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Bleus D, Blockx H, Gesquiere E, Adriaensens P, Samyn P, Marchal W, Vandamme D. High-Temperature Hydrothermal Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Brewer's Spent Grain and Malt Dust Biomass Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2024; 29:1983. [PMID: 38731474 PMCID: PMC11085089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aligned with the EU Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (EU SDG2030), extensive research is dedicated to enhancing the sustainable use of biomass waste for the extraction of pharmaceutical and nutritional compounds, such as (poly-)phenolic compounds (PC). This study proposes an innovative one-step hydrothermal extraction (HTE) at a high temperature (120 °C), utilizing environmentally friendly acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to replace conventional harmful pre-treatment chemicals and organic solvents. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) and novel malt dust (MD) biomass sources, both obtained from beer production, were characterized and studied for their potential as PC sources. HTE, paired with mild acidic malic acid/choline chloride (MA) NADES, was compared against conventional (heated and stirred maceration) and modern (microwave-assisted extraction; MAE) state-of-the-art extraction methods. The quantification of key PC in BSG and MD using liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the combination of elevated temperatures and acidic NADES could provide significant improvements in PC extraction yields ranging from 251% (MD-MAC-MA: 29.3 µg/g; MD-HTE-MA: 103 µg/g) to 381% (BSG-MAC-MA: 78 µg/g; BSG-HTE-MA: 375 µg/g). The superior extraction capacity of MA NADES over non-acidic NADES (glycerol/choline chloride) and a traditional organic solvent mixture (acetone/H2O) could be attributed to in situ acid-catalysed pre-treatment facilitating the release of bound PC from lignin-hemicellulose structures. Qualitative 13C-NMR and pyro-GC-MS analysis was used to verify lignin-hemicellulose breakdown during extraction and the impact of high-temperature MA NADES extraction on the lignin-hemicellulose structure. This in situ acid NADES-catalysed high-temperature pre-treatment during PC extraction offers a potential green pre-treatment for use in cascade valorisation strategies (e.g., lignin valorisation), enabling more intensive usage of available biomass waste stream resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Bleus
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Heike Blockx
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Emma Gesquiere
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Department of Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, Sirris, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Marchal
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dries Vandamme
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Peguero DA, Gold M, Endara A, Niu M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. Evaluation of ammonia pretreatment of four fibrous biowastes and its effect on black soldier fly larvae rearing performance. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 160:123-134. [PMID: 36821971 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens L.) can promote a more sustainable food system by reusing nutrients that would otherwise be wasted. However, many agri-food wastes and byproducts are typically high in lignocellulosic fibers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), making it resistant to efficient larval and/or microbial degradation. Ammonia pretreatment could be used to partially degrade lignocellulose, making the biowaste more easily degradable by the larvae and/or microorganisms. This study evaluated ammonia pretreatment for lignocellulose degradation and its effect on BSFL performance on four fibrous biowastes: brewers spent grain, cow manure, oat pulp, and grass clippings. First, the optimal ammonia dose (1 % or 5 % dry mass) and pretreatment time (three or seven days) were assessed by measuring fibers after treatment and further examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Second, BSFL rearing performance on ammonia-pretreated substrates was assessed with a 9-day feeding experiment. Three-day pretreatment with 5 % ammonia was chosen as it decreased the total fiber content by 8-23 % for all substrates except cow manure. Contrary to expectations, ammonia pretreatment with all substates decreased BSFL rearing performance metrics by more than half compared to the untreated control. Follow-up experiments suggested that ammonia pretreatment had a dose-dependent toxicity to BSFL. Interestingly, three-day fermentation of cow manure and oat pulp increased bioconversion rate by 25-31 %. This study shows that ammonia pretreatment is not suitable before BSFL rearing. Ammonia toxicity to BSFL and other pretreatments, such as fermentation, should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Peguero
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Endara
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mutian Niu
- Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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How do pH and temperature influence extraction yield, physicochemical, functional, and rheological characteristics of brewer spent grain protein concentrates? FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Rojas-Pérez LC, Narváez-Rincón PC, Rocha MAM, Coelho E, Coimbra MA. Production of xylose through enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronoarabinoxylan from brewers' spent grain. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:105. [PMID: 38647754 PMCID: PMC10992567 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is an abundant bioresource for obtaining diverse chemicals and added-value products. The production of xylose from green alternatives like enzymatic hydrolysis is an important step in a biorefinery context. This research evaluated the synergism among four classes of hydrolytic purified enzymes-endo-1,4-β-xylanase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, β-xylosidase, and α-D-glucuronidase-over hydrolysis of glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) obtained from brewers' spent grain (BSG) after alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation. First, monosaccharides, uronic acids and glycosidic-linkages of alkaline extracted GAX fraction from BSG were characterized, after that different strategies based on the addition of one or two families of enzymes-endo-1,4-β-xylanase (GH10 and GH11) and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GH43 and GH51)-cooperating with one β-xylosidase (GH43) and one α-D-glucuronidase (GH67) into enzymatic hydrolysis were assessed to obtain the best yield of xylose. The xylose release was monitored over time in the first 90 min and after a prolonged reaction up to 48 h of reaction. The highest yield of xylose was 63.6% (48 h, 40 ℃, pH 5.5), using a mixture of all enzymes devoid of α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GH43) family. These results highlight the importance of GH51 arabinofuranosidase debranching enzyme to allow a higher cleavage of the xylan backbone of GAX from BSG and their synergy with 2 endo-1,4-β-xylanase (GH10 and GH11), one β-xylosidase (GH43) and the inclusion of one α-D-glucuronidase (GH67) in the reaction system. Therefore, this study provides an environmentally friendly process to produce xylose from BSG through utilization of enzymes as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia C Rojas-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Ean, 110221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Paulo C Narváez-Rincón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M Angélica M Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Oztuna Taner O, Ekici L, Akyuz L. CMC-based edible coating composite films from Brewer's spent grain waste: a novel approach for the fresh strawberry package. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fărcaș AC, Socaci SA, Nemeș SA, Salanță LC, Chiș MS, Pop CR, Borșa A, Diaconeasa Z, Vodnar DC. Cereal Waste Valorization through Conventional and Current Extraction Techniques-An Up-to-Date Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162454. [PMID: 36010454 PMCID: PMC9407619 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, in the European Union more than 100 million tons of food are wasted, meanwhile, millions of people are starving. Food waste represents a serious and ever-growing issue which has gained researchers’ attention due to its economic, environmental, social, and ethical implications. The Sustainable Development Goal has as its main objective the reduction of food waste through several approaches such as the re-use of agro-industrial by-products and their exploitation through complete valorization of their bioactive compounds. The extraction of the bioactive compounds through conventional methods has been used for a long time, whilst the increasing demand and evolution for using more sustainable extraction techniques has led to the development of new, ecologically friendly, and high-efficiency technologies. Enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted extractions, microwave-assisted extraction, membrane fractionation, and pressure-based extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, and steam explosion) are the main debated green technologies in the present paper. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the well-known conventional extraction methods and the advanced novel treatments and extraction techniques applied to release the bioactive compounds from cereal waste and by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia Amalia Nemeș
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liana Claudia Salanță
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Simona Chiș
- Laboratory for Testing Quality and Food Safety, Calea Florești Street, No. 64, 400516 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Carmen Rodica Pop
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Borșa
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zorița Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Lech M, Labus K. The methods of brewers’ spent grain treatment towards the recovery of valuable ingredients contained therein and comprehensive management of its residues. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Duong TH, van Eekert M, Grolle K, Tran TVN, Zeeman G, Temmink H. Effect of carbohydrates on protein hydrolysis in anaerobic digestion. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:66-79. [PMID: 35838283 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of carbohydrates on protein hydrolysis and potential implications for the design of anaerobic reactors for treatment of protein-rich wastewaters. Batch experiments were carried out with dissolved starch (Sta) and gelatine (Gel) at different chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratios ranging from 0 to 5.5 under methanogenic conditions for methane production and up to 3.8 under non-methanogenic conditions for volatile fatty acids (VFA), both at 35 °C. The Sta/Gel did not have a direct effect on the gelatine hydrolysis rate constants under methanogenic (0.51 ± 0.05 L g VSS-1 day-1) and non-methanogenic conditions (0.48 ± 0.05 L g VSS-1 day-1). However, under non-methanogenic conditions, gelatine hydrolysis was inhibited by 64% when a spectrum of VFA was added at a VFA/Gel (COD) ratio of 5.9. This was not caused by the ionic strength exerted by VFA but by the VFA itself. These results imply that methanogenesis dictates the reactor design for methane production but hydrolysis does for VFA production from wastewater proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Duong
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: ; ; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Miriam van Eekert
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: ;
| | - Katja Grolle
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: ;
| | - Thi Viet Nga Tran
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: ; ; LeAF BV, PO Box 500, 6700 AM Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hardy Temmink
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: ;
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Pineapple Waste Cell Wall Sugar Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Second Generation Bioethanol Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural food waste is rich in cellulosic and non-cellulosic fermentable substance. In this study, we investigated the bioconversion of pineapple waste cell wall sugars into bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. Soluble and insoluble cell wall sugars were investigated during the fermentation process. Moreover, the fermentation medium was investigated for protein, moisture, ash, lignin and glycerol determinations with a particular focus on the increase in single cell protein due to yeast growth, allowing a total valorization of the resulting fermentation medium, with no further waste production, with respect to environmental sustainability. Soluble and insoluble sugars in the starting material were 32.12% and 26.33% respectively. The main insoluble sugars resulting from the cell wall hydrolysis detected at the beginning of the fermentation, were glucose, xylose and uronic acid. Glucose and mannose were the most prevalent sugars in the soluble sugars fraction. The ethanol theoretical yield, calculated according to dry matter lost, reached up to 85% (3.9% EtOH). The final fermentation substrate was mainly represented by pentose sugars. The protein content increased from 4.45% up to 20.1% during the process.
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Effect of Brewery Spent Grain Level and Fermentation Time on the Quality of Bread. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:8704684. [PMID: 35252439 PMCID: PMC8890889 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8704684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BSG (brewery spent grain) is the most frequent by-product from the beer industry, which is high in protein, fiber, and minerals. This research was carried out to improve the nutritional content of bread by adding BSG to wheat flour. In this study, five levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of BSG blending ratio and three levels (1, 2, and 3 hrs) of fermentation time were considered. Standard procedures were used to determine the chemical composition of BSG, dough quality, physicochemical composition, and sensory quality of bread. The BSG is composed of 6.19% moisture, 4.01% ash, 8.80% crude fat, 16.80% crude fiber, 21.86% crude protein, 42.30% carbohydrate, 2.57 mg/g calcium, 3.16 mg/g magnesium, and 7.34 mg/g potassium. The dough water absorption (58.53-66.67 ml/100 g), development time (3.43-17.57 min), stability (6.53–12.40 min), and degree of softening (25.33-50.33 FU) were increased significantly (
) as BSG ratio increased in blending. As the BSG raised, the loaf weight (127.58-148.85 g) was increased and reduced the loaf volume (372.97–366.74 cm3). The proximate composition of the BSG blended bread was increased significantly from 33.19 to 45.29% moisture, 1.31 to 3.82% ash, 0.88 to 3.63% crude fat, 0.74 to 8.45% crude fiber, and 8.33 to 14.65% crude protein. The utilizable carbohydrate and energy values were decreased from 53.18 to 34.45% and 2.66 to 2.24 kcal, respectively. The calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents of the bread were increased from 76.44 to 150.93 mg/100 g, 87.12 to 176.81 mg/100 g, and 116.04 to 225.49 mg/100 g, respectively, as the BSG level was increased from 0 to 20%. However, the fermentation time had a significant effect (
) only on the moisture content, protein content, caloric value, and mineral content of bread. The sensory acceptance of bread was significantly affected (
) by BSG levels. Finally, by considering the sensory, other functional, and nutritional properties, we concluded that replacing the wheat flour with BSG up to 10% was accepted by the consumers.
