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Gomez-Villalba LS, Salcines C, Fort R. Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Cultural Heritage Conservation, Risk of Toxicity, and Preventive Measures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091454. [PMID: 37176999 PMCID: PMC10180185 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has allowed for significant progress in architectural, artistic, archaeological, or museum heritage conservation for repairing and preventing damages produced by deterioration agents (weathering, contaminants, or biological actions). This review analyzes the current treatments using nanomaterials, including consolidants, biocides, hydrophobic protectives, mechanical resistance improvers, flame-retardants, and multifunctional nanocomposites. Unfortunately, nanomaterials can affect human and animal health, altering the environment. Right now, it is a priority to stop to analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the aims are to raise awareness about the nanotoxicity risks during handling and the subsequent environmental exposure to all those directly or indirectly involved in conservation processes. It reports the human-body interaction mechanisms and provides guidelines for preventing or controlling its toxicity, mentioning the current toxicity research of main compounds and emphasizing the need to provide more information about morphological, structural, and specific features that ultimately contribute to understanding their toxicity. It provides information about the current documents of international organizations (European Commission, NIOSH, OECD, Countries Normative) about worker protection, isolation, laboratory ventilation control, and debris management. Furthermore, it reports the qualitative risk assessment methods, management strategies, dose control, and focus/receptor relationship, besides the latest trends of using nanomaterials in masks and gas emissions control devices, discussing their risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba
- Institute of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Complutense University of Madrid (CSIC, UCM), Calle Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, Planta 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ciro Salcines
- Infrastructures Service, Health and Safety Unit, University of Cantabria, Pabellón de Gobierno, Avenida de los Castros 54, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Rafael Fort
- Institute of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Complutense University of Madrid (CSIC, UCM), Calle Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, Planta 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Nguyen DT, Kim MH, Yu NY, Baek MJ, Kang KS, Lee KW, Kim DD. Combined Orobol-Bentonite Composite Formulation for Effective Topical Skin Targeted Therapy in Mouse Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6513-6525. [PMID: 36575696 PMCID: PMC9790165 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s390993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Orobol is an isoflavone that has a potent skin protection effect. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel bentonite-based composite formulation of orobol to enhance topical skin delivery. Methods The composition was optimized based on the orobol content in the composite and the in vitro release studies, followed by the in vitro and in vivo hairless mouse skin deposition studies. Physicochemical characterizations of the composite formulation were performed by powder X-ray refractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity studies were conducted in human keratinocytes and in hairless mouse, respectively. Results and Discussions The in vitro release of orobol from the bentonite composites was higher than that from the suspension, which was further increased with the addition of phosphatidylcholine. The composite formulation significantly enhanced the in vitro and in vivo skin deposition of orobol in hairless mouse skin compared to the orobol suspension. Moreover, the addition of phosphatidyl choline not only improved the dissolution and incomplete release of orobol from the bentonite composite but also enhanced the deposition of orobol in the skin. XRD histograms and SEM images confirmed that the enhanced dissolution of orobol from the composite was attributed to its amorphous state on bentonite. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies support the safety and biocompatibility of the orobol-loaded bentonite composite formulation. Conclusion These findings suggest that the orobol-loaded bentonite composite formulation could be a potential topical skin delivery system for orobol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Thuc Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Yu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jun Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Dae-Duk Kim, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2-880-7870, Fax +82-2-873-9177, Email
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James A, Yadav D. Bioaerogels, the emerging technology for wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review on synthesis, properties and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113222. [PMID: 35398081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade use of aerogels has received much attention as an emerging technology for wastewater treatment. However, production of aerogels is not environment-friendly. Owing to its excellent properties such as porosity, three-dimensional structure, being amenable to chemical modifications, it is imperative to devise strategies for their improved production and use. Bioaerogels are non-toxic and most of their precursor compounds are biomass-derived. This review aims to present a comprehensive report on survey of existing literature published on the use of bioaerogels for removal of all major categories of water contaminants, namely, heavy metals, industrial dyes, oil, organic compounds and pharmaceuticals. It also gives critical analysis of the lacunae in the existing knowledge such as lack of studies on domestic sewage, emerging pollutants, toxicity of raw materials and adequate disposal of used adsorbents. Proposals of overcoming the limitations in the applicability of bioaerogels, like combining constructed wetlands with use of bioaerogels, among others have been discussed. In this review, emphasis has been given on production of bioaerogels, with an aim to underscore the potential of valorization of biomass waste to develop novel materials for wastewater treatment in an effort towards creating a circular and green economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina James
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College (University of Delhi), Dwarka Sector 3, Delhi, 110078, India.
