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Ubbink R, Streng LWJM, Raat NJH, Harms FA, Te Boekhorst PAW, Stolker RJ, Mik EG. Measuring Mitochondrial Oxygen Tension during Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Chronic Anemia Patients: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1873. [PMID: 37509512 PMCID: PMC10376882 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the associated risks, the question has been raised whether the decision to give a blood transfusion should solely be based on the hemoglobin level. As mitochondria are the final destination of oxygen transport, mitochondrial parameters are suggested to be of added value. The aims of this pilot study were to investigate the effect of a red blood cell transfusion on mitochondrial oxygenation as measured by the COMET device in chronic anemia patients and to explore the clinical usability of the COMET monitor in blood transfusion treatments, especially the feasibility of performing measurements in an outpatient setting. To correct the effect of volume load on mitochondrial oxygenation, a red blood cell transfusion and a saline infusion were given in random order. In total, 21 patients were included, and this resulted in 31 observations. If patients participated twice, the order of infusion was reversed. In both the measurements wherein a blood transfusion was given first and wherein 500 mL of 0.9% saline was given first, the median mitochondrial oxygen tension decreased after red blood cell transfusion. The results of this study have strengthened the need for further research into the effect of blood transfusion tissue oxygenation and the potential role of mitochondrial parameters herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinse Ubbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia W J M Streng
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas J H Raat
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor A Harms
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A W Te Boekhorst
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stolker
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert G Mik
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Monitoring of mitochondrial oxygen tension in the operating theatre: An observational study with the novel COMET® monitor. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278561. [PMID: 36758026 PMCID: PMC9910761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The newly introduced Cellular Oxygen METabolism (COMET®) monitor enables the measurement of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) using the protoporphyrin IX triplet state lifetime technique (PpIX-TSLT). This study aims to investigate the feasibility and applicability of the COMET® measurements in the operating theatre and study the behavior of the new parameter mitoPO2 during stable operating conditions. METHODS In this observational study mitochondrial oxygenation was measured in 20 patients during neurosurgical procedures using the COMET® device. Tissue oxygenation and local blood flow were measured by the Oxygen to See (O2C). Primary outcomes included mitoPO2, skin temperature, mean arterial blood pressure, local blood flow and tissue oxygenation. RESULTS All patients remained hemodynamically stable during surgery. Mean baseline mitoPO2 was 60 ± 19 mmHg (mean ± SD) and mean mitoPO2 remained between 40-60 mmHg during surgery, but tended to decrease over time in line with increasing skin temperature. CONCLUSION This study presents the feasibility of mitochondrial oxygenation measurements as measured by the COMET® monitor in the operating theatre and shows the parameter mitoPO2 to behave in a stable and predictable way in the absence of notable hemodynamic alterations. The results provide a solid base for further research into the added value of mitochondrial oxygenation measurements in the perioperative trajectory.
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The Challenges of O 2 Detection in Biological Fluids: Classical Methods and Translation to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415971. [PMID: 36555613 PMCID: PMC9786805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is deeply involved in preserving the life of cellular tissues and human beings due to its key role in cellular metabolism: its alterations may reflect important pathophysiological conditions. DO levels are measured to identify pathological conditions, explain pathophysiological mechanisms, and monitor the efficacy of therapeutic approaches. This is particularly relevant when the measurements are performed in vivo but also in contexts where a variety of biological and synthetic media are used, such as ex vivo organ perfusion. A reliable measurement of medium oxygenation ensures a high-quality process. It is crucial to provide a high-accuracy, real-time method for DO quantification, which could be robust towards different medium compositions and temperatures. In fact, biological fluids and synthetic clinical fluids represent a challenging environment where DO interacts with various compounds and can change continuously and dynamically, and further precaution is needed to obtain reliable results. This study aims to present and discuss the main oxygen detection and quantification methods, focusing on the technical needs for their translation to clinical practice. Firstly, we resumed all the main methodologies and advancements concerning dissolved oxygen determination. After identifying the main groups of all the available techniques for DO sensing based on their mechanisms and applicability, we focused on transferring the most promising approaches to a clinical in vivo/ex vivo setting.