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Abstract
Today, food valorization represents an important challenge to environmental sustainability. Food waste can be used as a substrate for single cell protein production suitable for animal feed. In this study, animal and agricultural food waste, represented by fish, pineapple, banana, apple, and citrus peels, have been used simultaneously as a fermentation substrate for single cell protein production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to evaluate the possibility of using a multi complex substrate for a simultaneous biovalorization of different food waste. The fermentation process was implemented by the supplementation of a hydrolytic enzyme and nutrient to allow the best yeast growing conditions. At the end of the process, the final substrate was enriched in protein, reaching up to 40.19% of protein, making the multisubstrate useful for animal feed. The substrate was also investigated for crude lipid, ash, lignin, soluble and insoluble sugar. The substrate composition at the end of the fermentation process was represented by 14.46% of crude lipid, 1.08% ash, 6.29% lignin. Conversely, the soluble and insoluble sugars dropped down from 20.5% to 6.10% and 19.15% to 2.14%, respectively, at the end of the process.
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Dong H, Sousa LDC, Ubanwa B, Jones AD, Balan V. A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Chem 2022; 9:826625. [PMID: 35127657 PMCID: PMC8814328 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.826625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in the plant cell wall are responsible for providing resistance against biomass-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms. Four major types of lignin-carbohydrate bonds are reported in the literature, namely, benzyl ethers, benzyl esters, phenyl glycosides, and acetyl ester linkages. Ester’s linkages in the plant cell wall are labile to alkaline pretreatments, such as ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), which uses liquid or gaseous ammonia to cleave those linkages in the plant cell wall and reduce biomass recalcitrance. Two competing reactions, notably hydrolysis and ammonolysis, take place during AFEX pretreatment process, producing different aliphatic and aromatic acids, as well as their amide counterparts. AFEX pretreated grasses and agricultural residues are known to increase conversion of biomass to sugars by four- to five-fold when subjected to commercial enzyme hydrolysis, yielding a sustainable feedstock for producing biofuels, biomaterials, and animal feed. Animal feed trials on dairy cows have demonstrated a 27% increase in milk production when compared to a control feedstock. However, the presence of carboxamides in feedstocks could promote neurotoxicity in animals if consumed beyond a certain concentration. Thus, there is the need to overcome regulatory hurdles associated with commercializing AFEX pretreated biomass as animal feed in the United States. This manuscript demonstrates a modified pretreatment for increasing the digestibility of industrial byproducts such as Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and high-fiber meal (HFM) produced from BSG and dry distillers grains with soluble (DDGS), while avoiding the production of carboxamides. The three industrial byproducts were first treated with calculated amounts of alkali such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, or KOH followed by AFEX pretreatment. We found that 4% alkali was able to de-esterify BSG and DDGS more efficiently than using 2% alkali at both 10 and 20% solids loading. AFEX pretreatment of de-esterified BSG, HFM, and DDGS produced twofold higher glucan conversion than respective untreated biomass. This new discovery can help overcome potential regulatory issues associated with the presence of carboxamides in ammonia-pretreated animal feeds and is expected to benefit several farmers around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX, United States
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Venkatesh Balan,
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Yang M, Zhu W, Cao H. Biorefinery methods for extraction of oil and protein from rubber seed. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:45. [PMID: 38650233 PMCID: PMC10991862 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubber seeds are a by-product of rubber production and are rich in oil and protein. Upgrading of rubber seeds to produce proteins, oils and feedstock can generate additional revenue for rubber production and reduce waste. The present study investigates the effects of different pre-treatments and extraction methods to determine the optimal methods to produce oil and protein from rubber seed kernels. Mechanical expulsion using a screw press and solvent extraction using n-hexane were employed for oil separation. The highest oil recovery efficiency of 95.12% was obtained using rubber seed meal that was pre-dried at 105 ℃. The sequential water-alkaline treatment was ideal for achieving high protein recovery while reducing the protein denaturation that can result from high operating temperatures and organic solvent contact. Over 90% of the total protein from rubber seed kernels could be recovered. Separating oil from kernels using hexane followed by protein extraction from the meals by enzymatic treatment provides a suitable method for comprehensive utilization of rubber seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Lynch KM, Strain CR, Johnson C, Patangia D, Stanton C, Koc F, Gil-Martinez J, O'Riordan P, Sahin AW, Ross RP, Arendt EK. Extraction and characterisation of arabinoxylan from brewers spent grain and investigation of microbiome modulation potential. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4393-4411. [PMID: 34057578 PMCID: PMC8572209 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) represents the largest by-product of the brewing industry. Its utilisation as an animal feed has become less practical today; however, its high fibre and protein content make it a promising untapped resource for human nutrition. BSG contains mainly insoluble fibre. This fibre, along with protein, is trapped with the complex lignocellulosic cell structure and must be solubilised to release components which may be beneficial to health through modulation of the gut microbiota. Methods In this study, the application of a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for the extraction and solubilisation of arabinoxylan from BSG is demonstrated. Results Processing of the BSG was varied to modulate the physicochemical and molecular characteristic of the released arabinoxylan. The maximum level of arabinoxylan solubilisation achieved was approximately 21%, compared to the unprocessed BSG which contained no soluble arabinoxylan (AX). Concentration of the solubilised material produced a sample containing 99% soluble AX. Samples were investigated for their microbiome modulating capacity in in-vitro faecal fermentation trials. Many samples promoted increased Lactobacillus levels (approx. twofold). One sample that contained the highest level of soluble AX was shown to be bifidogenic, increasing the levels of this genus approx. 3.5-fold as well as acetate (p = 0.018) and propionate (p < 0.001) production. Conclusion The findings indicate that AX extracted from BSG has prebiotic potential. The demonstration that BSG is a source of functional fibre is a promising step towards the application of this brewing side-stream as a functional food ingredient for human nutrition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02570-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall R Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Crystal Johnson
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dhrati Patangia
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fatma Koc
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jorge Gil-Martinez
- Global Innovation and Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick O'Riordan
