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Wright DE, O’Donoghue P. Biosynthesis, Engineering, and Delivery of Selenoproteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:223. [PMID: 38203392 PMCID: PMC10778597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec) was discovered as the 21st genetically encoded amino acid. In nature, site-directed incorporation of Sec into proteins requires specialized biosynthesis and recoding machinery that evolved distinctly in bacteria compared to archaea and eukaryotes. Many organisms, including higher plants and most fungi, lack the Sec-decoding trait. We review the discovery of Sec and its role in redox enzymes that are essential to human health and important targets in disease. We highlight recent genetic code expansion efforts to engineer site-directed incorporation of Sec in bacteria and yeast. We also review methods to produce selenoproteins with 21 or more amino acids and approaches to delivering recombinant selenoproteins to mammalian cells as new applications for selenoproteins in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Patrick O’Donoghue
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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2
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Chung CZ, Krahn N. The selenocysteine toolbox: A guide to studying the 21st amino acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Tan S, Kong Y, Xian Y, Gao P, Xu Y, Wei C, Lin P, Ye W, Li Z, Zhu X. The Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and the Applications in Tumor Treatment: Enemies or Friends? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:938677. [PMID: 35911967 PMCID: PMC9334798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.938677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, as a newly discovered non-apoptotic cell death mode, is beginning to be explored in different cancer. The particularity of ferroptosis lies in the accumulation of iron dependence and lipid peroxides, and it is different from the classical cell death modes such as apoptosis and necrosis in terms of action mode, biochemical characteristics, and genetics. The mechanism of ferroptosis can be divided into many different pathways, so it is particularly important to identify the key sites of ferroptosis in the disease. Herein, based on ferroptosis, we analyze the main pathways in detail. More importantly, ferroptosis is linked to the development of different systems of the tumor, providing personalized plans for the examination, treatment, and prognosis of cancer patients. Although some mechanisms and side effects of ferroptosis still need to be studied, it is still a promising method for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzheng Tan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hubei No.3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongtong Xian
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pengbo Gao
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chuzhong Wei
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Peixu Lin
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weilong Ye
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zesong Li, ; Xiao Zhu,
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zesong Li, ; Xiao Zhu,
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Moosmayer D, Hilpmann A, Hoffmann J, Schnirch L, Zimmermann K, Badock V, Furst L, Eaton JK, Viswanathan VS, Schreiber SL, Gradl S, Hillig RC. Crystal structures of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 in its apo form and in complex with the covalently bound inhibitor ML162. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:237-248. [PMID: 33559612 PMCID: PMC7869902 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type human glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was co-expressed with SBP2 (selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2) in human HEK cells to achieve efficient production of this selenocysteine-containing enzyme on a preparative scale for structural biology. The protein was purified and crystallized, and the crystal structure of the wild-type form of GPX4 was determined at 1.0 Å resolution. The overall fold and the active site are conserved compared with previously determined crystal structures of mutated forms of GPX4. A mass-spectrometry-based approach was developed to monitor the reaction of the active-site selenocysteine Sec46 with covalent inhibitors. This, together with the introduction of a surface mutant (Cys66Ser), enabled the crystal structure determination of GPX4 in complex with the covalent inhibitor ML162 [(S)-enantiomer]. The mass-spectrometry-based approach described here opens the path to further co-complex crystal structures of this potential cancer drug target in complex with covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Moosmayer
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hilpmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Hoffmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Schnirch
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Zimmermann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Badock
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Furst
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Gradl
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman C. Hillig
