1
|
Strohmeier CW, Cengher M, Chin MD, Falligant JM. Application of a terminal schedule probe method to inform schedule thinning with multiple schedules. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:676-694. [PMID: 38724468 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Multiple schedules are effective at decreasing challenging behavior and maintaining alternative behavior at acceptable levels. Currently, no conclusive guidance is available for empirically deriving multiple-schedule components (continuous reinforcement for alternative behavior and extinction for challenging behavior [discriminative stimulus] and extinction for both alternative and challenging behavior [delta stimulus]) during the schedule-thinning process. In the current investigation, we describe a terminal schedule probe method to determine delta stimulus starting points and strategies for subsequent schedule-thinning progressions to reach caregiver-informed terminal schedules. We review schedule-thinning outcomes for a clinical cohort using a consecutive controlled case series approach and report results for two groups: One group included applications of terminal probe thinning (n = 24), and the other involved traditional dense-to-lean thinning (n = 18). Outcomes suggest that the terminal schedule probe method produced effective treatments with less resurgence of challenging behavior and leaner, more feasible, multiple schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Strohmeier
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mirela Cengher
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle D Chin
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang K, Rights JD, Deng X, Lesch T, Clark L. Between-session chasing of losses and wins in an online eCasino. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:665-675. [PMID: 38656799 PMCID: PMC11220803 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims This study characterized chasing behaviour as the time to return to an online gambling website after a losing or a winning visit. Methods We analyzed a naturalistic dataset from an eCasino (PlayNow.com, the provincial platform for British Columbia, Canada), comprising 1,909,681 sessions from 15,544 individuals. Analyses distinguished sessions on slot machines, blackjack, roulette, video poker, probability games, or mixed-category sessions. Results Overall, gamblers on most games returned more slowly as a function of the prior loss, and more quickly as a function of the prior win. Loss chasing intensities in blackjack, probability, video poker, and mixed sessions did not differ significantly from slot machines, but roulette was associated with shorter intervals to return (b = -0.13, p < 0.001). Similarly, win chasing did not vary across slot machines, blackjack, probability games, and video poker, but roulette (b = -0.08, p < 0.001) and mixed (b = -0.02, p = 0.009) sessions were associated with shorter intervals. Discussion and conclusions The average behavioural patterns provide limited evidence for loss chasing but clearly indicate win chasing. Although slot machines are commonly considered a high-risk product, roulette in our analyses was associated with the greatest chasing intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jason D. Rights
- The Rights Lab, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Deng
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tilman Lesch
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Angley SM, Mitteer DR, Greer BD, Elwasli OM, Fisher WW. A demonstration of incorporating discriminative stimuli into an AAC device during functional communication training. Augment Altern Commun 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38588641 DOI: 10.1080/07434618.2024.2333380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention for teaching communication responses and reducing challenging behavior. One limitation of FCT is that frequent reinforcement may be impractical or impossible in many situations. Recently, Mitteer et al. published a tutorial in the journal AAC that provided video models on how to implement an empirically supported strategy for thinning reinforcement during FCT, known as FCT with discriminative stimuli, when teaching with an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. However, no study has empirically evaluated the approach described in that tutorial. This paper details a case study using several single-case experimental designs to teach a non-vocal autistic adult who did not use speech to communicate requests only when reinforcement was signaled to be available by the color of the AAC icons. We demonstrated the efficacy of this approach with unique pairs of discriminative stimuli for tangible and edible items, thinning reinforcement for each stimulus class independently. We then rapidly transferred stimulus control to new icons and integrated both classes of stimuli into a single AAC grid. This first demonstration of embedding discriminative stimuli into an AAC device represents a promising advancement for individuals who do not use speech and may not readily respond to delay or denial cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Angley
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel R Mitteer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Omar M Elwasli
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muething C, Ritchey CM, Call NA, Hardee AM, Mauzy CR, Argueta T, McMahon MXH, Podlesnik CA. A retrospective analysis of the relation between resurgence and renewal of behavior targeted for reduction. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:455-462. [PMID: 38438320 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is an evidence-based treatment for behavior targeted for reduction that often combines extinction for target responses and arranges functionally equivalent reinforcement for alternative behavior. Long-term effectiveness of FCT can become compromised when transitioning from clinic to nonclinic contexts or thinning reinforcement schedules for appropriate behavior. Such increases in targeted behavior have been conceptualized as renewal and resurgence, respectively. The relation between resurgence and renewal has yet to be reported. Therefore, the present report retrospectively analyzed the relation between renewal and resurgence in data collected when implementing FCT with children diagnosed with developmental disabilities. We found no relation when evaluating all 34 individuals assessed for resurgence and renewal or a subset of individuals exhibiting both resurgence and renewal. These findings suggest that one form of relapse may not be predictive of another form of relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Muething
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Hardee
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney R Mauzy
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy Argueta
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meara X H McMahon
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kranak MP, Brown KR. Updated Recommendations for Reinforcement Schedule Thinning following Functional Communication Training. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:87-106. [PMID: 38405284 PMCID: PMC10891008 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Schedule thinning is a necessary treatment procedure following the acquisition of a communication response during functional communication training. In this article, we update and extend the Hagopian et al. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 4, 4-16, (2011) review and recommendations on schedule-thinning procedures following functional communication training. Since their publication, substantial research has been published on the efficacy, efficiency, and social validity of schedule-thinning methods. We provide updated recommendations for schedule thinning based on contemporary literature that has been published since 2011, as well as discuss key areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Kranak
- Oakland University, Rochester, MI USA
