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Momin A, Perrotti S, Waldman SD. The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:628-637. [PMID: 37804213 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells able to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli through the process of mechanotransduction. Previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical stimulation causes mitochondrial deformation leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release in a dose-dependent manner. For this reason, we focused on elucidating the role of mitochondrial ROS as anabolic signaling molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels were subjected to mechanical stimuli and the effect on matrix synthesis, ROS production, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling was evaluated. Through the use of ROS-specific staining, superoxide anion was the primary ROS released in response to mechanical stimuli. The anabolic effect of mechanical stimulation was abolished in the presence of electron transport chain inhibitors (complexes I, III, and V) and superoxide anion scavengers. Subsequent studies were centered on the involvement of MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK) in the mechanotransduction cascade. While disruption of the ERK1/2 pathway had no apparent effect, the anabolic effect of mechanical stimulation was abolished in the presence of p38 and JNK pathway inhibitors. This suggest the involvement of apoptosis stimulating kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream redox-sensitive MAP3K shared by both the JNK and p38 pathways. Future experiments will focus on the involvement of the thioredoxin-ASK1 complex which disassociates in the presence of oxidative stress, allowing ASK1 to phosphorylate several MAP2Ks. Overall, these findings indicate superoxide anion as the primary ROS released in response to mechanical stimuli and that the resulting anabolic effect on chondrogenic matrix biosynthesis arises from the ROS-dependent activation of the p38 and JNK MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Momin
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simona Perrotti
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Chan B, Glogauer M, Wang Y, Wrana J, Chan K, Beier F, Bali S, Hinz B, Parreno J, Ashraf S, Kandel R. Adseverin, an actin-binding protein, modulates hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1130. [PMID: 37540756 PMCID: PMC10403223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterized by progressive articular cartilage degradation and calcification, the articular chondrocyte phenotype changes and this correlates with actin cytoskeleton alterations suggesting that it regulates gene expression essential for proper phenotype. This study reports that OA is associated with the loss of adseverin, an actin capping and severing protein. Adseverin deletion (Adseverin-/-) in mice compromised articular chondrocyte function, by reducing F-actin and aggrecan expression and increasing apoptosis, Indian hedgehog, Runx2, MMP13, and collagen type X expression, and cell proliferation. This led to stiffer cartilage and decreased hyaline and increased calcified cartilage thickness. Together, these changes predisposed the articular cartilage to enhanced OA severity in Adseverin-/- mice who underwent surgical induction of OA. Adseverin-/- chondrocyte RNA sequencing and in vitro studies together suggests that adseverin modulates cell viability and prevents mineralization. Thus, adseverin maintains articular chondrocyte phenotype and cartilage tissue homeostasis by preventing progression to hypertrophic differentiation in vivo. Adseverin may be chondroprotective and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Chan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kin Chan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Supinder Bali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sajjad Ashraf
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Kandel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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López-Jiménez C, Chiu LL, Waldman SD, Guilak F, Koch TG. TRPV4 activation enhances compressive properties and glycosaminoglycan deposition of equine neocartilage sheets. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Engineering large, anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs with robust interfacial shear properties. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:42. [PMID: 34362933 PMCID: PMC8346478 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of large (>5 cm2) articular cartilage defects involving underlying bone, current tissue-engineered therapies only address small defects. Tissue-engineered, anatomically shaped, native-like implants may address the need for off-the-shelf, tissue-repairing therapies for large cartilage lesions. This study fabricated an osteochondral construct of translationally relevant geometry with robust functional properties. Scaffold-free, self-assembled neocartilage served as the chondral phase, and porous hydroxyapatite served as the osseous phase of the osteochondral constructs. Constructs in the shape and size of an ovine femoral condyle (31 × 14 mm) were assembled at day 4 (early) or day 10 (late) of neocartilage maturation. Early osteochondral assembly increased the interfacial interdigitation depth by 244%, interdigitation frequency by 438%, interfacial shear modulus by 243-fold, and ultimate interfacial shear strength by 4.9-fold, compared to late assembly. Toward the development of a bioprosthesis for the repair of cartilage lesions encompassing up to an entire condylar surface, this study generated a large, anatomically shaped osteochondral construct with robust interfacial mechanical properties and native-like neocartilage interdigitation.
