modification in the brain lipid profile proportional to the ω-6/ω-3 ratio of the diet. In particular, the higher the ω-6/ω-3 ratio, the lower the ceramides and higher the FAs, particularly docosatetraenoic acid. Modifications to the cortex lipid profile was mostly similar between TG and WT mice, except for gangliosides (higher levels in TG mice) and some ceramide species (lower levels in TG mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ordóñez-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fábrias
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), 080034 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Josefina Casas
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), 080034 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-196-4561
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9
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Wahid RM, Samy W, El-Sayed SF. Cognitive impairment in obese rat model: role of glial cells. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2191-2196. [PMID: 34140627 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide problem. Some studies revealed that it leads to deterioration of the cognitive function, regardless of age. AIM OF THE STUDY explore the effect of obesity on cognitive function in a rat model of obesity highlighting the role of glial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS twenty adult male albino rats were assigned to two groups: group I: consumed normal diet, group II: consumed high-fat diet. Body Mass Index (BMI), serum glucose, insulin, HOMA IR and lipid profile were measured. Also, hippocampal expression of Brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), synapsin, Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba), nuclear factor erythroid -related factor 2 (Nrf2), Myelin basic protein (Mbp) were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Morris Water Maze is a test used to assess spatial learning and memory capacities of rats. RESULTS There was a high significant increase in lipid profile, serum glucose, insulin serum levels and HOMA-IR in obese groups with impaired Morris water maze performance compared to control group. There was a significant downregulation in hippocampal Bdnf and synapsin mRNA expression. In addition to decrease in Mbp mRNA expression (P < 0.001). This could be explained by oxidative stress through significant downregulation of Nrf2 mRNA, and inflammation observed in significant upregulation Iba mRNA gene expression in the obese group. CONCLUSION Many factors contribute to obesity associated cognitive impairment. In our study, we figured out the crucial roles of glial cells including microglial activation and oligodendrocytes affection with other underlying mechanisms including oxidative stress and hippocampal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Wahid
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Samy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sherein F El-Sayed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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Maciejewska K, Czarnecka K, Szymański P. A review of the mechanisms underlying selected comorbidities in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1565-1581. [PMID: 34121170 PMCID: PMC8599320 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to mental deterioration and devastation, and eventually a fatal outcome. AD affects mostly the elderly. AD is frequently accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, and these are significant risk factors of AD. Other conditions triggered by the progression of AD include psychosis, sleep disorders, epilepsy, and depression. One important comorbidity is Down’s syndrome, which directly contributes to the severity and rapid progression of AD. The development of new therapeutic strategies for AD includes the repurposing of drugs currently used for the treatment of comorbidities. A better understanding of the influence of comorbidities on the pathogenesis of AD, and the medications used in its treatment, might allow better control of disease progression, and more effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Samant NP, Gupta GL. Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:673-686. [PMID: 32852876 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. Aβ plaques and tauopathy are two major concerns associated with AD. Moreover, excessive Aβ accumulation can lead to other nonspecific metabolic brain abnormalities. There are various genetic, environmental, and other risk factors associated with AD. Identification of risk factors and its mechanisms by which these factors impart role in AD pathology would be helpful for the prevention of AD progression. Altered cholesterol homeostasis could be considered as a risk factor for AD progression. Brain cholesterol dysmetabolism is recognized as one of the crucial attributes for AD that affect major hallmarks of AD including neurodegeneration. To fill the gap between altered cholesterol levels in the brain and AD, the researchers started focusing on statins as re-purposing drugs for AD treatment. The various other hypothesis has been suggested due to a lack of beneficial results of statins in clinical trials, such as reduced brain cholesterol could underlie poor cognition. Unfortunately, it is still unclear, whether an increase or decrease in brain cholesterol levels responsible for Alzheimer's disease or not. Presently, scientists believed that managing the level of cholesterol in the brain may help as an alternative treatment strategy for AD. In this review, we focused on the therapeutic strategies for AD by targeting brain cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Patil Samant
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Taechnology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Taechnology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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12
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Roda AR, Montoliu-Gaya L, Villegas S. The Role of Apolipoprotein E Isoforms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:459-471. [PMID: 30775980 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia worldwide, is characterized by high levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Genetically, the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been established as the major risk factor for developing late-onset AD (LOAD), the most common form of the disease. Although the role ApoE plays in AD is still not completely understood, a differential role of its isoforms has long been known. The current review compiles the involvement of ApoE isoforms in amyloid-β protein precursor transcription, Aβ aggregation and clearance, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Due to the complexity of LOAD, an accurate description of the interdependence among all the related molecular mechanisms involved in the disease is needed for developing successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Roda
