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Chaubey K, Alam SI, Waghmare CK, Bhattacharya BK. Differential phosphoproteome analysis of rat brain regions after organophosphorus compound sarin intoxication. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:253-263. [PMID: 37125338 PMCID: PMC10141768 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarin is a highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agent that irreversibly inhibits neuronal enzyme acetylcholinesterase. In the prevailing scenario, it is of paramount importance to develop early diagnosis and medical countermeasures for sarin exposure. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of sarin intoxication and perturbations in the associated cellular processes is likely to provide valuable clues for the elucidation of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for sarin exposure. Methods Present study, uncovered the changes in phosphorylation patterns of multiple proteins in different rat brain regions after sarin intoxication using 2-DE/MS approach. It provided a holistic view of the phosphorylation-mediated changes in the cellular proteome and highlighted various signaling and response pathways affected at an early time point of sarin intoxication. Results We found total 22 proteins in the cortex, 25 proteins in the corpus striatum, and 17 proteins in the hippocampus, showed ≥1.5 fold changes (hyper- or hypo- phosphorylated) with respect to control, either at 2.5 h or 1 d after sarin exposure. These results indicated the differential expression of phosphoproteins involved in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, carbon metabolism, metabolic function, and energy metabolism. Conclusion Four candidates (protein disulfide-isomerase A3, heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, alpha-enolase, and creatine kinase B-type), hyperphosphorylated in all three brain regions, can be further studied to understand the molecular mechanism behind neurodegenerative changes mediated by sarin exposure. The study sheds light on major pathogenic processes initiated during sarin intoxication and provides putative diagnostic markers/therapeutic targets for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Chaubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Chandra Kant Waghmare
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Bijoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Hamed KA, El-Fiky SA, Gawish AM, Khalil WKB, Mohamed HRH. Alleviation of nicotine-induced reproductive disorder, clastogenicity, and histopathological alterations by fenugreek saponin bulk and nanoparticles in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47488-47501. [PMID: 35182342 PMCID: PMC9232449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most abundant ingredient in cigarette smoking and has serious side effects on the lung, heart, reproductive system, and many other human organs. Saponins extracted from many plants exhibit multiple biological actions such as anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the possible protective effect of fenugreek saponin (FS) and nanofenugreek saponin (NFS) against nicotine-induced toxicity in male rats was investigated in this study. Animals were divided into a control group and the nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day), FS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day), or/and NFS (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day) administered groups. Micronucleus assay, histopathological, and sperm abnormality examinations as well as measurement of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression were conducted. Our findings revealed that nicotine treatment induced significant increases in the incidence of micronucleus, sperm abnormalities, and expression levels of AChE in addition to inducing histopathological changes in rat testis. On the other hand, administration of FS or NFS with nicotine significantly decreased the incidence of micronuclei and the percentage of sperm abnormalities as well as the expression levels of AChE gene. Moreover, nicotine-induced histological alterations were reduced by given FS or NFS with nicotine. In conclusion, nicotine-induced sperm abnormalities, chromosomal damage, and histological injuries were mitigated by administration of FS or NFS with nicotine, and thus, FS and NFS could be used as ameliorating agents against nicotine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima A Hamed
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohous StDokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Samia A El-Fiky
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohous StDokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza M Gawish
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K B Khalil
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohous StDokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanan R H Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Lee JW, Deng DF, Lee J, Kim K, Jung HJ, Choe Y, Park SH, Yoon M. The adverse effects of selenomethionine on skeletal muscle, liver, and brain in the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103451. [PMID: 32599160 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (average weight: 22.3 g) were fed one of five selenomethionine diets (1.09, 8.79, 15.37, 30.79, or 61.58 mg Se/kg diet). After 4 weeks, hepatic catalase activity over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets was significantly decreased, and the glutathione peroxidase activity over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets was elevated compared to the controls. In the brain, the dopamine levels at 61.58 mg Se/kg diet and the serotonin levels over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets were significantly increased, whereas the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and dopamine turnover, and the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin turnover over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets were decreased. In muscle, the 3-nitrotyrosine level over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets, acetylcholine esterase activity over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets, and histological alterations over 8.79 mg Se/kg diets were increased. Our current results showed that selenomethionine disrupted dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the brain and damaged the neuromuscular system in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Won Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Fang Deng
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53217, USA
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Aging Neuroscience Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, South Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Aging Neuroscience Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Department of Horse, Companion and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea.