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5
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Tarantino R, Chiu LLY, Weber JF, Yat Tse M, Bardana DD, Pang SC, Waldman SD. Effect of nutrient metabolism on cartilaginous tissue formation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4119-4128. [PMID: 34265075 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major shortcoming in cartilage tissue engineering is the low biosynthetic response of chondrocytes. While different strategies have been investigated, a novel approach may be to control nutrient metabolism. Although known for their anaerobic metabolism, chondrocytes are more synthetically active under conditions that elicit mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Here, we postulate this metabolic switch induces HIF-1α signaling resulting in improved growth. Transition to different metabolic states can result in the pooling of metabolites, several of which can stabilize HIF-1α by interfering with PHD2. Chondrocytes cultured under increased media availability accelerated tissue deposition with the greatest effect occurring at 2 ml/106 cells. Under higher media availability, metabolism switched from anaerobic to mixed aerobic-anaerobic. Around this transition, maximal changes in PHD2 activity, HIF-1α expression, and HIF-1 target gene expression were observed. Loss-of-function studies using YC-1 confirmed the involvement of HIF-1. Lastly, targeted metabolomic studies revealed that intracellular lactate and succinate correlated with PHD2 activity. This study demonstrates that cartilaginous tissue formation can be regulated by nutrient metabolism and that this response is mediated through changes in HIF-1α signaling. By harnessing this newly identified metabolic switch, engineered cartilage implants may be developed without the need for sophisticated methods which could aid translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tarantino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine L Y Chiu
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna F Weber
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Man Yat Tse
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide D Bardana
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Pang
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bajic A, Tarantino R, Chiu LLY, Duever T, Waldman SD. Optimization of culture media to enhance the growth of tissue engineered cartilage. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3017. [PMID: 32394623 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising option for cartilage repair. However, several hurdles still need to be overcome to develop functional tissue constructs suitable for implantation. One of the most common challenges is the general low capacity of chondrocytes to synthesize cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). While different approaches have been explored to improve the biosynthetic response of chondrocytes, several studies have demonstrated that the nutritional environment (e.g., glucose concentration and media volume) can have a profound effect on ECM synthesis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to optimize the formulation of cell culture media to upregulate the accumulation of cartilaginous ECM constituents (i.e., proteoglycans and collagen) by chondrocytes in 3D culture. Using response surface methodology, four different media factors (basal media, media volume, glucose, and glutamine) were first screened to determine optimal media formulations. Constructs were then cultured under candidate optimal media formulations for 4 weeks and analyzed for their biochemical and structural properties. Interestingly, the maximal accumulation of proteoglycans and collagen appeared to be elicited by different media formulations. Most notably, proteoglycan accumulation was favored by high volume, low glucose-containing DMEM/F12 (1:1) media whereas collagen accumulation was favored by high volume, high glucose-containing F12 media. While high glutamine-containing media elicited increased DNA content, glutamine concentration had no apparent effect on ECM accumulation. Therefore, optimizing the nutritional environment during chondrocyte culture appears to be a promising, straight-forward approach to improve cartilaginous tissue formation. Future work will investigate the combined effects of the nutritional environment and external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Bajic
- Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Tarantino
- Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine L Y Chiu
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Progress and Applications of Polyphosphate in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5141204. [PMID: 31346519 PMCID: PMC6620837 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5141204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with bone and cartilage defects due to infection, tumors, and trauma are quite common. Repairing bone and cartilage defects is thus a major problem for clinicians. Autologous and artificial bone transplantations are associated with many challenges, such as limited materials and immune rejection. Bone and cartilage regeneration has become a popular research topic. Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a widely occurring biopolymer with high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that exists in organisms from bacteria to mammals. Much data indicate that polyP acts as a regulator of gene expression in bone and cartilage tissues and exerts morphogenetic effects on cells involved in bone and cartilage formation. Exposure of these cells to polyP leads to the increase of cytokines that promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, accelerates the osteoblast mineralization process, and inhibits the differentiation of osteoclast precursors to functionally active osteoclasts. PolyP-based materials have been widely reported in in vivo and in vitro studies. This paper reviews the current cellular mechanisms and material applications of polyP in bone and cartilage regeneration.
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8
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Lee WD, Gawri R, Shiba T, Ji AR, Stanford WL, Kandel RA. Simple Silica Column-Based Method to Quantify Inorganic Polyphosphates in Cartilage and Other Tissues. Cartilage 2018; 9:417-427. [PMID: 28357919 PMCID: PMC6139591 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517690856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) play a multitude of roles in mammalian biology. PolyP research is hindered by the lack of a simple and sensitive quantification method. The aim of this study was to develop a robust method for quantifying the low levels of polyP in mammalian tissue such as cartilage, which is rich in macromolecules that interfere with its determination. DESIGN Native and in vitro formed tissues were digested with proteinase K to release sequestrated polyP. The tissue digest was loaded on to silica spin columns, followed by elution of bound polyP and various treatments were assessed to minimize non-polyP fluorescence. The eluent was then quantified for polyP content using fluorometry based on DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) fluorescence shift occurring with polyP. RESULTS Proteinase K pretreatment reduced the inhibitory effect of proteins on polyP recovery. The eluent was contaminated with nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans, which cause extraneous fluorescence signals. These were then effectively eliminated by nucleases treatment and addition of concentrated Tris buffer. PolyP levels were quantified and recovery ratio determined using samples spiked with a known amount of polyP. This silica spin column method was able to recover at least 80% of initially loaded polyP, and detect as little as 10-10 mol. CONCLUSIONS This sensitive, reproducible, easy to do method of quantifying polyP will be a useful tool for investigation of polyP biology in mammalian cells and tissues. Although the protocol was developed for mammalian tissues, this method should be able to quantify polyP in most biological sources, including fluid samples such as blood and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitaik David Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahul Gawri
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ae-Ri Ji
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita A. Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Rita Kandel, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 6-500-1, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.