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Effect of Combined Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Therapies on Cognitive Function: A New Treatment Strategy? Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:1484357. [PMID: 32351732 PMCID: PMC7178519 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1484357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are associated with cognitive decline. However, there is still no clear evidence that the use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy can prevent or delay cognitive decline or development of dementia. To provide a reference for clinical treatment, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction induced by hypertension and hyperlipidemia, the clinical research and controversy of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapies on cognitive function, and the clinical value of combined antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. It is currently believed that hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol levels in middle-aged people may be related to cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly. Some studies suggest that intensive antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapies are better than standard antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy, yet further tests are needed to confirm their effects on cognitive function. Actively controlling potential risk factors from middle age may be important for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention.
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14
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Xuan K, Zhao T, Qu G, Liu H, Chen X, Sun Y. The efficacy of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1391-1404. [PMID: 31930449 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common type of dementia, which has caused heavy global economic and health burden, and the using of statins to treat AD has caused widely debated. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to explore the effect of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Studies were retrieved by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, OvisdSP, Web of Science, Chinese Nation Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) databases before March 31, 2019. We extracted the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-Cog), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale score, and other information. The pooled Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated with random effect model or fixed random effect model. RESULTS A total of nine randomized controlled trials were included that contained 1489 patients; of them, 742 patients in the statins group, 747 patients in the control group. There were nine studies used the MMSE scale, five studies used the ADAS-Cog scale, four studies used the NPI scale, and six studies used the ADL scale. Meta-analysis of the nine studies that reported the MMSE scale scores indicated that there is no significant effect of statins as compared with control group (the pooled WMD = 1.09, 95% CI, - 0.00, 2.18, p = 0.05, I2 = 87.9%). Meta-analysis of the five studies that reported the ADAS-Cog scale scores also indicated that there is no significant effect of statins as compared with control group (the pooled WMD = - 0.16, 95% CI, - 2.67, 2.36, p = 0.90, I2 = 80.1%). Meta-analysis of the four studies that reported the NPI scale scores indicated that treatment with statins could slow the rise in the NPI scale scores (the pooled WMD = - 1.16, 95% CI, - 1.88, - 0.44, p = 0.002, I2 = 45.4%). Meta-analysis of the six studies that reported the ADL scale scores indicated that treatment with statins could improve patients' daily living ability (the pooled WMD = - 4.06, 95% CI, - 6.88, - 1.24, p = 0.005, I2 = 86.7%). Results of subgroup analysis indicated that the use of statins in the short term (≤ 12 months) associated with the change of the MMSE scale scores (the pooled WMD = 1.78, 95% CI, 0.53, 3.04, p = 0.005, I2 = 79.6%). Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test were both negative, and the results were relatively reliable and stable. CONCLUSION Statins used in AD patients had beneficial effects on the scores of MMSE scale in the short term (≤ 12 months), and statins could slow the deterioration of neuropsychiatric status and significantly improve activities of daily living ability in AD patients, but statins did not show an advantage in the change of the ADAS-Cog scale scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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15
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Herrera JL, Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Fabrias G, Casas J, Morales A, Hernandez G, Acosta NG, Rodriguez C, Prieto-Valiente L, Garcia-Segura LM, Wandosell FG, Alonso R. Ovarian Hormone-Dependent Effects of Dietary Lipids on APP/PS1 Mouse Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:346. [PMID: 31920626 PMCID: PMC6930904 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of senile plaques through amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregation is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Irrespective of its actual role in the synaptic alterations and cognitive impairment associated with AD, different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to reduce plaque formation. In rodents, daily intake of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is required for neural development, and there is experimental and epidemiological evidence that their inclusion in the diet has positive effects on several neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, estradiol appears to reduce senile plaque formation in primary mouse cell cultures, human cortical neurons and mouse AD models, and it prevents Aβ toxicity in neural cell lines. We previously showed that differences in dietary n-6/n-3 LC-PUFAs ratios modify the lipid composition in the cerebral cortex of female mice and the levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain. These effects depended in part on the presence of circulating estradiol. Here we explored whether this potentially synergistic action between diet and ovarian hormones may influence the progression of amyloidosis in