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Arnold CA, Bagg MK, Harvey AR. The psychophysiology of music-based interventions and the experience of pain. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1361857. [PMID: 38800683 PMCID: PMC11122921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1361857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern times there is increasing acceptance that music-based interventions are useful aids in the clinical treatment of a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including helping to reduce the perception of pain. Indeed, the belief that music, whether listening or performing, can alter human pain experiences has a long history, dating back to the ancient Greeks, and its potential healing properties have long been appreciated by indigenous cultures around the world. The subjective experience of acute or chronic pain is complex, influenced by many intersecting physiological and psychological factors, and it is therefore to be expected that the impact of music therapy on the pain experience may vary from one situation to another, and from one person to another. Where pain persists and becomes chronic, aberrant central processing is a key feature associated with the ongoing pain experience. Nonetheless, beneficial effects of exposure to music on pain relief have been reported across a wide range of acute and chronic conditions, and it has been shown to be effective in neonates, children and adults. In this comprehensive review we examine the various neurochemical, physiological and psychological factors that underpin the impact of music on the pain experience, factors that potentially operate at many levels - the periphery, spinal cord, brainstem, limbic system and multiple areas of cerebral cortex. We discuss the extent to which these factors, individually or in combination, influence how music affects both the quality and intensity of pain, noting that there remains controversy about the respective roles that diverse central and peripheral processes play in this experience. Better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie music's impact on pain perception together with insights into central processing of pain should aid in developing more effective synergistic approaches when music therapy is combined with clinical treatments. The ubiquitous nature of music also facilitates application from the therapeutic environment into daily life, for ongoing individual and social benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Arnold
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Caulfield Pain Management and Research Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew K. Bagg
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences and Conservatorium of Music, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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2
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Mikkelsen MB, Neumann H, Buskbjerg CR, Johannsen M, O'Toole MS, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zachariae R. The effect of experimental emotion induction on experimental pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2024; 165:e17-e38. [PMID: 37889565 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The idea that emotions can influence pain is generally recognized. However, a synthesis of the numerous individual experimental studies on this subject is lacking. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the existing evidence on the effect of experimental emotion induction on experimental pain in nonclinical adults. PsycInfo and PubMed were searched up until April 10, 2023, for studies assessing differences in self-reported pain between emotion induction groups and/or control groups or between conditions within group. Risk of bias was assessed for the individual studies. The literature search yielded 78 relevant records of 71 independent studies. When compared with control conditions, the pooled results revealed a statistically significant pain-attenuating effect of positive emotion induction (between-group: Hedges g = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.72; -0.25, K = 9; within-group: g = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.32; -0.15, K = 40), and a statistically significant pain-exacerbating effect of negative emotion induction in within-group analyses but not between-group analyses (between-group: g = -0.29, 95% CI: -0.66; 0.07, K = 10; within-group: g = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06; 0.23, K = 39). Bayesian meta-analysis provided strong support for an effect of positive emotion induction but weak support for an effect of negative emotion induction. Taken together, the findings indicate a pain-attenuating effect of positive emotion induction, while the findings for negative emotion induction are less clear. The findings are discussed with reference to theoretical work emphasizing the role of motivational systems and distraction for pain. Limitations include considerable heterogeneity across studies limiting the generalizability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrike Neumann
- Dept. of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Maja Johannsen
- Dept. of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mia Skytte O'Toole
- Dept. of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Robert Zachariae
- Dept. of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Valevicius D, Lépine Lopez A, Diushekeeva A, Lee AC, Roy M. Emotional responses to favorite and relaxing music predict music-induced hypoalgesia. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1210572. [PMID: 38028433 PMCID: PMC10630160 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1210572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hypoalgesic effect of music has long been established. However, the characteristics of music which are important for reducing pain have not been well-studied. Some research has compared subject-selected preferred music to unfamiliar music selected by researchers, and has typically found a superior effect from preferred music. In this study, we sought to discover what aspects of listeners' relationship with their preferred music was important in producing a hypoalgesic effect. Methods We conducted a thermal pain and music listening experiment with 63 participants (14 male, 49 female, mean age = 21.3), in which music excerpts were paired with thermal stimulations. Pain ratings of intensity and unpleasantness, as well as emotional response variables, were rated on visual analog scales. We