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Streng LWJM, de Wijs CJ, Raat NJH, Specht PAC, Sneiders D, van der Kaaij M, Endeman H, Mik EG, Harms FA. In Vivo and Ex Vivo Mitochondrial Function in COVID-19 Patients on the Intensive Care Unit. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071746. [PMID: 35885051 PMCID: PMC9313105 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to disease progression in COVID-19 patients. This observational pilot study aimed to assess mitochondrial function in COVID-19 patients at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (T1), seven days thereafter (T2), and in healthy controls and a general anesthesia group. Measurements consisted of in vivo mitochondrial oxygenation and oxygen consumption, in vitro assessment of mitochondrial respiration in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the ex vivo quantity of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The median mitoVO2 of COVID-19 patients on T1 and T2 was similar and tended to be lower than the mitoVO2 in the healthy controls, whilst the mitoVO2 in the general anesthesia group was significantly lower than that of all other groups. Basal platelet (PLT) respiration did not differ substantially between the measurements. PBMC basal respiration was increased by approximately 80% in the T1 group when contrasted to T2 and the healthy controls. Cell-free mtDNA was eight times higher in the COVID-T1 samples when compared to the healthy controls samples. In the COVID-T2 samples, mtDNA was twofold lower when compared to the COVID-T1 samples. mtDNA levels were increased in COVID-19 patients but were not associated with decreased mitochondrial O2 consumption in vivo in the skin, and ex vivo in PLT or PBMC. This suggests the presence of increased metabolism and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia W. J. M. Streng
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Calvin J. de Wijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Nicolaas J. H. Raat
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Patricia A. C. Specht
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Dimitri Sneiders
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Mariëlle van der Kaaij
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Egbert G. Mik
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Floor A. Harms
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
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Harms FA, Ubbink R, de Wijs CJ, Ligtenberg MP, ter Horst M, Mik EG. Mitochondrial Oxygenation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Pilot Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:785734. [PMID: 35924039 PMCID: PMC9339625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.785734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAdequate oxygenation is essential for the preservation of organ function during cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Both hypoxia and hyperoxia result in undesired outcomes, and a narrow window for optimal oxygenation exists. Current perioperative monitoring techniques are not always sufficient to monitor adequate oxygenation. The non-invasive COMET® monitor could be a tool to monitor oxygenation by measuring the cutaneous mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2). This pilot study examines the feasibility of cutaneous mitoPO2 measurements during cardiothoracic procedures. Cutaneous mitoPO2 will be compared to tissue oxygenation (StO2) as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.Design and MethodThis single-center observational study examined 41 cardiac surgery patients requiring CPB. Preoperatively, patients received a 5-aminolevulinic acid plaster on the upper arm to enable mitoPO2 measurements. After induction of anesthesia, both cutaneous mitoPO2 and StO2 were measured throughout the procedure. The patients were observed until discharge for the development of acute kidney insufficiency (AKI).ResultsCutaneous mitoPO2 was successfully measured in all patients and was 63.5 [40.0–74.8] mmHg at the surgery start and decreased significantly (p < 0.01) to 36.4 [18.4–56.0] mmHg by the end of the CPB run. StO2 at the surgery start was 80.5 [76.8–84.3]% and did not change significantly. Cross-clamping of the aorta and the switch to non-pulsatile flow resulted in a median cutaneous mitoPO2 decrease of 7 mmHg (p < 0.01). The cessation of the aortic cross-clamping period resulted in an increase of 4 mmHg (p < 0.01). Totally, four patients developed AKI and had a lower preoperative eGFR of 52 vs. 81 ml/min in the non-AKI group. The AKI group spent 32% of the operation time with a cutaneous mitoPO2 value under 20 mmHg as compared to 8% in the non-AKI group.ConclusionThis pilot study illustrated the feasibility of measuring cutaneous mitoPO2 using the COMET® monitor during cardiothoracic procedures. Moreover, in contrast to StO2, mitoPO2 decreased significantly with the increasing CPB run time. Cutaneous mitoPO2 also significantly decreased during the aortic cross-clamping period and increased upon the release of the clamp, but StO2 did not. This emphasized the sensitivity of cutaneous mitoPO2 to detect circulatory and microvascular changes.
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Mandigers L, Pooth JS, Wefers Bettink MA, den Uil CA, Damjanovic D, Mik EG, Brixius S, Gommers D, Trummer G, Dos Reis Miranda D. Monitoring Mitochondrial Partial Oxygen Pressure During Cardiac Arrest and Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. An Experimental Pilot Study in a Pig Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:754852. [PMID: 34760949 PMCID: PMC8572977 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.754852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ischemia and reperfusion are crucial in determining the outcome after cardiac arrest and can be influenced by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). The effect of ECPR on the availability and level of oxygen in mitochondria remains unknown. The aim of this study was to find out if skin mitochondrial partial oxygen pressure (mitoPO2) measurements in cardiac arrest and ECPR are feasible and to investigate its course. Materials and Methods: We performed a feasibility test to determine if skin mitoPO2 measurements in a pig are possible. Next, we aimed to measure skin mitoPO2 in 10 experimental pigs. Measurements were performed using a cellular oxygen metabolism measurement monitor (COMET), at baseline, during cardiac arrest, and during ECPR using the controlled integrated resuscitation device (CIRD). Results: The feasibility test showed continuous mitoPO2 values. Nine experimental pigs could be measured. Measurements in six experimental pigs succeeded. Our results showed a delay until the initial spike of mitoPO2 after ECPR initiation in all six experimental tests. In two experiments (33%) mitoPO2 remained present after the initial spike. A correlation of mitoPO2 with mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial partial oxygen pressure measured by CIRD (CIRD-PaO2) seemed not present. One of the experimental pigs survived. Conclusions: This experimental pilot study shows that continuous measurements of skin mitoPO2 in pigs treated with ECPR are feasible. The delay in initial mitoPO2 and discrepancy of mitoPO2 and MAP in our small sample study could point to the possible value of additional measurements besides MAP to monitor the quality of tissue perfusion during cardiac arrest and ECPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes Mandigers
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Steffen Pooth
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark A Wefers Bettink
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan A den Uil
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Domagoj Damjanovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Egbert G Mik
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sam Brixius
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georg Trummer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To fully exploit the concept of hemodynamic coherence in resuscitating critically ill one should preferably take into account information about the state of parenchymal cells. Monitoring of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) has emerged as a clinical means to assess information of oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization at the mitochondrial level. This review will outline the basics of the technique, summarize its development and describe the rationale of measuring oxygen at the mitochondrial level. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrial oxygen tension can be measured by means of the protoporphyrin IX-Triplet State Lifetime Technique (PpIX-TSLT). After validation and use in preclinical animal models, the technique has recently become commercially available in the form of a clinical measuring system. This system has now been used in a number of healthy volunteer studies and is currently being evaluated in studies in perioperative and intensive care patients in several European university hospitals. SUMMARY PpIX-TSLT is a noninvasive and well tolerated method to assess aspects of mitochondrial function at the bedside. It allows doctors to look beyond the macrocirculation and microcirculation and to take the oxygen balance at the cellular level into account in treatment strategies.