| | - Deepika Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Does Bentonite Cause Cytotoxic and Whole-Transcriptomic Adverse Effects in Enterocytes When Used to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 Exposure? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070435. [PMID: 35878173 PMCID: PMC9322703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major food safety concern, threatening the health of humans and animals. Bentonite (BEN) is an aluminosilicate clay used as a feed additive to reduce AFB1 presence in contaminated feedstuff. So far, few studies have characterized BEN toxicity and efficacy in vitro. In this study, cytotoxicity (WST-1 test), the effects on cell permeability (trans-epithelial electrical resistance and lucifer yellow dye incorporation), and transcriptional changes (RNA-seq) caused by BEN, AFB1 and their combination (AFB1 + BEN) were investigated in Caco-2 cells. Up to 0.1 mg/mL, BEN did not affect cell viability and permeability, but it reduced AFB1 cytotoxicity; however, at higher concentrations, BEN was cytotoxic. As to RNA-seq, 0.1 mg/mL BEN did not show effects on cell transcriptome, confirming that the interaction between BEN and AFB1 occurs in the medium. Data from AFB1 and AFB1 + BEN suggested AFB1 provoked most of the transcriptional changes, whereas BEN was preventive. The most interesting AFB1-targeted pathways for which BEN was effective were cell integrity, xenobiotic metabolism and transporters, basal metabolism, inflammation and immune response, p53 biological network, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the in vitro toxicity and whole-transcriptomic effects of BEN, alone or in the presence of AFB1.
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Damato A, Vianello F, Novelli E, Balzan S, Gianesella M, Giaretta E, Gabai G. Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889612. [PMID: 35619608 PMCID: PMC9127995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clay minerals are naturally occurring rock and soil materials primarily composed of fine-grained aluminosilicate minerals, characterized by high hygroscopicity. In animal production, clays are often mixed with feed and, due to their high binding capacity towards organic molecules, used to limit animal absorption of feed contaminants, such as mycotoxins and other toxicants. Binding capacity of clays is not specific and these minerals can form complexes with different compounds, such as nutrients and pharmaceuticals, thus possibly affecting the intestinal absorption of important substances. Indeed, clays cannot be considered a completely inert feed additive, as they can interfere with gastro-intestinal (GI) metabolism, with possible consequences on animal physiology. Moreover, clays may contain impurities, constituted of inorganic micronutrients and/or toxic trace elements, and their ingestion can affect animal health. Furthermore, clays may also have effects on the GI mucosa, possibly modifying nutrient digestibility and animal microbiome. Finally, clays may directly interact with GI cells and, depending on their mineral grain size, shape, superficial charge and hydrophilicity, can elicit an inflammatory response. As in the near future due to climate change the presence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs will probably become a major problem, the use of clays in feedstuff, given their physico-chemical properties, low cost, apparent low toxicity and eco-compatibility, is expected to increase. The present review focuses on the characteristics and properties of clays as feed additives, evidencing pros and cons. Aims of future studies are suggested, evidencing that, in particular, possible interferences of these minerals with animal microbiome, nutrient absorption and drug delivery should be assessed. Finally, the fate of clay particles during their transit within the GI system and their long-term administration/accumulation should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Giaretta
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisa Giaretta
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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6
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In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1130-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Maciaszek K, Brown DM, Stone V. An in vitro assessment of the toxicity of two-dimensional synthetic and natural layered silicates. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105273. [PMID: 34801683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Layered Silicates (NLS) and Synthetic Layered Silicates (SLS) are a diverse group of clay minerals that have attracted great interest in various branches of industry. However, despite growing demand for this class of material, their impact on human health has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential toxic effects of a wide range of commercially available SLS and NLS of varying physicochemical properties (lithium (Li) or fluoride (F) content and size). Mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage (J774A.1) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were chosen as in vitro models of alveolar macrophages. Montmorillonite, hectorite, Medium (med) F/High Li and Low F/Med Li particles, were cytotoxic to cells and induced potent pro-inflammatory responses. The remaining particles (No F/Very (V)Low Li, No F/Med Li, No F/Low Li, High F/Med Li and High F/Med Li washed) were non- to relatively low- cytotoxic and inflammogenic, in both type of cells. In an acellular condition none of the tested samples increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS generation was observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of Med F/High Li, Low F/Med Li, montmorillonite and hectorite samples, in J774A.1 cells. Based on the results obtained in this study the toxic potency of tested samples was not associated with lithium or fluoride content, but appeared to be dependent on particle size, with the platelets of larger dimension and lower surface area being more potent than the smaller platelet particles with higher surface area. In addition, the increased bioactivity of Med F/High Li and Low F/Med Li was associated with endotoxin contamination. Obtained results demonstrated that layered silicate materials have different toxicological profiles and suggest that toxicological properties of a specific layered silicate should be investigated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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Golubeva OY, Alikina YA, Khamova TV, Vladimirova EV, Shamova OV. Aluminosilicate Nanosponges: Synthesis, Properties, and Application Prospects. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17008-17018. [PMID: 34723488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A simple one-step method is presented for fabricating inorganic nanosponges with a kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] structure. The nanosponges were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of aluminosilicate gels in an acidic medium (pH = 2.6) at 220 °C without using organic cross-linking agents, such as cyclodextrin or polymers. The formation of the nanosponge morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, and the assignment of the synthesized aluminosilicates to the kaolinite group was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The effect of the synthesis conditions, in particular, the nature (HCl, HF, NaOH, and H2O) and pH of the reaction medium (2.6, 7, and 12), as well as the duration of the synthesis (3, 6, and 12 days), on the morphology of aluminosilicates of the kaolinite group was studied. The sorption capacity of aluminosilicate nanosponges with respect to cationic (e.g., methylene blue) and anionic (e.g., azorubine) dyes in aqueous solutions was studied. The pH sensitivity of the surface ζ potential of the synthesized nanosponges was demonstrated. The dependence of the hemolytic activity (the ability to destroy erythrocytes) of aluminosilicate nanoparticles on the particle morphology (platy, spherical, and nanosponge) has been identified for the first time. Aluminosilicate nanosponges were not found to exhibit hemolytic activity. The prospects of using aluminosilicate nanosponges to prepare innovative functional materials for ecology and medicine applications, in particular, as matrices for drug delivery systems, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Golubeva