also conducted brief structured interviews about participants' favorite music, on which we conducted thematic content analysis. Themes and emotion variables were analyzed for their effects on pain ratings. Results We first replicated the finding that favorite music outperforms experimenter-selected relaxing music in reducing pain unpleasantness (MD = -7.25, p < 0.001) and that the difference in hypoalgesia was partially mediated by an increase in musical chills (ab = -2.83, p < 0.01). We then conducted a theme analysis on the interview transcripts and produced four themes relating to emotional experience: moving/bittersweet, calming/relaxing, happy/cheerful, and energizing/activating. We found suggestive evidence that moving/bittersweet favorite music reduces pain unpleasantness through increased music pleasantness (ab = -5.48, p < 0.001) and more musical chills (ab = -0.57, p = 0.004). Discussion We find that music pleasantness and musical chills are salient predictors of music-induced hypoalgesia, and that different categories of favorite music derived from qualitative analysis may engage these emotional pathways to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Valevicius
- Roy Pain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anaïs Lépine Lopez
- Roy Pain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ajar Diushekeeva
- Roy Pain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - April Chaewon Lee
- Roy Pain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Roy
- Roy Pain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Pain Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Powers JM, Ioachim G, Stroman PW. Music to My Senses: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Music Analgesia Across Connectivity Networks Spanning the Brain and Brainstem. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:878258. [PMID: 35663249 PMCID: PMC9160574 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.878258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is often viewed and studied as an isolated perception. However, cognition, emotion, salience effects, and autonomic and sensory input are all integrated to create a comprehensive experience. Music-induced analgesia has been used for thousands of years, with moderate behavioural effects on pain perception, yet the neural mechanisms remain ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of music analgesia through individual ratings of pain, and changes in connectivity across a network of regions spanning the brain and brainstem that are involved in limbic, paralimbic, autonomic, cognitive, and sensory domains. This is the first study of its kind to assess the effects of music analgesia using complex network analyses in the human brain and brainstem. Functional MRI data were collected from 20 healthy men and women with concurrent presentation of noxious stimulation and music, in addition to control runs without music. Ratings of peak pain intensity and unpleasantness were collected for each run and were analysed in relation to the functional data. We found that music alters connectivity across these neural networks between regions such as the insula, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus (among others), and is impacted by individual pain sensitivity. While these differences are important for how we understand pain and analgesia, it is essential to note that these effects are variable across participants and provide moderate pain relief at best. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy involving music should use it as an adjunct to pain management in combination with healthy lifestyle changes and/or pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M. Powers
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriela Ioachim
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick W. Stroman
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patrick W. Stroman
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5
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Central Nervous Activity during a Dot Probe Task with Facial Expressions in Fibromyalgia. Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Henrich MC, Steffen Frahm K, Coghill RC, Kæseler Andersen O. Spinal nociception is facilitated during cognitive distraction. Neuroscience 2022; 491:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alba G, Vila J, Miranda JGV, Montoya P, Muñoz MA. Tonic pain reduces autonomic responses and EEG functional connectivity elicited by affective stimuli. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14018. [PMID: 35128683 PMCID: PMC9285073 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Alba
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - Jaime Vila
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
| | - José G. V. Miranda
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Biosystems Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS) University of Balearic Islands Palma Spain
| | - Miguel A. Muñoz
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center at University of Granada (CIMCYC‐UGR) Spain
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8
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The effects of music listening on somatic symptoms and stress markers in the everyday life of women with somatic complaints and depression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24062. [PMID: 34911978 PMCID: PMC8674261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing body of literature documenting the health-beneficial effects of music, empirical research on the effects of music listening in individuals with psychosomatic disorders is scarce. Using an ambulatory assessment design, we tested whether music listening predicts changes in somatic symptoms, subjective, and biological stress levels, and examined potential mediating processes, in the everyday life of 58 women (M = 27.7 years) with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and depressive disorders (DEP). Multilevel models revealed that music listening predicted lower subjective stress ratings (p ≤ 0.02) irrespective of mental health condition, which, in turn, predicted lower somatic symptoms (p ≤ 0.03). Moreover, specific music characteristics modulated somatic symptoms (p = 0.01) and autonomic activity (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that music listening might mitigate somatic symptoms predominantly via a reduction in subjective stress in women with SSD and DEP and further inform the development of targeted music interventions applicable in everyday life.