- Oakland University Center for Autism, Rochester, MI USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peterson MC, Ghezzi PM, Rapp JT. Multiple schedules of conjugate reinforcement and extinction: A translational model for assessing automatically reinforced behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:383-393. [PMID: 38151860 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the extent to which a conjugate reinforcement schedule (CONJ) involving a contingency between pedaling a stationary bike and viewing a preferred movie could serve as a translational preparation for the analysis of automatically reinforced behavior. In part, researchers examined whether providing participants with either an accurate or an inaccurate rule about the extinction (EXT) component of a multiple schedule (MULT) contributed to the development of control by the MULT (CONJ EXT) schedule. Results show schedule control emerged for four of five participants who received the accurate rule and none of the five participants who received the inaccurate rule. In addition, participants who received accurate rules typically increased pedaling during CONJ components that followed two consecutive EXT components, suggesting that they experienced deprivation for audio and visual stimulation generated by pedaling. These preliminary findings suggest that researchers could use this translational preparation to identify matched interventions for some automatically reinforced behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick M Ghezzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - John T Rapp
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Laureano B, Falligant JM. Modeling Behavioral Persistence with Resurgence as Choice in Context (RaC 2): A Tutorial. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:640-651. [PMID: 37187845 PMCID: PMC10170016 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resurgence as Choice in Context (RaC2) is a quantitative model for evaluating the reemergence of a previously extinguished response when alternative reinforcement is worsened. Rooted in the matching law, RaC2 proposes that allocation between target and alternative responding is based on changes in the relative value of each response option over time, accounting for periods with and without alternative reinforcement. Given that practitioners and applied researchers may have limited experience with constructing quantitative models, we provide a step-by-step task analysis for building RaC2 using Microsoft Excel 2013. We also provide a few basic learning activities to help readers better understand RaC2 itself, the variables that affect the model's predictions, and the clinical implications of those predictions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40617-023-00796-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Laureano
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kelley ME, Clark RJ, McGarry KM, Henry JE, Morgan AC, Gadaire DM, Sloman KN. Multiple Schedules Facilitate Rapid Noncontingent Reinforcement Schedule Thinning. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:185-193. [PMID: 37006419 PMCID: PMC10050655 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a noncontingent reinforcement treatment that included initial brief exposures to signaled alternation of availability and nonavailability of reinforcement, followed by rapid schedule thinning. Results confirmed findings from previous research (typically with differential reinforcement schedules) that establishing stimulus control across multiple treatment components facilitated schedule thinning. We discuss both the clinical utility of this procedure and the utility of stimulus control for making interventions more practical for clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Kacie M. McGarry
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Justine E. Henry
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Andrew C. Morgan
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Dana M. Gadaire
- The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA USA
- Geisinger Health System, Danville, USA
| | - Kimberly N. Sloman
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Multiple schedules with response interruption and redirection to reduce stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder: Generalization and social validity. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
10
|
Shawler LA, Senn LP, Snyder K, Strohmeier C. Using Telehealth to Program Generalization of Caregiver Behavior. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 16:1-12. [PMID: 36568322 PMCID: PMC9765369 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stokes and Baer, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10(2), 349-367 (1977) provided guidelines to assist practitioners with programming for the generalization of behavior change. Despite the suggestions provided in their seminal paper, generalization remains an often overlooked area within behavior analytic research and practice. In addition, few studies have described explicit strategies to program for the generalization of caregiver behaviors that are consistent with interventions to reduce child challenging behavior. In the current discussion, we describe how telehealth provides a potential avenue for practitioners to focus on generalization. Telehealth helps practitioners access behavior-change agents, materials, and contexts that they may not directly contact in educational and clinical environments. Using telehealth to target these areas early on, and throughout treatment for child challenging behavior, may facilitate more rapid treatment success and maintenance. We provide a case example to demonstrate the use of telehealth to program the generalization of a mother's treatment plan implementation to reduce the severe challenging behavior of an adolescent. We report clinically and socially significant outcomes related to caregiver fidelity and challenging behavior reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. Shawler
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MA USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Laura Perry Senn
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MA USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Craig Strohmeier
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MA USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romani PW, Schwien M, Boydstun D, Hays T, Lick J, Luehring MC, Richeson B. The Effect of Napping on the Function of Problem Behavior for One Child With an Acquired Brain Injury. Clin Case Stud 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/15346501221141491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many children experience sleep disruption in the form of difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting back to sleep. Children with acquired brain injuries (ABI) sometimes experience an exacerbation of these symptoms. Thus, researchers and practitioners alike need to identify creative assessment and treatment approaches to meet this population’s needs. The purpose of the current case study was to highlight one method for (a) determining a nap schedule and (b) evaluating the effect of fatigue on behavioral function for one child diagnosed with an ABI. We conducted a scatterplot analysis to identify periods in which problem behaviors occurred more or less often. These data informed when the child took naps. Afterward, the child participated in a functional analysis of problem behavior before a nap and again after a nap. Results showed both negative and positive reinforcement maintained problem behaviors before naps, while only positive reinforcement maintained problem behaviors after naps. Functional communication training (FCT) programs implemented to address escape, tangible, and attention functions before naps reduced problem behavior and increased communication. These data suggested that (a) motivating operations for problem behavior can differ depending on fatigue and (b) FCT is an effective intervention for problem behavior affected by fatigue. The current study provides an example of an assessment and treatment approach when biologic factors, like sleep, may influence problem behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tara Hays
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Campos C, Bloom SE, Kollin L, Weyman JR. Comparing the effects of static and dynamic signals during multiple schedules. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campos
- Behavior Analysis Simmons University Massachusetts Boston USA
| | - Sarah E. Bloom
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
| | - Lori Kollin
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen M, Kreibich S. Reducing perseverative requesting and other problem behavior in a young girl with autism: a sequentially implemented intervention package. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-09-2020-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to use a sequentially implemented intervention package to reduce the occurrence of perseverative requesting and other problem behavior in a young girl with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Design/methodology/approach
In this single-case study, subsequent to a functional analysis and a preference assessment, an intervention package consisting of three components (i.e. a tolerance for delay to reinforcement, choice-making and visual schedule) was implemented sequentially to address perseverative requesting and other problem behavior maintained by access to preferred items/activities in a young girl with ASD.