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Chaubey K, Alam SI, Nagar DP, Waghmare CK, Pant SC, Singh L, Srivastava N, Bhattacharya BK. From the Cover: Proteome Profile of Different Rat Brain Regions After Sarin Intoxication. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:136-149. [PMID: 28973502 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarin is an organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare agent which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Acute toxicity after sarin exposure is because of hyper activation of the nicotinic and muscarinic receptor. Survivors of sarin exposure often develop long-term neuropathology referred as OP ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity. However, the exact mechanism of chronic neurotoxicity is yet unknown. We studied proteomic changes in rat brain regions after 0.5 LD50 dose of sarin and investigated some milestone changes associated with long-term CNS injury. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry approach to identify early proteomic changes and traced expression of selected proteins for longer time points. This study shows changes in chaperone function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and defect in cytoskeleton functions at earlier stages. Predictive interaction analysis demonstrated putative role of Parkinson's disease-related proteins after sarin exposure. Our results clearly indicated neurodegenerative changes which started after 2.5 h and showed prominence after 3-month postexposure. The study also unmasks changes in proteins related to movement and cognitive function. The markers for astrocytosis (GFAP) and neurodegenerative changes (alpha-synuclein and amyloid precursor protein) exhibited altered expression in brain. This is the first proteomic study among survivors of sarin exposure in animal model. Some of the early changes, including those involved in neurodegeneration, movement, and cognitive function, defects in chaperone function and cytoskeleton, were shown to persist for a longer period. The study provides a preliminary framework for further validation of major mechanisms of sarin toxicity is suggested here and opens new avenues for elucidation of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Chaubey
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Durga Prasad Nagar
- Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Chandra Kant Waghmare
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Satish C Pant
- Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP 474002, India
| | - Bijoy K Bhattacharya
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP 474002, India
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Study of acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and mice exposed to ethanol. Toxicology 2017; 384:33-39. [PMID: 28427893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most commonly abused psychotropic substances with deleterious effects on the central nervous system. Ethanol exposure during development results in the loss of neurons in brain regions and when exposed to ethanol cultured cells undergo apoptosis. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals exposed to ethanol. The aims of the present study were to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with ethanol-induced apoptosis and to explore the mechanism of enhanced AChE activity induced by ethanol. For this purpose, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. AChE activity was quantified by spectrophotometry and apoptosis by flow cytometer in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to ethanol. The results showed that cells treated with 500mM ethanol for 24h had a 9-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a 6-fold increase in AChE activity compared with controls. Mice exposed acutely to 200μl of 20% ethanol daily on days 1-4 had elevated AChE activity in plasma on days 3-7. On day 4, plasma AChE activity was 2.4-fold higher than pretreatment activity. More apoptotic cells were found in the brains of treated mice compared to controls. Cells in brain sections that were positive in the TUNEL assay stained for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis were induced in SH-SY5Y cells and mice treated with ethanol, which may indicate that increased AChE may related to apoptosis induced by ethanol. Unusually high AChE activity may be an effect marker of exposure to ethanol. The relationship between AChE and apoptosis might represent a novel mechanism of ethanol-associated neuronal injury.