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Hunt AM, Fachner J, Clark-Vetri R, Raffa RB, Rupnow-Kidd C, Maidhof C, Dileo C. Neuronal Effects of Listening to Entrainment Music Versus Preferred Music in Patients With Chronic Cancer Pain as Measured via EEG and LORETA Imaging. Front Psychol 2021; 12:588788. [PMID: 33716859 PMCID: PMC7947245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies examining EEG and LORETA in patients with chronic pain discovered an overactivation of high theta (6–9 Hz) and low beta (12–16 Hz) power in central regions. MEG studies with healthy subjects correlating evoked nociception ratings and source localization described delta and gamma changes according to two music interventions. Using similar music conditions with chronic pain patients, we examined EEG in response to two different music interventions for pain. To study this process in-depth we conducted a mixed-methods case study approach, based on three clinical cases. Effectiveness of personalized music therapy improvisations (entrainment music – EM) versus preferred music on chronic pain was examined with 16 participants. Three patients were randomly selected for follow-up EEG sessions three months post-intervention, where they listened to recordings of the music from the interventions provided during the research. To test the difference of EM versus preferred music, recordings were presented in a block design: silence, their own composed EM (depicting both “pain” and “healing”), preferred (commercially available) music, and a non-participant’s EM as a control. Participants rated their pain before and after the EEG on a 1–10 scale. We conducted a detailed single case analysis to compare all conditions, as well as a group comparison of entrainment-healing condition versus preferred music condition. Power spectrum and according LORETA distributions focused on expected changes in delta, theta, beta, and gamma frequencies, particularly in sensory-motor and central regions. Intentional moment-by-moment attention on the sounds/music rather than on pain and decreased awareness of pain was experienced from one participant. Corresponding EEG analysis showed accompanying power changes in sensory-motor regions and LORETA projection pointed to insula-related changes during entrainment-pain music. LORETA also indicated involvement of visual-spatial, motor, and language/music improvisation processing in response to his personalized EM which may reflect active recollection of creating the EM. Group-wide analysis showed common brain responses to personalized entrainment-healing music in theta and low beta range in right pre- and post-central gyrus. We observed somatosensory changes consistent with processing pain during entrainment-healing music that were not seen during preferred music. These results may depict top–down neural processes associated with active coping for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Fachner
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Josef Ressel Centre for Personalised Music Therapy, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rachel Clark-Vetri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert B Raffa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, United States
| | - Carrie Rupnow-Kidd
- South Woods State Prison, Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, Bridgeton, NJ, United States
| | - Clemens Maidhof
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Josef Ressel Centre for Personalised Music Therapy, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Cheryl Dileo
- Department of Music Education and Therapy, Boyer College of Music and Dance, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Ferraz MCL, Santana‐Santos E, Pinto JS, Nunes Ribeiro CJ, Santana JFNB, Alves JAB, Ribeiro MDCDO. Analgesic effect of music during wound care among patients with diaphyseal tibial fractures: Randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:541-549. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduesley Santana‐Santos
- Graduate Program of Nursing Federal University of Sergipe São Cristóvão Brazil
- Department of Nursing Federal University of Sergipe Lagarto Brazil
| | - Jonas Santana Pinto
- Health Science Graduate Program Federal University of Sergipe Aracaju Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Graduate Program of Nursing Federal University of Sergipe São Cristóvão Brazil
- Department of Nursing Federal University of Sergipe Aracaju Brazil
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11
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Antioch I, Furuta T, Uchikawa R, Okumura M, Otogoto J, Kondo E, Sogawa N, Ciobica A, Tomida M. Favorite Music Mediates Pain-related Responses in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Skin Pain Thresholds. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2729-2737. [PMID: 33154663 PMCID: PMC7605953 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s276274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Music therapy is widely used to enhance well-being, reduce pain, and distract patients from unpleasant symptoms in the clinical setting. However, the degree to which music modulates pain perception is unknown. The medial pain pathway including the limbic system is associated with emotion, but how music alters pathway activity is unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate pain thresholds and pain-related responses in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and whether they were modulated when subjects listened to their favorite music genre. Subjects and Methods First, 30 subjects were examined for left forearm pain threshold using electrical stimulation with Pain Vision PS-2011N. The pain thresholds with and without music were compared. Second, when an 80-μA current from Pain Vision was applied to the left ankle of eight women, the pain-related responses of the ACC with and without music were observed with functional magnetic resonance device (fMRI). The changes in the pain-related activity in both parameters were discussed. Results The median pain threshold with favorite music was 38.9 μA, compared to 29.0 μA without, which was significantly different (p<0.0001). The men’s thresholds were significantly higher than women’s both with music (p<0.05) and without music (p<0.01). The pain threshold in women was more strongly affected by music than in men. The fMRI results showed that the pain-related response in the ACC in five of eight subjects was attenuated while they listened to their favorite music. No change was observed in the other three subjects. Conclusion The present findings suggest that pain perception might be strongly affected by listening to favorite music, possibly through modulation of pain-related responses in the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Antioch
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Tsumugu Furuta