Findings
Via the intervention package, the girl demonstrated higher self-control skills (i.e. delaying access to preferred items/activities, choosing more preferred items/activities with delayed access over less preferred ones with immediate access, completing tasks before having access to preferred items/activities) with a reduction of perseverative requesting or other problem behavior.
Originality/value
The current case study presents concrete steps that could be applied to address tangible-maintained perseverative requesting using more natural and educationally relevant signals while improving the child’s appropriate skills (e.g. delay to reinforcement, self-control and task engagement).
Collapse
|
14
|
Translating Quantitative Theories of Behavior into Improved Clinical Treatments for Problem Behavior. Behav Processes 2022; 198:104639. [PMID: 35405305 PMCID: PMC10088503 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most important advancement in the treatment of destructive behavior has been the development of the functional analysis, which is used to prescribe effective treatments like functional communication training. Although this approach can be highly effective, extinction bursts and forms of treatment relapse commonly occur when function-based treatments are implemented by caregivers in natural community settings. In recent years, researchers have increasingly applied quantitative theories of behavior like behavioral momentum theory (BMT) and the temporally weighted matching law (TWML) to understand, prevent, or mitigate extinction bursts and treatment relapse. In this paper, we describe BMT and TWML and selectively review the basic, translational, and applied research supporting and opposing each theory. Then, we describe how function-based treatments may be refined based on these theories to improve the effectiveness, generality, and durability of function-based treatments for individuals with autism spectrum and related disorders who display problem behavior.
Collapse
|
15
|
Harry GJ, McBride S, Witchey SK, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Trembleau A, Bridge M, Bencsik A. Roadbumps at the Crossroads of Integrating Behavioral and In Vitro Approaches for Neurotoxicity Assessment. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:812863. [PMID: 35295216 PMCID: PMC8915899 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.812863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the appreciation that behavior represents the integration and complexity of the nervous system, neurobehavioral phenotyping and assessment has seen a renaissance over the last couple of decades, resulting in a robust database on rodent performance within various testing paradigms, possible associations with human disorders, and therapeutic interventions. The interchange of data across behavior and other test modalities and multiple model systems has advanced our understanding of fundamental biology and mechanisms associated with normal functions and alterations in the nervous system. While there is a demonstrated value and power of neurobehavioral assessments for examining alterations due to genetic manipulations, maternal factors, early development environment, the applied use of behavior to assess environmental neurotoxicity continues to come under question as to whether behavior represents a sensitive endpoint for assessment. Why is rodent behavior a sensitive tool to the neuroscientist and yet, not when used in pre-clinical or chemical neurotoxicity studies? Applying new paradigms and evidence on the biological basis of behavior to neurobehavioral testing requires expertise and refinement of how such experiments are conducted to minimize variability and maximize information. This review presents relevant issues of methods used to conduct such test, sources of variability, experimental design, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting. It presents beneficial and critical limitations as they translate to the in vivo environment and considers the need to integrate across disciplines for the best value. It proposes that a refinement of behavioral assessments and understanding of subtle pronounced differences will facilitate the integration of data obtained across multiple approaches and to address issues of translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Jean Harry
- Neurotoxicology Group, Molecular Toxicology Branch, Division National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: G. Jean Harry,
| | - Sandra McBride
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shannah K. Witchey
- Division National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine – Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Matthew Bridge
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Anna Bencsik
- Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Torelli JN, Pickren SE. Using Chained or Tandem Schedules With Functional Communication Training: A Systematic Review. Behav Modif 2022; 47:185-218. [PMID: 35164521 DOI: 10.1177/01454455221077420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chained and tandem schedules are a common method for thinning schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training (FCT) in the treatment of problem behavior. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of chained and tandem schedules following FCT to describe treatment characteristics and evaluate effects. We identified 38 articles and found reductions in problem behavior across four measures. Results of a random-effects multilevel meta-analysis of rigorous evaluations showed a significant effect of chained or tandem schedules + FCT on problem behavior relative to baseline. We observed resurgence in 77% of cases and 31% of schedule-thinning transitions. Results showed chained schedules resulted in greater reductions in problem behavior relative to tandem schedules. Exploratory moderator analyses suggested extinction, combined reinforcement, and delay and denial tolerance training procedures were associated with greater reductions in problem behavior relative to other treatment characteristics. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Miller SA, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Saini V, Keevy MD. Procedures for determining and then modifying the extinction component of multiple schedules for destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:463-480. [PMID: 34897677 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a component of reinforcer schedule thinning following functional communication training, multiple schedules of reinforcement produce desirable rates and patterns of communication responses as an alternative response to destructive behavior. However, reinforcement schedule thinning is a gradual process that can take many sessions to obtain therapeutic goals. The desired outcome is that manding occurs only during signaled intervals of reinforcement with a sufficiently lean terminal schedule of reinforcement availability and low rates of destructive behavior. The purposes of this study were to (a) evaluate an assessment for informing the initial duration of extinction for alternative responding, (b) evaluate the utility of competing stimuli during extinction for alternative responding, and (c) assess a method for fading the availability of competing stimuli. With these procedures, all 4 participants experienced terminal schedules of reinforcement with rapid, robust reductions in destructive behavior soon after baseline. We discuss the implications and directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Miller
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.,Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES)
| | - Brian D Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.,Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Odell AJ, Greer BD, Fuhrman AM, Hardee AM. On the Efficacy of and Preference for Signaling Extinction in a Multiple Schedule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:43-61. [PMID: 34745411 DOI: 10.1037/bdb0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous basic research has shown that signaling the extinction component of a compound schedule can be aversive and nonpreferred. However, such discriminative stimuli are common when thinning schedules of reinforcement in practice, and they provide several advantages to clinicians. A limitation of previous applied studies on different arrangements of discriminative stimuli is that researchers have used identical stimuli to signal the availability of reinforcement across conditions that do and do not signal extinction, often doubling exposure to the stimulus signaling the availability of reinforcement. The present experiments corrected this limitation by comparing multiple-schedule arrangements that do and do not signal extinction when unique stimuli signal each component across conditions. Results from three participants indicated that both multiple-schedule arrangements were similarly efficacious when teaching the successive discrimination. However, response patterns differed when testing under a concurrent-operants arrangement, suggesting different patterns of preference across various multiple-schedule arrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Odell
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Simmons CA, Salvatore GL, Zangrillo AN. Efficiency and preference for alternative activities during schedule thinning with functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:101-120. [PMID: 34694003 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional communication training is an effective treatment for decreasing socially reinforced destructive behavior (Carr & Durand, 1985). Clinicians frequently use multiple schedules to thin the reinforcement schedule (Hanley et al., 2001). Individuals are often taught to wait for functional reinforcers without alternative programmed stimuli. However, concurrently available items and activities are often accessible in the natural environment. In this study, we taught 4 participants a functional communication response to access functional reinforcers. We implemented a multiple schedule during schedule thinning, comparing a control condition (nothing available during SΔ intervals) to separate conditions with items/activities (moderately preferred tangible items, attention, demands) noncontingently available during SΔ intervals. After reaching the terminal schedule in one condition, therapists assessed participant preference across SΔ conditions. For all participants, the terminal schedule was reached with alternative items and activities, and participant preference corresponded with the most efficient schedule thinning condition. Therapists also indicated preference for alternative items/activities.