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9
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Marionneaux A, Walters J, Guo H, Mercuri J. Tailoring the subchondral bone phase of a multi-layered osteochondral construct to support bone healing and a cartilage analog. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:351-364. [PMID: 30099201 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Focal chondral and osteochondral defects create significant pain and disability for working-aged adults. Current osteochondral repair grafts are limited in availability and often fail due to insufficient osseous support and integration. Thus, a need exists for an off-the-shelf osteochondral construct with the propensity to overcome these shortcomings. Herein, a scalable process was used to develop a multi-layered osteochondral graft with a subchondral bone (ScB) phase tailored to support bone healing and integration. Multiple ScB formulations and fabrication techniques were screened via degradation, bioactivity, and unconfined compression testing. An optimized ScB construct was selected and its cytotoxicity assessed. Additionally, a cartilage analog was secured to the optimized ScB construct via a calcified cartilage layer, and the resulting osteochondral construct was characterized via interfacial shear and dynamic mechanical testing. The optimized ScB construct did not significantly alter local pH during degradation, exhibited measurable bioactivity in vitro, and had significantly greater compressive mechanical strength compared to other constructs. The attachment strength of the cartilage analog was significantly greater by an increase in compressive dynamic mechanical properties. Furthermore, this ScB construct was found to be cytocompatible with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Taken together, this optimized ScB material forms the robust foundation of a novel, off-the-shelf osteochondral construct to be used in defect repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide is detrimentally affected by focal chondral or osteochondral defects. Current off-the-shelf biomaterial constructs often fail to repair these defects due to insufficient osseous support and integration. Herein, we used a scalable process to fabricate and optimize a novel boney construct. This optimized boney construct demonstrated biochemical, physical, and mechanical properties tailored to promote bone healing. Furthermore, a novel cartilage analog was successfully attached to the boney construct, forming a multi-layered osteochondral construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Marionneaux
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Joshua Walters
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Helena Guo
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Lee WD, Gawri R, Pilliar RM, Stanford WL, Kandel RA. Sol gel-derived hydroxyapatite films over porous calcium polyphosphate substrates for improved tissue engineering of osteochondral-like constructs. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:352-361. [PMID: 28818689 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Integration of in vitro-formed cartilage on a suitable substrate to form tissue-engineered implants for osteochondral defect repair is a considerable challenge. In healthy cartilage, a zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) acts as an intermediary for mechanical force transfer from soft to hard tissue, as well as an effective interlocking structure to better resist interfacial shear forces. We have developed biphasic constructs that consist of scaffold-free cartilage tissue grown in vitro on, and interdigitated with, porous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) substrates. However, as CPP degrades, it releases inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) that can inhibit local mineralization, thereby preventing the formation of a ZCC at the interface. Thus, we hypothesize that coating CPP substrate with a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) might prevent or limit this polyP release. To investigate this we tested both inorganic or organic sol-gel processing methods, asa barrier coating on CPP substrate to inhibit polyP release. Both types of coating supported the formation of ZCC in direct contact with the substrate, however the ZCC appeared more continuous in the tissue formed on the organic HA sol gel coated CPP. Tissues formed on coated substrates accumulated comparable quantities of extracellular matrix and mineral, but tissues formed on organic sol-gel (OSG)-coated substrates accumulated less polyP than tissues formed on inorganic sol-gel (ISG)-coated substrates. Constructs formed with OSG-coated CPP substrates had greater interfacial shear strength than those formed with ISG-coated and non-coated substrates. These results suggest that the OSG coating method can modify the location and distribution of ZCC and can be used to improve the mechanical integrity of tissue-engineered constructs formed on porous CPP substrates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Articular cartilage interfaces with bone through a zone of calcified cartilage. This study describes a method to generate an "osteochondral-like" implant that mimics this organization using isolated deep zone cartilage cells and a sol-gel hydroxyapatite coated bone substitute material composed of calcium polyphosphate (CPP). Developing a layer of calcified cartilage at the interface should contribute to enhancing the success of this "osteochondral-like" construct following implantation to repair cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitaik David Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rahul Gawri
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert M Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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11
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Xie H, Wang J, He Y, Gu Z, Xu J, Li L, Ye Q. Biocompatibility and safety evaluation of a silk fibroin-doped calcium polyphosphate scaffold copolymer in vitro and in vivo. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04999d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the reconstruction of cartilage and bone defects, bone repair scaffolds with porous network structures have been extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixu Xie
- JCU-WMU Joint Research Group of Tissue Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- West China School of Stomatology
| | - Jianyun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Yan He
- JCU-WMU Joint Research Group of Tissue Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- Regenerative Dentistry
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jia Xu
- JCU-WMU Joint Research Group of Tissue Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Longjiang Li
- West China School of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
| | - Qingsong Ye
- JCU-WMU Joint Research Group of Tissue Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- Regenerative Dentistry
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12
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Ng J, Wei Y, Zhou B, Burapachaisri A, Guo E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Extracellular matrix components and culture regimen selectively regulate cartilage formation by self-assembling human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27931263 PMCID: PMC5146812 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage formation from self-assembling mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro recapitulate important cellular events during mesenchymal condensation that precedes native cartilage development. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) components and culture regimen on cartilage formation by self-assembling human MSCs in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) were seeded and compacted in 6.5-mm-diameter transwell inserts with coated (type I, type II collagen) or uncoated (vehicle) membranes, at different densities (0.