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Uchikawa
- Department of Dental Conservation, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masayo Okumura
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Junichi Otogoto
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Norio Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihoko Tomida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
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12
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Jure FA, Arguissain FG, Biurrun Manresa JA, Graven-Nielsen T, Andersen OK. Stimulus predictability moderates the withdrawal strategy in response to repetitive noxious stimulation in humans. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2201-2208. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate defensive behaviors such as reflexes are found across all species, constituting preprogrammed responses to external threats that are not anticipated. Previous studies indicated that the excitability of the reflex arcs like spinal nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) pathways in humans are modulated by several cognitive factors. This study assesses how the predictability of a threat affects the biomechanical pattern of the withdrawal response, showing that distal and proximal muscles are differentially modulated by descending control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A. Jure
- Integrative Neuroscience, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Federico G. Arguissain
- Integrative Neuroscience, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - José A. Biurrun Manresa
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos (CITER) CONICET-UNER, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Thomas Graven-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Kæseler Andersen
- Integrative Neuroscience, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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13
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Peyre I, Hanna-Boutros B, Lackmy-Vallee A, Kemlin C, Bayen E, Pradat-Diehl P, Marchand-Pauvert V. Music Restores Propriospinal Excitation During Stroke Locomotion. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32327977 PMCID: PMC7161673 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Music-based therapy for rehabilitation induces neuromodulation at the brain level and improves the functional recovery. In line with this, musical rhythmicity improves post-stroke gait. Moreover, an external distractor also helps stroke patients to improve locomotion. We raised the question whether music with irregular tempo (arrhythmic music), and its possible influence on attention would induce neuromodulation and improve the post-stroke gait. We tested music-induced neuromodulation at the level of a propriospinal reflex, known to be particularly involved in the control of stabilized locomotion; after stroke, the reflex is enhanced on the hemiparetic side. The study was conducted in 12 post-stroke patients and 12 controls. Quadriceps EMG was conditioned by electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve, which produces a biphasic facilitation on EMG, reflecting the level of activity of the propriospinal reflex between ankle dorsiflexors and quadriceps (CPQ reflex). The CPQ reflex was tested during treadmill locomotion at the preferred speed of each individual, in 3 conditions randomly alternated: without music vs. 2 arrhythmic music tracks, including a pleasant melody and unpleasant aleatory electronic sounds (AES); biomechanical and physiological parameters were also investigated. The CPQ reflex was significantly larger in patients during walking without sound, compared to controls. During walking with music, irrespective of the theme, there was no more difference between groups. In controls, music had no influence on the size of CPQ reflex. In patients, CPQ reflex was significantly larger during walking without sound than when listening to the melody or AES. No significant differences have been revealed concerning the biomechanical and the physiological parameters in both groups. Arrhythmic music listening modulates the spinal excitability during post-stroke walking, restoring the CPQ reflex activity to normality. The plasticity was not accompanied by any clear improvement of gait parameters, but the patients reported to prefer walking with music than without. The role of music as external focus of attention is discussed. This study has shown that music can modulate propriospinal neural network particularly involved in the gait control during the first training session. It is speculated that repetition may help to consolidate plasticity and would contribute to gait recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iseline Peyre
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Recherche et de Coordination en Acoustique Musique (IRCAM), UMR Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Kemlin
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n°24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif & Réadaptation (HaMCRe), Paris, France
| | - Eléonore Bayen
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n°24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif & Réadaptation (HaMCRe), Paris, France
| | - Pascale Pradat-Diehl
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n°24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif & Réadaptation (HaMCRe), Paris, France
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14
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Nishigami T, Nakao S, Kondo H, Oda S, Mibu A. A Pleasant Sensation Evoked by Knee or Hand Icing Influences the Effect on Pain Intensity in Patients After Total knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Cross-Over Study. J Pain Res 2019; 12:3469-3475. [PMID: 31920371 PMCID: PMC6938189 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s203493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cold therapy on the operated area after surgery is often used as an analgesic and to reduce pain, swelling, and increase range of motion. However, evidence to support the results of cold therapy is still scarce and the mechanism underlying its effectiveness remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether a pleasant sensation evoked by icing the treated knee or a site distant from the treated site (the hand) influenced the acute effect on pain intensity in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients and methods A total of 37 patients with knee OA who underwent TKA were enrolled in this study. This prospective, randomized, cross-over study was performed for 2 days consecutively between days 8 and 15 postoperatively. Cold pack was placed on the anterior surface of the treated knee and palm for 10 mins, respectively. The main primary outcomes were the intensity of knee pain during maximal passive knee flexion. Results The two-way ANOVA showed significance only in the main effect of a pleasant sensation (F = 11.3, p = 0.001), but not in the icing site (F = 0.005, p = 0.94) and interaction (F = 0.65, p = 0.42). Conclusion This study shows that a pleasant sensation evoked by knee or hand icing influenced the effect on pain intensity during maximal knee flexion in patients after TKA. Even if knee icing has no effect on pain and evokes no pleasant sensation, it may be worthwhile to conduct hand icing to reduce pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishigami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 723-0053, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Aihotto Home-Visit Nursing Station Ainan, Ehime 798-4131, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondo
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shota Oda
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Mibu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 723-0053, Japan
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15
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Functional connectivity of music-induced analgesia in fibromyalgia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15486. [PMID: 31664132 PMCID: PMC6820536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Listening to self-chosen, pleasant and relaxing music reduces pain in fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic centralized pain condition. However, the neural correlates of this effect are fairly unknown. In our study, we wished to investigate the neural correlates of music-induced analgesia (MIA) in FM patients. To do this, we studied 20 FM patients and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) acquiring rs-fMRI with a 3T MRI scanner, and pain data before and after two 5-min auditory conditions: music and noise. We performed resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) seed-based correlation analyses (SCA) using pain and analgesia-related ROIs to determine the effects before and after the music intervention in FM and HC, and its correlation with pain reports. We found significant differences in baseline rs-FC between FM and HC. Both groups showed changes in rs-FC after the music condition. FM patients reported MIA that was significantly correlated with rs-FC decrease between the angular gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, and rs-FC increase between amygdala and middle frontal gyrus. These areas are related to autobiographical and limbic processes, and auditory attention, suggesting MIA may arise as a consequence of top-down modulation, probably originated by distraction, relaxation, positive emotion, or a combination of these mechanisms.
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16
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Functional connectivity of the amygdala is linked to individual differences in emotional pain facilitation. Pain 2019; 161:300-307. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Fragiotta G, Pierelli F, Coppola G, Conte C, Perrotta A, Serrao M. Effect of phobic visual stimulation on spinal nociception. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:22-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Music is an effective intervention for the management of pain: An umbrella review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 32:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Fritz TH, Bowling DL, Contier O, Grant J, Schneider L, Lederer A, Höer F, Busch E, Villringer A. Musical Agency during Physical Exercise Decreases Pain. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2312. [PMID: 29387030 PMCID: PMC5776142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: When physical exercise is systematically coupled to music production, exercisers experience improvements in mood, reductions in perceived effort, and enhanced muscular efficiency. The physiology underlying these positive effects remains unknown. Here we approached the investigation of how such musical agency may stimulate the release of endogenous opioids indirectly with a pain threshold paradigm. Design: In a cross-over design we tested the opioid-hypothesis with an indirect measure, comparing the pain tolerance of 22 participants following exercise with or without musical agency. Method: Physical exercise was coupled to music by integrating weight-training machines with sensors that control music-synthesis in real time. Pain tolerance was measured as withdrawal time in a cold pressor test. Results: On average, participants tolerated cold pain for ~5 s longer following exercise sessions with musical agency. Musical agency explained 25% of the variance in cold pressor test withdrawal times after factoring out individual differences in general pain sensitivity. Conclusions: This result demonstrates a substantial pain reducing effect of musical agency in combination with physical exercise, probably due to stimulation of endogenous opioid mechanisms. This has implications for exercise endurance, both in sports and a multitude of rehabilitative therapies in which physical exercise is effective but painful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Fritz
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel L. Bowling
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Contier
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua Grant
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lydia Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Lederer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felicia Höer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Busch
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Attentional focus on subjective interoceptive experience in patients with fibromyalgia. Brain Cogn 2015; 101:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes and integrates the available literature on positive affect (PA) and pain to: (1) provide a brief overview of PA and summarize the key findings that have emerged in the study of PA and pain; (2) provide a theoretical foundation from which to understand how PA operates in the context of chronic pain (CP); and (3) highlight how the prevailing psychosocial treatments for CP address PA in the therapeutic context, and offer suggestions for how future treatment development research can maximize the benefit of PA for patients with CP. RESULTS In experimental studies, the evidence suggests PA is analgesic. In clinical studies, the association of PA and pain is dynamic, time variant, and may be best considered in context of its interacting role with negative affect. DISCUSSION We offer an "upward spiral" model of PA, resilience and pain self-management, which makes specific predictions that PA will buffer maladaptive cognitive and affective responses to pain, and promote active engagement in valued goals that enhance CP self-management.
