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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins & Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2024; 23:22-26. [PMID: 38618165 PMCID: PMC11007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals, to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Many mechanisms that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals with genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes have been identified. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen presenting responses. This paper reviews the specific immunological pathways involved with environmental toxins and autoimmunity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA
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2
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Lockridge O. Overview of Adductomics in Toxicology. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e672. [PMID: 36799690 PMCID: PMC9942099 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Adductomics is epidemiology at the molecular level. Untargeted adductomics compares levels of chemical adducts on albumin, hemoglobin, and DNA between healthy and exposed individuals. The goal is to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between chemical exposure and illness. Chemical exposures are not necessarily due to synthetic chemicals but are often due to oxidation products of naturally occurring lipids, for example, 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein produced by lipid peroxidation of arachidonic and linoleic acids. The preferred method used in adductomics is ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to with nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The mass of the adduct indicates its structure and identifies the chemical. The advantages of molecular epidemiology include information about the many toxicants to which a person is exposed over a period of weeks or months and the relative exposure levels. The disadvantage is the absence of information about the mechanism of toxicity. Untargeted adductomics examines albumin and hemoglobin adducts, which serve as biomarkers of exposure but do not identify the proteins and genes responsible for the toxicity. Targeted adductomics is used when the origin of the toxicity is known. This can be either an adducted protein, such as the butyrylcholinesterase protein modified by nerve agents, or a toxicant, such as acetaminophen. Untargeted adductomics methods have identified potential protein adduct biomarkers of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, childhood leukemia, and lung cancer. Adductomics is a new research area that offers structural insights into chemical exposures and a platform for the discovery of disease biomarkers. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Ndreu L, Sasse S, Karlberg AT, Karlsson I. Haptenation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Potential Biomarker for Contact Hypersensitivity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:856614. [PMID: 35465102 PMCID: PMC9019732 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.856614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response in contact hypersensitivity is incited by small electrophilic compounds, known as haptens, that react with endogenous proteins after skin absorption. However, the identity of hapten-modified proteins seen as immunogenic remains as yet largely unknown. In a recent study, we have for the first time identified a hapten-modified protein in the local lymph nodes of mice treated topically with the model hapten tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC). The TRITC modification was located on the N-terminal proline of the protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The focus of the current study was to investigate the presence of the same hapten-protein conjugate in blood samples from mice treated topically with TRITC. Furthermore, TRITC modifications of the two major blood proteins, namely hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb), as well as TRITC modifications of MIF other than the N-terminal proline, were examined. Following incubation with different molar ratios of TRITC, a proteomic approach was applied to characterize conjugate formation of the three aforementioned proteins, using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The targeted screening of the TRITC-treated mice blood and lymph node samples for these sites led to the identification of only the same TRITC-MIF conjugate previously detected in the lymph nodes. No Hb and Alb conjugates were detected. Quantification of both the TRITC-modified and unmodified N-terminal peptide of MIF in blood and lymph node samples gave interesting insights of MIF’s role in murine contact hypersensitivity. Incubation of MIF with four different haptens encompassing different reactivity mechanisms and potencies, showed adduct formation at different amino acid residues, suggesting that MIF can be the preferred target for a wide variety of haptens. The present study provides essential progress toward understanding of hapten-protein conjugate formation in contact hypersensitivity and identifies hapten-modified MIF as a potential biomarker for this condition. Further investigation of MIF as a target protein can be a next step to determine if MIF is a biomarker that can be used to develop better diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics for individuals with allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samantha Sasse
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Isabella Karlsson,
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4
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Jain R, Jain A, Jain S, Thakur SS, Jain SK. Linking bisphenol potential with deleterious effect on immune system: a review. THE NUCLEUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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5
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Elevated IgG Antibody to Aluminum Bound to Human Serum Albumin in Patients with Crohn's, Celiac and Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090212. [PMID: 34564363 PMCID: PMC8473134 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is in our water and food, and is used as an adjuvant in vaccines. About 40% of the ingested dose accumulates within the intestinal mucosa, making the gut the main target of inflammation and autoimmunity; about 1% accumulates in the skeletal system and brain, inducing the cross-linking of amyloid-β-42 peptide and the formation of amyloid aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease. To examine whether the accumulation of aluminum in the gut and brain tissues results in neoantigen formation, we bound aluminum compounds to human serum albumin. We used ELISA to measure IgG antibody in 94 different sera from healthy controls and 47 sera from each group of patients: anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody-positive (Crohn's), and positive for deamidated α-gliadin and transglutaminase-2 IgA antibodies (celiac disease), autoimmune disorders associated with intestinal tissue antigens. Because earlier studies have shown that aluminum exposure is linked to Alzheimer's disease etiology, and high aluminum content is detected in Alzheimer's patients' brain tissue, we also measured aluminum antibody in the blood of these patients. Additionally, we measured aluminum antibody in the sera of mixed connective tissue disease patients who were positive for antinuclear antibodies, and used them as disease controls. We found significant IgG antibody elevation against all three aluminum compounds in the sera of patients with Crohn's, celiac and Alzheimer's disease, but not in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. We concluded that aluminum ingestion and absorption from the GI tract and brain may contribute to Crohn's, celiac and Alzheimer's disease, but not to mixed connective tissue disease.