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Ubbink R, Wefers Bettink MA, van Weteringen W, Mik EG. Mitochondrial oxygen monitoring with COMET: verification of calibration in man and comparison with vascular occlusion tests in healthy volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput 2020; 35:1357-1366. [PMID: 33085071 PMCID: PMC8542534 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary consumers of oxygen and therefore an important location for oxygen availability and consumption measurement. A technique has been developed for mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) measurement, incorporated in the COMET. In contrast to most textbooks, relatively high average mitoPO2 values have been reported. The first aim of this study was to verify the validity of the COMET calibration for mitoPO2 measurements in human skin. The second aim was to compare the dynamics of mitoPO2 to several other techniques assessing tissue oxygenation. Firstly, we performed a two-point calibration. Mitochondrial oxygen depletion was achieved with vascular occlusion. A high mitoPO2 was reached by local application of cyanide. MitoPO2 was compared to the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2). Secondly, for deoxygenation kinetics we compared COMET variables with the LEA O2C, SenTec OxiVenT™ and Medtronic INVOS™ parameters during a vascular occlusion test. 20 healthy volunteers were recruited and resulted in 18 datasets (2 times 9 subjects). The lowest measured mitoPO2 value per subject had a median [IQR] of 3.0 [1.0–4.0] mmHg, n = 9. After cyanide application the mitoPO2 was 94.1 mmHg [87.2–110.9] and did not differ significantly (n = 9, p = 0.5) from the PaO2 of 101.0 [98.0–106.0] mmHg. In contrast to O2C, OxiVenT™ and INVOS parameters, mitoPO2 declined within seconds with pressure on the probe. The kinetics from this decline are used to mitochondrial oxygen consumption (mitoVO2). This study validates the calibration of the COMET device in humans. For mitoVO2 measurements not only blood flow cessation but application of local pressure is of great importance to clear the measurement site of oxygen-carrying erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ubbink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Wefers Bettink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W van Weteringen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E G Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Baysan M, Arbous MS, Mik EG, Juffermans NP, van der Bom JG. Study protocol and pilot results of an observational cohort study evaluating effect of red blood cell transfusion on oxygenation and mitochondrial oxygen tension in critically ill patients with anaemia: the INsufficient Oxygenation in the Intensive Care Unit (INOX ICU-2) study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036351. [PMID: 32423938 PMCID: PMC7239524 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recently developed protoporphyrin IX-triple state lifetime technique measures mitochondrial oxygenation tension (mitoPO2) in vivo at the bedside. MitoPO2might be an early indicator of oxygen disbalance in cells of critically ill patients and therefore may support clinical decisions regarding red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. We aim to investigate the effect of RBC transfusion and the associated changes in haemoglobin concentration on mitoPO2 and other physiological measures of tissue oxygenation and oxygen balance in critically ill patients with anaemia. We present the protocol and pilot results for this study. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We perform a prospective multicentre observational study in three mixed intensive care units in the Netherlands with critically ill patients with anaemia in whom an RBC transfusion is planned. The skin of the anterior chest wall of the patients is primed with a 5-aminolevulinic acid patch for 4 hours for induction of mitochondrial protoporphyrin-IX to enable measurements of mitoPO2, which is done with the COMET monitoring device. At multiple predefined moments, before and after RBC transfusion, we assess mitoPO2 and other physiological parameters of oxygen balance and tissue oxygenation. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the data. A linear mixed-effect model will be used to study the association between RBC transfusion and mitoPO2 and other traditional parameters of oxygenation, oxygen delivery and oxygen balance. Missing data will be imputed using multiple imputation methods. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The institutional ethics committee of each participating centre approved the study (reference P16.303), which will be conducted according to the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03092297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Baysan
- Department of Intensive Care, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin Research Clinical Transfusion Research, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mendi S Arbous
- Department of Intensive Care, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert G Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC - Location AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna G van der Bom
- Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin Research Clinical Transfusion Research, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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Alambyan V, Pace J, Sukpornchairak P, Yu X, Alnimir H, Tatton R, Chitturu G, Yarlagadda A, Ramos-Estebanez C. Imaging Guidance for Therapeutic Delivery: The Dawn of Neuroenergetics. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:522-538. [PMID: 32240530 PMCID: PMC7283376 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern neurocritical care relies on ancillary diagnostic testing in the form of multimodal monitoring to address acute changes in the neurological homeostasis. Much of our armamentarium rests upon physiological and biochemical surrogates of organ or regional level metabolic activity, of which a great deal is invested at the metabolic-hemodynamic-hydrodynamic interface to rectify the traditional intermediaries of glucose consumption. Despite best efforts to detect cellular neuroenergetics, current modalities cannot appreciate the intricate coupling between astrocytes and neurons. Invasive monitoring is not without surgical complication, and noninvasive strategies do not provide an adequate spatial or temporal resolution. Without knowledge of the brain's versatile behavior in specific metabolic states (glycolytic vs oxidative), clinical practice would lag behind laboratory empiricism. Noninvasive metabolic imaging represents a new hope in delineating cellular, nigh molecular level energy exchange to guide targeted management in a diverse array of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilakshan Alambyan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Persen Sukpornchairak