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Stein KT, Moon SJ, Nguyen AN, Sikes HD. Kinetic modeling of H2O2 dynamics in the mitochondria of HeLa cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008202. [PMID: 32925922 PMCID: PMC7515204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes a range of phenotypes depending on its intracellular concentration and dosing kinetics, including cell death. While this qualitative relationship has been well established, the quantitative and mechanistic aspects of H2O2 signaling are still being elucidated. Mitochondria, a putative source of intracellular H2O2, have recently been demonstrated to be particularly vulnerable to localized H2O2 perturbations, eliciting a dramatic cell death response in comparison to similar cytosolic perturbations. We sought to improve our dynamic and mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial H2O2 reaction network in HeLa cells by creating a kinetic model of this system and using it to explore basal and perturbed conditions. The model uses the most current quantitative proteomic and kinetic data available to predict reaction rates and steady-state concentrations of H2O2 and its reaction partners within individual mitochondria. Time scales ranging from milliseconds to one hour were simulated. We predict that basal, steady-state mitochondrial H2O2 will be in the low nM range (2-4 nM) and will be inversely dependent on the total pool of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3). Neglecting efflux of H2O2 to the cytosol, the mitochondrial reaction network is expected to control perturbations well up to H2O2 generation rates ~50 μM/s (0.25 nmol/mg-protein/s), above which point the Prx3 system would be expected to collapse. Comparison of these results with redox Western blots of Prx3 and Prx2 oxidation states demonstrated reasonable trend agreement at short times (≤ 15 min) for a range of experimentally perturbed H2O2 generation rates. At longer times, substantial efflux of H2O2 from the mitochondria to the cytosol was evidenced by peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2) oxidation, and Prx3 collapse was not observed. A refined model using Monte Carlo parameter sampling was used to explore rates of H2O2 efflux that could reconcile model predictions of Prx3 oxidation states with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassi T. Stein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sun Jin Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Athena N. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Borchert A, Kalms J, Roth SR, Rademacher M, Schmidt A, Holzhutter HG, Kuhn H, Scheerer P. Crystal structure and functional characterization of selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase 4 suggests an alternative mechanism of peroxide reduction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1095-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fan Z, Song J, Guan T, Lv X, Wei J. Efficient Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase with Chimeric tRNA in Amber-less Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:249-257. [PMID: 28866886 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The active center of selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is selenocysteine (Sec), which is is biosynthesized on its tRNA in organisms. The decoding of Sec depends on a specific elongation factor and a Sec Insertion Sequence (SECIS) to suppress the UGA codon. The expression of mammalian GPx is extremely difficult with traditional recombinant DNA technology. Recently, a chimeric tRNA (tRNAUTu) that is compatible with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) has made selenoprotein expression easier. In this study, human glutathione peroxidase (hGPx) was expressed in amber-less Escherichia coli C321.ΔA.exp using tRNAUTu and seven chimeric tRNAs that were constructed on the basis of tRNAUTu. We found that chimeric tRNAUTu2, which substitutes the acceptor stem and T-stem of tRNAUTu with those from tRNASec, enabled the expression of reactive hGPx with high yields. We also found that chimeric tRNAUTuT6, which has a single base change (A59C) compared to tRNAUTu, mediated the highest reactive expression of hGPx1. The hGPx1 expressed exists as a tetramer and reacts with positive cooperativity. The SDS-PAGE analysis of hGPx2 produced by tRNAUTuT6 with or without sodium selenite supplementation showed that the incorporation of Sec is nearly 90%. Our approach enables efficient selenoprotein expression in amber-less Escherichia coli and should enable further characterization of selenoproteins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jingyan Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxin 6 in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes and cell signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 617:68-83. [PMID: 27932289 PMCID: PMC5810417 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 represents a widely distributed group of peroxiredoxins that contain a single conserved cysteine in the protein monomer (1-cys Prdx). The cys when oxidized to the sulfenic form is reduced with glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by the π isoform of GSH-S-transferase. Three enzymatic activities of the protein have been described:1) peroxidase with H2O2, short chain hydroperoxides, and phospholipid hydroperoxides as substrates; 2) phospholipase A2 (PLA2); and 3) lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT). These activities have important physiological roles in antioxidant defense, turnover of cellular phospholipids, and the generation of superoxide anion via initiation of the signaling cascade for activation of NADPH oxidase (type 2). The ability of Prdx6 to reduce peroxidized cell membrane phospholipids (peroxidase activity) and also to replace the oxidized sn-2 fatty acyl group through hydrolysis/reacylation (PLA2 and LPCAT activities) provides a complete system for the repair of peroxidized cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine of the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 1 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Guo X, Song J, Guan T, Wang S, Wang Y, Meng Y, Guo J, Li T, Ma C, Wei J. Characterization of recombinant human gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase mutant produced inEscherichia coli. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:228-35. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.995182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Macri A, Scanarotti C, Bassi AM, Giuffrida S, Sangalli G, Traverso CE, Iester M. Evaluation of oxidative stress levels in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with or without dry eye, and dry eye patients treated with preservative-free hyaluronic acid 0.15 % and vitamin B12 eye drops. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 253:425-30. [PMID: 25398660 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased levels of oxidative stress have been seen in animal models of dry eye and in the conjunctival epithelial cells of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. The aims of this study were to compare the levels of oxidative stress in patients with dry eye and patients without dry eye and to evaluate the effects of treatment with preservative-free eye drops containing hyaluronic acid 0.15 % and vitamin B12 on oxidative stress and dry eye symptoms. METHODS Three cohorts of patients who were to undergo planned cataract surgery were enrolled: patients with dry eye randomized to either no treatment (n = 29) or treatment (n = 32) with hyaluronic acid/vitamin B12 eye drops, and patients without dry eye (n = 42). Patients were assessed by Schirmer's type I test, fluorescein clearance test (FCT), Break Up Time (BUT), and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Lipid peroxidation, a marker of oxidative stress, was assessed by LP-CHOLOX test. RESULTS Compared with patients without dry eye, patients with dry eye had significantly increased levels of oxidative stress, higher OSDI and FCT scores, and significantly lower Schirmer's test and BUT scores. Treatment with eye drops containing hyaluronic acid 0.15 % and vitamin B12 was associated with significantly reduced levels of oxidative stress and OSDI and FCT scores and significantly increased Schirmer's test and BUT scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that oxidative stress is associated with dry eye and that hyaluronic acid/vitamin B12 eye drops may attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation, improving dry eye symptoms. Further study in controlled clinical trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Macri
- U.O. Oculistica, IRCSS - Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino IST - Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo R. Benzi 10 - Padiglione Oculistica, Genoa, Italy,
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Wu RTY, Cao L, Chen BPC, Cheng WH. Selenoprotein H suppresses cellular senescence through genome maintenance and redox regulation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34378-88. [PMID: 25336634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and persistent DNA damage response contribute to cellular senescence, a degeneration process critically involving ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and p53. Selenoprotein H (SelH), a nuclear selenoprotein, is proposed to carry redox and transactivation domains. To determine the role of SelH in genome maintenance, shRNA knockdown was employed in human normal and immortalized cell lines. SelH shRNA MRC-5 diploid fibroblasts under ambient O2 displayed a distinct profile of senescence including β-galactosidase expression, autofluorescence, growth inhibition, and ATM pathway activation. Such senescence phenotypes were alleviated in the presence of ATM kinase inhibitors, by p53 shRNA knockdown, or by maintaining the cells under 3% O2. During the course of 5-day recovery, the induction of phospho-ATM on Ser-1981 and γH2AX by H2O2 treatment (20 μm) subsided in scrambled shRNA but exacerbated in SelH shRNA MRC-5 cells. Results from clonogenic assays demonstrated hypersensitivity of SelH shRNA HeLa cells to paraquat and H2O2, but not to hydroxyurea, neocarzinostatin, or camptothecin. While SelH mRNA expression was induced by H2O2 treatment, SelH-GFP did not mobilize to sites of oxidative DNA damage. The glutathione level was lower in SelH shRNA than scrambled shRNA HeLa cells, and the H2O2-induced cell death was rescued in the presence of N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor. Altogether, SelH protects against cellular senescence to oxidative stress through a genome maintenance pathway involving ATM and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Y Wu
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, and
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, and
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Guo X, Yu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guan T, Xie G, Wei J. Heterologous expression and characterization of human cellular glutathione peroxidase mutants. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:212-219. [PMID: 24659529 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx1; EC1.11.1.9) is a major intracellular antioxidant selenoenzyme in mammals. However, the complicated expression mechanism of selenocysteine (Sec)-containing protein increases the difficulty of expressing human GPx1 (hGPx1) in Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this study, hGPx1 gene was cloned from a cDNA library of the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. The codon UGA encoding Sec49 of hGPx1 was first mutated to UGC encoding cysteine (Cys) and then biosynthetically converted to Sec during expression in an E. coli BL21(DE3)cys auxotrophic system. Seleno-GPx1Sec displayed a low GPx activity of 522 U/μmol. To improve the activity, the other five Cys residues (C2, C78, C115, C156, C202) were mutated to serine (Ser) in one hGPx1 molecule. The mutant seleno-hGPx1Ser showed a high activity of 5278 U/μmol, which was more than 10-fold enhanced as compared with seleno-GPx1Sec . The activity was the highest among all of those seleno-proteins obtained by this method so far. Kinetic analysis of seleno-hGPx1Ser showed a typical ping-pong mechanism, which was similar to those of natural GPxs. This research will be of value in overcoming the problem of limited sources of natural GPx and substantially promotes the research of the characterization of GPx. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):212-219, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guiqiu Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyan Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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