- Global Innovation and Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aylin W Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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15
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Birsan RI, Wilde P, Waldron KW, Rai DK. Anticholinesterase Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Brewer's Spent Grain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050930. [PMID: 33922726 PMCID: PMC8145039 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases, involved in acetylcholine catabolism in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been strongly linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches using synthetic drugs present several side effects. Hence, there is an increasing research interest in naturally-occurring dietary polyphenols, which are also considered efficacious. Food processing by-products such as brewer’s spent grain (BSG) would be a potential bio-source of polyphenols. In this study, polyphenol-rich BSG extracts using 60% acetone and 0.75% NaOH solutions were generated, which were further subjected to liquid–liquid partitioning using various organic solvents. The water-partitioned fractions of the saponified extracts had the highest total polyphenol content (6.2 ± 2.8 mgGAE/g dw) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, while the LC-MS/MS showed ethyl acetate fraction with the highest phenolics (2.9 ± 0.3 mg/g BSG dw). The best inhibitions of acetyl- (37.9 ± 2.9%) and butyryl- (53.6 ± 7.7%) cholinesterases were shown by the diethyl ether fraction of the saponified extract. This fraction contained the highest sum of quantified phenolics (99 ± 21.2 µg/mg of extract), and with significant (p < 0.01) inhibitory contribution of decarboxylated-diferulic acid. Amongst the standards, caffeic acid presented the highest inhibition for both cholinesterases, 25.5 ± 0.2% for acetyl- and 52.3 ± 0.8% for butyryl-cholinesterase, respectively, whilst the blends insignificantly inhibited both cholinesterases. The results showed that polyphenol-rich BSG fractions have potentials as natural anti-cholinesterase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares I. Birsan
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Peter Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- Anglia Science Writing Ltd., Wramplingham, Norfolk NR18 0RU, UK;
| | - Dilip K. Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-018-059-500
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16
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Brewing By-Product Upcycling Potential: Nutritionally Valuable Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020165. [PMID: 33499399 PMCID: PMC7911235 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brewing industry produces high quantities of solid and liquid waste, causing disposal issues. Brewing spent grains (BSGs) and brewing spent hop (BSH) are important by-products of the brewing industry and possess a high-value chemical composition. In this study, BSG and BSH, obtained from the production process of two different types of ale beer (Imperial red and Belgian strong beer) were characterized in terms of valuable components, including proteins, carbohydrates, fat, dietary fiber, β-glucans, arabinoxylans, polyphenols, and phenolic acids, and antioxidant activity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)). Significant concentrations of total polyphenols were observed in both BSH and BSG samples (average of about 10 mg GAE/g of dry mass); however, about 1.5-fold higher levels were detected in by-products of Belgian strong ale beer compared with Imperial red. Free and bound phenolic acids were quantified using a validated chromatographic method. A much higher level of total phenolic acids (TPA) (about 16-fold higher) was found in BSG samples compared with BSHs. Finally, their antioxidant potential was verified. By-products of Belgian strong ale beer, both BSG and BSH, showed significantly higher antioxidative capacity (about 1.5-fold lower inhibitory concentration (IC50) values) compared with spent grains and hop from the brewing of Imperial red ale. In summary, BSG and BSH may be considered rich sources of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and antioxidant compounds (polyphenols), and have the potential to be upcycled by transformation into value-added products.
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17
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Ciurko D, Łaba W, Żarowska B, Janek T. Enzymatic hydrolysis using bacterial cultures as a novel method for obtaining antioxidant peptides from brewers' spent grain. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4688-4700. [PMID: 35424402 PMCID: PMC8694660 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain was used as a substrate to obtain protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activity. Hydrolysis was conducted in the culture using proteolytic bacteria. Hydrolysis was controlled by measurement of α-amino group concentration and with the aid of size exclusion chromatography. For each culture the degree of hydrolysis was calculated. The most efficient protein hydrolysis was observed in the cultures of Bacillus cereus (43.06%) and Bacillus lentus (41.81%). In addition, gelatin zymography was performed in order to detect bacterial proteases and their activity. The profile of secreted enzymes was heterogeneous, while the greatest variety was observed for Bacillus polymyxa. Brewers' spent grain protein hydrolysates exhibited high antioxidant activity. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus post-cultured media displayed the highest activity, respectively 1291.97 and 1621.31 μM TEAC per g for ABTS, 188.89 and 160.93 μM TEAC per g for DPPH, and 248.81 and 284.08 μM TEAC per g for the FRAP method. Hydrolysis of brewers' spent grain conducted in the bacterial cultures entails reduction of workload, economic cost and environmental impact.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ciurko
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science J. Chełmońskiego 37 51-630 Wrocław Poland +48 71 320 7723
| | - Wojciech Łaba
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science J. Chełmońskiego 37 51-630 Wrocław Poland +48 71 320 7723
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science J. Chełmońskiego 37 51-630 Wrocław Poland +48 71 320 7723
| | - Tomasz Janek
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science J. Chełmońskiego 37 51-630 Wrocław Poland +48 71 320 7723
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18
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19
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Novel Drying Methods for Sustainable Upcycling of Brewers’ Spent Grains as a Plant Protein Source. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grains (BSGs) are the most important by-product of the brewing industry and are rich in protein and fiber. However, abundant amounts of BSGs are discarded annually worldwide. This project aimed to employ and compare innovative drying techniques to introduce snacks with protein sources derived from leftover BSGs. This study explored the dehydration kinetics of BSGs and the effect of three different drying methods—oven drying (OD), freeze drying (FD), and vacuum microwave drying (VMD)—on their protein content and functionality. Then, an energy and exergy analysis for the drying methods was given. Accordingly, a snack product (baked chips) using the dehydrated BSGs was developed by a sensory panel study to assess consumer acceptability of the final products. It was found that the VMD process took less drying time (48 min) compared to OD (50 min), with higher effectiveness as a drying process. VMD-treated BSG also showed moderate protein functionality and the highest overall acceptability when used in baked chips. Thus, VMD might be used as a sustainable drying technology for thermal treatment and valorization of BSG. In addition to having implications for dietary health, findings can help improve the economy of the breweries and other industries that deal with the processing of grains by valorizing their process waste and contributing to sustainability.