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Chaubey K, Rao MK, Alam SI, Waghmare C, Bhattacharya BK. Increased expression of immune modulator proteins and decreased expression of apolipoprotein A-1 and haptoglobin in blood plasma of sarin exposed rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 246:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Oriel S, Kofman O. Strain dependent effects of conditioned fear in adult C57Bl/6 and Balb/C mice following postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos: relation to expression of brain acetylcholinesterase mRNA. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:110. [PMID: 25972795 PMCID: PMC4413781 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Following reports of emotional psychopathology in children and adults exposed to organophosphates, the effects of postnatal chlorpyrifos (CPF) on fear-conditioning and depression-like behaviors were tested in adult mice. Concomitant changes in expression of mRNA for synaptic and soluble splice variants of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were examined in mouse pups and adults of the Balb/C and C57Bl/6 (B6) strains, which differ in their behavioral and hormonal stress response. Mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 mg/kg CPF on postnatal days 4–10 and tested as adults for conditioned fear, sucrose preference, and forced swim. Acetylcholinesterase activity was assessed in the brains of pups on the first and last day of treatment. Expression of soluble and synaptic AChE mRNA was assessed in brains of treated pups and fear-conditioned adults using real-time PCR. Adult Balb/C mice exposed postnatally to CPF showed exacerbated fear-conditioning and impaired active avoidance. Adult B6 mice exposed postnatally to CPF showed a more specific fear response to tones and less freezing in the inter-tone intervals, in contrast to the vehicle-pretreated mice. Chlorpyrifos also attenuated sweet preference and enhanced climbing in the forced swim test. Chlorpyrifos-treated mice had increased expression of both synaptic and readthrough AChE transcripts in the hippocampus of Balb/C mice and decreased expression in the amygdala following fear-conditioning. In conclusion, postnatal CPF had long-term effects on fear and depression, as well as on expression of AChE mRNA. These changes may be related to alteration in the interaction between hippocampus and amygdala in regulating negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Oriel
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ora Kofman
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Abdullah L, Evans JE, Montague H, Reed JM, Moser A, Crynen G, Gonzalez A, Zakirova Z, Ross I, Mullan C, Mullan M, Ait-Ghezala G, Crawford F. Chronic elevation of phosphocholine containing lipids in mice exposed to Gulf War agents pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 40:74-84. [PMID: 24140745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For two decades, 25% of the veterans who served in the 1991 Gulf War (GW) have been living with Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic multisymptom illness. Evidence suggests that brain structures involved in cognitive function may be affected in GWI. Gulf War agents such as the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and the pesticide permethrin (PER) are considered key etiogenic factors in GWI. We therefore developed a mouse model of GW agent exposure by co-administering PB and PER and showed that this model exhibits cognitive impairment and anxiety, and increased astrogliosis at chronic post-exposure time-points. Since GW agents inhibit AChE, we hypothesized that PB+PER exposure will modulate phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), which are reservoirs of phosphocholine required for endogenous ACh synthesis. Lipidomic analyses showed that PC and SM were elevated in the brains of exposed compared to control mice. Brain ether PC (ePC) species were increased but lyso-platelet activating factors (lyso-PAF) that are products of ePC were decreased in exposed animals compared to controls. Catalase expression (a marker for peroxisomes) was increased in GW agent exposed mice compared to controls. Ether PC and lyso-PAF modulation was also evident in the plasma of GW agent exposed mice compared to controls. These studies suggest peroxisomal and lysosomal dysfunction in the brain at a chronic post-exposure timepoint following GW agent exposure. Our studies provide a new direction for GWI research, which will be useful for developing suitable therapies for treating GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Abdullah
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, United States.
