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Raman Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer, a Global Women’s Health Issue—A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062502. [PMID: 36985474 PMCID: PMC10056388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances and future perspectives in the use of Raman spectroscopy for cervical cancer, a global women’s health issue. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common women’s cancer in the world, and unfortunately mainly affects younger women. However, when detected at the early precancer stage, it is highly treatable. High-quality cervical screening programmes and the introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine are reducing the incidence of cervical cancer in many countries, but screening is still essential for all women. Current gold standard methods include HPV testing and cytology for screening, followed by colposcopy and histopathology for diagnosis. However, these methods are limited in terms of sensitivity/specificity, cost, and time. New methods are required to aid clinicians in the early detection of cervical precancer. Over the past 20 years, the potential of Raman spectroscopy together with multivariate statistical analysis has been shown for the detection of cervical cancer. This review discusses the research to date on Raman spectroscopic approaches for cervical cancer using exfoliated cells, biofluid samples, and tissue ex vivo and in vivo.
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Traynor D, Duraipandian S, Bhatia R, Cuschieri K, Tewari P, Kearney P, D’Arcy T, O’Leary JJ, Martin CM, Lyng FM. Development and Validation of a Raman Spectroscopic Classification Model for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1836. [PMID: 35406608 PMCID: PMC8997379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality associated with cervical cancer can be reduced if detected at the precancer stage, but current methods are limited in terms of subjectivity, cost and time. Optical spectroscopic methods such as Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free and nondestructive measurement of the biochemical fingerprint of a cell, tissue or biofluid. Previous studies have shown the potential of Raman spectroscopy for cervical cancer diagnosis, but most were pilot studies with small sample sizes. The aim of this study is to show the clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy for identifying cervical precancer in a large sample set with validation in an independent test set. Liquid-based cervical cytology samples (n = 662) (326 negative, 200 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 and 136 CIN2+) were obtained as a training set. Raman spectra were recorded from single-cell nuclei and subjected to a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). In addition, the PLSDA classification model was validated using a blinded independent test set (n = 69). A classification accuracy of 91.3% was achieved with only six of the blinded samples misclassified. This study showed the potential clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy with a good classification of negative, CIN1 and CIN2+ achieved in an independent test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Traynor
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shiyamala Duraipandian
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Ramya Bhatia
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NHS Lothian, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 5SA, UK; (R.B.); (K.C.)
- HPV Research Group, Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NHS Lothian, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 5SA, UK; (R.B.); (K.C.)
- HPV Research Group, Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Prerna Tewari
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Kearney
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom D’Arcy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara M. Martin
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (P.T.); (P.K.); (J.J.O.); (C.M.M.)
- CERVIVA Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (S.D.)
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland
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Traynor D, Behl I, O'Dea D, Bonnier F, Nicholson S, O'Connell F, Maguire A, Flint S, Galvin S, Healy CM, Martin CM, O'Leary JJ, Malkin A, Byrne HJ, Lyng FM. Raman spectral cytopathology for cancer diagnostic applications. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3716-3735. [PMID: 34117476 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free, nondestructive measurement of the chemical fingerprint of a sample and has shown potential for cancer screening and diagnosis. Here we report a protocol for Raman microspectroscopic analysis of different exfoliative cytology samples (cervical, oral and lung), covering sample preparation, spectral acquisition, preprocessing and data analysis. The protocol takes 2 h 20 min for sample preparation, measurement and data preprocessing and up to 8 h for a complete analysis. A key feature of the protocol is that it uses the same sample preparation procedure as commonly used in diagnostic cytology laboratories (i.e., liquid-based cytology on glass slides), ensuring compatibility with clinical workflows. Our protocol also covers methods to correct for the spectral contribution of glass and sample pretreatment methods to remove contaminants (such as blood and mucus) that can obscure spectral features in the exfoliated cells and lead to variability. The protocol establishes a standardized clinical routine allowing the collection of highly reproducible data for Raman spectral cytopathology for cancer diagnostic applications for cervical and lung cancer and for monitoring suspicious lesions for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Traynor
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isha Behl
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan O'Dea
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franck Bonnier
- EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Flint
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sheila Galvin
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire M Healy
- Oral Medicine Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara M Martin
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Malkin
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Dublin, Ireland.
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Raman Spectroscopy of Liquid-Based Cervical Smear Samples as a Triage to Stratify Women Who Are HPV-Positive on Screening. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092008. [PMID: 33921939 PMCID: PMC8122405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can lead to cervical precancer and cancer. Recently, HPV testing has been introduced for primary cervical screening, but the HPV DNA test cannot distinguish between transient and persistent HPV infection. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need to develop a new test to identify women with a high-risk persistent HPV infection. Raman spectra were recorded from cervical smear samples (n = 60) and, on the basis of HPV DNA and HPV mRNA test results, a classifier was developed to identify persistent HPV infection. A further blinded independent test set (n = 14) was used to validate the model, and sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 100% were achieved. Improved triage would allow women with a high-risk persistent HPV infection to be referred for immediate treatment, while women with a low-risk transient infection could avoid overtreatment. Abstract The role of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of cervical precancer and cancer is now well accepted, and HPV testing has recently been introduced for primary cervical screening. However, the low specificity of HPV DNA testing can result in large numbers of women with an HPV-positive result, and additional triage approaches are needed to avoid over-referral to colposcopy and overtreatment. The aim of this study was to assess Raman spectroscopy as a potential triage test to discriminate between transient and persistent HPV infection. HPV DNA status and mRNA status were confirmed in ThinPrep® cervical samples (n = 60) using the Cobas 4800 and APTIMA HPV test, respectively. Raman spectra were recorded from single-cell nuclei and subjected to partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). In addition, the PLSDA classification model was validated using a blinded independent test set (n = 14). Sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 92% were achieved for the classification of transient and persistent HPV infection, and this increased to 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity when mean sample spectra were used instead of individual cellular spectra. This study showed that Raman spectroscopy has potential as a triage test for HPV-positive women to identify persistent HPV infection.
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