Collapse
|
20
|
Alakhzami M, Chitiyo M. Using Functional Communication Training to Reduce Self-Injurious Behavior for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3586-3597. [PMID: 34417654 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a high risk of developing self-injurious behavior (SIB), which is often a result of deficits in communication skills. The use of functional communication training (FCT) to address SIB maintained by negative reinforcement among children with ASD is supported by an emerging trend of behavioral research. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FCT on the SIB of children with ASD and to find out if the results would be maintained during periods of nonreinforcement. The results indicated significant reduction in SIB for all three participants and maintained for over two weeks following the withdrawal of the intervention. However, resurgence of SIB occurred when extinction was implemented for all participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alakhzami
- Special Education-Autism Spectrum Disorder At Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Morgan Chitiyo
- School of Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Education, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Robinson TP, Kelley ME. Renewal and resurgence phenomena generalize to Amazon's Mechanical Turk. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 113:206-213. [PMID: 31965578 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing platform that provides researchers with the potential for obtaining behavioral data for very little cost. However, the extent to which the results of common behavioral phenomena found in basic, translational, and applied laboratories may be reproduced (as a first step towards prospective research) via MTurk remains relatively unexplored. We evaluated renewal and resurgence arrangements using MTurk as the subject recruitment platform as a first step to determining the generality of the obtained data. Results suggested that MTurk participants produced renewal and resurgence data similar to those reported in basic, translational, and applied studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo P Robinson
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Examination of alternative-response discrimination training and resurgence in rats. Learn Behav 2021; 49:379-396. [PMID: 33772464 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-021-00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence is an increase in a previously reinforced behavior following a worsening of conditions for a more recently reinforced behavior. Discrimination training is incorporated into treatment for problem behavior to prevent treatment adherence failures that may result in resurgence. There is evidence that resurgence may be reduced when a stimulus that signals alternative-response extinction is present compared with absent; however, the generality of this effect is unknown given the limited testing conditions. The goal of the present experiments was to further examine the effects of such stimuli in a reverse-translational evaluation using rats. Target responding was reinforced in baseline and then placed on extinction in the following discrimination-training phase. An alternative response was differentially reinforced in a two-component multiple schedule where one stimulus (i.e., SD) signaled alternative-response reinforcement and the other (i.e., SΔ) signaled extinction. Experiment 1 assessed resurgence in both the SΔ and SD when alternative reinforcement was removed. Experiment 2 evaluated resurgence under conditions that better approximated those used in the clinic in which the alternative-response SΔ was present or absent. The SΔ failed to suppress target responding during resurgence testing in both experiments. These findings suggest that the conditions under which an alternative-response SΔ will successfully mitigate resurgence may be limited and require further research.