- Laboratory of the Nanostructures Research, Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Adm. Makarova Emb., 2, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Yulia A Alikina
- Laboratory of the Nanostructures Research, Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Adm. Makarova Emb., 2, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Tamara V Khamova
- Laboratory of the Nanostructures Research, Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Adm. Makarova Emb., 2, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Vladimirova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academic Pavlov Str., 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Olga V Shamova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academic Pavlov Str., 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are defined as secondary metabolites of some species of mold fungi. They are present in many foods consumed by animals. Moreover, they most often contaminate products of plant and animal origin. Fungi of genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillum are most often responsible for the production of mycotoxins. They release toxic compounds that, when properly accumulated, can affect many aspects of breeding, such as reproduction and immunity, as well as the overall liver detoxification performance of animals. Mycotoxins, which are chemical compounds, are extremely difficult to remove due to their natural resistance to mechanical, thermal, and chemical factors. Modern methods of analysis allow the detection of the presence of mycotoxins and determine the level of contamination with them, both in raw materials and in foods. Various food processes that can affect mycotoxins include cleaning, grinding, brewing, cooking, baking, frying, flaking, and extrusion. Most feeding processes have a variable effect on mycotoxins, with those that use high temperatures having the greatest influence. Unfortunately, all these processes significantly reduce mycotoxin amounts, but they do not completely eliminate them. This article presents the risks associated with the presence of mycotoxins in foods and the methods of their detection and prevention.
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Mahkam M, Bazmi Zeynabad F, Alizadeh E, Rahimi M, Rahimi F, Salehi R. Novel Methotrexate-Ciprofloxacin Loaded Alginate-Clay Based Nanocomposite as Anticancer and Antibacterial Co-Drug Delivery System. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:477-489. [PMID: 34513622 PMCID: PMC8421626 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In last decades, by increasing multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens an urgent demand was felt in the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Methods: Promising nanocomposites composed of clay/alginate/imidazolium-based ionic liquid, have been developed via intercalation of calcium alginate and ionic liquid by ion exchange method. These tailored nanocomposites were used as nanocarriers to simultaneously deliver methotrexate (MTX), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), as anticancer and antibacterial agents, respectively to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Nanocomposites were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy studies (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The in vitro antimicrobial potential of the mentioned nanocomposites in free and dual-drug loaded form was investigated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria. The antitumor activity of nano-formulations was evaluated by both MTT assay and cell cycle arrest. Results: The dual drug-loaded nanocomposites with exceptionally high loading efficiency (MTX: 99 ±0.4% and CIP: 98 ±1.2%) and mean particle size of 70 nm were obtained with obvious pH-responsive MTX and CIP release (both drugs release rate was increased at pH 5.8 compared to 7.4). The antibacterial activity of CIP-loaded nanocomposites was significantly higher in comparison with free CIP (P <0.001). The antitumor activity results revealed that MTX cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells was significantly higher in nano-formulations compared to free MTX (P <0.001). Both MTX-loaded nanocomposites caused S-phase arrest in MCF-7 cells compared to non-treated cells (P ˂ 0.001). Conclusion: Newly developed smart nanocomposites are potentially effective pH-sustainable delivery systems for enhanced tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahimi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariborz Rahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Electrospun Antibacterial and Antioxidant Zein/Polylactic Acid/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Nanofibers as an Active Food Packaging System. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Orta MM, Maisanaba S, Medina-Carrasco S, Jos A. Potential Application of A Synthetic Organo-funtionalized High Load Expandable Mica as A Drug Carrier for Controlled Release. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:645-653. [PMID: 33092507 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666201022122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work the cytotoxicity and gastric and gastrointestinal resistance of a high-load synthetic expandable mica, Na-mica-4, is studied for the first time. The hydrophilic character of this clay mineral can be modified by ion exchange reaction between Na+ inorganic cations housed in the interlayer space, and surfactant molecules, resulting in the formation of an organophilic material. This adsorption capability of organic compounds makes them very useful for a wide range of applications, such as their use as drug carriers. Previous studies have shown the high adsorption capacity of organofunctionalized Na-mica-4 of different types of drugs. Objetive: To carry out initial trials aimed at testing the cytotoxicity of a synthetic organofunctional expandable mica and evaluating its resistance to gastric and gastrointestinal digestion. METHODS A highly charged sodium mica (Na-mica-4) was synthesized and organofunctional by cationic exchange with an alkylamine, primary amine of 18 carbon atoms (C18-mica-4). Both were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field transmission electron microscopy, surface-specific analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. In addition, screening cytotoxicity trials were conducted on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 with C18-mica-4 (0-125 μg/ml). RESULTS Only one of the endpoints evaluated (the reduction of tetrazolium MTS salt by dehydrogenase enzymes) showed a significant decrease in cellular viability after 48h at the highest concentration tested. C18-mica-4 shows structural resistance to both, gastric and gastrointestinal, digestion. CONCLUSION A successful development of a functionalized mica has been made with a promising potential application as a carrier to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Orta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García Gonzalez no. 