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamza Alnimir
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Tatton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gautham Chitturu
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anisha Yarlagadda
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Machine Perfusion of Liver Grafts With Implantable Oxygen Biosensors: Proof of Concept Study in a Rodent Model. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e463. [PMID: 31334337 PMCID: PMC6616145 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is emerging as a novel preservation strategy in liver transplantation, but the optimal methods for assessing liver grafts during this period have not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether implantable oxygen biosensors can be used to monitor tissue oxygen tension in liver grafts undergoing NMP. Methods Implantable phosphorescence-based oxygen sensors were tested in 3 different experimental groups: (1) in vivo during laparotomy, (2) during NMP of liver grafts with an acellular perfusate (NMP-acellular), and (3) during NMP with perfusate containing red blood cells (NMP-RBC). During in vivo experiments, intrahepatic oxygen tension was measured before and after occlusion of the portal vein (PV). In NMP experiments, intrahepatic oxygen tension was measured as a function of different PV pressure settings (3 vs 5 vs 8 mm Hg) and inflow oxygen concentration (95% O2 vs 6% O2). Results In vivo, intrahepatic oxygen tension decreased significantly within 2 minutes of clamping the PV (P < 0.05). In NMP experiments, intrahepatic oxygen tension correlated directly with PV pressure when high inflow oxygen concentration (95%) was used. Intrahepatic oxygen tension was significantly higher in the NMP-RBC group compared with the NMP-acellular group for all conditions tested (P < 0.05). Conclusions Implantable oxygen biosensors have potential utility as a tool for real-time monitoring of intrahepatic oxygen tension during NMP of liver grafts. Further investigation is required to determine how intrahepatic oxygen tension during NMP correlates with posttransplant graft function.
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Oxygen imaging of living cells and tissues using luminescent molecular probes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hirakawa Y, Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Renal Hypoxia in CKD; Pathophysiology and Detecting Methods. Front Physiol 2017; 8:99. [PMID: 28270773 PMCID: PMC5318422 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. Accumulating evidence suggests that CKD aggravates renal hypoxia, and in turn, renal hypoxia accelerates CKD progression. To eliminate this vicious cycle, hypoxia-related therapies, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation (prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibition) or NF-E2-related factor 2 activation, are currently under investigation. Clinical studies have revealed heterogeneity in renal oxygenation; therefore, the detection of patients with more hypoxic kidneys can be used to identify likely responders to hypoxia-oriented therapies. In this review, we provide a detailed description of current hypoxia detection methods. HIF degradation correlates with the intracellular oxygen concentration; thus, methods that can detect intracellular oxygen tension changes are desirable. The use of a microelectrode is a classical technique that is superior in quantitative performance; however, its high invasiveness and the fact that it reflects the extracellular oxygen tension are disadvantages. Pimonidazole protein adduct immunohistochemistry and HIF activation detection reflect intracellular oxygen tension, but these techniques yield qualitative data. Blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging has the advantage of low invasiveness, high quantitative performance, and application in clinical use, but its biggest disadvantage is that it measures only deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. Phosphorescence lifetime measurement is a relatively novel in vivo oxygen sensing technique that has the advantage of being quantitative; however, it has several disadvantages, such as toxicity of the phosphorescent dye and the inability to assess deeper tissues. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of these hypoxia detection methods will help researchers precisely assess renal hypoxia and develop new therapeutics against renal hypoxia-associated CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hirakawa
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine Hongo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine Hongo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine Hongo, Japan
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Guerci P, Ince Y, Heeman P, Faber D, Ergin B, Ince C. A LED-based phosphorimeter for measurement of microcirculatory oxygen pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:307-316. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of microcirculatory and tissue oxygenation are of prime importance in experimental research. The noninvasive phosphorescence quenching method has given further insight into the fundamental mechanisms of oxygen transport to healthy tissues and in models of disease. Phosphorimeters are devices dedicated to the study of phosphorescence quenching. The experimental applications of phosphorimeters range from measuring a specific oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in cellular organelles such as mitochondria, finding values of Po2 distributed over an organ or capillaries, to measuring microcirculatory Po2 changes simultaneously in several organ systems. Most of the current phosphorimeters use flash lamps as a light excitation source. However, a major drawback of flash lamps is their inherent plasma glow that persists for tens of microseconds after the primary discharge. This complex distributed excitation pattern generated by the flash lamp can lead to inaccurate Po2 readings unless a deconvolution analysis is performed. Using light-emitting diode (LED), a rectangular shaped light pulse can be generated that provides a more uniformly distributed excitation signal. This study presents the design and calibration process of an LED-based phosphorimeter (LED-P). The in vitro calibration of the LED-P using palladium(II)-meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin (Pd-TCCP) as a phosphorescent dye is presented. The pH and temperature were altered to assess whether the decay times of the Pd-TCCP measured by the LED-P were significantly influenced. An in vivo validation experiment was undertaken to measure renal cortical Po2 in a rat subjected to hypoxic ventilation conditions and ischemia/reperfusion. The benefits of using LEDs as a light excitation source are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerci
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- INSERM U1116, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Yasin Ince
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Heeman
- Department of Medical Technical Innovation & Development (MIO), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dirk Faber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bulent Ergin
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vascular K ATP channels mitigate severe muscle O 2 delivery-utilization mismatch during contractions in chronic heart failure rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 238:33-40. [PMID: 28119150 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel is a mediator of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation (PO2mv) during contractions in health. We tested the hypothesis that KATP channel function is preserved in chronic heart failure (CHF) and therefore its inhibition would reduce PO2mv and exacerbate the time taken to reach the PO2mv steady-state during contractions of the spinotrapezius muscle. Moreover, we hypothesized that subsequent KATP channel activation would oppose the effects of this inhibition. Muscle PO2mv (phosphorescence quenching) was measured during 180s of 1-Hz twitch contractions (∼6V) under control, glibenclamide (GLI, KATP channel antagonist; 5mg/kg) and pinacidil (PIN, KATP channel agonist; 5mg/kg) conditions in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats with CHF induced via myocardial infarction (coronary artery ligation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure: 18±1mmHg). GLI reduced baseline PO2mv (control: 28.3±0.9, GLI: 24.8±1.0mmHg, p<0.05), lowered mean PO2mv (average PO2mv during the overall time taken to reach the steady-state; control: 20.6±0.6, GLI: 17.6±0.3mmHg, p<0.05), and slowed the attainment of steady-state PO2mv (overall mean response time; control: 66.1±10.2, GLI: 93.6±7.8s, p<0.05). PIN opposed these effects on the baseline PO2mv, mean PO2mv and time to reach the steady-state PO2mv (p<0.05 for all vs. GLI). Inhibition of KATP channels exacerbates the transient mismatch between muscle O2 delivery and utilization in CHF rats and this effect is opposed by PIN. These data reveal that the KATP channel constitutes one of the select few well-preserved mechanisms of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation control in CHF.
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Ubbink R, Bettink MAW, Janse R, Harms FA, Johannes T, Münker FM, Mik EG. A monitor for Cellular Oxygen METabolism (COMET): monitoring tissue oxygenation at the mitochondrial level. J Clin Monit Comput 2016; 31:1143-1150. [PMID: 28000040 PMCID: PMC5655595 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-016-9966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After introduction of the protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique as a new method to measure mitochondrial oxygen tension in vivo, the development of a clinical monitor was started. This monitor is the "COMET", an acronym for Cellular Oxygen METabolism. The COMET is a non-invasive electrically powered optical device that allows measurements on the skin. The COMET is easy to transport, due to its lightweight and compact size. After 5-aminolevulinic acid application on the human skin, a biocompatible sensor enables detection of PpIX in the mitochondria. PpIX acts as a mitochondrially located oxygen-sensitive dye. Three measurement types are available in the touchscreen-integrated user interface, 'Single', 'Interval' and 'Dynamic measurement'. COMET is currently used in several clinical studies in our institution. In this first description of the COMET device we show an incidental finding during neurosurgery. To treat persisting intraoperative hypertension a patient was administered clonidine, but due to rapid administration an initial phase of peripheral vasoconstriction occurred. Microvascular flow and velocity parameters measured with laser-doppler (O2C, LEA Medizintechnik) decreased by 44 and 16% respectively, but not the venous-capillary oxygen saturation. However, mitochondrial oxygen tension in the skin detected by COMET decreased from a steady state of 48 to 16 mmHg along with the decrease in flow and velocity. We conclude that COMET is ready for clinical application and we see the future for this bedside monitor on the intensive care, operating theater, and testing of mitochondrial effect of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinse Ubbink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Wefers Bettink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rineke Janse
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor A Harms
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Johannes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Egbert G Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Oomen PE, Skolimowski MD, Verpoorte E. Implementing oxygen control in chip-based cell and tissue culture systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3394-414. [PMID: 27492338 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential in the energy metabolism of cells, as well as being an important regulatory parameter influencing cell differentiation and function. Interest in precise oxygen control for in vitro cultures of tissues and cells continues to grow, especially with the emergence of the organ-on-a-chip and the desire to emulate in vivo conditions. This was recently discussed in this journal in a Critical Review by Brennan et al. (Lab Chip (2014). DOI: ). Microfluidics can be used to introduce flow to facilitate nutrient supply to and waste removal from in vitro culture systems. Well-defined oxygen gradients can also be established. However, cells can quickly alter the oxygen balance in their vicinity. In this Tutorial Review, we expand on the Brennan paper to focus on the implementation of oxygen analysis in these systems to achieve continuous monitoring. Both electrochemical and optical approaches for the integration of oxygen monitoring in microfluidic tissue and cell culture systems will be discussed. Differences in oxygen requirements from one organ to the next are a challenging problem, as oxygen delivery is limited by its uptake into medium. Hence, we discuss the factors determining oxygen concentrations in solutions and consider the possible use of artificial oxygen carriers to increase dissolved oxygen concentrations. The selection of device material for applications requiring precise oxygen control is discussed in detail, focusing on oxygen permeability. Lastly, a variety of devices is presented, showing the diversity of approaches that can be employed to control and monitor oxygen concentrations