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Ghanemi A. Targeting G protein coupled receptor-related pathways as emerging molecular therapies. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 23:115-29. [PMID: 25972730 PMCID: PMC4420995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most important targets in modern pharmacology because of the different functions they mediate, especially within brain and peripheral nervous system, and also because of their functional and stereochemical properties. In this paper, we illustrate, via a variety of examples, novel advances about the GPCR-related molecules that have been shown to play diverse roles in GPCR pathways and in pathophysiological phenomena. We have exemplified how those GPCRs’ pathways are, or might constitute, potential targets for different drugs either to stimulate, modify, regulate or inhibit the cellular mechanisms that are hypothesized to govern some pathologic, physiologic, biologic and cellular or molecular aspects both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, influencing such pathways will, undoubtedly, lead to different therapeutical applications based on the related pharmacological implications. Furthermore, such new properties can be applied in different fields. In addition to offering fruitful directions for future researches, we hope the reviewed data, together with the elements found within the cited references, will inspire clinicians and researchers devoted to the studies on GPCR’s properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Kazi AI, Oommen A. The effect of acute severe monocrotophos poisoning on inhibition, expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase in different rat brain regions. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abdullah L, Evans JE, Bishop A, Reed JM, Crynen G, Phillips J, Pelot R, Mullan MA, Ferro A, Mullan CM, Mullan MJ, Ait-Ghezala G, Crawford FC. Lipidomic Profiling of Phosphocholine Containing Brain Lipids in Mice with Sensorimotor Deficits and Anxiety-Like Features After Exposure to Gulf War Agents. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:349-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Single dose exposure of sarin and physostigmine differentially regulates expression of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter in rat brain. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 198:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jiang W, Duysen EG, Lockridge O. Induction of plasma acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in mice treated with the organophosphorus toxicant, tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause cultured cells to undergo apoptosis. Live mice treated with OP have reduced AChE activity, but after a short recovery period, their AChE activity rebounds to levels that exceed baseline by more than 2-fold. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals. Our goal was to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with apoptosis in live mice. For this purpose we treated mice with 1500 mg kg−1tri-o-cresyl phosphate. On day one after treatment their plasma AChE activity was inhibited by 50%. On day 4, plasma AChE activity rebounded to a level 2.2-fold higher than pretreatment activity and remained elevated for about two months. On day 4, AChE activity in the lung was 1.5-fold higher than in controls. Cells in lung sections that were positive in the apoptosis TUNEL assay, stained heavily for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis are induced in mice treated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Unusually high AChE activity may be a marker of exposure to apoptosis-inducing substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ellen G. Duysen
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA. Fax: +1 402 559 4651; Tel: +1 402 559 6032
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA. Fax: +1 402 559 4651; Tel: +1 402 559 6032
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RamaRao G, Bhattacharya B, Kumar S, Waghmare C. Gene expression and phosphoprotein profile of certain key neuronal signaling proteins following soman intoxication. Toxicology 2011; 290:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Proteomic CNS Profile of Delayed Cognitive Impairment in Mice Exposed to Gulf War Agents. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:275-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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RamaRao G, Bhattacharya BK. Multiple signal transduction pathways alterations during nerve agent toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:16-22. [PMID: 22001750 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agent toxicity is primarily due to the synaptic build up of toxic levels of acetylcholine. The acute lethal effects of the nerve agents are generally attributed to respiratory failure caused by a combination of effects at both central and peripheral levels and are further complicated by copious secretions, muscle fasciculations, and convulsions. In addition to this, a range of non cholinergic effects have been observed. The development of effective treatment to block multiple effects resulting from nerve agent exposure is hampered by a limited understanding of the molecular changes responsible for their persistent effects. Excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to activation nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, these receptors activate diverse kind of cellular responses by distinct signaling pathways. Metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, membrane phospholipids, activation of a multitude of protein kinases and the induction of transcription factors are the key biochemical steps and pathways that have been investigated. This review will focus on the effects of nerve agents on signal transduction pathways; particularly, MAP kinases, protein kinase C isozymes, calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and on cytoskeletal proteins, calpain, and certain transcription factors and discusses how such changes may be involved in nerve agent induced neurotoxicity. Alterations in these key brain proteins could explain the neurological impairments following nerve agent exposure. A better understanding of the whole picture may lead to new pharmacological interventions aimed to improve or modulate those signal transduction pathways affected during nerve agent poisoning or associated pathologies that are responsible for neuronal disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G RamaRao
- Biochemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, M.P., India.