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Shen H, Zhang Y, Schramm KW. Analytical aspects of meet-in-metabolite analysis for molecular pathway reconstitution from exposure to adverse outcome. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101006. [PMID: 34304900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To explore the etiology of diseases is one of the major goals in epidemiological study. Meet-in-metabolite analysis reconstitutes biomonitoring-based adverse outcome (AO) pathways from environmental exposure to a disease, in which the chemical exposome-related metabolism responses are transmitted to incur the AO-related metabolism phenotypes. However, the ongoing data-dependent acquisition of non-targeted biomonitoring by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is biased against the low abundance molecules, which forms the major of molecular internal exposome, i.e., the totality of trace levels of environmental pollutants and/or their metabolites in human samples. The recent development of data-independent acquisition protocols for HRMS screening has opened new opportunities to enhance unbiased measurement of the extremely low abundance molecules, which can encompass a wide range of analytes and has been applied in metabolomics, DNA, and protein adductomics. In addition, computational MS for small molecules is urgently required for the top-down exposome databases. Although a holistic analysis of the exposome and endogenous metabolites is plausible, multiple and flexible strategies, instead of "putting one thing above all" are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Yike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Molecular EXposomics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Lazurova Z, Lazurova I, Shoenfeld Y. Bisphenol A as a Factor in the Mosaic of Autoimmunity. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:728-737. [PMID: 33992069 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210516000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The population worldwide is largely exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used plasticizer, that has a similar molecular structure to endogenous estrogens. Therefore, it is able to influence physiological processes in human body, taking part in the pathophysiology of various endocrinopathies, as well as, cardiovascular, neurological and oncological diseases. BPA has been found to affect the immune system, leading to the development of autoimmunity and allergies, too. In the last few decades, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases has significantly increased, that could be explained by a rising exposure of the population to environmental factors, such as BPA. BPA has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases and also organ-specific autoimmunity (thyroid autoimmunity, diabetes mellitus type 1, myocarditis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis etc), but the results of some studies remain still controversial, so further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Lazurova
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of University of PJ Safarik, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ivica Lazurova
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of University of PJ Safarik, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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8
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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:20-24. [PMID: 34377090 PMCID: PMC8325494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, solvents, endocrine disruptors), to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Numerous mechanisms have been identified that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals who have genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen-presenting responses. This paper provides a detailed review of the specific immunological pathways involved with exposure to environmental toxins and autoimmunity.