in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E Oomen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1 (XB20), 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Intracellular and in vivo oxygen sensing using phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Harms F, Stolker RJ, Mik E. Cutaneous Respirometry as Novel Technique to Monitor Mitochondrial Function: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Volunteers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159544. [PMID: 27455073 PMCID: PMC4959702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique (PpIX-TSLT) is proposed as a potential clinical non-invasive tool to monitor mitochondrial function. This technique has been evaluated in several animal studies. Mitochondrial respirometry allows measurement in vivo of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) and mitochondrial oxygen consumption (mitoVO2) in skin. This study describes the first use of a clinical prototype in skin of humans. Methods The clinical prototype was tested in 30 healthy volunteers. A self-adhesive patch containing 2 mg 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was applied on the skin of the anterior chest wall (sternal) for induction of mitochondrial protoporphyrin IX and was protected from light for 5 h. MitoPO2 was measured by means of oxygen-dependent delayed fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX. MitoVO2 was determined by dynamic mitoPO2 measurements on the primed skin, while locally blocking oxygen supply by applying local pressure with the measurement probe. MitoPO2 was recorded before and during a 60-s period of compression of the microcirculation, at an interval of 1 Hz. Oxygen consumption (i.e. the local oxygen disappearance rate) was calculated from the decay of the mitoPO2 slope. Results Oxygen-dependent delayed fluorescence measurements were successfully performed in the skin of 27 volunteers. The average value (± SD) of mitoPO2 was 44 ± 17 mmHg and mean mitoVO2 values were 5.8 ± 2.3 and 6.1 ± 1.6 mmHg s-1 at a skin temperature of 34°C and 40°C, respectively. No major discomfort during measurement and no long-term dermatological abnormalities were reported in a survey performed 1 month after measurements. Conclusion These results show that the clinical prototype allows measurement of mitochondrial oxygenation and oxygen consumption in humans. The development of this clinically applicable device offers opportunities for further evaluation of the technique in humans and the start of first clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Harms
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Jan Stolker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Holdsworth CT, Ferguson SK, Poole DC, Musch TI. Modulation of rat skeletal muscle microvascular O2 pressure via KATP channel inhibition following the onset of contractions. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 222:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ince C, Mik EG. Microcirculatory and mitochondrial hypoxia in sepsis, shock, and resuscitation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:226-35. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After shock, persistent oxygen extraction deficit despite the apparent adequate recovery of systemic hemodynamic and oxygen-derived variables has been a source of uncertainty and controversy. Dysfunction of oxygen transport pathways during intensive care underlies the sequelae that lead to organ failure, and the limitations of techniques used to measure tissue oxygenation in vivo have contributed to the lack of progress in this area. Novel techniques have provided detailed quantitative insight into the determinants of microcirculatory and mitochondrial oxygenation. These techniques, which are based on the oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence or delayed luminescence are briefly reviewed. The application of these techniques to animal models of shock and resuscitation revealed the heterogeneous nature of oxygen distributions and the alterations in oxygen distribution in the microcirculation and in mitochondria. These studies identified functional shunting in the microcirculation as an underlying cause of oxygen extraction deficit observed in states of shock and resuscitation. The translation of these concepts to the bedside has been enabled by our development and clinical introduction of hand-held microscopy. This tool facilitates the direct observation of the microcirculation and its alterations at the bedside under the conditions of shock and resuscitation. Studies identified loss of coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation, in which resuscitation successfully restored systemic circulation but did not alleviate microcirculatory perfusion alterations. Various mechanisms responsible for these alterations underlie the loss of hemodynamic coherence during unsuccessful resuscitation procedures. Therapeutic resolution of persistent heterogeneous microcirculatory alterations is expected to improve outcomes in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert G. Mik
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and
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22
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Harms FA, Bodmer SIA, Raat NJH, Mik EG. Non-invasive monitoring of mitochondrial oxygenation and respiration in critical illness using a novel technique. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:343. [PMID: 26391983 PMCID: PMC4578612 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although mitochondrial dysfunction is proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis, conflicting results are reported. Variation in methods used to assess mitochondrial function might contribute to this controversy. A non-invasive method for monitoring mitochondrial function might help overcome this limitation. Therefore, this study explores the possibility of in vivo monitoring of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) and local mitochondrial oxygen consumptionin in an endotoxin-induced septic animal model. Methods Animals (rats n = 28) were assigned to a control group (no treatment), or to receive lipopolysaccharide without fluid resuscitation (LPS-NR) or lipopolysaccharide plus fluid resuscitation (LPS-FR). Sepsis was induced by intravenous LPS injection (1.6 mg/kg during 10 min), fluid resuscitation was performed by continuous infusion of a colloid solution, 7 ml kg−1 h−1 and a 2-ml bolus of the same colloid solution. MitoPO2 and ODR were measured by means of the protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique (PpIX-TSLT). Kinetic aspects of the drop in mitoPO2 were recorded during 60s of skin compression. ODR was derived from the slope of the mitoPO2 oxygen disappearance curve. Measurements were made before and 3 h after induction of sepsis. Results At baseline (t0) all rats were hemodynamically stable. After LPS induction (t1), significant (p < 0.05) hemodynamic changes were observed in both LPS groups. At t0, mitoPO2 and ODR were 59 ± 1 mmHg, 64 ± 3 mmHg, 68 ± 4 mmHg and 5.0 ± 0.3 mmHg s−1, 5.3 ± 0.5 mmHg s−1, 5.7 ± 0.5 mmHg s−1 in the control, LPS-FR and LPS-NR groups, respectively; at t1 these values were 58 ± 5 mmHg, 50 ± 2.3 mmHg, 30 ± 3.3 mmHg and 4.5 ± 0.5 mmHg s−1, 3.3 ± 0.3 mmHg s−1, 1.8 ± 0.3 mmHg s−1, respectively. At t1, only mitoPO2 showed a significant difference between the controls and LPS-NR. In contrast, at t1 both LPS groups showed a significantly lower ODR compared to controls. Conclusion These data show the feasibility to monitor alterations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in vivo by PpIX-TSLT in a septic rat model. These results may contribute to the development of a clinical device to monitor mitochondrial function in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor A Harms