an AD mouse model. Our results show that a diet with high n-3 LC-PUFA content, especially DHA (22:6n-3), reduces the hippocampal accumulation of Aβ1–40, but not amyloid Aβ1–42 in female APPswe/PS1 E9A mice, an effect that was counteracted by the loss of the ovaries and that depended on circulating estradiol. In addition, this interaction between dietary lipids and ovarian function also affects the composition of the brain lipidome as well as the expression of certain neuronal signaling and synaptic proteins. These findings provide new insights into how ovarian hormones and dietary composition affect the brain lipidome and amyloid burden. Furthermore, they strongly suggest that when designing dietary or pharmacological strategies to combat human neurodegenerative diseases, hormonal and metabolic status should be specifically taken into consideration as it may affect the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Guadalberto Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Nieves G Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco G Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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16
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Silva MVF, Loures CDMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:33. [PMID: 31072403 PMCID: PMC6507104 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and typically manifests through a progressive loss of episodic memory and cognitive function, subsequently causing language and visuospatial skills deficiencies, which are often accompanied by behavioral disorders such as apathy, aggressiveness and depression. The presence of extracellular plaques of insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau) in the neuronal cytoplasm is a remarkable pathophysiological cause in patients' brains. Approximately 70% of the risk of developing AD can be attributed to genetics. However, acquired factors such as cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia increase the risk of AD development. The aim of the present minireview was to summarize the pathophysiological mechanism and the main risk factors for AD. As a complement, some protective factors associated with a lower risk of disease incidence, such as cognitive reserve, physical activity and diet will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Cristina de Mello Gomide Loures
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luan Carlos Vieira Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes Borges
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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17
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Leiteritz A, Schmiedl T, Baumanns S, Wenzel U. Amyloid-beta induced paralysis is reduced by cholecalciferol through inhibition of the steroid-signaling pathway in an Alzheimer model of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:82-89. [PMID: 30905309 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1596371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the accumulation of toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates in the human brain. Epidemiological studies have shown that elevated cholesterol plasma levels are associated with the development of AD and we have previously shown that cholesterol restriction reduces the Aβ-induced paralysis in an Alzheimer model of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In the present study we investigated the effects of the cholesterol homolog cholecalciferol, i.e. vitamin D, on Aβ-induced paralysis in C. elegans and its interference with the steroid-signaling pathway. Methods: Aβ-induced paralysis was assessed in the C. elegans strain CL2006, expressing human Aβ1-42 under control of a muscle-specific promoter. Knockdown of members of the steroid-signaling pathway was achieved by RNA interference (RNAi). Nuclear translocation of foxo transcription factor DAF-16 was visualized using the strain TJ356, carrying a daf-16::gfp transgene. Results: Cholecalciferol at a concentration of 1 µM reduced the Aβ-induced paralysis in CL2006 significantly, which was reverted by increasing the cholesterol concentration in the medium. Knockdown of nhr-8, daf-36, daf-9 or daf-12, all reduced Aβ-induced paralysis to the same extent as cholecalciferol with no additional or synergistic effects under co-application. Functional DAF-16 proved to be crucial for the effects of cholecalciferol and DAF-16 nuclear translocation was increased by cholecalciferol and also RNAi versus nhr-8, daf-36, daf-9 or daf-12 with no additive or synergistic effects. Conclusions: Our results suggest, that cholecalciferol inhibits Aβ-induced paralysis in C. elegans through inhibition of steroid-signaling and the concomitant nuclear translocation of DAF-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leiteritz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tommy Schmiedl
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumanns
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Barth A, Vogt AG, Dos Reis AS, Pinz MP, Krüger R, Domingues WB, Alves D, Campos VF, Pinton S, Paroul N, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. 7-Chloro-4-(Phenylselanyl) Quinoline with Memory Enhancer Action in Aging Rats: Modulation of Neuroplasticity, Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Cholesterol Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6398-6408. [PMID: 30805835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline (4-PSQ) to restore the cognitive impairment caused by aging in male Wistar rats. Moreover, modulation of neuroplasticity markers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and cholesterol levels was performed. Aged rats were intragastrically treated with 4-PSQ (5 mg/kg) for 7 days. Animals were tested in behavioral tasks, and then plasma (to determine cholesterol levels), hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (to determine neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialyltransferase (PST) levels, and AChE activity) were removed. Our findings demonstrated that treatment of aged rats with 4-PSQ restored short-term and long-term memories in the object recognition tests. 4-PSQ treatment did not restore exploratory activity (rearings) but partially restored locomotor activity (crossings) reduced by aging in the open-field test. Moreover, the compound restored the reduction in the NCAM and PST levels, and AChE activity in cerebral structures, as well as the increase in the plasma cholesterol levels, caused by aging in rats. In conclusion, 4-PSQ restored cognitive impairment caused by aging in rats by modulating synaptic plasticity, cholinergic system, and cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Barth