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20
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Chanzu HA, Onyari JM, Shiundu PM. Brewers' spent grain in adsorption of aqueous Congo Red and malachite Green dyes: Batch and continuous flow systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120897. [PMID: 31326840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of Congo Red (CR) and Malachite Green (MG) dyes currently used in pigments and clothing industries were investigated using brewers' spent grain (BSG) from a local brewery. Adsorption increased with a higher adsorbent weight and lower colorant concentrations. Accumulation of CR and MG was optimal at acidic pH and neutral pH respectively. Sorption decreased with an increase in temperature signifying an exothermic process. Batch adsorption data fitted better to Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Maximum monolayer coverage capacities (QO)) were found to be 2.55 mg/g for MG and 36.5 mg/g for CR dye. Column studies using BSG were also conducted for both dyes. Fixed bed breakthrough was fast with an increase in dye concentration, adsorbent surface area, and flow rate and with a decrease in column depth. BSG are effective, simple in design and inexpensive adsorbing material from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Amuguni Chanzu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - John Mmari Onyari
- University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 14538-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paul Mwanza Shiundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
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21
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Arauzo PJ, Du L, Olszewski MP, Meza Zavala MF, Alhnidi MJ, Kruse A. Effect of protein during hydrothermal carbonization of brewer's spent grain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122117. [PMID: 31520863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study has two targets: Studying the extraction of the initial protein content from brewer's spent grain and the impact of protein's extraction on the chemical-physical properties of produced hydrochars. The protein was extracted from brewer's spent grains using the pH-shifting method. The extracted protein was quantified and characterized by their amino acid profile. The hydrothermal treatment was applied at 190 °C and 220 °C for 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h. The hydrochars and process water were collected and assayed. The hydrochar after protein extraction reveals the lowest yield to hydrochars (67.10-45.14%), higher C/N ratio (19.66-21.33) and lower ash content (1.52-1.72 wt%) compared to the hydrochar without extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Arauzo
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - L Du
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M P Olszewski
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M F Meza Zavala
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M J Alhnidi
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Kruse
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Akermann A, Weiermüller J, Ulber R. Aufbau eines Bioraffineriekonzeptes für Biertreber mit vorgelagertem Pressschritt. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akermann
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik, Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Jens Weiermüller
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik, Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Roland Ulber
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik, Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
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23
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The Effect of Biochar Addition on the Biogas Production Kinetics from the Anaerobic Digestion of Brewers’ Spent Grain. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) addition is a novel and promising method for biogas yield increase. Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is an abundant organic waste with a large potential for biogas production. In this research, for the first time, we test the feasibility of increasing biogas yield and rate from BSG digestion by adding BC, which was produced from BSG via torrefaction (low-temperature pyrolysis). Furthermore, we explore the digestion of BSG with the presence BCs produced from BSG via torrefaction (low-temperature pyrolysis). The proposed approach creates two alternative waste-to-energy and waste-to-carbon type utilization pathways for BSG: (1) digestion of BSG waste to produce biogas and (2) torrefaction of BSG to produce BC used for digestion. Torrefaction extended the short utility lifetime of BSG waste turned into BC. BSG was digested in the presence of BC with BC to BSG + BC weight ratio from 0 to 50%. The study was conducted during 21 days under mesophilic conditions in n = 3 trials. The content of dry mass 17.6% in all variants was constant. The kinetics results for pure BSG (0% BC) were: reaction rate constant (k) 1.535 d−1, maximum production of biogas (B0) 92.3 dm3∙kg−1d.o.m. (d.o.m. = dry organic matter), and biogas production rate (r), 103.1 dm3∙kg−1d.o.m.∙d−1. his preliminary research showed that the highest (p < 0.05) r, 227 dm3∙kg−1d.o.m.∙d−1 was due to the 5% BC addition. This production rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with all other treatments (0, 1, 3, 8, 10, 20, 30, and 50% BC dose). Due to the high variability observed between replicates, no significant differences could be detected between all the assays amended with BC and the variant 0% BC. However, a significant decrease of B0 from 85.1 to 61.0 dm3∙kg−1d.o.m. in variants with the high biochar addition (20–50% BC) was observed in relation to 5% BC (122 dm3∙kg−1d.o.m.), suggesting that BC overdose inhibits biogas production from the BSG + BC mixture. The reaction rate constant (k) was not improved by BC, and the addition of 10% and 20% BC even decreased k relatively to the 0% variant. A significant decrease of k was also observed for the doses of 10%, 20%, and 30% when compared with the 5% BC (1.89 d−1) assays.