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23
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Effects of music on pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:1317-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Garza-Villarreal EA, Jiang Z, Vuust P, Alcauter S, Vase L, Pasaye EH, Cavazos-Rodriguez R, Brattico E, Jensen TS, Barrios FA. Music reduces pain and increases resting state fMRI BOLD signal amplitude in the left angular gyrus in fibromyalgia patients. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1051. [PMID: 26257695 PMCID: PMC4510313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Music reduces pain in fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic pain disease, but the functional neural correlates of music-induced analgesia (MIA) are still largely unknown. We recruited FM patients (n = 22) who listened to their preferred relaxing music and an auditory control (pink noise) for 5 min without external noise from fMRI image acquisition. Resting state fMRI was then acquired before and after the music and control conditions. A significant increase in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of the BOLD signal was evident in the left angular gyrus (lAnG) after listening to music, which in turn, correlated to the analgesia reports. The post-hoc seed-based functional connectivity analysis of the lAnG showed found higher connectivity after listening to music with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rdlPFC), the left caudate (lCau), and decreased connectivity with right anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), right supplementary motor area (rSMA), precuneus and right precentral gyrus (rPreG). Pain intensity (PI) analgesia was correlated (r = 0.61) to the connectivity of the lAnG with the rPreG. Our results show that MIA in FM is related to top-down regulation of the pain modulatory network by the default mode network (DMN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Garza-Villarreal
- Subdireccion de Investigaciones Clinicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria "Dr. Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz," Mexico City, Mexico ; Cátedras, National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) Mexico City, Mexico ; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez" and Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in the Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, Mexico ; Music in the Brain, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhiguo Jiang
- Human Performance and Engineering, Kessler Foundation West Orange, NJ, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Vuust
- Music in the Brain, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark ; Royal Academy of Music Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Lene Vase
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark ; Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erick H Pasaye
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Roberto Cavazos-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez" and Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in the Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Troels S Jensen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Queretaro, Mexico
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25
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Wieser MJ, Gerdes ABM, Reicherts P, Pauli P. Mutual influences of pain and emotional face processing. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1160. [PMID: 25352817 PMCID: PMC4195272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of unpleasant stimuli enhances whereas the perception of pleasant stimuli decreases pain perception. In contrast, the effects of pain on the processing of emotional stimuli are much less known. Especially given the recent interest in facial expressions of pain as a special category of emotional stimuli, a main topic in this research line is the mutual influence of pain and facial expression processing. Therefore, in this mini-review we selectively summarize research on the effects of emotional stimuli on pain, but more extensively turn to the opposite direction namely how pain influences concurrent processing of affective stimuli such as facial expressions. Based on the motivational priming theory one may hypothesize that the perception of pain enhances the processing of unpleasant stimuli and decreases the processing of pleasant stimuli. This review reveals that the literature is only partly consistent with this assumption: pain reduces the processing of pleasant pictures and happy facial expressions, but does not - or only partly - affect processing of unpleasant pictures. However, it was demonstrated that pain selectively enhances the processing of facial expressions if these are pain-related (i.e., facial expressions of pain). Extending a mere affective modulation theory, the latter results suggest pain-specific effects which may be explained by the perception-action model of empathy. Together, these results underscore the important mutual influence of pain and emotional face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje B M Gerdes