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Parnetti L, Chiasserini D, Andreasson U, Ohlson M, Hüls C, Zetterberg H, Minthon L, Wallin AK, Andreasen N, Talesa VN, Blennow K. Changes in CSF acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase activity after long-term treatment with AChE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 124:122-9. [PMID: 20880294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) participating in randomized clinical trials from three European centers, before and after long-term treatment with different AChE inhibitors (AChEIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Of the 144 patients included in the study, 104 were treated with donepezil, 15 with galantamine, 16 with rivastigmine, and nine with placebo. CSF AChE and BChE activities were measured at baseline and after 1- year treatment. RESULTS Donepezil and galantamine groups showed a significant increase in CSF AChE activity at follow-up, while no changes for BChE activity were observed; in donepezil group, a positive correlation between plasma concentration and AChE activity was documented. Conversely, in rivastigmine group, a decrease in CSF activity of both enzymes was observed. CSF AChE and BChE activities were not correlated with the clinical outcome in any group considered. CSF biomarkers did not show any change after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AChEIs differently influence the activity of target enzymes in CSF independent of their pharmacodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parnetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Spradling KD, Lumley LA, Robison CL, Meyerhoff JL, Dillman JF. Transcriptional analysis of rat piriform cortex following exposure to the organophosphonate anticholinesterase sarin and induction of seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:83. [PMID: 21777429 PMCID: PMC3199787 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphorus nerve agents irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing a toxic buildup of acetylcholine at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Current medical countermeasures to nerve agent intoxication increase survival if administered within a short period of time following exposure but may not fully prevent neurological damage. Therefore, there is a need to discover drug treatments that are effective when administered after the onset of seizures and secondary responses that lead to brain injury. Methods To determine potential therapeutic targets for such treatments, we analyzed gene expression changes in the rat piriform cortex following sarin (O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced seizure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with 1 × LD50 sarin and subsequently treated with atropine sulfate, 2-pyridine aldoxime methylchloride (2-PAM), and the anticonvulsant diazepam. Control animals received an equivalent volume of vehicle and drug treatments. The piriform cortex, a brain region particularly sensitive to neural damage from sarin-induced seizures, was extracted at 0.25, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after seizure onset, and total RNA was processed for microarray analysis. Principal component analysis identified sarin-induced seizure occurrence and time point following seizure onset as major sources of variability within the dataset. Based on these variables, the dataset was filtered and analysis of variance was used to determine genes significantly changed in seizing animals at each time point. The calculated p-value and geometric fold change for each probeset identifier were subsequently used for gene ontology analysis to identify canonical pathways, biological functions, and networks of genes significantly affected by sarin-induced seizure over the 24-h time course. Results A multitude of biological functions and pathways were identified as being significantly altered following sarin-induced seizure. Inflammatory response and signaling pathways associated with inflammation were among the most significantly altered across the five time points examined. Conclusions This analysis of gene expression changes in the rat brain following sarin-induced seizure and the molecular pathways involved in sarin-induced neurodegeneration will facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets for the development of effective neuroprotectants to treat nerve agent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Spradling
- Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
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RamaRao G, Waghmare C, Kumar Gupta A, Bhattacharya BK. Soman-induced alterations of protein kinase C isozymes expression in five discrete areas of the rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:221-32. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.511647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Changes of protein oxidation, calpain and cytoskeletal proteins (alpha tubulin and pNF-H) levels in rat brain after nerve agent poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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RamaRao G, Waghmare CK, Srivastava N, Bhattacharya BK. Regional alterations of JNK3 and CaMKIIα subunit expression in the rat brain after soman poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:448-59. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110386814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) exert numerous and diverse functions in the brain. However, their role in nerve agent poisoning is poorly understood. In the present study, rats were exposed to soman (80 µg/kg) subcutaneously to study the changes in the protein levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) and JNK3 and activities of acetylcholinestarase (AChE) and CaMKII in the rat brain. Western blot analysis revealed that significant changes were found in both the protein kinases expression. Immunoreactivity levels of neural specific JNK3 isoform increased from 2.5 hours to 30 days after soman exposure in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and thalamus regions and decreased in the case of cerebellum. CaMKIIα expression levels were also increased from 2.5 hours to 30 days after soman exposure in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and down regulated in cerebellum. AChE activity remained inhibited in plasma and brain up to 3 days post exposure. CaMKII activity was increased in cerebrum and decreased in cerebellum. Results suggest that altered expression of both the protein kinases play a role in nerve agent-induced long-term neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. RamaRao
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - CK Waghmare
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - BK Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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