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander I A Bodmer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas J H Raat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Egbert G Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Balestra GM, Aalders MCG, Specht PAC, Ince C, Mik EG. Oxygenation measurement by multi-wavelength oxygen-dependent phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence: catchment depth and application in intact heart. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:615-628. [PMID: 25250821 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen delivery and metabolism represent key factors for organ function in health and disease. We describe the optical key characteristics of a technique to comprehensively measure oxygen tension (PO(2)) in myocardium, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of porphyrins, by means of Monte Carlo simulations and ex vivo experiments. Oxyphor G2 (microvascular PO(2)) was excited at 442 nm and 632 nm and protoporphyrin IX (mitochondrial PO(2)) at 510 nm. This resulted in catchment depths of 161 (86) µm, 350 (307) µm and 262 (255) µm respectively, as estimated by Monte Carlo simulations and ex vivo experiments (brackets). The feasibility to detect changes in oxygenation within separate anatomical compartments is demonstrated in rat heart in vivo. Schematic of ex vivo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco M Balestra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C G Aalders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia A C Specht
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert G Mik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Roussakis E, Li Z, Nichols AJ, Evans CL. Sauerstoffmessung in der Biomedizin - von der Makro- zur Mikroebene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Roussakis E, Li Z, Nichols AJ, Evans CL. Oxygen-Sensing Methods in Biomedicine from the Macroscale to the Microscale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8340-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yoshihara T, Murayama S, Tobita S. Ratiometric Molecular Probes Based on Dual Emission of a Blue Fluorescent Coumarin and a Red Phosphorescent Cationic Iridium(III) Complex for Intracellular Oxygen Sensing. SENSORS 2015; 15:13503-21. [PMID: 26066988 PMCID: PMC4507661 DOI: 10.3390/s150613503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric molecular probes RP1 and RP2 consisting of a blue fluorescent coumarin and a red phosphorescent cationic iridium complex connected by a tetra- or octaproline linker, respectively, were designed and synthesized for sensing oxygen levels in living cells. These probes exhibited dual emission with good spectral separation in acetonitrile. The photorelaxation processes, including intramolecular energy transfer, were revealed by emission quantum yield and lifetime measurements. The ratios (RI=(Ip/If)) between the phosphorescence (Ip) and fluorescence (If) intensities showed excellent oxygen responses; the ratio of
RI under degassed and aerated conditions (RI0/RI)
was 20.3 and 19.6 for RP1 and RP2. The introduction of the cationic Ir (III) complex improved the cellular uptake efficiency compared to that of a neutral analogue with a tetraproline linker. The emission spectra of the ratiometric probes internalized into living HeLa or MCF-7 cells could be obtained using a conventional microplate reader. The complex RP2 with an octaproline linker provided ratios comparable to the ratiometric measurements obtained using a microplate reader: the ratio of the
RI
value of RP2 under hypoxia (2.5% O2) to that under normoxia (21% O2) was 1.5 and 1.7 for HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Thus, the intracellular oxygen levels of MCF-7 cells could be imaged by ratiometric emission measurements using the complex RP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitada Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Saori Murayama
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
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27
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Mitochondria-targeted oxygen probes based on cationic iridium complexes with a 5-amino-1, 10-phenanthroline ligand. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Harms FA, Bodmer SIA, Raat NJH, Mik EG. Cutaneous mitochondrial respirometry: non-invasive monitoring of mitochondrial function. J Clin Monit Comput 2014; 29:509-19. [PMID: 25388510 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-014-9628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed technique for measuring cutaneous mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) by means of the Protoporphyrin IX-Triplet State Lifetime Technique (PpIX-TSLT) provides new opportunities for assessing mitochondrial function in vivo. The aims of this work were to study whether cutaneous mitochondrial measurements reflect mitochondrial status in other parts of the body and to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique for potential clinical use. The first part of this paper demonstrates a correlation between alterations in mitochondrial parameters in skin and other tissues during endotoxemia. Experiments were performed in rats in which mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by a lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis (n = 5) and a time control group (n = 5). MitoPO2 and mitochondrial oxygen consumption (mitoVO2) were measured using PpIX-TSLT in skin, liver and buccal mucosa of the mouth. Both skin and buccal mucosa show a significant mitoPO2-independent decrease (P < 0.05) in mitoVO2 after LPS infusion (a decrease of 37 and 39% respectively). In liver both mitoPO2 and mitoVO2 decreased significantly (33 and 27% respectively). The second part of this paper describes the clinical concept of monitoring cutaneous mitochondrial respiration in man. A first prototype of a clinical PpIX-TSLT monitor is described and its usability is demonstrated on human skin. We expect that clinical implementation of this device will greatly contribute to our understanding of mitochondrial oxygenation and oxygen metabolism in perioperative medicine and in critical illness. Our ultimate goal is to develop a clinical monitor for mitochondrial function and the current results are an important step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor A Harms