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ane G Vogt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica S Dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mikaela P Pinz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta Krüger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - William B Domingues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Campos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia de Eucariontes, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Natália Paroul
- Universidade Regional Integrada, Campus Erechim, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Ethel A Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Campus Capão do Leão, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil. .,Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Campus Capão do Leão, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
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19
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Wang W, Yang W, Shen Z, Wen S, Hu M. The Dose-Response Effect of Lycopene on Cerebral Vessel and Neuron Impairment Induced by Hyperlipidemia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13173-13182. [PMID: 30474364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To study the dose-response effect of lycopene on vessel and neuron damage in the brain against hyperlipidemia, rats were fed with hypercholesterolemic feed and treated with lycopene orally by gavage at the dose of 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, and 105, 125 mg/kg/bw-1/d-1. At the end of the fourth week, lycopene doses and serum lycopene concentration showed an inverse U-shape curve. Serum lycopene concentration was negatively correlated with the levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, as well as the cerebral LDL-C, VEGF, and VCAM-1. Serum lycopene concentration was positively correlated with the expression of Claudin-5 and the number of neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3. Lycopene could also reduce the pathologic change of these areas. These results suggested an inverse U-shape relation between dose and serum concentration of lycopene, and intermediate doses were most effective to protect cerebral vessels and neurons from being damaged by hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410078 , China
| | - Weichun Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410078 , China
| | - Ziyi Shen
- Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha 410013 , China
| | - Sixian Wen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410078 , China
| | - Minyu Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410078 , China
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20
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Sathya M, Moorthi P, Premkumar P, Kandasamy M, Jayachandran KS, Anusuyadevi M. Resveratrol Intervenes Cholesterol- and Isoprenoid-Mediated Amyloidogenic Processing of AβPP in Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S3-S23. [PMID: 28059793 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of cholesterol metabolism has recently been a frontier subject of investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) primes the pathological cascade, changes in cholesterol levels and its intermediates, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, is expected to have a different consequence on AβPP processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) generation. However, the use of statins (HMG-COA reductase inhibitor) has been widely implicated in slowing down the pathogenic progression of AD, while the epidemiological reports on its biological effect remains controversial. Considering this fact, the choice of drug that could maintain cholesterol homeostasis without altering its biosynthesis may yield a better therapeutic efficacy on AD. Thus, the present study focused on determining the influence of cholesterol and isoprenoids on amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, in addition to resveratrol as a potent therapeutic drug in CHO-APPswe cell lines. High levels of cholesterol were found to enhance the maturation of AβPP and altered the expression and subcellular localization of ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1 thereby promoting Aβ generation, whereas high isoprenoids increased both maturation as well as amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, which was evident through β-CTF production. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol maintained cholesterol homeostasis and reduced the amyloidogenic burden through its ability to enhance SIRT1 expression and thereby regulating differential expression of AD determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sathya
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ponnusamy Moorthi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Premkumar
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- UGC-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), University Grant Commission, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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21
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Picard C, Julien C, Frappier J, Miron J, Théroux L, Dea D, Breitner JCS, Poirier J. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism-related genes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 66:180.e1-180.e9. [PMID: 29503034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several cholesterol metabolism-related genes as top risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We hypothesized that specific genetic variants could act as disease-modifying factors by altering the expression of those genes. Targeted association studies were conducted with available genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data from 3 independent cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the Quebec Founder Population (QFP), and the United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC). First, a total of 273 polymorphisms located in 17 cholesterol metabolism-related loci were screened for associations with cerebrospinal fluid LOAD biomarkers beta amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and tau (from the ADNI) and with amyloid plaque and tangle densities (from the QFP). Top polymorphisms were then contrasted with gene expression levels measured in 134 autopsied healthy brains (from the UKBEC). In the end, only SREBF2 polymorphism rs2269657 showed significant dual associations with LOAD pathological biomarkers and gene expression levels. Furthermore, SREBF2 expression levels measured in LOAD frontal cortices inversely correlated with age at death; suggesting a possible influence on survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Picard