Collapse
|
23
|
Butler C, Graff RB. Stability of preference and reinforcing efficacy of edible, leisure, and social attention stimuli. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:684-699. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Butler
- New England Center for Children
- Department of Psychology Western New England University
| | - Richard B. Graff
- Department of Psychology Western New England University
- May Institute
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Quigley J, Dowdy A, Trucksess K, Finlay A. An Investigation of Functional Communication Training and Schedule Thinning Using a Multiple Schedule on Elopement to Access Stereotypy. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:3224-3234. [PMID: 33196917 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who engage in stereotypy may also emit a prior, temporally contiguous, high-risk response to access stereotypic behaviors. For example, the participant in this study who was diagnosed with ASD engaged in a chained response that included elopement, often in unsafe locations, to access light switch flipping. Previous research indicates that functional communication training (FCT) with delay fading is a viable approach to reduce chained problem behavior. In this study, we extended previous research by (a) evaluating the generalized effect of FCT and schedule thinning using multiple schedule technology for an automatically maintained chained response, and (b) evaluating whether intervention effects maintained in the participant's optimal context. Results for the participant suggested that FCT with schedule thinning mitigated high-risk chained responding across settings and discrimination training using a multiple schedule assessment effectively signaled available and unavailable times for the participant to emit the chained response which matched the participant's natural schedule parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Quigley
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Art Dowdy
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Muething C, Pavlov A, Call N, Ringdahl J, Gillespie S. Prevalence of resurgence during thinning of multiple schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 54:813-823. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Muething
- Marcus Autism Center Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Alexis Pavlov
- Marcus Autism Center Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Nathan Call
- Marcus Autism Center Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Joel Ringdahl
- Center for Autism and Behavioral Education Research University of Georgia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Campos C, Bloom SE, Weyman JR, Garcia AR. Parent‐implemented multiple schedules. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campos
- Behavior Analysis Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Sarah E. Bloom
- Department of Child and Family Studies University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
| | | | - Anna R. Garcia
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pizarro EM, Vollmer TR, Morris SL. Evaluating skills correlated with discriminated responding in multiple schedule arrangements. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 54:334-345. [PMID: 32830312 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One potential solution for excessively high-rate functional communication responses (FCR) is to establish stimulus control of the FCR through a multiple schedule. However, several studies have demonstrated difficulty with establishing discriminated responding across multiple schedule components. The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate how participants' skills related to color discrimination may be related to the emergence of discriminated responding in a multiple schedule with colors as the schedule-correlated stimuli. Three secondary aims of the current study were to evaluate: a) varied multiple schedule arrangements, b) if topographically dissimilar stimuli facilitated the emergence of discriminated responding, and c) if employing different colored stimuli across multiple schedule arrangements reduced the likelihood that discriminated responding emerged simultaneously across varied arrangements. Nine participants' ability to match, select, tact, and respond intraverbally to colors was assessed, and 1 of 2 evaluations of multiple schedule arrangements were conducted. Results indicated that participants' ability to select and tact colors was strongly correlated with the efficacy of standard multiple schedule arrangements. Additionally, multiple schedule arrangements employing topographically dissimilar stimuli were observed to be equally as effective as standard arrangements and the inclusion of different colored stimuli across arrangements did not reduce the likelihood that discriminated responding emerged simultaneously across all conditions, when it was observed to emerge at all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Pizarro
- Pediatric Development and Therapy Center, Our Lady of the Lake Children's Health and Department of Psychology, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effects of Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement on Appropriate Communication and Challenging Behaviors: A Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:613-631. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Drifke MA, Tiger JH, Lillie MA. DRA contingencies promote improved tolerance to delayed reinforcement during FCT compared to DRO and fixed-time schedules. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:1579-1592. [PMID: 32266724 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Following Functional Communication Training (FCT), clinicians often gradually expose newly taught communicative responses to delayed reinforcement contingencies to prepare clients for the normative environment in which requests are frequently reinforced after a delay. The introduction of delays may result in the resurgence and maintenance of problem behavior and the weakening of the newly trained communicative response. The current study compared delay tolerance with three individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities when reinforcement for the functional communication response (FCR) was delivered following (a) the passage of time, (b) the omission of problem behavior, or (c) the occurrence of an alternative behavior. We measured delay tolerance in terms of minimizing problem behavior and maintaining efficient FCRs. Outcomes support requiring alternative responding during delays to attain optimal treatment results.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mitteer DR, Randall KR, Van Winkle LJ, Greer BD. Incorporating discriminative stimuli into functional communication training with augmentative and alternative communication devices: a tutorial. Augment Altern Commun 2020; 36:63-70. [PMID: 32238004 DOI: 10.1080/07434618.2020.1731761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is a commonly used and effective treatment for problem behavior maintained by social reinforcement (e.g., an individual engages in self-injurious behavior to gain access to adult attention). FCT involves teaching an individual to emit an appropriate communication response to access the reinforcer maintaining problem behavior (e.g., pressing a "Play, please" symbol on a device to gain the communication partner's attention) and withholding that reinforcer following problem behavior (e.g., the communication partner minimizes attention-following problem behavior and waits for a communication response). Techniques such as incorporating discriminative stimuli (e.g., differently colored cards) can make FCT more practical for caregivers by teaching individuals when reinforcement is and is not available for communication responses while simultaneously mitigating treatment relapse. Despite the effectiveness of FCT with discriminative stimuli, no studies have leveraged the capabilities of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices by embedding discriminative stimuli within AAC software (e.g., by coloring communication symbols or grids). Our tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of how practitioners can incorporate FCT with discriminative stimuli into practice and includes video models of how to design these treatments on two common AAC apps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Mitteer
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kayla R Randall
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Leslie J Van Winkle