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Tišma M, Jurić A, Bucić-Kojić A, Panjičko M, Planinić M. Biovalorization of brewers’ spent grain for the production of laccase and polyphenols. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tišma
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology; F. Kuhača 20 Osijek Croatia
| | - Anita Jurić
- University of Mostar, Faculty of Agronomy and Food Technology; Biskupa Čule bb Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Herzegovian Brewery, Bišće polje bb; Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Bucić-Kojić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology; F. Kuhača 20 Osijek Croatia
| | - Mario Panjičko
- CROTEH - Sustainable Technologies Development Centre Ltd.; Dragutina Golika 63 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Mirela Planinić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology; F. Kuhača 20 Osijek Croatia
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Forssell P, Treimo J, Eijsink VGH, Faulds CB, Collins S, Schols HA, Hinz SWA, Myllymäki O, Tamminen T, Zoldners J, Viljanen K, Waldron KW, Buchert J. Enzyme-Aided Fractionation of Brewer's Spent Grains in Pilot Scale. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2011-0408-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Forssell
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
| | - J. Treimo
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Ås, Norway
| | - V. G. H. Eijsink
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Ås, Norway
| | | | - S. Collins
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich, U.K
| | - H. A. Schols
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S. W. A. Hinz
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - O. Myllymäki
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
| | - T. Tamminen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
| | - J. Zoldners
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - K. Viljanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
| | | | - J. Buchert
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
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26
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Ravindran R, Jaiswal S, Abu-Ghannam N, Jaiswal AK. A comparative analysis of pretreatment strategies on the properties and hydrolysis of brewers' spent grain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 248:272-279. [PMID: 28648256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, brewer's spent grain (BSG) was subjected to a range pretreatments to study the effect on reducing sugar yield. Glucose and xylose were found to be the predominant sugars in BSG. Brewers spent grain was high in cellulose (19.21g/100g of BSG) and lignin content (30.84g/100g of BSG). Microwave assisted alkali (MAA) pretreatment was found to be the most effective pretreatment for BSG, where the pretreatment was conducted at 400W for 60s. A maximum reducing yield was observed with high biomass loading (1g/10ml), cellulase (158.76μl/10ml), hemicellulase (153.3μl/10ml), pH (5.4) and an incubation time (120h). Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, MAA pretreated BSG yielded 228.25mg of reducing sugar/g of BSG which was 2.86-fold higher compared to native BSG (79.67mg/g of BSG); simultaneously BSG was de-lignified significantly. The changes in functional groups, crystallinity and thermal behaviour was studies by means of FTIR, XRD and DSC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ravindran
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- Centre for Research in Engineering and Surface Technology, FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Nissreen Abu-Ghannam
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland.
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28
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Ikram S, Huang L, Zhang H, Wang J, Yin M. Composition and Nutrient Value Proposition of Brewers Spent Grain. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2232-2242. [PMID: 28833108 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), a major brewing industry byproduct, is generated in large quantities annually. This review summarizes research into the composition and preservation of BSG, different extraction techniques for BSG proteins and phenolic acids, and the bioactivities of these phenolic components. Moreover, this article also highlights BSG integration into foodstuff for human consumption and animal feed supplements. BSG is considered a rich source of fiber, protein, and phenolic compounds. The phenolic acids present in BSG are hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids), which have many biofunctions, such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, and antiinflammatory activities. Previously, attempts have been made to integrate BSG into human food, such as ready-to-eat snacks, cookies and bread, to increase fiber and protein contents. The addition of BSG to animal feed leads to increased milk yields, higher fat contents in milk, and is a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, many studies have concluded that integrating the biofunctional compounds in BSG into human food and animal feed has various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ikram
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China
| | - LianYan Huang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business Univ. (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Meng Yin
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China
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29
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30
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Nigam PS. An overview: Recycling of solid barley waste generated as a by-product in distillery and brewery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 62:255-261. [PMID: 28237364 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This overview has focused on the options available for the utilisation of residual-biomass generated in distillery and brewery for the production of added-value products. Bio-processing approaches have been reviewed and discussed for the economical bioconversion and utilisation of this waste for the production of bioproducts, such as lactic acid, enzymes, xylitol and animal feed. Though this overview provides several options for the bioprocessing of this residual material, a more suitable one could be chosen according to the processing-facilities available and the amount of residue available in local area. The feasibility of any chosen process should be evaluated on the basis of cost of material available, its local utilisation for animal feed, and the overall economical advantages that could be gained by changing its current traditional landfill use to produce higher added value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh Nigam
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Crowley D, O'Callaghan Y, McCarthy AL, Connolly A, Fitzgerald RJ, O'Brien NM. Aqueous and enzyme-extracted phenolic compounds from brewers' spent grain (BSG): Assessment of their antioxidant potential. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Crowley
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Yvonne O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
| | - Aoife L. McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Ireland
| | - Alan Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Limerick Ireland
| | | | - Nora M. O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Ireland
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Lynch KM, Steffen EJ, Arendt EK. Brewers' spent grain: a review with an emphasis on food and health. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; College Road Cork Ireland
| | - Eric J. Steffen
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; College Road Cork Ireland
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; College Road Cork Ireland