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Hsieh C, Kong J, Kirsch I, Edwards RR, Jensen KB, Kaptchuk TJ, Gollub RL. Well-loved music robustly relieves pain: a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107390. [PMID: 25211164 PMCID: PMC4161415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Music has pain-relieving effects, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We sought to verify previously studied analgesic components and further elucidate the underpinnings of music analgesia. Using a well-characterized conditioning-enhanced placebo model, we examined whether boosting expectations would enhance or interfere with analgesia from strongly preferred music. A two-session experiment was performed with 48 healthy, pain experiment-naïve participants. In a first cohort, 36 were randomized into 3 treatment groups, including music enhanced with positive expectancy, non-musical sound enhanced with positive expectancy, and no expectancy enhancement. A separate replication cohort of 12 participants received only expectancy-enhanced music following the main experiment to verify the results of expectancy-manipulation on music. Primary outcome measures included the change in subjective pain ratings to calibrated experimental noxious heat stimuli, as well as changes in treatment expectations. Without conditioning, expectations were strongly in favor of music compared to non-musical sound. While measured expectations were enhanced by conditioning, this failed to affect either music or sound analgesia significantly. Strongly preferred music on its own was as pain relieving as conditioning-enhanced strongly preferred music, and more analgesic than enhanced sound. Our results demonstrate the pain-relieving power of personal music even over enhanced expectations. TRIAL INFORMATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01835275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irving Kirsch
- Program in Placebo Studies and the Therapeutic Encounter (PiPS), Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin B. Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ted J. Kaptchuk
- Program in Placebo Studies and the Therapeutic Encounter (PiPS), Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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27
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Garza-Villarreal EA, Wilson AD, Vase L, Brattico E, Barrios FA, Jensen TS, Romero-Romo JI, Vuust P. Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia. Front Psychol 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 24575066 PMCID: PMC3920463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pain in Fibromyalgia (FM) is difficult to treat and functional mobility seems to be an important comorbidity in these patients that could evolve into a disability. In this study we wanted to investigate the analgesic effects of music in FM pain. Twenty-two FM patients were passively exposed to (1) self-chosen, relaxing, pleasant music, and to (2) a control auditory condition (pink noise). They rated pain and performed the “timed-up & go task (TUG)” to measure functional mobility after each auditory condition. Listening to relaxing, pleasant, self-chosen music reduced pain and increased functional mobility significantly in our FM patients. The music-induced analgesia was significantly correlated with the TUG scores; thereby suggesting that the reduction in pain unpleasantness increased functional mobility. Notably, this mobility improvement was obtained with music played prior to the motor task (not during), therefore the effect cannot be explained merely by motor entrainment to a fast rhythm. Cognitive and emotional mechanisms seem to be central to music-induced analgesia. Our findings encourage the use of music as a treatment adjuvant to reduce chronic pain in FM and increase functional mobility thereby reducing the risk of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Garza-Villarreal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez", Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Mexico ; Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in the Health Sciences (CIDICS), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Monterrey, Mexico ; Music in the Brain, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew D Wilson
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, School of Social, Psychological and Communication Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University Leeds, UK
| | - Lene Vase
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Music, Finnish Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland ; Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science Espoo, Finland
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Campus Juriquilla Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Troels S Jensen
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juan I Romero-Romo
- General Hospital, Secretaria de Salud del Estado de Queretaro Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Peter Vuust
- Music in the Brain, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark ; Royal Academy of Music Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Cornelissen L, Fabrizi L, Patten D, Worley A, Meek J, Boyd S, Slater R, Fitzgerald M. Postnatal temporal, spatial and modality tuning of nociceptive cutaneous flexion reflexes in human infants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76470. [PMID: 24124564 PMCID: PMC3790695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous flexion reflexes are amongst the first behavioural responses to develop and are essential for the protection and survival of the newborn organism. Despite this, there has been no detailed, quantitative study of their maturation in human neonates. Here we use surface electromyographic (EMG) recording of biceps femoris activity in preterm (<37 weeks gestation, GA) and term (≥ 37 weeks GA) human infants, less than 14 days old, in response to tactile, punctate and clinically required skin-breaking lance stimulation of the heel. We show that all infants display a robust and long duration flexion reflex (>4 seconds) to a single noxious skin lance which decreases significantly with gestational age. This reflex is not restricted to the stimulated limb: heel lance evokes equal ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes in preterm and term infants. We further show that infant flexion withdrawal reflexes are not always nociceptive specific: in 29% of preterm infants, tactile stimulation evokes EMG activity that is indistinguishable from noxious stimulation. In 40% of term infants, tactile responses are also present but significantly smaller than nociceptive reflexes. Infant flexion