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fisher WW, Fuhrman AM, Greer BD, Mitteer DR, Piazza CC. Mitigating resurgence of destructive behavior using the discriminative stimuli of a multiple schedule. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 113:263-277. [PMID: 31621919 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Results of several recent translational studies have suggested that correlating contextual or discriminative stimuli with the delivery and withholding of reinforcement for the functional communication response (FCR) may mitigate resurgence of destructive behavior, but few, if any, have isolated the effects of those stimuli. In the present study, we first trained the FCR, brought it under stimulus control of a multiple schedule, and thinned its reinforcement schedule in one stimulus context. Next, we conducted resurgence evaluations (i.e., baseline, functional communication training [FCT], extinction challenge) in two novel contexts to test the effects of the discriminative stimuli on resurgence. We programmed one context to include the (a) SD during the FCT phase to signal the availability of reinforcement for the FCR and (b) SΔ during a subsequent extinction challenge to signal the unavailability of reinforcement for the FCR. The other context did not include the SD during the FCT phase, nor the SΔ during the extinction challenge. We expected to see greater persistence of the FCR in the context that included the SD during FCT and less persistence of the FCR and less resurgence of destructive behavior in the context that included the SΔ during the extinction challenge. Obtained results confirmed this latter prediction, but we observed no reliable difference when the SD was present or absent during the FCT phase. Our results have relevance for practitioners in that they provide further empirical support for the use of discriminative stimuli when treating destructive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Greer BD, Fisher WW, Briggs AM, Lichtblau KR, Phillips LA, Mitteer DR. Using Schedule-Correlated Stimuli During Functional Communication Training to Promote the Rapid Transfer of Treatment Effects. BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT BULLETIN 2019; 24:100-119. [PMID: 31749897 PMCID: PMC6867805 DOI: 10.1037/bdb0000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that bringing functional communication responses under the discriminative control of schedule-correlated stimuli facilitates rapid reinforcement schedule thinning and the transfer of functional communication training (FCT) treatment effects to other therapists and settings. In Experiment 1, we extended this body of research by rapidly transferring FCT treatment effects to a caregiver, despite the caregiver's unique and lengthy history of reinforcement of the child's destructive behavior. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the degree to which FCT treatment effects transferred to another participant's caregivers when the caregivers implemented FCT with and without schedule-correlated stimuli. Rapid transfer of FCT treatment effects occurred only when caregivers used the schedule-correlated stimuli. We discuss the use of schedule-correlated stimuli within FCT procedures as a method of programming for generalization when extending treatment to caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Adam M Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fiske KE, Isenhower RW, Bamond MJ, Lauderdale-Littin S. An analysis of the value of token reinforcement using a multiple-schedule assessment. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 53:563-571. [PMID: 31329284 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Token systems are widely used in clinical settings, necessitating the development of methods to evaluate the reinforcing value of these systems. In the current paper, we replicated the use of a multiple-schedule reinforcer assessment (MSA; Smaby, MacDonald, Ahearn, & Dube, 2007) to evaluate the components of a token economy system for 4 learners with autism. Token systems had reinforcing value similar to primary reinforcers for 2 of the 4 learners, but resulted in lower rates of responding than primary reinforcers for the other 2 learners. Differentiated responding across learners may warrant variation in clinical recommendations on the use of tokens. The results of this study support formal assessment of token system effectiveness, and the MSA procedure provides an efficient method by which to conduct such assessments.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sivaraman M, Rapp JT. Further Analysis of the Immediate and Subsequent Effect of RIRD on Vocal Stereotypy. Behav Modif 2019; 44:646-669. [PMID: 30961352 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519838826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown that response interruption and redirection (RIRD) can decrease vocal stereotypy displayed by children with autism spectrum disorder, relatively few have evaluated the subsequent effects of RIRD. We evaluated the immediate (when a change agent implemented RIRD) and subsequent (after a change agent discontinued RIRD) effects of RIRD on two participants' vocal stereotypy using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design with an embedded reversal design combined with a multiple schedule. As a part of the analysis, we conducted the fourth component 25 min after the third component. In addition, we compared the effects of RIRD with 5-min and 20-min components on both participants' vocal stereotypy. Results show that (a) RIRD during either 5-min or 20-min components decreased each participant's immediate engagement in vocal stereotypy, (b) only RIRD during 20-min components decreased each participant's subsequent engagement in vocal stereotypy relative to the no intervention component, and (c) the subsequent effects of RIRD did not extend into the fourth component for either participant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maithri Sivaraman
- Tendrils Centre for Autism Research and Intervention, Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Niedfeld A, Rapp JT, Coon JC, Cook JL. Using a Multiple-Schedule Procedure to Signal the Availability of Attention: Three Demonstrations. Behav Modif 2019; 44:496-517. [PMID: 30841704 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519834640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adjudicated adolescents detained in residential facilities for illegal sexual behavior, as well as adolescents living at home, may engage in problem behaviors such as excessive vocalizations. In residential detention facilities, these excessive vocalizations may result in disciplinary action and loss of privileges. Moreover, excessive vocalizations may also reduce the amount of positive social interactions that staff members and caregivers have with the adolescents. The current study evaluated a multiple-schedule procedure for reducing excessive vocalizations displayed by three adolescents. The procedure involved (a) a red card to signal that attention was not available and (b) either a green card or no card to signal that attention was available. Results show that the participants learned to abstain from vocalizing for up to 30 min when a caregiver presented the red card. In addition, the treatment effects persisted during generalization assessment sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Cook
- Monarch House, Oakville, ON, Canada.,University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fisher WW, Saini V, Greer BD, Sullivan WE, Roane HS, Fuhrman AM, Craig AR, Kimball RT. Baseline reinforcement rate and resurgence of destructive behavior. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 111:75-93. [PMID: 30499107 PMCID: PMC6350246 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Concepts from behavioral momentum theory, along with some empirical findings, suggest that the rate of baseline reinforcement may contribute to the relapse of severe destructive behavior. With seven children who engaged in destructive behavior, we tested this hypothesis in the context of functional communication training by comparing the effects of different baseline reinforcement rates on resurgence during a treatment challenge (i.e., extinction). We observed convincing resurgence of destructive behavior in four of seven participants, and we observed more resurgence in the condition associated with high-rate baseline reinforcement (i.e., variable-interval 2 s in Experiment 1 or fixed-ratio 1 in Experiment 2) compared to a low-rate baseline reinforcement condition. We discuss the implications of these results relative to schedules of reinforcement in the treatment of destructive behavior and strategies to mitigate resurgence in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | - Brian D. Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | | | | - Andrew R. Craig
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Ryan T. Kimball
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hodnett J, Scheithauer M, Call NA, Mevers JL, Miller SJ. Using a Functional Analysis Followed by Differential Reinforcement and Extinction to Reduce Challenging Behaviors in Children With Smith-Magenis Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:558-573. [PMID: 30421967 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.6.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic disorder, commonly caused by a 17p11.2 deletion, affecting the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 gene. It affects approximately 1 in 25,000 individuals, with over 90% engaging in challenging behaviors. Function-based treatments, using the principles of applied behavior analysis, have consistently been shown to decrease challenging behaviors exhibited by individuals with developmental delays. However, additional research is needed to determine the effects of these interventions with specific diagnostic subsets, including SMS. The current study identified the function of challenging behavior for 2 children with SMS and found a function-based treatment, consisting of differential reinforcement and extinction, reduced challenging behavior for both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hodnett