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Michelin M, Teixeira JA. Liquid hot water pretreatment of multi feedstocks and enzymatic hydrolysis of solids obtained thereof. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:862-9. [PMID: 27318165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural feedstocks (brewers' spent grain - BSG, corncob - CC, corn husk - CH, wheat straw - WS and Luffa sponge - LS) were pretreated by liquid hot water (LHW) in order to increase cellulose recovery and enzymatic saccharification. LHW-pretreatment resulted in hemicellulose solubilization, and solids enriched in cellulose. Chemical analysis showed different susceptibilities of the feedstocks to LHW-pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreated feedstocks presented higher crystallinity (determined through X-ray diffraction) and thermal stability (determined through thermogravimetric analysis) than untreated feedstocks. SEM images confirmed the effect of LHW-pretreatment on structural changes. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulose conversion to glucose (CCG) were improved for pretreated feedstocks, with exception of LS. CCG (in relation to glucose potential on solids) followed the order: BSG>CH>WS>CC>LS. LHW-pretreatment showed to be a good technology to pretreat multi feedstocks and for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant agricultural feedstocks to sugars, which can be further converted to ethanol-fuel and other value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Michelin
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - José António Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Arte E, Katina K, Holopainen-Mantila U, Nordlund E. Effect of Hydrolyzing Enzymes on Wheat Bran Cell Wall Integrity and Protein Solubility. Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-03-15-0060-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Arte
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 27, Fin-00014, Finland
| | - Kati Katina
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 27, Fin-00014, Finland
| | | | - Emilia Nordlund
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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35
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Antioxidant, functional and rheological properties of optimized composite flour, consisting wheat and amaranth seed, brewers' spent grain and apple pomace. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 53:1151-63. [PMID: 27162395 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Consumer's interest in functional food has continued to increase due to its potential health benefits. This study therefore is aimed at developing a functional wheat based flour comprising, amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seed, brewers' spent grain and apple pomace. The statistical analyses were carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). For the experimental design, the composite flour components were the variables while the proximate and mineral compositions were the responses. After the statistical optimisation process, the best three blends were chosen for further analyses; determination of antioxidant, functional and rheological properties. From the results, the best blends were Runs 11, 13 and 19, with percentages composition of wheat, amaranth seed, brewers, spent grain and apple pomace of 65 %, 30 %, 2 %, 3 %; 60.43 %, 29.68 %, 4.1 %, 5.79 % and 81.94 %, 6.75 %, 3.39 %, 7.92 % respectively. The ANOVA, R(2) and R(2) adjusted values for the proximate and mineral compositions showed that the composite flours were statistically satisfactory. The results also indicated that the antioxidant, functional and rheological properties of the three best blends showed good and acceptable nutritional and rheological properties. Composite flours with acceptable and excellent nutritional composition, functional properties and rheological behaviour can be obtained from composite blends consisting wheat, amaranth seed, brewers, spent grain and apple pomace flours.
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Santos DMD, Bukzem ADL, Ascheri DPR, Signini R, Aquino GLBD. Microwave-assisted carboxymethylation of cellulose extracted from brewer's spent grain. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Brewer’s spent grain: source of value-added polysaccharides for the food industry in reference to the health claims. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Buffington J. The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2014.43034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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The composition and ultrastructure of sorghum spent grains. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Sibakov J, Myllymäki O, Suortti T, Kaukovirta-Norja A, Lehtinen P, Poutanen K. Comparison of acid and enzymatic hydrolyses of oat bran β-glucan at low water content. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Connolly A, Piggott CO, FitzGerald RJ. Characterisation of protein-rich isolates and antioxidative phenolic extracts from pale and black brewers' spent grain. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Limerick; Castletroy Limerick; Ireland
| | - Charles O. Piggott
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Limerick; Castletroy Limerick; Ireland
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Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Verma M. Screening of agro-industrial wastes for citric acid bioproduction by Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001 through solid state fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1560-7. [PMID: 23108761 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The citric acid (CA) industry is currently struggling to develop a sustainable and economical process owing to high substrate and energy costs. Increasing interest in the replacement of costly synthetic substrates by renewable waste biomass has fostered research on agro-industrial wastes and screening of raw materials for economical CA production. The food-processing industry generates substantial quantities of waste biomass that could be used as a valuable low-cost fermentation substrate. The present study evaluated the potential of different agro-industrial wastes, namely apple pomace (AP), brewer's spent grain, citrus waste and sphagnum peat moss, as substrates for solid state CA production using Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001. RESULTS Among the four substrates, AP resulted in highest CA production of 61.06 ± 1.9 g kg(-1) dry substrate (DS) after a 72 h incubation period. Based on the screening studies, AP was selected for optimisation studies through response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum CA production of 312.32 g kg(-1) DS was achieved at 75% (v/w) moisture and 3% (v/w) methanol after a 144 h incubation period. The validation of RSM-optimised parameters in plastic trays resulted in maximum CA production of 364.4 ± 4.50 g kg(-1) DS after a 120 h incubation period. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the potential of AP as a cheap substrate for higher CA production. This study contributes to knowledge about the future application of carbon rich agro-industrial wastes for their value addition to CA. It also offers economic and environmental benefits over traditional ways used to dispose off agro-industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet S Dhillon
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
