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Chen PJ, Lai PC, Lu YC, Pan BL, Huang WT, Kung CT, Chiang JC, Cheng FJ, Wang LJ, Li SH, Lee WC, Ou YC, Wang CC. Association between exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in lung cancer patients. Thorac Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39045786 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are extensively distributed in our environment, prompting concerns about potential health hazards, including lung injuries resulting from OPFR exposure. METHODS The present study recruited 125 lung cancer patients, assessing their exposure to 10 OPFR compounds through urine samples. The final analysis comprised 108 participants after excluding those lacking epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status and those with chronic kidney disease. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as urinary OPFR concentrations, were compared based on OPFR detection. Spearman correlation was conducted to explore the relationship between OPFR compounds, while logistic regression was used to identify OPFR compounds associated with EGFR mutation. RESULTS The study revealed widespread OPFR exposure among lung cancer patients, with an overall detection frequency of 99.07%. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) exhibited a strong correlation to its metabolite bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). Patients with TBEP in their urine had higher percentage of wild-type EGFR and the detection of TBEP was associated with a reduced likelihood of mutant EGFR expression. CONCLUSIONS OPFR exposure was prevalent in lung cancer patients, with TBEP detection identified as a factor with lower EGFR mutation expression. This study contributes to the understanding of OPFR exposure in lung cancer patients and underscores the significance of TBEP in evaluating EGFR mutation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ju Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Lai
- Medical Education Department, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chien Lu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Lin Pan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chin Chiang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Divisions of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Aimuzi R, Dong C, Xie Z, Qu Y, Jiang Y, Luo K. Associations of urinary organophosphate esters metabolites with asthma and lung function in adolescents. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:260-269. [PMID: 37019982 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitously detected in environments and their exposure may affect respiratory health. However, epidemiological evidence, particularly among adolescents, is very limited. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the associations of urinary OPEs metabolites with asthma and lung function among adolescents and to identify potential effect modifiers. METHODS Included were 715 adolescents aged 12-19 years old participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Multivariable binary logistic regression and linear regression were used to assess associations with asthma and lung function, respectively. Stratified analyses were conducted to assess the effect modifications of serum sex hormones, vitamin D levels, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, we found that bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) (3rd tertile [T3] vs 1st tertile [T1], OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.25; P-trend=0.029) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) (T3 vs T1, OR = 2.52, 95%CI: 1.25, 5.04; P-trend=0.013) were associated with elevated odds of asthma in all adolescents. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that associations of these two OPEs metabolites tended to be stronger in males. Meanwhile, BCEP and the molecular sum of OPEs metabolites (∑OPEs) were significantly associated with declined lung function, either in all adolescents or by sex. Furthermore, stratified analyses revealed that positive associations of OPEs metabolites with asthma tended to be stronger among adolescents with insufficient levels of Vitamin D (VD < 50 nmol/L), relatively high levels of total testosterone (≥356 ng/dL and ≥22.5 ng/dL for males and females, respectively), or low levels of estradiol (<19.1 pg/mL and <47.3 pg/mL for males and females, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Certain urinary OPEs metabolites, especially DPHP and BCEP, were associated with elevated odds of asthma and declined lung function in adolescents. Such associations might be partly modified by levels of VD and sex steroid hormones. IMPACT STATEMENT The observed associations of urinary OPEs metabolites with increased risk of asthma and declined lung function highlight the potential hazard of OPEs exposure to respiratory health among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyin Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 510655, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilan Xie
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Qu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Khani L, Martin L, Pułaski Ł. Cellular and physiological mechanisms of halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardant toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165272. [PMID: 37406685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are chemical substances used to inhibit the spread of fire in numerous industrial applications, and their abundance in modern manufactured products in the indoor and outdoor environment leads to extensive direct and food chain exposure of humans. Although once considered relatively non-toxic, FRs are demonstrated by recent literature to have disruptive effects on many biological processes, including signaling pathways, genome stability, reproduction, and immune system function. This review provides a summary of research investigating the impact of major groups of FRs, including halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, on animals and humans in vitro and/or in vivo. We put in focus those studies that explained or referenced the modes of FR action at the level of cells, tissues and organs. Since FRs are highly hydrophobic chemicals, their biophysical and biochemical modes of action usually involve lipophilic interactions, e.g. with biological membranes or elements of signaling pathways. We present selected toxicological information about these molecular actions to show how they can lead to damaging membrane integrity, damaging DNA and compromising its repair, changing gene expression, and cell cycle as well as accelerating cell death. Moreover, we indicate how this translates to deleterious bioactivity of FRs at the physiological level, with disruption of hormonal action, dysregulation of metabolism, adverse effects on male and female reproduction as well as alteration of normal pattern of immunity. Concentrating on these subjects, we make clear both the advances in knowledge in recent years and the remaining gaps in our understanding, especially at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khani
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Martin
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland.