- Jennifer Hodnett, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA; Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller, Marcus Autism Center; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA
| | - Mindy Scheithauer
- Jennifer Hodnett, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA; Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller, Marcus Autism Center; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA
| | - Nathan A Call
- Jennifer Hodnett, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA; Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller, Marcus Autism Center; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA
| | - Joanna Lomas Mevers
- Jennifer Hodnett, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA; Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller, Marcus Autism Center; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah J Miller
- Jennifer Hodnett, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA; Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller, Marcus Autism Center; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Akers JS, Retzlaff BJ, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Kaminski AJ, DeSouza AA. An Evaluation of Conditional Manding Using a Four-Component Multiple Schedule. Anal Verbal Behav 2018; 35:94-102. [PMID: 31976224 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-018-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most verbal behavior curricula for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focus on teaching multiple mands during the early stages of training (e.g., picture exchange communication system; Bondy & Frost, 1994). However, few, if any, of those curricula train children with ASD to differentially mand only for reinforcers that are reasonable for a caregiver to deliver in a given context (e.g., mands to cuddle at bedtime) and to refrain from manding for reinforcers that would be inappropriate to deliver in that context (e.g., mands to play outside at bedtime). In this study, we first taught a boy with ASD two initial mands. Immediately thereafter we brought those mands under the conditional discriminative control of a four-component multiple schedule with (a) S1 correlated with one reinforcer available (i.e., edibles), (b) S2 correlated with both reinforcers available (i.e., edibles or drink), (c) S3 correlated with another reinforcer available (i.e., drink), and (d) SΔ correlated with no reinforcer available. Following treatment, the child displayed conditionally discriminated manding in accordance with each of the four components of the schedule. We discuss these findings relative to the potential benefits of bringing mands under both evocative and discriminative control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Akers
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.,2Present Address: Educational Psychology Department, Baylor University, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Billie J Retzlaff
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Ami J Kaminski
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.,Present Address: Mariposa School, Cary, NC USA
| | - Andresa A DeSouza
- 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute's Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.,4Present Address: College of Education, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fuhrman AM, Greer BD, Zangrillo AN, Fisher WW. Evaluating competing activities to enhance functional communication training during reinforcement schedule thinning. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:931-942. [PMID: 29959773 PMCID: PMC6188798 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Arranging periods in which requests for reinforcement are denied in a multiple schedule may result in increased destructive behavior during these periods for individuals who receive functional communication training (FCT) as treatment for severe destructive behavior. Providing access to competing activities during periods of reinforcer unavailability has been shown to minimize destructive behavior. We evaluated methods to identify effective competing activities for use when thinning reinforcement availability in a multiple schedule and compared competing activities embedded within the multiple schedule using an alternating-treatments design. Results suggested at least one competing activity facilitated favorable treatment outcomes for each participant. We discuss building on this empirical approach to identify effective competing activities for use during reinforcement schedule thinning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | - Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Briggs AM, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Kimball RT. Prevalence of resurgence of destructive behavior when thinning reinforcement schedules during functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:620-633. [PMID: 29774545 PMCID: PMC6041172 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional communication training is a well-established treatment for socially reinforced destructive behavior that typically includes differential reinforcement of the functional communication response (FCR) in combination with extinction of destructive behavior. However, when the schedule of reinforcement for the FCR is thinned, destructive behavior may resurge (e.g., Greer, Fisher, Saini, Owen, & Jones, 2016). Currently, data are unavailable on the prevalence and characteristics of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning on a per-case and per-schedule-step basis and also evaluated the magnitude of resurgence in relation to the functions of destructive behavior. We observed resurgence in 19 of the 25 (76%) applications of reinforcement schedule thinning. In some cases, the magnitude of resurgence exceeded the mean levels of destructive behavior observed in baseline. We discuss these results relative to prior translational and applied research on resurgence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Brian D. Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Ryan T. Kimball
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Briggs AM, Akers JS, Greer BD, Fisher WW, Retzlaff BJ. Systematic Changes in Preference for Schedule-Thinning Arrangements as a Function of Relative Reinforcement Density. Behav Modif 2018; 42:472-497. [PMID: 29182009 PMCID: PMC5930149 DOI: 10.1177/0145445517742883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We treated destructive behavior maintained by both social-positive (i.e., access to tangibles) and social-negative (i.e., escape from demands) reinforcement in an individual diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder using functional communication training (FCT). We then thinned the schedule of reinforcement for the tangible function using a multiple schedule (mult FCT) and later thinned the availability of escape using a chained schedule (chain FCT). Both treatments proved effective at maintaining functional communicative responses while decreasing destructive behavior to near-zero levels. In addition, treatment effects maintained when we rapidly thinned mult FCT to the terminal schedule. Throughout chain-FCT schedule thinning, we assessed client preference for each schedule-thinning arrangement (mult FCT or chain FCT) using a concurrent-chains procedure. Client preference reliably shifted from chain FCT to mult FCT as the response requirement increased and the proportion of session spent in reinforcement began to favor mult FCT. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Briggs
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jessica S Akers
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- 2 Baylor University School of Education, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kimball RT, Kelley ME, Podlesnik CA, Forton A, Hinkle B. Resurgence with and without an alternative response. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:854-865. [PMID: 29749053 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resurgence is the reemergence of a previously reinforced response that occurs after the elimination or reduction of reinforcement for an alternative response. Resurgence is problematic in the context of treatment because the reemergence of a previously reinforced destructive response could be detrimental to treatment gains. In the current translational study, we examined a modified resurgence procedure in which the alternative response was either present or absent during extinction. Four participants were exposed to three phases that consisted of (1) reinforcement of a target response, (2) extinction of the target response and differential reinforcement of an alternative response, and (3) extinction of both responses. Results for four out of five assessments showed greater resurgence when the alternative response was absent during Phase 3. Results suggest that more robust resurgence might occur if the alternative response is not available as opposed to the alternative response contacting extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kimball