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cédric Julien
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin Miron
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John C S Breitner
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review In this review, we summarise the evidence on the association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cognitive impairment and explore the role of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway as a causal mechanism. Recent Findings Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the presence of CVD and its risk factors in midlife is associated with an increased risk of later life cognitive impairment and dementia. It is unclear what is driving this association but risk may be conveyed via an increase in neurodegeneration (e.g. amyloid deposition), vascular changes (e.g. small vessel disease) and mechanistically due to increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as changes in NO bioavailability. Summary CVDs and dementia are major challenges to global health worldwide. The NO pathway may be a promising biological candidate for future studies focused on reducing not only CVD but also risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
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23
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Spielberg JM, Sadeh N, Leritz EC, McGlinchey RE, Milberg WP, Hayes JP, Salat DH. Higher serum cholesterol is associated with intensified age-related neural network decoupling and cognitive decline in early- to mid-life. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3249-3261. [PMID: 28370780 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that serum cholesterol and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease intensify normative trajectories of age-related cognitive decline. However, the neural mechanisms by which this occurs remain largely unknown. To understand the impact of cholesterol on brain networks, we applied graph theory to resting-state fMRI in a large sample of early- to mid-life Veterans (N = 206, Meanage = 32). A network emerged (centered on the banks of the superior temporal sulcus) that evidenced age-related decoupling (i.e., decreased network connectivity with age), but only in participants with clinically-elevated total cholesterol (≥180 mg/dL). Crucially, decoupling in this network corresponded to greater day-to-day disability and mediated age-related declines in psychomotor speed. Finally, examination of network organization revealed a pattern of age-related dedifferentiation for the banks of the superior temporal sulcus, again present only with higher cholesterol. More specifically, age was related to decreasing within-module communication (indexed by Within-Module Degree Z-Score) and increasing between-module communication (indexed by Participation Coefficient), but only in participants with clinically-elevated cholesterol. Follow-up analyses indicated that all findings were driven by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, rather than high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or triglycerides, which is interesting as LDL levels have been linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, whereas HDL levels appear inversely related to such disease. These findings provide novel insight into the deleterious effects of cholesterol on brain health and suggest that cholesterol accelerates the impact of age on neural trajectories by disrupting connectivity in circuits implicated in integrative processes and behavioral control. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3249-3261, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spielberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130
| | - Naomi Sadeh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130
| | - Elizabeth C Leritz
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center & Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Regina E McGlinchey
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center & Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - William P Milberg
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center & Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
| | - Jasmeet P Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130
| | - David H Salat
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center & Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02129
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24
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Differential associations between systemic markers of disease and cortical thickness in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Neuroimage 2016; 146:19-27. [PMID: 27847345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from cortical damage associated with age, cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, it's an outstanding question if factors of global health, including normal variation in blood markers of metabolic and systemic function, may also be associated with individual variation in brain structure. This cross-sectional study included 138 individuals between 40 to 86 years old who were physically healthy and cognitively intact. Eleven markers (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, insulin, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, total protein) and five derived indicators (estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance rate, insulin-resistance, average glucose, and cholesterol/HDL ratio) were obtained from blood sampling of all participants. T1-weighted 3T MRI scans were used to evaluate gray matter cortical thickness. The markers were clustered into five factors, and factor scores were related to cortical thickness by general linear model. Two factors, one linked to insulin/metabolic health and the other to kidney function (KFF) showed regionally selective associations with cortical thickness including lateral and medial temporal, temporoparietal, and superior parietal regions for both factors and frontoparietal regions for KFF. An association between the increasing cholesterol and greater thickness in frontoparietal and occipital areas was also noted. Associations persisted independently of age, presence of cardiovascular risk factors and ApoE gene status. These findings may provide information on distinct mechanisms of inter-individual cortical variation as well as factors contributing to trajectories of cortical thinning with advancing age.