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Gürel-Gökmen B, Taslak HD, Özcan O, İpar N, Tunali-Akbay T. Polycaprolactone/silk fibroin electrospun nanofibers-based lateral flow test strip for quick and facile determination of bisphenol A in breast milk. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1455-1464. [PMID: 33501724 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a sensitive lateral flow test strip for the detection of bisphenol A (BPA) in breast milk. Conventional nitrocellulose test membrane was coated with the coaxial nanofiber, consisting of the inner polycaprolactone (PCL) and the outer PCL/silk fibroin (SF) mixture, to decrease the flow rate of the breast milk in the lateral flow assay (LFA). The nanofiber was prepared by using coaxial electrospinning, and BPA antibody was immobilized physically to the nanofiber. This nanofiber was used as a test membrane in the LFA. Color changes on the test membrane were evaluated as the signal intensity of the BPA. Breast milk creates a background on surfaces due to its structural properties. This background was detected by comparing the signal intensity with the signal intensity of water. The higher signal intensity was found in water samples when compared to breast milk samples. Although the detection limit is 2 ng/ml in both coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber and nitrocellulose (NC) test membranes, the color intensity increased with the increasing BPA concentration in the coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber. As a new dimension, the coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber provided higher color intensity than the NC membrane. In conclusion, a sensitive onsite method was developed for the detection of BPA in breast milk by using new coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber as a test membrane in LFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Gürel-Gökmen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hava Dudu Taslak
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozan Özcan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Necla İpar
- Department of Pediatrics, Koc University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Tunali-Akbay
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ndreu L, Erber LN, Törnqvist M, Tretyakova NY, Karlsson I. Characterizing Adduct Formation of Electrophilic Skin Allergens with Human Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2623-2636. [PMID: 32875789 PMCID: PMC7582624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Skin
(contact) allergy, the most predominant form of immunotoxicity
in humans, is caused by small electrophilic compounds (haptens) that
modify endogenous proteins. Approximately 20% of the general population
in the Western world is affected by contact allergy. Although the
importance of the hapten–protein conjugates is well established
in the initiation of the immunological reaction, not much progress
has been made regarding identification of these conjugates in vivo or exploration of their potential as diagnostic
tools. In this study, the human serum albumin (HSA) and human hemoglobin
(Hb) adductome for three representative contact allergens with different
chemical properties, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane
(PGE), and 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)glutaronitrile (MDBGN), were studied.
Plasma and red blood cell lysate were used as a source for HSA and
Hb, respectively. The Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay was used to
investigate adduct formation of MDBGN with nucleophilic moieties and
revealed that MDGBN is converted to 2-methylenepentanedinitrile in
the presence of sulfhydryl groups prior to adduct formation. Following
incubation of HSA and Hb with haptens, an Orbitrap Q Exactive high-resolution
mass spectrometer was used to perform an initial untargeted analysis
to screen for adduct formation, followed by confirmation by targeted
Parallel Reaction Monitoring analysis. Although a subset of adducted
sites was confirmed by targeted analysis, only some of the adducted
peptides showed an increase in the relative amount of the adducted
peptide with an increased concentration of hapten. In total, seven
adduct sites for HSA and eight for Hb were confirmed for DNCB and
PGE. These sites are believed to be the most reactive. Further, three
of the HSA sites (Cys34, Cys62, and Lys190) and six of the Hb sites (subunit α: Val1, His45, His72; subunit β: Cys93, His97, and Cys112) were haptenated already
at the lowest level of hapten to protein molar ratio (0.1:1), indicating
that these sites are the most likely to be modified in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the adductome
of Hb has been studied in the context of contact allergens. Identification
of the most reactive sites of abundant proteins, such as HSA and Hb,
is the first step toward identification of contact allergy biomarkers
that can be used for biomonitoring and to develop better diagnostic
tools based on a blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luke N Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kharrazian D, Herbert M, Vojdani A. Cross-Reactivity between Chemical Antibodies Formed to Serum Proteins and Thyroid Axis Target Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197324. [PMID: 33023043 PMCID: PMC7583776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In some instances, when chemicals bind to proteins, they have the potential to induce a conformational change in the macromolecule that may misfold in such a way that makes it similar to the various target sites or act as a neoantigen without conformational change. Cross-reactivity then can occur if epitopes of the protein share surface topology to similar binding sites. Alteration of peptides that share topological equivalence with alternating side chains can lead to the formation of binding surfaces that may mimic the antigenic structure of a variant peptide or protein. We investigated how antibodies made against