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and the Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Michael E Kelley
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and the Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Christopher A Podlesnik
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and the Florida Institute of Technology and The University of Auckland
| | - Alex Forton
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and the Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Brandy Hinkle
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and the Florida Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Call NA, Clark SB, Mevers JL, Parks NA, Volkert VM, Scheithauer MC. An individualized method for establishing and thinning multiple schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
44
|
Clay CJ, Bloom SE, Lambert JM. Behavioral Interventions for Inappropriate Sexual Behavior in Individuals With Developmental Disabilities and Acquired Brain Injury: A Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:254-282. [PMID: 29671636 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate sexual behavior (ISB) is a common, but understudied, issue for individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities (DD), intellectual disability (ID), and/or acquired brain injuries (ABI). We conducted a systematic review to identify, analyze, and synthesize published behavior-analytic approaches to intervention for ISB in DD, ID, or ABI populations. Twenty-three studies employing single-subject research methodology were identified and evaluated using quality indicators described by Horner et al. (2005) . Results of our analysis suggest insufficient evidence exists to consider any specific response-suppression technique an overarching treatment for decreasing ISB using the Horner et al. criteria. However, broadly speaking, behavior analytic approaches have been highly effective. Practitioners should consider function-based intervention and draw from studies identified as having strong supporting evidence.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hodges AC, Wilder DA, Ertel H. The use of a multiple schedule to decrease toe walking in a child with autism. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansley C. Hodges
- Nemours Children's Hospital; Orlando FL USA
- School of Behavior Analysis; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
| | - David A. Wilder
- School of Behavior Analysis; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
| | - Hallie Ertel
- School of Behavior Analysis; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fisher WW, Greer BD, Mitteer DR, Fuhrman AM, Romani PW, Zangrillo AN. Further evaluation of differential exposure to establishing operations during functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:360-373. [PMID: 29512153 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research findings (DeRosa, Fisher, & Steege, ) suggest that minimizing exposure to the establishing operation (EO) for destructive behavior when differential reinforcement interventions like functional communication training (FCT) are introduced may produce more immediate reductions in destructive behavior and prevent or mitigate extinction bursts. We directly tested this hypothesis by introducing FCT with extinction in two conditions, one with limited exposure to the EO (limited EO) and one with more extended exposure to the EO (extended EO) using a combined reversal and multielement design. Results showed that the limited-EO condition rapidly reduced destructive behavior to low levels during every application, whereas the extended-EO condition produced an extinction burst in five of six applications. We discuss these findings in relation to the effects of EO exposure on the beneficial and untoward effects of differential reinforcement interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Becraft JL, Borrero JC, Davis BJ, Mendres-Smith AE, Castillo MI. The role of signals in two variations of differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate procedures. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:3-24. [PMID: 29313972 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedules are used to decrease the overall rate of, but not eliminate, a target response. Two variations of DRL, spaced-responding and full-session, exist. Preliminary comparative analyses suggest that the two schedules function differently when unsignaled. We compared response rates under these two DRL variations with and without signals. In Experiment 1, five preschool students played a game in which points were earned under DRL schedules. In some sessions, a stimulus signaled when responses would be reinforced (S+) or not reinforced (S-). In others, only an S- was present. Signals (S+/S-) facilitated and maintained responding in both types of DRL schedules. In Experiment 2, we modified the signals with five different preschoolers. Instead of an S- only, we did not present any signals. Elimination and high variability of the target response were observed with the S- only and absence of S+/S-, respectively. Signaled DRL schedules are recommended for application.
Collapse
|
48
|
Haq SS, Machalicek W, Garbacz SA, Drew C. Employing a Fixed-Lean Multiple Schedule in the Treatment of Challenging Behavior for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Modif 2017; 42:610-633. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445517743206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its utility, there is limited applied research on employing fixed-lean (FL) schedules of reinforcement in treatment packages to address challenging behavior. One potential reason is that abrupt shifts to terminal schedules of reinforcement have been associated with immediate increases in challenging behavior before subsiding to clinically acceptable levels. The purpose of the present study was to (a) provide evidence demonstrating the utility of a FL multiple schedule (MS) in the treatment of challenging behavior in applied settings, (b) examine the potential effects of alternative stimuli on challenging behavior during a FL MS, and (c) assess the social validity of this treatment package with participants and caregivers. The results of this study showed low levels of challenging behavior and discriminated mands during the FL MS, but no evidence to support the inclusion of alternative stimuli. In addition, caregivers of both participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the treatment package. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaji S. Haq
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Trumpet Behavioral Health, Peoria, AZ, USA
| | | | - S. Andrew Garbacz
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
DeSouza AA, Akers JS, Fisher WW. Empirical Application of Skinner's Verbal Behavior to Interventions for Children with Autism: A Review. Anal Verbal Behav 2017; 33:229-259. [PMID: 30854299 PMCID: PMC6381329 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-017-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sundberg and Michael (2011) reviewed the contributions of Skinner's (1957) Verbal Behavior to the treatment of language delays in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and discussed several aspects of interventions, including mand training, intraverbal repertoire development, and the importance of using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior in the clinical context. In this article, we provide an update of Sundberg and Michael's review and expand on some discussion topics. We conducted a systematic review of studies that focused on Skinner's verbal operants in interventions for children with ASD that were published from 2001 to 2017 and discussed the findings in terms of journal source, frequency, and type of verbal operant studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica S. Akers
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fritz JN, Jackson LM, Stiefler NA, Wimberly BS, Richardson AR. Noncontingent reinforcement without extinction plus differential reinforcement of alternative behavior during treatment of problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:590-599. [PMID: 28513826 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) without extinction during treatment of problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement were evaluated for five individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. A continuous NCR schedule was gradually thinned to a fixed-time 5-min schedule. If problem behavior increased during NCR schedule thinning, a continuous NCR schedule was reinstated and NCR schedule thinning was repeated with differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) included. Results showed an immediate decrease in all participants' problem behavior during continuous NCR, and problem behavior maintained at low levels during NCR schedule thinning for three participants. Problem behavior increased and maintained at higher rates during NCR schedule thinning for two other participants; however, the addition of DRA to the intervention resulted in decreased problem behavior and increased mands.
Collapse
|