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25
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Chen YL, Wang LM, Chen Y, Gao JY, Marshall C, Cai ZY, Hu G, Xiao M. Changes in astrocyte functional markers and β-amyloid metabolism-related proteins in the early stages of hypercholesterolemia. Neuroscience 2015; 316:178-91. [PMID: 26724580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance for maintaining normal structure and function of the brain. But unfortunately, a long-term high-cholesterol diet can lead to a variety of pathological changes of the brain such as β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, neuronal death and synaptic degeneration. These pathological changes have complex internal relations with one other, causing memory impairment and participating in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, early hypercholesterolemia-induced events that lead to brain deterioration are not clear. To address this, 6-month-old female mice were fed a 3% cholesterol diet for 8weeks, followed by behavioral, biochemical and neuropathological analyses. The high-cholesterol-fed mice did not show neuronal and synaptic impairment or cognitive deficits compared with mice given a normal diet, but astrocytes were mildly activated with increased expression of functional markers including apolipoprotein E and aquaporin 4 in the hippocampus. Hippocampal interleukin-1β expression slightly increased, but interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α did not change significantly compared with those in the control group. Levels of Aβ, and its precursor protein, were unaffected, but levels of presenilin 1 and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), that initiate Aβ generation and degradation, respectively, increased in the hippocampus of the model mice. In addition, Tau phosphorylation levels were not different between the control and model groups. These results suggest that changes in astrocyte functional markers and Aβ metabolism proteins, which contribute to maintaining brain cholesterol and Aβ homeostasis, are early events in the process of hypercholesterolemia-related neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - L M Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Y Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - J Y Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - C Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Z Y Cai
- Department of Neurology, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, Hubei Province 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - G Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - M Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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26
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Villegas S. Protein structures in Alzheimer's disease: The basis for rationale therapeutic design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 588:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Ratnayaka JA, Serpell LC, Lotery AJ. Dementia of the eye: the role of amyloid beta in retinal degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:1013-26. [PMID: 26088679 PMCID: PMC4541342 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness affecting nearly 50 million individuals globally. The disease is characterised by progressive loss of central vision, which has significant implications for quality of life concerns in an increasingly ageing population. AMD pathology manifests in the macula, a specialised region of the retina, which is responsible for central vision and perception of fine details. The underlying pathology of this complex degenerative disease is incompletely understood but includes both genetic as well as epigenetic risk factors. The recent discovery that amyloid beta (Aβ), a highly toxic and aggregate-prone family of peptides, is elevated in the ageing retina and is associated with AMD has opened up new perspectives on the aetiology of this debilitating blinding disease. Multiple studies now link Aβ with key stages of AMD progression, which is both exciting and potentially insightful, as this identifies a well-established toxic agent that aggressively targets cells in degenerative brains. Here, we review the most recent findings supporting the hypothesis that Aβ may be a key factor in AMD pathology. We describe how multiple Aβ reservoirs, now reported in the ageing eye, may target the cellular physiology of the retina as well as associated layers, and propose a mechanistic pathway of Aβ-mediated degenerative change leading to AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L C Serpell
- School of Life Sciences (Biochemistry, Dementia Research Group), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - A J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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28