thyroid target sites may bind to various chemical–albumin compounds where binding of the chemical has induced human serum albumin (HSA) misfolding. We found that specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies developed against thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, 5′-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) bound to various chemical HSA compounds. Our study identified a new mechanism through which chemicals bound to circulating serum proteins lead to structural protein misfolding that creates neoantigens, resulting in the development of antibodies that bind to key target proteins of the thyroid axis through protein misfolding. For demonstration of specificity of thyroid antibody binding to various haptenic chemicals bound to HSA, both serial dilution and inhibition studies were performed and proportioned to the dilution. A significant decline in these reactions was observed. This laboratory analysis of immune reactivity between thyroid target sites and chemicals bound to HSA antibodies identifies a new mechanism by which chemicals can disrupt thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martha Herbert
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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Arsalan A, Qadeer K, Ali SA, Ahmed S, Khan RA, Sheraz MA, Hassan S, Ahmad I. The effect of albumin in photostabilization of riboflavin: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Vojdani A, Gushgari LR, Vojdani E. Interaction between food antigens and the immune system: Association with autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102459. [PMID: 31917265 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that environmental factors such as infections, chemicals, and diet play a major role in autoimmune diseases; however, relatively little attention has been given to food components as the most prevalent modifiers of these afflictions. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge related to different mechanisms and associations between food proteins/peptides and autoimmune disorders. The primary factor controlling food-related immune reactions is the oral tolerance mechanism. The failure of oral tolerance triggers immune reactivity against dietary antigens, which may initiate or exacerbate autoimmune disease when the food antigen shares homology with human tissue antigens. Because the conformational fit between food antigens and a host's self-determinants has been determined for only a few food proteins, we examined evidence related to the reaction of affinity-purified disease-specific antibody with different food antigens. We also studied the reaction of monoclonal or polyclonal tissue-specific antibodies with various food antigens and the reaction of food-specific antibodies with human tissue antigens. Examining the assembled information, we postulated that chemical modification of food proteins by different toxicants in food may result in immune reaction against modified food proteins that cross-react with tissue antigens, resulting in autoimmune reactivity. Because we are what our microbiome eats, food can change the gut commensals, and toxins can breach the gut barrier, penetrating into different organs where they can initiate autoimmune response. Conversely, there are also foods and supplements that help maintain oral tolerance and microbiome homeostasis. Understanding the potential link between specific food consumption and autoimmunity in humans may lay the foundation for further research about the proper diet in the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste. 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lydia R Gushgari
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC. 2602 South 24(th) St., Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA.
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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Kharrazian D, Herbert M, Vojdani A. The Associations between Immunological Reactivity to the Haptenation of Unconjugated Bisphenol A to Albumin and Protein Disulfide Isomerase with Alpha-Synuclein Antibodies. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020026. [PMID: 31064082 PMCID: PMC6630361 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have increased susceptibility to bisphenol A (BPA) exposure since they have an impaired biotransformation capacity to metabolize BPA. PD subjects have reduced levels of conjugated BPA compared to controls. Reduced ability to conjugate BPA provides increased opportunity for unconjugated BPA to bind to albumin in human serum and protein disulfide isomerase on neurons. Once unconjugated BPA binds to proteins, it changes the allosteric structure of the newly configured protein leading to protein misfolding and the ability of the newly configured protein to act as a neoantigen. Once this neoantigen is formed, the immune system produces antibodies against it. The goal of our research was to investigate associations between unconjugated BPA bound to human serum albumin (BPA–HSA) antibodies and alpha-synuclein antibodies and between Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) antibodies and alpha-synuclein antibodies. Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the occurrences of alpha-synuclein antibodies, antibodies to BPA–HSA adducts, and PDI antibodies in the sera of blood donors. Subjects that exhibited high levels of unconjugated BPA–HSA antibodies or PDI antibodies had correlations and substantial risk for also exhibiting high levels of alpha-synuclein antibodies (p < 0.0001). We conclude that there are significant associations and risks between antibodies to BPA–HSA adducts and PDI antibodies for developing alpha-synuclein antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- TRANSCEND Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Martha Herbert
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- TRANSCEND Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Boulevard, Suite 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA.