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | | | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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Gianni E, Avgoustakis K, Papoulis D. Kaolinite group minerals: Applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:359-376. [PMID: 32745710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The clay minerals are characterized as important minerals due to their specific properties. One of the most important groups of the clay minerals is the kaolinite's group minerals due to their morphology, availability and range of potential applications. Halloysite and kaolinite are investigated here for their pharmaceutical applications and especially for their potential in cancer treatment. This review study is focusing on the potential applications of the kaolinite's group minerals in cancer diagnosis and monitoring, cancer treatment, the avoidance of metastasis, and the relief of cancer pains. Anticancer drug-loaded formulations based on these minerals show high potential for the treatment of various types of cancer as they have been shown to exhibit high anticancer activity in cancer cell lines and cancer animal models, high biocompatibility, low side effects, and high drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gianni
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Patras, Greece.
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14
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Sabzevari AG, Sabahi H, Nikbakht M. Montmorillonite, a natural biocompatible nanosheet with intrinsic antitumor activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Elliott CT, Connolly L, Kolawole O. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:115-126. [PMID: 31515765 PMCID: PMC6971152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate can bind or adsorb mycotoxins to their interlayer spaces, external surface, and edges. Several studies have shown these substances to be partly or fully effective in counteracting toxic effects of mycotoxins in farm animals fed contaminated diets and thus are extensively used in livestock production to reduce the risk of mycotoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a considerable number of studies have indicated that these agents may also cause undesirable effects in farm animals. The current work aims to review published reports regarding adverse effects that may arise in farm animals (with a focus on pig and poultry) and potential interaction with veterinary substances and nutrients in feeds, when mineral adsorbents are utilized as a technological feed additive. Furthermore, results of in vitro toxicity studies of both natural and modified mineral adsorbents on different cell lines are reported. Supplementation of mycotoxin-contaminated feed with mineral adsorbents must be carefully considered by farmers and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Connolly M, Zhang Y, Brown DM, Ortuño N, Jordá-Beneyto M, Stone V, Fernandes TF, Johnston HJ. Novel polylactic acid (PLA)-organoclay nanocomposite bio-packaging for the cosmetic industry; migration studies and in vitro assessment of the dermal toxicity of migration extracts. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Bankoglu EE, Kodandaraman G, Stopper H. A systematic review of the use of the alkaline comet assay for genotoxicity studies in human colon-derived cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:402976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Connolly M, Zhang Y, Mahri S, Brown DM, Ortuño N, Jordá-Beneyto M, Maciaszek K, Stone V, Fernandes TF, Johnston HJ. The influence of organic modification on the cytotoxicity of clay particles to keratinocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages; an investigation towards the safe use of polymer-clay nanocomposite packaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:178-191. [PMID: 30797875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organically modified clays can be used as nanofillers in polymer-clay nanocomposites to create bio-based packaging with improved strength and barrier properties. The impact of organic modification on the physico-chemical properties and toxicity of clays has yet to be fully investigated but is essential to ensure their safe use. Two organoclays, named N116_HDTA and N116_TMSA, were prepared using a commercially available sodium bentonite clay and the organic modifiers hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTA) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMSA). An in vitro hazard assessment was performed using HaCaT skin cells, C3A liver cells, and J774.1 macrophage-like cells. Organic modification with HDTA and TMSA increased the hazard potential of the organoclays in all cell models, as evidenced by the higher levels of cytotoxicity measured. N116_TMSA caused the greatest loss in viability with IC50 values of 3.2, 3.6 and 6.1 μg/cm2 calculated using J774.1, HaCaT and C3A cell lines, respectively. Cytotoxic effects were dictated by the amount of free or displaced organic modifier present in the exposure suspensions. The parent bentonite clay also caused distinct cytotoxic effects in J774.1 macrophage-like cells with associated TNF-α release. Such information on the hazard profile of organoclays, can feed into risk assessments for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Connolly
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Sohaib Mahri
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria Jordá-Beneyto
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Krystyna Maciaszek
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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Banerjee SL, Swift T, Hoskins R, Rimmer S, Singha NK. A muscle mimetic polyelectrolyte–nanoclay organic–inorganic hybrid hydrogel: its self-healing, shape-memory and actuation properties. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1475-1493. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02852d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we report a non-covalent (ionic interlocking and hydrogen bonding) strategy of self-healing in a covalently crosslinked organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite hydrogel, with specific emphasis on tuning its properties fitting into a muscle mimetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Swift
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Richard Hoskins
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
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20
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Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Are nanoclay-containing polymer composites safe for food packaging applications?-An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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21