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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Huntosova V, Stroffekova K, Wagnieres G, Novotova M, Nichtova Z, Miskovsky P. Endosomes: guardians against [Ru(Phen)3]2+ photo-action in endothelial cells during in vivo pO2 detection? Metallomics 2014; 6:2279-89. [PMID: 25371090 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phototoxicity is a side-effect of in vitro and in vivo oxygen partial pressure (pO2) detection by luminescence lifetime measurement methods. Dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(ii) hydrate ([Ru(Phen)3]2+) is a water soluble pO2 probe associated with low phototoxicity, which we investigated in vivo in the chick's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) after intravenous or topical administration and in vitro in normal human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). In vivo, the level of intravenously injected [Ru(Phen)3]2+ decreases within several minutes, whereas the maximum of its biodistribution is observed during the first 2 h after topical application. Both routes are followed by convergence to almost identical "intra/extra-vascular" levels of [Ru(Phen)3]2+. In vitro, we observed that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed. None of the studied conditions induced modification of lysosomal or mitochondrial membranes without illumination. No nuclear accumulation was observed. Without illumination [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport. The phototoxic effect of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ leads to more marked ultrastructural changes than administration of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ only (in the dark). These could lead to disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis accompanied by mitochondrial changes or to changes in secretory pathways. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the intravenous injection of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ into the CAM model mostly leads to extracellular localization of [Ru(Phen)3]2+, while its topical application induces intracellular localization. We have shown in vivo that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces minimal photo-damage after illumination with light doses larger by two orders of magnitude than those used for pO2 measurements. This low phototoxicity is due to the fact that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters endothelial cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed towards peroxisomes and other endosomal and secretory vesicles before it is eliminated via exocytosis. Cellular response to [Ru(Phen)3]2+, survival or death, depends on its intracellular concentration and oxidation-reduction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of PJ Safarik in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Wang XH, Peng HS, Yang L, You FT, Teng F, Hou LL, Wolfbeis OS. Targetable phosphorescent oxygen nanosensors for the assessment of tumor mitochondrial dysfunction by monitoring the respiratory activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12471-5. [PMID: 25044871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular respiration is a worthwhile criterion to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction by measuring the dissolved oxygen. However, most of the existing sensing strategies merely report extracellular (ec-) or intracellular (ic-) O2 rather than intramitochondrial (im-) O2 . Herein we present a method to assess tumor mitochondrial dysfunction with three phosphorescent nanosensors, which respond to ec-, ic-, and im-O2 . Time-resolved luminescence is applied to determine the respective oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) under varying respiratory conditions. Data obtained for the OCRs and on (intra)cellular O2 gradients demonstrate that mitochondria in tumor cells are distinctly less active than those of healthy cells, resulting from restrained glucose utilization of and physical injury to the mitochondria. We believe that such a site-resolved sensing strategy can be applied to numerous other situations, for example to evaluate the adverse effects of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044 (China)
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Wang XH, Peng HS, Yang L, You FT, Teng F, Hou LL, Wolfbeis OS. Targetable Phosphorescent Oxygen Nanosensors for the Assessment of Tumor Mitochondrial Dysfunction By Monitoring the Respiratory Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cutaneous respirometry by dynamic measurement of mitochondrial oxygen tension for monitoring mitochondrial function in vivo. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:507-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Harms FA, Bodmer SIA, Raat NJH, Stolker RJ, Mik EG. Validation of the protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique for mitochondrial oxygen measurements in the skin. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2625-2627. [PMID: 22743475 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxygen tension can be measured in vivo by means of oxygen-dependent quenching of delayed fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Here we demonstrate that mitochondrial PO(2) (mitoPO(2)) can be measured in the skin of a rat after topical application of the PpIX precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Calibration of mitoPO(2) measurements was done by comparison with simultaneous measurements of the cutaneous microvascular PO(2) This was done under three different conditions: in normal skin tissue, in nonrespiration skin tissue due to the application of cyanide, and in anoxic skin tissue after the ventilation with 100% nitrogen. The results of this study show that it is feasible to measure the mitoPO(2) after the topical application of ALA cream by means of the PpIX-triplet state lifetime technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor A Harms
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dmitriev RI, Zhdanov AV, Jasionek G, Papkovsky DB. Assessment of Cellular Oxygen Gradients with a Panel of Phosphorescent Oxygen-Sensitive Probes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2930-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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