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Louis LM, Buckley JP, Kuiper JR, Meeker JD, Hansel NN, McCormack MC, Diette G, Quirós-Alcalá L. Exposures to Organophosphate Esters and Respiratory Morbidity among School-Aged Children with Asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6435-6443. [PMID: 37040548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are an emerging class of chemicals used in a variety of consumer products as flame retardants, plasticizers, and additives. While prior epidemiologic studies suggest that OPEs may impact respiratory health, results remain inconclusive. We examined associations between urinary biomarkers of OPEs and symptoms of respiratory morbidity in a panel study of 147 predominantly Black school-aged children with asthma living in Baltimore City, Maryland. The study consisted of up to four seasonal, week-long, in-home visits where urine samples and self-reported asthma symptoms were collected on days 4 and 7 (nsamples = 438). We quantified concentrations of nine urinary OPE biomarkers: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtp), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DBuP), di-benzyl phosphate (DBzP), di-o-cresylphosphate (DOCP), di-p-cresylphosphate (DPCP), di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo benzoic acid (TBBA). We estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) of respiratory morbidity symptoms using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to account for our repeated measure design. We assessed BDCIPP and DPHP as continuous (log2) concentrations and dichotomized exposure of BCEtP, DBuP, and DPCP (detect vs non-detect) based on their lower detection frequencies. We adjusted models for season, visit day, age, gender, caregiver education, health insurance type, exposure to household smoking, atopy, and PM2.5. Higher DPHP concentrations were significantly associated with odds of daytime symptoms (POR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.04-1.53; p = 0.02) where daytime symptoms consisted of trouble breathing due to asthma, reporting bother caused by asthma, and/or limitation in activities due to asthma. DBuP detection was associated with use of rescue medication on the day of sample collection (POR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.05-5.29; p = 0.04). We also observed several consistent, albeit non-significant (p > 0.05), positive associations for BCEtP and DPCP and respiratory morbidity measures. This is the first study to evaluate the relationship between OPE biomarkers and respiratory morbidity symptoms in children with asthma, and findings suggest that further studies are warranted to confirm whether these associations are causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Louis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jordan R Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Meredith C McCormack
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Gregory Diette
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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5
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Takano H. Effects of Oral Exposure to Low-Dose Bisphenol S on Allergic Asthma in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810790. [PMID: 36142703 PMCID: PMC9503736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly being used as an alternative for bisphenol A; however, its health effects remain unclear. We investigated the effects of oral exposure to low-dose BPS on allergic asthma. C3H/HeJ male mice were intratracheally administered with allergen (ovalbumin (OVA), 1 μg/animal) every 2 weeks from 6 to 11 weeks old. BPS was ingested by drinking water at doses equivalent to 0.04, 0.4, and 4 μg/kg/day. We then examined pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, Th2 cytokine/chemokine production, and mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cell activities. Compared with OVA alone, moderate-dose BPS (BPS-M) with OVA significantly enhanced pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-33, and CCL11/Eotaxin protein levels in the lungs increased. Conversely, these allergic responses were reduced in the high-dose BPS+OVA group. In MLN cells, BPS-M with OVA increased the total cell count and activated antigen-presenting cells including conventional dendritic cell subset (cDC2). After OVA restimulation, cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in the culture supernatant also increased. Therefore, oral exposure to low-dose BPS may exacerbate allergic asthmatic responses by enhancing Th2-polarized responses and activating the MLN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (E.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-29-850-2334 (R.Y. & E.K.)
| | - Eiko Koike
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (E.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-29-850-2334 (R.Y. & E.K.)