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Tullio SCMC, Barbosa RV, Chalcraft DR. Physical and chemical characterization of natural and modified nanoclays and their ecotoxicity on a freshwater algae species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2860-2870. [PMID: 30062817 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclays represent a class of natural and modified nanomaterials that have received attention from industrial and environmental fields. Studies that assess the physicochemical properties of nanoclays and compare the effects of natural and modified nanoclays are scarce. We assessed the physicochemical characteristics of a natural nanoclay (Na+ montmorillonite) and 2 modified nanoclays (Cloisite® 30B and Novaclay™) in the dry powder state and in solution, and their potential toxic effects on algal population growth (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). All 3 nanoclays exhibited properties that are thought to cause toxic effects on organisms, but the properties varied among the nanoclays. Cloisite 30B had a low particle stability and a chemical composition that are thought to induce a greater toxic effect on organisms than either Novaclay or natural nanoclay. In contrast, Novaclay and natural nanoclay had a particle shape (nanoplate) in solution that is thought to induce a greater toxic effect on organisms than the type of particle shape (spherical) that Cloisite 30B has in solution. Cloisite 30B suppressed population growth of C. reinhardtii, an effect that increased with dosage. Neither Novaclay nor natural nanoclay affected algal population growth across a broad array of concentrations. The results show that modified nanoclays differ in their impact on algae, and careful thought must be given to their usage because some will have negative consequences if released into aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2860-2870. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen C M C Tullio
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronilson V Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David R Chalcraft
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Gao X, Miao R, Tao Y, Chen X, Wan C, Jia R. Effect of Montmorillonite powder on intestinal mucosal barrier in children with abdominal Henoch-Schonlein purpura: A randomized controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12577. [PMID: 30278566 PMCID: PMC6181592 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies found that intestinal barrier function has been changed in children with abdominal Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). Montmorillonite has been shown to be protective for digestive tract mucosa. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate whether Montmorillonite powder could improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function in children with abdominal HSP. METHODS Using a randomized controlled study design, we compared plasma levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, and endotoxin in children with abdominal HSP before and after Montmorillonite powder treatment. RESULTS Among 28 patients in experimental group and 30 in control group, there was no significant difference in age, sex, height, weight, and course of disease between 2 groups (P > .05). Before treatment, there was no statistical difference in DAO, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin between experimental group and the control group (P > .05). However, significant differences were detected for DAO and D-lactate after treatment in comparison to before treatment in the Montmorillonite experimental group (P < .05). Such differences were not found in the control group (P > .05). CONCLUSION Montmorillonite powder is effective in the treatment of HSP via maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Ruixue Miao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yuhong Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Chaomin Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China University Second Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Ruizhen Jia
- Open Laboratory, West China Institute for Women's and Children's Health, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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23
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Wagner A, White AP, Tang MC, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Incineration of Nanoclay Composites Leads to Byproducts with Reduced Cellular Reactivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10709. [PMID: 30013129 PMCID: PMC6048035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of nanoclays into a polymer matrix leads to nanocomposites with enhanced properties to be used in plastics for food packaging applications. Because of the plastics' high stored energy value, such nanocomposites make good candidates for disposal via municipal solid waste plants. However, upon disposal, increased concerns related to nanocomposites' byproducts potential toxicity arise, especially considering that such byproducts could escape disposal filters to cause inhalation hazards. Herein, we investigated the effects that byproducts of a polymer polylactic acid-based nanocomposite containing a functionalized montmorillonite nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) could pose to human lung epithelial cells, used as a model for inhalation exposure. Analysis showed that the byproducts induced toxic responses, including reductions in cellular viability, changes in cellular morphology, and cytoskeletal alterations, however only at high doses of exposure. The degree of dispersion of nanoclays in the polymer matrix appeared to influence the material characteristics, degradation, and ultimately toxicity. With toxicity of the byproduct occurring at high doses, safety protocols should be considered, along with deleterious effects investigations to thus help aid in safer, yet still effective products and disposal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Andrew P White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Man Chio Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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24
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Gujjari A, Rodriguez BV, Pescador J, Maeder C, Beall GW, Lewis LK. Factors affecting the association of single- and double-stranded RNAs with montmorillonite nanoclays. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:551-559. [PMID: 29277420 PMCID: PMC6247799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays exist as single and stacked sheet-like structures with large surface areas that can form stable associations with many naturally occurring biomolecules, including nucleic acids. They have been utilized successfully as vehicles for delivery of both drugs and genes into cells. Most previous studies have focused on interactions of MMT with DNA. In the current study, we have investigated the binding of small RNAs similar to those used for RNA interference (RNAi) therapy to two major forms of the clay, Na-MMT and Ca-MMT. Association of both forms of MMT with several double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), including 25mers, 54mers and cloverleaf-shaped transfer RNAs, was weak and increased only slightly after addition of Mg2+ ions to the binding reactions. By contrast, ssRNA 25mers and 54mers bound poorly to Na-MMT but interacted strongly with Ca-MMT. The weak binding of ssRNAs to Na-MMT could be strongly enhanced by addition of Mg2+ ions. The strength of MMT-ssRNA interactions was also examined using inorganic anion competition and displacement assays, as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The aggregate results point to a cation-bridging mechanism for binding of ssRNAs, but not dsRNAs, in the presence of divalent metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gujjari
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Blanca V Rodriguez
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Jorge Pescador
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - Corina Maeder
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX, 78212, United States
| | - Gary W Beall
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States
| | - L Kevin Lewis
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States.