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15
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Chiarella P, Tranfo G, Pigini D, Carbonari D. Is it possible to use biomonitoring for the quantitative assessment of formaldehyde occupational exposure? Biomark Med 2016; 10:1287-1303. [PMID: 27924628 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European classification, labeling and packaging classified formaldehyde as human carcinogen Group 1B and mutagen 2, fostering the re-evaluation of the exposure risk in occupational settings. Although formaldehyde exposure is traditionally measured in air, many efforts were made to identify specific exposure biomarkers: urinary formaldehyde, formic acid and DNA damage indicators. Though used in combination, none of these seems satisfactory. The influence of the metabolism on exogenous formaldehyde levels, the exposure to other xenobiotics, the difference in genetic background and metabolism efficiency, misled the relationship between genotoxicity and exposure data. Nevertheless, the limitation of adverse effects to the local contact sites hampers biomonitoring. Here we discuss the feasibility of formaldehyde biomonitoring and the use of DNA, DNA-protein cross-links and protein adducts as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Research - Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Chailurkit LO, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The Association of Serum Bisphenol A with Thyroid Autoimmunity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111153. [PMID: 27869686 PMCID: PMC5129363 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Data on the association of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and autoimmunity in humans is unclear. Objective: To elucidate the influence of BPA on thyroid autoimmunity, in the present study we assessed the association between serum BPA and thyroid autoantibodies. Methods: Serum samples from 2361 subjects, aged ≥15 years, from the Thai 4th National Health Examination Survey were measured for BPA, antithyroglobulin (TgAb), antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and antithyrotrophin receptor (TRAb) antibodies. Results: The proportion of subjects positive for TgAb, TPOAb and TRAb were 11.1%, 14.9% and 1.9%, respectively. With regard to BPA, 51.9% had serum BPA levels exceeding the detection limit of the assay (0.3). There was a significant increasing trend for subjects with TgAb (p < 0.05) and TPOAb (p < 0.001) positivity as BPA quartiles increased, particularly in the highest quartile. In contrast, no relationship between BPA quartiles and TRAb was found. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender and BPA quartiles were determinants of TPOAb or TgAb positivity, independent of BMI. However, only the association between BPA and TPOAb positivity was consistent in both men and women. Conclusions: BPA was independently associated with TPOAb positivity. However, its mechanism related to TPOAb positivity, subsequently leading to autoimmune thyroid disease, needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- La-Or Chailurkit
- Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Wichai Aekplakorn
- Department of Community Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Kharrazian D, Vojdani A. Correlation between antibodies to bisphenol A, its target enzyme protein disulfide isomerase and antibodies to neuron-specific antigens. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:479-484. [PMID: 27610592 PMCID: PMC5324640 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence continues to increase linking autoimmunity and other complex diseases to the chemicals commonly found in our environment. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic monomer used widely in many forms, from food containers to toys, medical products and many others. The potential for BPA to participate as a triggering agent for autoimmune diseases is likely due to its known immunological influences. The goal of this research was to determine if immune reactivity to BPA has any correlation with neurological antibodies. BPA binds to a target enzyme called protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are neuronal antigens that are target sites for neuroinflammation and neuroautoimmunity. We determined the co‐occurrence of anti‐MBP and anti‐MOG antibodies with antibodies made against BPA bound to human serum albumin in 100 healthy human subjects. Correlation between BPA to PDI, BPA to MOG, BPA to MBP, PDI to MBP and PDI to MOG were all highly statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The outcome of our study suggests that immune reactivity to BPA‐human serum albumin and PDI has a high degree of statistical significance with substantial correlation with both MBP and MOG antibody levels. This suggests that BPA may be a trigger for the production of antibodies against PDI, MBP and MOG. Immune reactivity to BPA bound to human tissue proteins may be a contributing factor to neurological autoimmune disorders. Further research is needed to determine the exact relationship of these antibodies with neuroautoimmunities. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This study investigated correlation of bisphenol A bound to human albumin antibodies with protein disulfide isomerase antibodies, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies and myelin basic protein antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Immunosciences Lab., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, 90035, USA
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Gustafson C. Datis Kharrazian, dhsc, dc, ms, mneurosci, cns: Finding Hope for Neurological Autoimmune Disease. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2016; 15:56-60. [PMID: 27547168 PMCID: PMC4982649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee PS. Elevated levels of antibodies against xenobiotics in a subgroup of healthy subjects. J Appl Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Singleton H, Popple A, Gellatly N, Maxwell G, Williams J, Friedmann PS, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Anti-hapten antibodies in response to skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:197-204. [PMID: 26560413 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas T lymphocyte (T cell) activation is the key event in the acquisition of skin sensitization and subsequent elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis, the humoral component of immune responses to organic contact allergens has received little consideration. There is evidence that, in experimental animals, topical exposure to potent contact allergens is associated with B cell activation and proliferation, and hapten-specific antibody production. However, there is very limited evidence available for anti-hapten antibody responses being induced following topical exposure of humans to contact allergens. Nevertheless, it is important to appreciate that there are almost no negative studies in which evidence for antibody production as the result of skin sensitization has been sought and not found. That is, there is absence of evidence rather than evidence of absence. Furthermore, exposure to chemical respiratory allergens, in which the skin has been implicated as a potential route of sensitization, results in anti-hapten antibody responses. It is proposed that skin sensitization to contact allergens will normally be accompanied by antibody production. The phenomenon is worthy of investigation, as anti-hapten antibodies could potentially influence and/or regulate the induction of skin sensitization. Moreover, such antibodies may provide an informative correlate of the extent to which sensitization has been acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Singleton
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amy Popple
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Peter S Friedmann
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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