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106, 1.5 × 106 per insert). Pellets were formed by aggregating hMSCs (0.25 × 106) in round-bottomed wells. All tissues were cultured for up to 6 weeks for in vitro analyses. Discs (cultured for 6, 8 or 10 weeks) and pellets (cultured for 10 weeks) were implanted subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice to evaluate the cartilage stability in vivo. RESULTS Type I and type II collagen coatings enabled cartilage disc formation from self-assembling hMSCs. Without ECM coating, hMSCs formed dome-shaped tissues resembling the pellets. Type I collagen, expressed in the prechondrogenic mesenchyme, improved early chondrogenesis versus type II collagen. High seeding density improved cartilage tissue properties but resulted in a lower yield of disc formation. Discs and pellets exhibited compositional and organizational differences in vitro and in vivo. Prolonged chondrogenic induction of the discs in vitro expedited endochondral ossification in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of cartilage tissues formed from self-assembling MSCs in vitro and in vivo can be modulated by the control of culture parameters. These insights could motivate new directions for engineering cartilage and bone via a cartilage template from self-assembling MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yiyong Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia University, 345 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Aonnicha Burapachaisri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia University, 345 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Parreno J, Nabavi Niaki M, Andrejevic K, Jiang A, Wu PH, Kandel RA. Interplay between cytoskeletal polymerization and the chondrogenic phenotype in chondrocytes passaged in monolayer culture. J Anat 2016; 230:234-248. [PMID: 27807861 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin and actin exist as monomeric units that polymerize to form either microtubules or filamentous actin. As the polymerization status (monomeric/polymeric ratio) of tubulin and/or actin have been shown to be important in regulating gene expression and phenotype in non-chondrocyte cells, the objective of this study was to examine the role of cytoskeletal polymerization on the chondrocyte phenotype. We hypothesized that actin and/or tubulin polymerization status modulates the chondrocyte phenotype during monolayer culture as well as in 3D culture during redifferentiation. To test this hypothesis, articular chondrocytes were grown and passaged in 2D monolayer culture. Cell phenotype was investigated by assessing cell morphology (area and circularity), actin/tubulin content, organization and polymerization status, as well as by determination of proliferation, fibroblast and cartilage matrix gene expression with passage number. Bovine chondrocytes became larger, more elongated, and had significantly (P < 0.05) increased gene expression of proliferation-associated molecules (cyclin D1 and ki67), as well as significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cartilage matrix (type II collagen and aggrecan) and increased fibroblast-like matrix, type I collagen (COL1), gene expression by passage 2 (P2). Although tubulin polymerization status was not significantly (P > 0.05) modulated, actin polymerization was increased in bovine P2 cells. Actin depolymerization, but not tubulin depolymerization, promoted the chondrocyte phenotype by inducing cell rounding, increasing aggrecan and reducing COL1 expression. Knockdown of actin depolymerization factor, cofilin, in these cells induced further P2 cell actin polymerization and increased COL1 gene expression. To confirm that actin status regulated COL1 gene expression in human P2 chondrocytes, human P2 chondrocytes were exposed to cytochalasin D. Cytochalasin D decreased COL1 gene expression in human passaged chondrocytes. Furthermore, culture of bovine P2 chondrocytes in 3D culture on porous bone substitute resulted in actin depolymerization, which correlated with decreased expression of COL1 and proliferation molecules. In 3D cultures, aggrecan gene expression was increased by cytochalasin D treatment and COL1 was further decreased. These results reveal that actin polymerization status regulates chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Reorganization of the cytoskeleton by actin depolymerization appears to be an active regulatory mechanism for redifferentiation of passaged chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Parreno
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mortah Nabavi Niaki
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katarina Andrejevic
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Jiang
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Po-Han Wu
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Phosphorus from wastewater to crops: An alternative path involving microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:550-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Theodoropoulos JS, DeCroos AJN, Petrera M, Park S, Kandel RA. Mechanical stimulation enhances integration in an in vitro model of cartilage repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:2055-64. [PMID: 25173505 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To characterize the effects of mechanical stimulation on the integration of a tissue-engineered construct in terms of histology, biochemistry and biomechanical properties; (2) to identify whether cells of the implant or host tissue were critical to implant integration; and (3) to study cells believed to be involved in lateral integration of tissue-engineered cartilage to host cartilage. We hypothesized that mechanical stimulation would enhance the integration of the repair implant with host cartilage in an in vitro integration model. METHODS Articular cartilage was harvested from 6- to 9-month-old bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joints. Constructs composed of tissue-engineered cartilage implanted into host cartilage were placed in spinner bioreactors and maintained on a magnetic stir plate at either 0 (static control) or 90 (experimental) rotations per minute (RPM). The constructs from both the static and spinner bioreactors were harvested after either 2 or 4 weeks of culture and evaluated histologically, biochemically, biomechanically and for gene expression. RESULTS The extent and strength of integration between tissue-engineered cartilage and native cartilage improved significantly with both time and mechanical stimulation. Integration did not occur if the implant was not viable. The presence of stimulation led to a significant increase in collagen content in the integration zone between host and implant at 2 weeks. The gene profile of cells in the integration zone differs from host cartilage demonstrating an increase in the expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), aggrecan and type II collagen. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the integration of in vitro tissue-engineered implants with host tissue improves with mechanical stimulation. The findings of this study suggests that consideration should be given to implementing early loading (mechanical stimulation) into future in vivo studies investigating the long-term viability and integration of tissue-engineered cartilage for the treatment of cartilage injuries. This could simply be done through the use of continuous passive motion (CPM) in the post-operative period or through a more complex and structured rehabilitation program with a gradual increase in forces across the joint over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Theodoropoulos
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Room 476C, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Amritha J N DeCroos
- Bioengineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Massimo Petrera
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Room 476C, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Sam Park
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Room 476C, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Bioengineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Mechanical stimulation is an effective method to increase extracellular matrix synthesis and to improve the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. In this chapter, we describe valuable methods of imposing direct mechanical stimuli (compression or shear) to tissue-engineered cartilage constructs as well as some common analytical methods used to quantify the effects of mechanical stimuli after short-term or long-term loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna F Weber
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
- Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital and Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
- Kennan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Canada, M5B 1W8.
| | - Roman Perez
- Kennan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Canada, M5B 1W8.
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
- Kennan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Canada, M5B 1W8.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Kerr Hall South (KHS 241), 50 Gould Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5B 2K3.