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25
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Stueckle TA, Davidson DC, Derk R, Kornberg TG, Battelli L, Friend S, Orandle M, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Sierros KA, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Porter DW, Rojanasakul L. Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Pre- and Post-incinerated Organomodified Nanoclay in Mice. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2292-2310. [PMID: 29451776 PMCID: PMC6357971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organomodified nanoclays (ONCs) are increasingly used as filler materials to improve nanocomposite strength, wettability, flammability, and durability. However, pulmonary risks associated with exposure along their chemical lifecycle are unknown. This study's objective was to compare pre- and post-incinerated forms of uncoated and organomodified nanoclays for potential pulmonary inflammation, toxicity, and systemic blood response. Mice were exposed via aspiration to low (30 μg) and high (300 μg) doses of preincinerated uncoated montmorillonite nanoclay (CloisNa), ONC (Clois30B), their respective incinerated forms (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS). Lung and blood tissues were collected at days 1, 7, and 28 to compare toxicity and inflammation indices. Well-dispersed CloisNa caused a robust inflammatory response characterized by neutrophils, macrophages, and particle-laden granulomas. Alternatively, Clois30B, I-Clois30B, and CS high-dose exposures elicited a low grade, persistent inflammatory response. High-dose Clois30B exposure exhibited moderate increases in lung damage markers and a delayed macrophage recruitment cytokine signature peaking at day 7 followed by a fibrotic tissue signature at day 28, similar to CloisNa. I-CloisNa exhibited acute, transient inflammation with quick recovery. Conversely, high-dose I-Clois30B caused a weak initial inflammatory signal but showed comparable pro-inflammatory signaling to CS at day 28. The data demonstrate that ONC pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory potential relies on coating presence and incineration status in that coated and incinerated nanoclay exhibited less inflammation and granuloma formation than pristine montmorillonite. High doses of both pre- and post-incinerated ONC, with different surface morphologies, may harbor potential pulmonary health hazards over long-term occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Donna C. Davidson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ray Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tiffany G. Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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26
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Maisanaba S, Guzmán-Guillén R, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Ortuño N, Jos Á. In vitro toxicity evaluation of new silane-modified clays and the migration extract from a derived polymer-clay nanocomposite intended to food packaging applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:313-320. [PMID: 28800565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The clay montmorillonite (Mt) is among the nanofillers more frequently used for food packaging applications. The organomodification of clays with different modifiers, such as silanes, is an important step in the preparation of improved polymer/clay materials known as nanocomposites. However, the toxicological data about these nanofillers is still scarce. In the present study, an in vitro toxicological evaluation in Caco-2 cells of two silane-modified clays based on Mt, Clay3 and Clay4 (0-250μg/ml), was performed. The cytotoxicity, cell death, genotoxicity and oxidative stress produced by both organoclays were evaluated after 24 and 48h of exposure. Moreover, the migration extracts obtained from nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) + Clay3 and only PP were also investigated. Only Clay4 induced cytotoxicity, showing a reduction of cell viability to 63% of the control, as well as oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PP-Clay3 migration extract, no cytotoxic effects were observed after exposure to the tested concentrations (0-100%). Moreover, significant differences in the presence of Ca, Mg and Si compared to the PP extract were obtained, although migration levels were in accordance with the food contact materials regulation. These findings indicate that a case-by-case toxicological assessment of organoclays should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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28
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Moving into advanced nanomaterials. Toxicity of rutile TiO 2 nanoparticles immobilized in nanokaolin nanocomposites on HepG2 cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:114-122. [PMID: 28039000 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of nanoparticles on inorganic supports has been recently developed, resulting in the creation of nanocomposites. Concerning titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs1), these have already been developed in conjugation with clays, but so far there are no available toxicological studies on these nanocomposites. The present work intended to evaluate the hepatic toxicity of nanocomposites (C-TiO22), constituted by rutile TiO2 NPs immobilized in nanokaolin (NK3) clay, and its individual components. These nanomaterials were analysed by means of FE-SEM4 and DLS5 analysis for physicochemical characterization. HepG2 cells were exposed to rutile TiO2 NPs, NK clay and C-TiO2 nanocomposite, in the presence and absence of serum for different exposure periods. Possible interferences with the methodological procedures were determined for MTT,6 neutral red uptake, alamar blue (AB), LDH,7 and comet assays, for all studied nanomaterials. Results showed that MTT, AB and alkaline comet assay were suitable for toxicity analysis of the present materials after slight modifications to the protocol. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed after exposure to all studied nanomaterials. Furthermore, an increase in HepG2 DNA damage was observed after shorter periods of exposure in the absence of serum proteins and longer periods of exposure in their presence. Although the immobilization of nanoparticles in micron-sized supports could, in theory, decrease the toxicity of single nanoparticles, the selection of a suitable support is essential. The present results suggest that NK clay is not the appropriate substrate to decrease TiO2 NPs toxicity. Therefore, for future studies, it is critical to select a more appropriate substrate for the immobilization of TiO2 NPs.