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Liang T, Li R, Cheng O. Statins for Treating Alzheimer's Disease: Truly Ineffective? Eur Neurol 2015; 73:360-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000382128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Wang H, Lian K, Han B, Wang Y, Kuo SH, Geng Y, Qiang J, Sun M, Wang M. Age-related alterations in the metabolic profile in the hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8: a spontaneous Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:841-8. [PMID: 24284365 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, produces a progressive decline in cognitive function. The metabolic mechanism of AD has emerged in recent years. In this study, we used multivariate analyses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements to determine that learning and retention-related metabolic profiles are altered during aging in the hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Alterations in 17 metabolites were detected in mature and aged mice compared to young mice (13 decreased and 4 increased metabolites), including metabolites related to dysfunctional lipid metabolism (significantly increased cholesterol, oleic acid, and phosphoglyceride levels), decreased amino acid (alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid), and energy-related metabolite levels (malic acid, butanedioic acid, fumaric acid, and citric acid), and other altered metabolites (increased N-acetyl-aspartic acid and decreased pyroglutamic acid, urea, and lactic acid) in the hippocampus. All of these alterations indicated that the metabolic mechanisms of age-related cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice were related to multiple pathways and networks. Lipid metabolism, especially cholesterol metabolism, appears to play a distinct role in the hippocampus in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- The School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Geng
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jing Qiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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30
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Han JY, Han SH. Primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: is it an attainable goal? J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:886-92. [PMID: 25045219 PMCID: PMC4101775 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.7.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, and the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. The prevalence of AD is predicted to rise as life expectancy grows across populations. The exact cause of this devastating disease is still unknown; however, it is an aging-related multi-factorial disorder, and growing evidence supports the contribution of modifiable environmental factors to unmodifiable factors such as gene and ageing itself. The recent advancement of methodologies and techniques for early diagnosis of AD facilitates the investigation of strategies to reduce the risk for AD progression in the earliest stages of the disease. Pharmacological attempts at curing, halting or modifying it have, by and large, been unsuccessful, and no breakthrough is seen in the near future. However, a lot of elements that seem to contribute to the disease such as risk factors have been identified, mainly from epidemiological and basic research studies. Many of these are amenable to lifestyle modification. Therefore, prevention in the preclinical stage is likely the most effective way to decrease the incidence of this age-associated dreadful neurodegenerative condition, and its associated burden for individuals and society. We provide an overview of modifiable risk factors for AD along with the supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Young Han
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Gamba P, Guglielmotto M, Testa G, Monteleone D, Zerbinati C, Gargiulo S, Biasi F, Iuliano L, Giaccone G, Mauro A, Poli G, Tamagno E, Leonarduzzi G. Up-regulation of β-amyloidogenesis in neuron-like human cells by both 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol: protective effect of N-acetyl-cysteine. Aging Cell 2014; 13:561-72. [PMID: 24612036 PMCID: PMC4326893 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An abnormal accumulation of cholesterol oxidation products in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) would further link an impaired cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first evidence stemming from the content of oxysterols in autopsy samples from AD and normal brains points to an increase in both 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) and 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OH) in the frontal cortex of AD brains, with a trend that appears related to the disease severity. The challenge of differentiated SK-N-BE human neuroblastoma cells with patho-physiologically relevant amounts of 27-OH and 24-OH showed that both oxysterols induce a net synthesis of Aβ1-42 by up-regulating expression levels of amyloid precursor protein and β-secretase, as well as the β-secretase activity. Interestingly, cell pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) fully prevented the enhancement of β-amyloidogenesis induced by the two oxysterols. The reported findings link an impaired cholesterol oxidative metabolism to an excessive β-amyloidogenesis and point to NAC as an efficient inhibitor of oxysterols-induced Aβ toxic peptide accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Debora Monteleone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Sapienza University of Rome Latina Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Sapienza University of Rome Latina Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation IRCCS Italian Institute of Auxology Verbania Italy
- Department of Neurosciences University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Elena Tamagno
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
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32