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17
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Chiu LL, Bianco J, Giardini-Rosa R, Collavino K, Waldman SD. Direct and indirect co-culture of bone marrow stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells with chondrocytes in 3D scaffold-free culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-1218-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Lee WD, Hurtig MB, Pilliar RM, Stanford WL, Kandel RA. Engineering of hyaline cartilage with a calcified zone using bone marrow stromal cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1307-15. [PMID: 25891750 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In healthy joints, a zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) provides the mechanical integration between articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Recapitulation of this architectural feature should serve to resist the constant shear force from the movement of the joint and prevent the delamination of tissue-engineered cartilage. Previous approaches to create the ZCC at the cartilage-substrate interface have relied on strategic use of exogenous scaffolds and adhesives, which are susceptible to failure by degradation and wear. In contrast, we report a successful scaffold-free engineering of ZCC to integrate tissue-engineered cartilage and a porous biodegradable bone substitute, using sheep bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as the cell source for both cartilaginous zones. DESIGN BMSCs were predifferentiated to chondrocytes, harvested and then grown on a porous calcium polyphosphate substrate in the presence of triiodothyronine (T3). T3 was withdrawn, and additional predifferentiated chondrocytes were placed on top of the construct and grown for 21 days. RESULTS This protocol yielded two distinct zones: hyaline cartilage that accumulated proteoglycans and collagen type II, and calcified cartilage adjacent to the substrate that additionally accumulated mineral and collagen type X. Constructs with the calcified interface had comparable compressive strength to native sheep osteochondral tissue and higher interfacial shear strength compared to control without a calcified zone. CONCLUSION This protocol improves on the existing scaffold-free approaches to cartilage tissue engineering by incorporating a calcified zone. Since this protocol employs no xenogeneic material, it will be appropriate for use in preclinical large-animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - M B Hurtig
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 McGilvray Street, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R M Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - W L Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - R A Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Rosa R, Collavino K, Lakhani A, Delve E, Weber J, Rosenthal A, Waldman S. Clodronate exerts an anabolic effect on articular chondrocytes mediated through the purinergic receptor pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1327-36. [PMID: 25042551 PMCID: PMC5452978 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphosphonates are commonly used anti-osteoporotic drugs which have controversial effects on joint diseases including osteoarthritis. Certain bisphosphonates have been shown to have anabolic effects on cartilage which could have important ramifications for their proposed effects in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of clodronate on primary articular chondrocyte metabolism and to determine the underlying signaling pathways responsible. DESIGN The effects of clodronate and pamidronate on extracellular matrix (ECM) biosynthesis, accumulation and MMP-13 activity were observed in high density, 3D cultures of bovine articular chondrocytes for up to 4 weeks were evaluated. Mechanisms were delineated by measuring intracellular Ca(2+) signaling and the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of the purinergic receptor pathway. RESULTS Clodronate (100 μM) induced an anabolic effect (increased biosynthesis by 13-14%) which resulted in an 89-90% increase in ECM accumulation after 4 weeks of culture and without an associated effect on matrix turn-over. Stimulation by clodronate resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in Ca(2+) signaling and pharmacological inhibitor experiments suggested that the anabolic effects exerted by clodronate are transduced through the purinergic receptor pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the previous notion that certain bisphosphonates may be useful as adjunctive therapies to potentially ameliorate progression of cartilage degeneration and improve arthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Rosa
- Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Collavino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Lakhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Delve
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J.F. Weber
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A.K. Rosenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S.D. Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: S.D. Waldman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kerr Hall South, Room 241N, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3. Tel: 1-416-979-5000x4200; Fax: 1-416-979-5083.
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20
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Turner KG, Ahmed N, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Modulation of annulus fibrosus cell alignment and function on oriented nanofibrous polyurethane scaffolds under tension. Spine J 2014; 14:424-34. [PMID: 24291406 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Annulus fibrosus (AF), a component of the intervertebral disc (IVD), is always under tension in vivo, a condition that must be taken into consideration when tissue engineering an IVD. Loss of the tensile forces has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration characterized by mechanical and structural breakdown of the AF. PURPOSE In this study, we hypothesize that tensile forces modulate cellular and molecular behavior of AF cells grown on nanofibrous scaffolds in vitro. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Bovine AF cells were seeded onto strained electrospun-aligned nanofibrous polycarbonate urethane (PU) scaffolds. Tension was either maintained throughout the culture duration (monotonic) or removed after 24 hours (relaxed). METHODS The effect of tension on AF cells cultured on PU scaffolds was evaluated over 7 days by scanning electron microscopy, biochemical assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cells grown on the relaxed scaffold were significantly more proliferative, synthesized more collagen and had increased collagen type I and TGFβ-1 gene expression; however these cells were not as aligned as were the cells and matrix on monotonic strained scaffolds. The alignment of AF cells grown on monotonic scaffolds correlated with significantly greater scaffold elastic modulus on day 7. Additionally, the cellular response to the change in strain was delayed by 3 to 5 days after tension release, which correlated with the time at which changes in scaffold length were detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that AF cells respond at the molecular and cellular level to the changes in matrix/scaffold tension. This suggests that it may be necessary to determine the optimal elastic modulus and applied tensile forces to tissue engineer an AF that mimics the native tissue. Furthermore, this study provides insight into how changes in tensile forces may lead to changes in the AF cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Turner