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Wagner A, Eldawud R, White A, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Sierros KA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3406-3415. [PMID: 27612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated. METHODS Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+ (pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts' to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging. RESULTS Our analysis of byproducts' chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Konstantinos A Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Nones J, Nones J, Poli A, Trentin AG, Riella HG, Kuhnen NC. Organophilic treatments of bentonite increase the adsorption of aflatoxin B1 and protect stem cells against cellular damage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:555-561. [PMID: 27281241 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bentonite clays exhibit high adsorptive capacity for contaminants, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin responsible for causing severe toxicity in several species including pigs, poultry and man. Organophilic treatments is known to increase the adsorption capacity of bentonites, and the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Brazilian bentonite and two organic salts - benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb AFB1. For this end, 2(2) factorial designs were used in order to analyze if BAC or CTAB was able to increase AFB1 adsorption when submitted in different temperature and concentration. Both BAC and CTAB treatment (at 30°C and 2% of salt concentration) were found to increase the adsorption of AFB1 significantly compared with untreated bentonite. After organophilic bentonite treatments with BAC or CTAB, a vibration of CH stretch (2850 and 2920cm(-1)) were detected. A frequency of the SiO stretch (1020 and 1090cm(-1)) was changed by intercalation of organic cation. Furthermore, the interlayer spacing of bentonite increases to 1.23nm (d001 reflection at 2θ=7.16) and 1.22 (d001 reflection at 2θ=7.22) after the addition of BAC and CTAB, respectively. Another aim of the study was to observe the effects of these two bentonite salts in neural crest stem cell cultures. The two materials that were created by organophilic treatments were not found to be toxic to stem cells. Furthermore the results indicate that the two materials tested may protect the neural crest stem cells against damage caused by AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Nones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jader Nones
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Anicleto Poli
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Andrea Gonçalves Trentin
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Humberto Gracher Riella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Cabral Kuhnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Maisanaba S, Hercog K, Filipic M, Jos Á, Zegura B. Genotoxic potential of montmorillonite clay mineral and alteration in the expression of genes involved in toxicity mechanisms in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:425-433. [PMID: 26599662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite, also known as Cloisite(®)Na(+) (CNa(+)), is a natural clay with a wide range of well-documented and novel applications, such as pharmaceutical products or food packaging. Although considered a low toxic product, the expected increased exposure to CNa(+) arises concern on the potential consequences on human and environmental health especially as its genotoxicity has scarcely been investigated so far. Thus, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of CNa(+) (15.65, 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL) on genomic instability of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) by determining the formation of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay. Further on we studied the influence of CNa(+) on the expression of several genes involved in toxicity mechanisms using the real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CNa(+) increased the number of MNi, while the numbers of NBUDs and NPBs were not affected. In addition it deregulated genes in all the groups studied, mainly after longer time of exposure. These findings provide the evidence that CNa(+) is potentially genotoxic. Therefore further studies that will elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic activity of CNa(+) are needed for hazard identification and human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Klara Hercog
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipic
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bojana Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Maisanaba S, Jordá-Beneyto M, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Effects of two organomodified clays intended to food contact materials on the genomic instability and gene expression of hepatoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 88:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Martín-Cameán A, Puerto M, Jos Á, Azqueta A, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. Preliminary study of genotoxicity evaluation of orthodontic miniscrews on mucosa oral cells by the alkaline comet assay. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:487-93. [PMID: 26062010 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1053652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Miniscrew implants are widely used nowadays in orthodontic treatments due to their good results in clinical practice. However, data regarding the biocompatibility of commercially available orthodontic miniscrews and temporary devices are very scarce, and their role as genotoxicity inducers has been not previously evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. The aim of this study was to investigate the DNA damage in buccal cells of patients subjected to orthodontic treatments. The alkaline comet assay has been applied in oral mucosa cells from patients treated with conventional orthodontic treatment in comparison to patients treated additionally with miniscrews, non-treated volunteers (control) and smoking volunteers (positive control). The application of orthodontic appliances and miniscrews induced significant and similar (2-fold) increases of %DNA in tail in comparison to control group. Females experienced a significant increase in %DNA in all the treatments in comparison to the control group, whereas males showed significant damage only with the combined orthodontic and miniscrew treatment. In conclusion, conventional orthodontic appliances induced genotoxicity, and the incorporation of miniscrews assayed did not imply any additional increase of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- a Stomatology Department , School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - María Puerto
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Navarra , Navarra , Spain , and
| | | | - Enrique Solano
- a Stomatology Department , School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