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Léger GC, Massoud F. Novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:423-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Barone E, Di Domenico F, Butterfield DA. Statins more than cholesterol lowering agents in Alzheimer disease: their pleiotropic functions as potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:605-16. [PMID: 24231510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe cognitive impairment, inability to perform activities of daily living and mood changes. Statins, long known to be beneficial in conditions where dyslipidemia occurs by lowering serum cholesterol levels, also have been proposed for use in neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. However, it is not clear that the purported effectiveness of statins in neurodegenerative disorders is directly related to cholesterol-lowering effects of these agents; rather, the pleiotropic functions of statins likely play critical roles. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the new discoveries about the effects of statin therapy on the oxidative and nitrosative stress levels as well as on the modulation of the heme oxygenase/biliverdin reductase (HO/BVR) system in the brain. We propose a novel mechanism of action for atorvastatin which, through the activation of HO/BVR-A system, may contribute to the neuroprotective effects thus suggesting a potential therapeutic role in AD and potentially accounting for the observation of decreased AD incidence with persons on statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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Xu X, Wang Y, Wang L, Liao Q, Chang L, Xu L, Huang Y, Ye H, Xu L, Chen C, Shen X, Zhang F, Ye M, Wang Q, Duan S. Meta-analyses of 8 polymorphisms associated with the risk of the Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73129. [PMID: 24039871 PMCID: PMC3769354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined contribution of 8 polymorphisms to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Through a comprehensive literature search for genetic variants involved in the AD association study, we harvested a total of 6 genes (8 polymorphisms) for the current meta-analyses. These genes consisted of A2M (5bp I/D and V1000I), ABCA2 (rs908832), CHAT (1882G >A, 2384G >A), COMT (Val158Met), HTR6 (267C >T) and LPL (Ser447Ter). Results A total of 33 studies among 9,453 cases and 10,833 controls were retrieved for the meta-analyses of 8 genetic variants. It was showed that A2M V1000I (odd ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.49, P = 0.007), rs908832 allele of ABCA2 (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.12–2.16, P = 0.009), 2384G >A of CHAT (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.00–1.49, P = 0.05) and Ser447Ter of LPL in the Northern-American population (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.35–0.91, P = 0.02) were significantly associated with the risk of AD. No association was found between the rest of the 5 polymorphisms and the risk of AD. Conclusion Our results showed that A2M V1000I polymorphism in German, Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Italian and Polish populations, rs90883 of ABCA2 gene in French, American, Swiss, Greek and Japanese populations, 2384G >A of CHAT gene in British and Korean populations and LPL Ser447Ter in the Northern-American population were associated with the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- The Neurology Department of the 148th Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YW); (SD); (MY)
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Bank of Blood Products, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Chang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huadan Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YW); (SD); (MY)
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YW); (SD); (MY)
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YW); (SD); (MY)
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35
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Medication adherence survey of drugs useful in prevention of dementia of Alzheimer's type among Indian patients. Int Psychogeriatr 2013; 25:1409-13. [PMID: 23731967 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good medication adherence is the cornerstone of therapeutic success. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and most patients are old and on multiple drugs, and good compliance therefore is even more important in this population. Dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) at present is yet to find a cure. Anticholinesterases and N-methyl-D-aspartate blockers are specific anti-AD therapies available. Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia can contribute to cognitive worsening. Keeping hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in control can therefore possibly prevent further cognitive decline. METHODS Patients with subjective memory complaints (n = 75) were chosen randomly. Upon thorough neurological diagnostic work up for dementia, those with mild cognitive impairment/questionable dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5) or those with AD were recruited in this study (n = 67). Those with hypertension, diabetes, and deranged lipid profile were further interviewed if they were able to take medicines regularly or not. An attempt was made to know causes of non-compliance. RESULTS Forty-one percent of patients were not taking the drugs that have potential to prevent cardiovascular complications or ability to slow down cognitive decline in AD on regular basis. The lack of awareness, ignorance, medicines being "too expensive," and the pressure of taking medicines regularly were cited as the reasons for non-compliance. Being illiterate and having low education contributed majorly to poor compliance in this study. CONCLUSION Compliance to drugs that have potential or real ability to slow down cognitive decline is low in elderly people with DAT.
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