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9; CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Nazish Ahmed
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9; CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
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21
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Petrera M, De Croos JNA, Iu J, Hurtig M, Kandel RA, Theodoropoulos JS. Supplementation with platelet-rich plasma improves the in vitro formation of tissue-engineered cartilage with enhanced mechanical properties. Arthroscopy 2013; 29:1685-92. [PMID: 24075614 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the histologic, biochemical, and biomechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. METHODS Chondrocytes isolated from bovine metacarpal-phalangeal articular cartilage were seeded on top of a porous ceramic substrate (calcium polyphosphate [CPP]). Cultures were supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), PRP, or platelet-poor plasma (PPP) at 5%. On day 5, the concentration was increased to 20%. PRP and PPP were obtained through centrifugation of whole blood withdrawn from a mature cow. After 2 weeks, samples (n = 8) were analyzed histologically, biochemically, and biomechanically. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test (significance, P < .05). RESULTS Chondrocytes cultured in 20% PRP formed thicker cartilage tissue (1.6 ± 0.2 mm) than did cells grown in 20% FBS (0.7 ± 0.008 mm; P = .002) and 20% PPP (0.8 ± 0.2 mm; P = .03). Cartilage tissue generated in the presence of 20% PRP had a greater equilibrium modulus of 38.1 ± 3.6 kPa versus 15.6 ± 1.5 kPa (P = .0002) for 20% PPP and 20.4 ± 3.5 kPa (P = .007) for 20% FBS. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was increased in tissues formed in 20% PRP (176 ± 18.8 μg GAG/mg) compared with those grown in 20% FBS (112 ± 10.6 μg GAG/mg; P = .01) or 20% PPP (131.5 ± 14.8 μg GAG/mg; P = .11). Hydroxyproline content was similar whether the media was supplemented with 20% PRP (8.7 ± 0.9 μg/mg), 20% FBS (7.6 ± 0.9 μg/mg; P = .37), or 20% PPP (6.4 ± 1 μg/mg; P = .28). DNA content was similar in all tissues whether formed in 20% PRP (11.9 ± 3.5 μg/mg), 20% FBS (9.3 ± 2.5 μg/mg; P = .99), or 20% PPP (7.2 ± 1.3 μg/mg; P = .78). Immunostained samples showed prevalence of type II collagen in tissues formed in the presence of 20% PRP. CONCLUSIONS The presence of PRP in the culture media enhances the in vitro formation of cartilage, with increased GAG content and greater compressive mechanical properties, while maintaining characteristics of hyaline phenotype. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the in vitro effects of PRP on tissue-engineered cartilage may lead to the creation of engineered cartilage tissue with enhanced properties suitable for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Petrera
- University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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22
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Elder S, Gottipati A, Zelenka H, Bumgardner J. Attachment, proliferation, and chondroinduction of mesenchymal stem cells on porous chitosan-calcium phosphate scaffolds. Open Orthop J 2013; 7:275-81. [PMID: 23986794 PMCID: PMC3751037 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001307010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic osteochondral lesions occur frequently, but relatively few treatment options are currently available. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into a new tissue engineering approach to osteochondral regeneration. The concept is a biphasic construct consisting of a porous, osteoconductive chitosan-calcium phosphate scaffold supporting a layer of neocartilage formed by marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Two experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility of this approach. The first experiment characterized the attachment efficiency and proliferation of primary human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded relatively sparely onto the scaffold's surface. The second experiment compared two different methods of creating a biphasic construct using a much higher density of primary porcine marrow stromal cells. About 40% of the sparsely seeded human cells attached and proliferated rapidly. Constructs formed by one of the two experimental techniques exhibited a layer of cartilaginous tissue which only partially covered the scaffold's surface due to inadequate adhesion between the cells and the scaffold. This study demonstrates some potential for the approach to yield an implantable biphasic construct, but further development is required to improve cell-scaffold adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Elder
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Anuhya Gottipati
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Hilary Zelenka
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Joel Bumgardner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Shanjani Y, Hu Y, Toyserkani E, Grynpas M, Kandel RA, Pilliar RM. Solid freeform fabrication of porous calcium polyphosphate structures for bone substitute applications:In vivostudies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:972-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hoenig E, Leicht U, Winkler T, Mielke G, Beck K, Peters F, Schilling AF, Morlock MM. Mechanical properties of native and tissue-engineered cartilage depend on carrier permeability: a bioreactor study. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1534-42. [PMID: 23387321 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of osteochondral constructs-tissue-engineered (TE) cartilage on a bone substitute carrier-is a promising method to treat defects in articular cartilage. Currently, however, the TE cartilage's mechanical properties are clearly inferior to those of native cartilage. Their improvement has been the subject of various studies, mainly focusing on growth factors and physical loading during cultivation. With the approach of osteochondral constructs another aspect arises: the permeability of the carrier materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether and how the permeability of the subchondral bone influences the properties of native cartilage and whether the bone substitute carrier's permeability influences the TE cartilage of osteochondral constructs accordingly. Consequently, the influence of the subchondral bone's permeability on native cartilage was determined: Native porcine cartilage-bone cylinders were cultivated for 2 weeks in a bioreactor under mechanical loading with and without restricted permeability of the bone. For the TE cartilage these two permeability conditions were investigated using permeable and impermeable tricalciumphosphate carriers under equivalent cultivation conditions. All specimens were evaluated mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. The restriction of the bone's permeability significantly decreased the Young's modulus of native cartilage in vitro. No biochemical differences were found. This finding was confirmed for TE cartilage: While the biochemical parameters were not affected, a permeable carrier improved the cell morphology and mechanical properties in comparison to an impermeable one. In conclusion, the carrier permeability was identified as a determining factor for the mechanical properties of TE cartilage of osteochondral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hoenig
- Biomechanics Section, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
