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Tsai WY, Breimann S, Shen TW, Frishman D. Photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging analysis of human blood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289704. [PMID: 37540721 PMCID: PMC10403132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging are safe and non-invasive molecular quantification techniques, which do not utilize ionizing radiation and allow for repeated probing of samples without them being contaminated or damaged. Here we assessed the potential of these techniques for measuring biochemical parameters. We investigated the statistical association between 31 time and frequency domain features derived from photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy signals and 19 biochemical blood parameters. We found that photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging features are significantly correlated with 14 and 17 individual biochemical parameters, respectively. Moreover, some of the biochemical blood parameters can be accurately predicted based on photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging features by polynomial regression. In particular, the levels of uric acid and albumin can be accurately explained by a combination of photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging features (adjusted R-squared > 0.75), while creatinine levels can be accurately explained by the features of the photoacoustic system (adjusted R-squared > 0.80). We identified a number of imaging features that inform on the biochemical blood parameters and can be potentially useful in clinical diagnosis. We also demonstrated that linear and non-linear combinations of photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging features can accurately predict some of the biochemical blood parameters. These results demonstrate that photoacoustic and absorption spectroscopy imaging systems show promise for future applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Breimann
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tsu-Wang Shen
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Master's Program Biomedical Informatics and Biomedical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Fadhel MN, Appak Baskoy S, Wang Y, Hysi E, Kolios MC. Use of photoacoustic imaging for monitoring vascular disrupting cancer treatments. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202000209. [PMID: 32888381 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents disrupt tumor vessels, blocking the nutritional and oxygen supply tumors need to thrive. This is achieved by damaging the endothelium lining of blood vessels, resulting in red blood cells (RBCs) entering the tumor parenchyma. RBCs present in the extracellular matrix are exposed to external stressors resulting in biochemical and physiological changes. The detection of these changes can be used to monitor the efficacy of cancer treatments. Spectroscopic photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an ideal candidate for probing RBCs due to their high optical absorption relative to surrounding tissue. The goal of this work is to use PA imaging to monitor the efficacy of the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) through quantitative analysis. Then, 4T1 breast cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into the left hind leg of eight BALB/c mice. After 10 days, half of the mice were treated with 15 mg/kg of DMXAA and the other half were injected with saline. All mice were imaged using the VevoLAZR X PA system before treatment, 24 and 72 hours after treatment. The imaging was done at six wavelengths and linear spectral unmixing was applied to the PA images to quantify three forms of hemoglobin (oxy, deoxy and met-hemoglobin). After imaging, tumors were histologically processed and H&E and TUNEL staining were used to detect the tissue damage induced by the DMXAA treatment. The total hemoglobin concentration remained unchanged after treatment for the saline treated mice. For DMXAA treated mice, a 10% increase of deoxyhemoglobin concentration was detected 24 hours after treatment and a 22.6% decrease in total hemoglobin concentration was observed by 72 hours. A decrease in the PA spectral slope parameters was measured 24 hours after treatment. This suggests that DMXAA induces vascular damage, causing red blood cells to extravasate. Furthermore, H&E staining of the tumor showed areas of bleeding with erythrocyte deposition. These observations are further supported by the increase in TUNEL staining in DMXAA treated tumors, revealing increased cell death due to vascular disruption. This study demonstrates the capability of PA imaging to monitor tumor vessel disruption by the vascular disrupting agent DMXAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad N Fadhel
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sila Appak Baskoy
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eno Hysi
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Biswas D, Roy S, Vasudevan S. Biomedical Application of Photoacoustics: A Plethora of Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1900. [PMID: 36363921 PMCID: PMC9692656 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic (PA) technique is a non-invasive, non-ionizing hybrid technique that exploits laser irradiation for sample excitation and acquires an ultrasound signal generated due to thermoelastic expansion of the sample. Being a hybrid technique, PA possesses the inherent advantages of conventional optical (high resolution) and ultrasonic (high depth of penetration in biological tissue) techniques and eliminates some of the major limitations of these conventional techniques. Hence, PA has been employed for different biomedical applications. In this review, we first discuss the basic physics of PA. Then, we discuss different aspects of PA techniques, which includes PA imaging and also PA frequency spectral analysis. The theory of PA signal generation, detection and analysis is also detailed in this work. Later, we also discuss the major biomedical application area of PA technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Biswas
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, HP, India
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, HP, India
| | - Srivathsan Vasudevan
- Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol 453552, MP, India
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Wang Y, Fadhel MN, Hysi E, Pastenak M, Sathiyamoorthy K, Kolios MC. In vivo spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and laser-induced nanoparticle vaporization for anti-HER2 breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100099. [PMID: 34241969 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the development and application of theragnostic agents targeting the HER2 receptors in breast tumors. The agent was constructed by loading silica-coated gold nanorods (GNRs) and a perfluorohexane liquid into PLGA-PEG nanoparticles, followed by surface conjugation with antibody Herceptin. The particle uptake in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 (HER2-negative) and BT474 (HER2-positive) cell lines was tested. A proof of principle in vivo study was also performed using a xenograft mouse bilateral tumor model (16 mice, 32 tumors). Photoacoustic imaging was performed using a VevoLAZR device at 720/750/850 nm illuminations and 21 MHz central frequency. The relative concentrations of GNRs in the tumor were quantified using a linear spectral unmixing technique. The therapeutic efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated through optical droplet vaporization, and cell damage was confirmed using tissue immunofluorescence and histology. Our results demonstrate the potential of PLGA-GNRs as theragnostic agents for anti-HER2 breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- Physics Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhannad N Fadhel
- Physics Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eno Hysi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice Pastenak
- Biological Sciences Department, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krishnan Sathiyamoorthy
- Physics Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Physics Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fadhel MN, Hysi E, Zalev J, Kolios MC. Photoacoustic simulations of microvascular bleeding: spectral analysis and its application for monitoring vascular-targeted treatments. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 31707772 PMCID: PMC7003142 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.11.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors are typically supplied nutrients by a network of irregular blood vessels. By targeting these vascular networks, it might be possible to hinder cancer growth and metastasis. Vascular disrupting agents induce intertumoral hemorrhaging, making photoacoustic (PA) imaging well positioned to detect bleeding due to its sensitivity to hemoglobin and its various states. We introduce a fractal-based numerical model of intertumoral hemorrhaging to simulate the PA signals from disrupted tumor blood vessels. The fractal model uses bifurcated cylinders to represent vascular trees. To mimic bleeding from blood vessels, hemoglobin diffusion from microvessels was simulated. In the simulations, the PA signals were detected by a linear array transducer (30 MHz center frequency) of four different vascular trees. The power spectrum of each beamformed PA signal was computed and fitted to a straight line within the −6-dB bandwidth of the receiving transducer. The spectral slope and midband fit (MBF) based on the fit decreased by 0.11 dB / MHz and 2.12 dB, respectively, 1 h post bleeding, while the y-intercept increased by 1.21 dB. The results suggest that spectral PA analysis can be used to measure changes in the concentration and spatial distribution of hemoglobin in tissue without the need to resolve individual vessels. The simulations support the feasibility of using PA imaging and spectral analysis in cancer treatment monitoring by detecting microvessel disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad N. Fadhel
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eno Hysi
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason Zalev
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Center, Toronto, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Michael C. Kolios, E-mail:
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