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Maisanaba S, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Cameán AM, Jos A. Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:233-254. [PMID: 25732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many facets of our society. This review addresses the main clays of each phyllosilicate groups, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite (Mt) and sepiolite, placing special emphasis on Mt and kaolinite, which are the clays that are more frequently used in food packaging, one of the applications that are currently exhibiting higher development. The improvements in the composite materials obtained from clays and polymeric matrices are remarkable and well known, but the potential toxicological effects of unmodified or modified clay minerals and derived nanocomposites are currently being investigated with increased interest. In this sense, this work focused on a review of the published reports related to the analysis of the toxicological profile of commercial and novel modified clays and derived nanocomposites. An exhaustive review of the main in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies, antimicrobial activity assessments, and the human and environmental impacts of clays and derived nanocomposites was performed. From the analysis of the scientific literature different conclusions can be derived. Thus, in vitro studies suggest that clays in general induce cytotoxicity (with dependence on the clay, concentration, experimental system, etc.) with different underlying mechanisms such as necrosis/apoptosis, oxidative stress or genotoxicity. However, most of in vivo experiments performed in rodents showed no clear evidences of systemic toxicity even at doses of 5000mg/kg. Regarding to humans, pulmonary exposure is the most frequent, and although clays are usually mixed with other minerals, they have been reported to induce pneumoconiosis per se. Oral exposure is also common both intentionally and unintentionally. Although they do not show a high toxicity through this pathway, toxic effects could be induced due to the increased or reduced exposure to mineral elements. Finally, there are few studies about the effects of clay minerals on wildlife, with laboratory trials showing contradictory outcomes. Clay minerals have different applications in the environment, thus with a strict control of the concentrations used, they can provide beneficial uses. Despite the extensive number of reports available, there is also a need of systematic in vitro-in vivo extrapolation studies, with still scarce information on toxicity biomarkers such as inmunomodulatory effects or alteration of the genetic expression. In conclusion, a case by case toxicological evaluation is required taking into account that different clays have their own toxicological profiles, their modification can change this profile, and the potential increase of the human/environmental exposure to clay minerals due to their novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Maisanaba S, Prieto AI, Pichardo S, Jordá-Beneyto M, Aucejo S, Jos Á. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment of organomodified clays potentially used in food packaging. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1222-30. [PMID: 25820134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern food packaging has made great advances as result of global trends and consumer preferences, which are oriented to obtain improved food quality and safety. In this regard, clay minerals, and mainly Montmorillonite (Mt) are attracting considerable interest in food packaging because of the improvements developed in mechanical and barrier properties. Hence, the present work aim to assess the toxicity of four Montmorillonite-based clay minerals, an unmodified clay, Cloisite®Na+ (CNa+), and three modified Mt clays: Cloisite®30B (C30B), a commercial clay, and Clay1 and Clay2, two novel modified organoclays developed by the Packaging, Transport, & Logistics Research Institute (ITENE). First, the cytotoxic effects were studied in the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). In addition, the potential mutagenicity of the clays was evaluated by the Ames test. Clay1 did not induce any cytotoxic effects in HUVEC, although it exhibited potential mutagenicity in TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain. In contrast, Clay2 produced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells but no mutagenicity was recorded. However, CNa+ was not cytotoxic neither mutagenic. And finally, C30B showed positive results in both assays. Therefore, results showed that clay minerals have a different toxicity profile and a case by case toxicity evaluation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain.
| | - María Jordá-Beneyto
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Aucejo
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
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Jorda-Beneyto M, Ortuño N, Devis A, Aucejo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Houtman J, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Jos A. Use of nanoclay platelets in food packaging materials: technical and cytotoxicity approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:354-63. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.874045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maisanaba S, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Moyano R, Blanco A, Jordá-Beneyto M, Jos A. In vivo toxicity evaluation of the migration extract of an organomodified clay-poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:731-746. [PMID: 24839927 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.890987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The food packaging industry is in continuous development in order to obtain more secure and stable food and beverages. The incorporation of inorganic and organic materials with plastic polymers leads to polymer composites. Among the inorganic compounds, clays such as montmorillonite (MTT) and its derivatives are of great interest due to their advantageous properties. The Technological Institute of Packaging, Transport,and Logistics (ITENE) developed a novel nanocomposite based on a poly(lactic) acid (PLA) polymer using an MMT derivative, named Clay1, as filler, to be used in the beverage industry. The improvement of the technological properties of this new material was demonstrated, but safety issues are also of concern. In the present study, a histopathological examination by optical and electron microscopy of organs from Wistar rats exposed for 90 d to a migration extract of PLA-Clay1 nanocomposite was carried out. Moreover, different clinical biochemistry, inflammation,and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined. Results showed no apparent evidence of damage, indicating that this nanocomposite has a good profile to be used in the food packaging industry, although further research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- a Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sevilla , Seville , Spain
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