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Pourmohammadali H, Chandrashekar N, Medley JB. Hydromechanical stimulator for chondrocyte-seeded constructs in articular cartilage tissue engineering applications. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012; 227:310-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411912468638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation is a key technique used for controlling the mechanical properties of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs proposed for defect repair. The present study introduces a new technical method and device for ‘hydromechanical’ stimulation of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs. The stimulation consists of simultaneous cyclic compression, frictional shear from a sliding indenter contact and direct pressurized fluid perfusion. Each of these modes of mechanical loading has been shown by other research groups to effectively stimulate tissue engineered constructs. A device for applying these conditions was designed, developed and tested. Two sets (high and low perfusion flow rates) of three experiments were performed, each with two samples subjected to hydromechanical stimulation conditions (compression and friction forces along with perfusion). Two other samples from each set were subjected to just compression and dynamic frictional shear forces, and two more were used as controls (not stimulated). The average amount of glycosaminoglycan retained in the constructs after 3 weeks ranked from low to high as follows: controls, hydromechanical conditions with the low-flow rate, hydromechanical conditions with the high-flow rate and just compression plus dynamic frictional shear. Statistically significant differences were not detected. However, future studies would focus on glycosaminoglycan production in the superficial zone, measuring the glycosaminoglycan released to the nutrient media, and address altering the hydromechanical stimulation parameters using the results of the present study as guidance, in attempts to achieve statistically significant increases in glycosaminoglycan production compared with the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeyra Pourmohammadali
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Naveen Chandrashekar
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - John B Medley
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Zhao Y, Waldman SD, Flynn LE. Multilineage co-culture of adipose-derived stem cells for tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:826-37. [PMID: 23135884 DOI: 10.1002/term.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell interactions through paracrine cell signalling can regulate a range of cell responses, including metabolic activity, proliferation and differentiation. Moving towards the development of optimized tissue-engineering strategies with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), the focus of this study was on developing indirect co-culture models to study the effects of mature adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts on bovine ASC multilineage differentiation. For each lineage, ASC differentiation was characterized by histology, gene expression and protein expression, in the absence of key inductive differentiation factors for the ASCs. Co-culture with each of the mature cell populations was shown to successfully induce or enhance lineage-specific differentiation of the ASCs. In general, a more homogeneous but lower-level differentiation response was observed in co-culture as compared to stimulating the bovine ASCs with inductive differentiation media. To explore the role of the Wnt canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways within the model systems, the effects of the Wnt inhibitors WIF-1 and DKK-1 on multilineage differentiation in co-culture were assessed. The data indicated that Wnt signalling may play a role in mediating ASC differentiation in co-culture with the mature cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren E Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Usprech J, Chu G, Giardini-Rosa R, Martin K, Waldman SD. The Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Cartilage 2012; 3:364-73. [PMID: 26069646 PMCID: PMC4297147 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512444723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While mechanical stimuli can be used to enhance the properties of engineered cartilage, a promising alternative may be to directly harness the underlying mechanotransduction pathways responsible. Our initial studies on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-purinergic receptor pathway demonstrated that stimulation by exogenous ATP improved tissue growth and properties but elicited matrix turnover under high doses (250 µM) potentially due to the accumulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of ATP-mediated catabolism and determine a therapeutic dose to maximize the anabolic effect. DESIGN Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high-density, 3-dimensional culture supplemented with varying doses of ATP for 4 weeks. The effects on biosynthesis, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) protein activity, and PPi accumulation were determined. Separate monolayer experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ePPi on MMP-13 activity. RESULTS High doses of ATP resulted in an increase in ePPi accumulation (by 54%) and MMP-13 activity (by 39%). Monolayer experiments confirmed a link between increased ePPi accumulation and MMP-13 activity, which appeared to require calcium and was inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Cultures supplemented with 62.5 to 125 µM ATP favored an anabolic response, which represented the therapeutic dose range. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic dose range of exogenous ATP to improve the properties of engineered cartilage has been identified, and a possible catabolic mechanism involving excess PPi was determined. Future research into PPi signal transduction and pathological crystal formation is necessary to maximize the beneficial effect of exogenous ATP on chondrocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Usprech
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Martin
- Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Waldman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Seifzadeh A, Oguamanam DCD, Papini M. Evaluation of the constitutive properties of native, tissue engineered, and degenerated articular cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2012; 27:852-8. [PMID: 22578740 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional models to evaluate degenerated cartilage do not consider nonlinear permeability and proteoglycan viscous effects. Some models also utilize spring elements to represent the viscous effects of the fibers, thus application tothe modeling of nonuniform deformations such as those that occur in indentation tests. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in the mechanical behavior of tissue engineered and degraded cartilage while addressing these shortcomings and limitations. METHODS An inverse finite element method was used to determine the material properties of native and tissue engineered cartilage from indentation test data. The engineered cartilage was evaluated 3 and 9 months after implantation into osteochondral defects in the trochlear groove of sheep stifles. The strain rate dependent responses of the engineered and native cartilage in unconfined compression were also determined for strain rates ranging from 0 to 20% s(-1). The material properties of bovine cartilage before and after proteoglycan depletion and collagen degradation were also compared using unconfined compression test data from the literature. FINDINGS For a given strain, the stiffness of the engineered cartilage was approximately one tenth of that of the native cartilage both at 3 and 9 months. The model appeared to be able to predict the equilibrium and transient mechanical function of degenerated cartilage, and discerned the proteoglycan loss from collagen degradation. INTERPRETATION The model can be used for high strain and dynamic analysis of cartilage, and may in the future allow the determination of the load bearing capability of engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seifzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B2K3