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): A flame retardant in solid waste display hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks for humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133977. [PMID: 35216979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed that tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), an organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs), profoundly detected in the dust from solid waste (SW), e-waste dumping sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment facilities. Herein, we evaluated the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic potential of TBEP in human liver cells (HepG2). HepG2 cells exhibited cytotoxicity after 3 days of exposure, especially at greater concentrations (100-400 μM). TBEP induced severe DNA damage and cell cycle disturbances that trigger apoptosis in HepG2. TBEP treated cells showed an elevated level of esterase, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and influx of Ca2+ in exposed cells. Thereby, causing oxidative stress and proliferation inhibition. TBEP exposed HepG2 cells exhibited dysfunction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated cytoplasmic and nucleolar localization of DNA damage (P53) and apoptotic (caspase 3 and 9) proteins in HepG2 grown in the presence of TBEP for 3 days. Within the cohort of 84 genes of cancer pathway, 10 genes were upregulated and 3 genes were downregulated. The transcriptomic and toxicological data categorically emphasize that TBEP is hepatotoxic, and act as a putative carcinogenic agent. Thereby, direct or indirect ingestion of TBEP containing dusts by workers involved in handling and disposal of SW, as well as residents living nearby the disposal areas are prone to its adverse health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Dietary Exposure to Flame Retardant Tris (2-Butoxyethyl) Phosphate Altered Neurobehavior and Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020655. [PMID: 35054842 PMCID: PMC8775746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is an organophosphate flame retardant and used as a plasticizer in various household products such as plastics, floor polish, varnish, textiles, furniture, and electronic equipment. However, little is known about the effects of TBEP on the brain and behavior. We aimed to examine the effects of dietary exposure of TBEP on memory functions, their-related genes, and inflammatory molecular markers in the brain of allergic asthmatic mouse models. C3H/HeJSlc male mice were given diet containing TBEP (0.02 (TBEP-L), 0.2 (TBEP-M), or 2 (TBEP-H) μg/kg/day) and ovalbumin (OVA) intratracheally every other week from 5 to 11 weeks old. A novel object recognition test was conducted in each mouse at 11 weeks old. The hippocampi were collected to detect neurological, glia, and immunological molecular markers using the real-time RT-PCR method and immunohistochemical analyses. Mast cells and microglia were examined by toluidine blue staining and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba)-1 immunoreactivity, respectively. Impaired discrimination ability was observed in TBEP-H-exposed mice with or without allergen. The mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D aspartate receptor subunits Nr1 and Nr2b, inflammatory molecular markers tumor necrosis factor-α oxidative stress marker heme oxygenase 1, microglia marker Iba1, and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly increased in TBEP-H-exposed mice with or without allergen. Microglia and mast cells activation were remarkable in TBEP-H-exposed allergic asthmatic mice. Our results indicate that chronic exposure to TBEP with or without allergen impaired object recognition ability accompanied with alteration of molecular expression of neuronal and glial markers and inflammatory markers in the hippocampus of mice. Neuron-glia-mast cells interaction may play a role in TBEP-induced neurobehavioral toxicity.
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Kawaguchi M, Takano H. Impact of dietary exposure to low-dose tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate in allergic asthmatic mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:599-610. [PMID: 34388063 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1959609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant that is an alternative to brominated flame retardants. Although TDCIPP can adversely affect human health, information about its effects on immune and allergic responses is scarce. We aimed to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to TDCIPP using less than the human tolerable daily intake (TDI) in allergic asthmatic mice. METHODS Male C3H/HeJSlc mice were fed a chow diet containing TDCIPP equivalent to 0.02 μg/kg/day (low; L), 0.2 μg/kg/day (medium; M), or 2 μg/kg/day (high; H) and were intratracheally administered ovalbumin (OVA, 1 μg/animal) every 2 weeks from 5 to 11 weeks of age. RESULTS In OVA-treated mice, TDCIPP-H exposure tended to enhance pulmonary inflammation compared with vehicle exposure. TDCIPP dose-dependently decreased mRNA level of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the lungs with or without OVA. OVA + TDCIPP-H treatment tended to increase the total cell number and promoted CD4+ cell activation compared with OVA alone treatment in mediastinal lymph nodes. In splenocytes, an increase in the fraction of Breg cells, but not of total B and T cells, and an increase in IL-5 in cell culture supernatants following OVA re-stimulation in OVA + TDCIPP-H-treated mice was observed compared with OVA-alone-treated mice. Moreover, OVA + TDCIPP-H exposure decreased Gr-1 expression in bone marrow (BM) cells. DISCUSSION These results suggested that dietary exposure to TDCIPP at TDI level slightly enhances allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, via GPER regulation at inflamed sites and secondary lymphoid tissue and BM cell alternations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiko Koike
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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