reflexes are also evoked by application of calibrated punctate von Frey hairs (vFh), 0.8-17.2 g, to the heel. Von Frey hair thresholds increase significantly with gestational age and the magnitude of vFh evoked reflexes are significantly greater in preterm than term infants. Furthermore flexion reflexes in both groups are sensitized by repeated vFh stimulation. Thus human infant flexion reflexes differ in temporal, modality and spatial characteristics from those in adults. Reflex magnitude and tactile sensitivity decreases and nociceptive specificity and spatial organisation increases with gestational age. Strong, relatively non-specific, reflex sensitivity in early life may be important for driving postnatal activity dependent maturation of targeted spinal cord sensory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cornelissen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Fabrizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Patten
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Worley
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Meek
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Obstetric Wing, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart Boyd
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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Nakamura T, Tomida M, Yamamoto T, Ando H, Takamata T, Kondo E, Kurasawa I, Asanuma N. The endogenous opioids related with antinociceptive effects induced by electrical stimulation into the amygdala. Open Dent J 2013; 7:27-35. [PMID: 23539535 PMCID: PMC3606949 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601307010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain relief is necessary and essential for dental treatments. Recently, the relationships of pain and emotion were studied, and electrical stimulation applied to the amygdala depressed the nociceptive response in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Thus, the antinociceptive effects of the amygdala are elucidated, but its mechanism is not yet clarified. The present study was performed to investigate whether endogenous opioid system is related to the depression, and the quantitative changes of endogenous opioids induced by electrical stimulation to the amygdala. We investigated immunohistologically c-Fos expression to confirm the activated neurons, as well as the distribution and the amount of endogenous opioids (β-endorphin, enkephalin and dynorphin A) in the brain using male Wistar rats, when electrical stimulation was applied to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) or noxious stimulation was delivered to the peripheral tissue. c-Fos expression in the ipsilateral ACC was increased by electrical stimulation to the CeA. However, only a small amount of endogenous opioids was observed in the ACC when noxious stimulation or electrical stimulation was applied. In contrast, the amount of dynorphin A in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was increased by electrical stimulation to the CeA, and the amount of β-endorphin in the PAG was increased by noxious stimulation to the peripheral tissue. The results suggest that dynorphin A in the PAG induced by electrical stimulation to the CeA activate the descending antinociceptive system, and suggest that the nociceptive response in the ACC is depressed indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takami Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Japan ; Department of Oral Physiology, Matsumoto Dental University, Japan
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Arsenault M, Piché M, Duncan G, Rainville P. Self-regulation of acute experimental pain with and without biofeedback using spinal nociceptive responses. Neuroscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Sakakibara T, Wang Z, Kasai Y. Does going to an amusement park alleviate low back pain? A preliminary study. J Pain Res 2012; 5:409-13. [PMID: 23118550 PMCID: PMC3484509 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s36960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain is often called nonspecific pain. In this type of low back pain, various emotions and stress are known to strongly affect pain perception. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the degree of low back pain changes in people with chronic mild low back pain when they are inside and outside of an amusement park where people are supposed to have physical and psychological enjoyment. Methods The subjects were 23 volunteers (13 males and 10 females) aged 18 to 46 years old with a mean age of 24.0 years who had chronic low back pain. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores of low back pain and salivary amylase levels (kIU/L) of all subjects were measured at five time points: immediately after getting on the bus heading for the amusement park; 10 minutes, 1 hour (immediately after boarding the roller coaster), and 3 hours (immediately after exiting the haunted house) after arriving at the amusement park; and immediately before getting off the bus returning from the park. Results The three VAS values in the amusement park (10 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours after arriving at the amusement park) measured were significantly lower (P < 0.05) when compared with the other two values measured immediately after getting on the bus heading for the amusement park and immediately before getting off the return bus. In salivary amylase levels, there were no statistically significant differences among the values measured at the five time points. Conclusion Low back pain was significantly alleviated when the subjects were in the amusement park, which demonstrated that enjoyable activities, though temporarily, alleviated their low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sakakibara
- Department of Spinal Surgery and Medical Engineering, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan
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