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Niemi P, Martins D, Buchert J, Faulds CB. Pre-hydrolysis with carbohydrases facilitates the release of protein from brewer's spent grain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:529-534. [PMID: 23567727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant side-stream from brewing. It is food-grade being rich in dietary fibre and protein and thus having potential as their source for both food and non-food applications. Initial treatment of milled BSG with a carbohydrase cocktail from Humicola insolens significantly enhanced the subsequent solubilisation of protein from the residual biomass. When treated with an alkaline protease, 76% of BSG protein was solubilized, whereas the yields were significantly lower with neutral or acidic proteases. In alkaline conditions significant amount of protein (53%) as predominantly low molecular weight protein was solubilized even without any protease addition. The degree of protein solubilisation was influenced by the time of exposure of modified BSG to the alkaline environment. The non-enzymatic protein solubilisation was, however, only observed when BSG had been initially treated with the carbohydrase, suggesting the protein is surrounded by cell wall polysaccharides restricting its initial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Petersson K, Nordlund E, Tornberg E, Eliasson AC, Buchert J. Impact of cell wall-degrading enzymes on water-holding capacity and solubility of dietary fibre in rye and wheat bran. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:882-889. [PMID: 22865289 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rye and wheat bran were treated with several xylanases and endoglucanases, and the effects on physicochemical properties such as solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity and particle size as well as the chemical composition of the soluble and insoluble fractions of the bran were studied. A large number of enzymes with well-defined activities were used. This enabled a comparison between enzymes of different origins and with different activities as well as a comparison between the effects of the enzymes on rye and wheat bran. RESULTS The xylanases derived from Bacillus subtilis were the most effective in solubilising dietary fibre from wheat and rye bran. There was a tendency for a higher degree of degradation of the soluble or solubilised dietary fibre in rye bran than in wheat bran when treated with most of the enzymes. CONCLUSION None of the enzymes increased the water-holding capacity of the bran or the viscosity of the aqueous phase. The content of insoluble material decreased as the dietary fibre was solubilised by the enzymes. The amount of material that may form a network to retain water in the system was thereby decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Petersson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Brewers' spent grain; bioactivity of phenolic component, its role in animal nutrition and potential for incorporation in functional foods: a review. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 72:117-25. [PMID: 23137812 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is a low-value co-product of the brewing industry produced in large quantities annually. This paper reviews the existing evidence regarding the phenolic component of BSG, focusing on composition, extraction and biofunctions such as antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Furthermore, the incorporation of BSG in foodstuffs will be discussed, including the use of BSG as an animal feed supplement and the potential of BSG to be incorporated into foods for human consumption. BSG contains hydroxycinnamic acids including ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid; which have shown bioactivity in the pure form (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and anti-cancer). Phenolic extracts from BSG have also shown antioxidant potential, by protecting against oxidant-induced DNA damage, possibly by Fe chelation. Studies show that BSG has many benefits when used as a supplement in animal feed, such as increasing milk yield, milkfat content and in providing essential dietary amino acids. The incorporation of BSG in human foods such as cookies and ready-to-eat snacks has resulted in increased protein and fibre contents of the products, where the changes in organoleptic properties are controllable. It can be concluded that the phenolic component of BSG has potential bioactive effects, which are worth pursuing given that the inclusion of BSG into human foodstuffs is viable and beneficial.
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Treatments with Xylanase at High (90 %) and Low (40 %) Water Content Have Different Impacts on Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Bran. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Niemi P, Tamminen T, Smeds A, Viljanen K, Ohra-aho T, Holopainen-Mantila U, Faulds CB, Poutanen K, Buchert J. Characterization of lipids and lignans in brewer's spent grain and its enzymatically extracted fraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9910-9917. [PMID: 22963516 DOI: 10.1021/jf302684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the major side stream of brewing, consists of the husks and the residual parts of malts after the mashing process. BSG was enzymatically fractionated by a two-step treatment with carbohydrate- and protein-degrading enzymes, which solubilized 66% of BSG. BSG contained 11% lipids, which were mostly triglycerides, but also a notable amount of free fatty acids was present. Lipids were mostly solubilized due to the alkaline pH applied in the protease treatment. The main fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Several lignans were identified in BSG, syringaresinol and secoisolariciresinol being the most abundant, many associated with the cell wall matrix and released by the alkaline-protease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- Bio and Process Technology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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McCarthy AL, O’Callaghan YC, Connolly A, Piggott CO, FitzGerald RJ, O’Brien NM. Phenolic extracts of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) as functional ingredients – Assessment of their DNA protective effect against oxidant-induced DNA single strand breaks in U937 cells. Food Chem 2012; 134:641-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Niemi P, Faulds CB, Sibakov J, Holopainen U, Poutanen K, Buchert J. Effect of a milling pre-treatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in brewer's spent grain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 116:155-160. [PMID: 22609670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Millions of tonnes of brewer's spent grain (BSG) are annually produced worldwide as a by-product of the brewing industry. BSG has the potential to be a valuable source of food, chemicals and energy if cost-efficient fractionation methods can be developed. A 2-fold improvement in carbohydrate solubilisation could be achieved through the introduction of a milling step prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Course and fine milled fractions were characterized by particle size distribution and light microscopy. Fine milling decreased particle size down to the micron level and this in turn improved the carbohydrate solubility yield by a multi-enzyme mixture from 23% up to 45%. Carbohydrate solubilisation could be further increased through the supplementation of this enzyme preparation with additional cellulases. The physical degradation caused by the milling also liberated soluble carbohydrates without the requirement of any enzymatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Pires EJ, Ruiz HA, Teixeira JA, Vicente AA. A new approach on Brewer's spent grains treatment and potential use as lignocellulosic yeast cells carriers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5994-5999. [PMID: 22624780 DOI: 10.1021/jf300299m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The major objective of this work is to improve the pretreatments of brewer's spent grains (BSG) aiming at their use as a source for lignocellulosic yeast carriers (LCYC) production. Therefore, several pretreatments of BSG have been designed aiming at obtaining various yeast carriers, differing on their physicochemical composition. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, fat, protein, and ash content were determined for crude BSG and the LCYCs. The long chain fatty acids profile for the crude BSG was also analyzed. Chemical treatments successfully produced several different LCYC based on BSG. The highest cellulose content in LCYC was achieved upon application of caustic (NaOH) treatment during 40 min. Either caustic or combined acid-caustic treatments predominately generated hydrophobic, negatively charged LCYC. The feasibility of using BSG for LCYC production is strengthened by the fact that added-value byproduct can be extracted before the chemical treatments are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Pires
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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