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29
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Willett TL, Kandel R, De Croos JNA, Avery NC, Grynpas MD. Enhanced levels of non-enzymatic glycation and pentosidine crosslinking in spontaneous osteoarthritis progression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:736-44. [PMID: 22469851 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that heightened advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) content in cartilage accelerates the progression of spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) in the Hartley guinea pig (HGP) model. METHODS Twenty-eight male, 3-month-old HGPs were used. Eight were left untreated as a baseline control group and sacrificed at 3 months of age (n = 4) and 9 months of age (n = 4; age-matched controls). The other 20 HGPs received intra-articular knee injections in the right knee whereas the left knees acted as contra-lateral non-injected controls. Injections consisted of 100 μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS; n = 10) or PBS+2.0 M D-(-)-Ribose (n = 10). Injections were given once weekly for 24 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the tibiae were fixed with formalin, scanned with microCT for sub-chondral bone mineral density, and then histological slides were prepared, stained with Safranin-O with Fast Green counter stain and scored using the OARSI-HISTOgp scheme. Cartilage pentosidine (established biomarker for AGEs) content, collagen content (% dry mass), glucosaminoglycan GAG-to-collagen ratio (μg/μg), GAG-to-DNA ratio and DNA-to-collagen ratio were measured. RESULTS Pentosidine content increased greatly due to PBS + Ribose injection (P < 0.0001) and reached levels found in cartilage from 80-year-old humans. Surprisingly, mean OARSI-HISTOgp scores for both the injected and contra-lateral controls in the PBS + Ribose group were not detectably different, nor were they different from the mean score for the age-matched control group. CONCLUSION AGEs accumulation due to intra-articular ribose-containing injections in the HGP model of spontaneous knee OA did not enhance disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Willett
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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St-Pierre JP, Wang Q, Li SQ, Pilliar RM, Kandel RA. Inorganic polyphosphate stimulates cartilage tissue formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1282-92. [PMID: 22429075 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical utilization of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs has been limited by their inferior mechanical properties compared to native articular cartilage. A number of strategies have been investigated to increase the accumulation of major extracellular matrix components within in vitro-formed cartilage, including the administration of growth factors and mechanical stimulation. In this study, the anabolic effect of inorganic polyphosphates, a linear polymer of orthophosphate residues linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, was demonstrated in both chondrocyte cultures and native articular cartilage cultured ex vivo. Compared to untreated controls, polyphosphate treatment of three-dimensional primary chondrocyte cultures induced increased glycosaminoglycan and collagen accumulation in a concentration- and chain length-dependent manner. This effect was transient, because chondrocytes express exopolyphosphatases that hydrolyze polyphosphate. The anabolic effect of polyphosphates was accompanied by a lower rate of DNA increase within the chondrocyte cultures treated with inorganic polyphosphate. Inorganic polyphosphate enhances cartilage matrix accumulation and is a promising approach to improve the quality of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- CIHR BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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St-Pierre JP, Gan L, Wang J, Pilliar RM, Grynpas MD, Kandel RA. The incorporation of a zone of calcified cartilage improves the interfacial shear strength between in vitro-formed cartilage and the underlying substrate. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1603-15. [PMID: 22222151 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for cartilage tissue engineering remains the proper integration of constructs with surrounding tissues in the joint. Biphasic osteochondral constructs that can be anchored in a joint through bone ingrowth partially address this requirement. In this study, a methodology was devised to generate a cell-mediated zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) between the in vitro-formed cartilage and a porous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) bone substitute in an attempt to improve the mechanical integrity of that interface. To do so, a calcium phosphate (CaP) film was deposited on CPP by a sol-gel process to prevent the accumulation of polyphosphates and associated inhibition of mineralization as the substrate degrades. Cartilage formed in vitro on the top surface of CaP-coated CPP by deep-zone chondrocytes was histologically and biochemically comparable to that formed on uncoated CPP. Furthermore, the mineral in the ZCC was similar in crystal structure, morphology and length to that formed on uncoated CPP and native articular cartilage. The generation of a ZCC at the cartilage-CPP interface led to a 3.3-fold increase in the interfacial shear strength of biphasic constructs. Improved interfacial strength of these constructs may be critical to their clinical success for the repair of large cartilage defects.
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Xie H, Wang Q, Ye Q, Wan C, Li L. Application of K/Sr co-doped calcium polyphosphate bioceramic as scaffolds for bone substitutes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1033-44. [PMID: 22311075 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion doping is one of the most important methods to modify the properties of bioceramics for better biodegrade abilities, biomechanical properties, and biocompatibilities. This paper presents a novel ion doping method applied in calcium polyphosphate (CPP)-based bioceramic scaffolds substituted by potassium and strontium ions (K/Sr) to form (K/Sr-CPP) scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. The microstructure and crystallization of the scaffolds were detected by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Compressive strength and degradation tests were assessed to evaluate the mechanical and chemical stabilities of K/Sr-CPP in vitro. The cell biocompatibility was measured with respect to the cytotoxicity of the extractions of scaffolds. Muscle pouches and bone implantation were performed to evaluate the biodegradability and osteoconductivity of the scaffolds. The results indicated that the obtained K/Sr-CPP scaffolds had a single beta-CPP phase. The unit cell volume and average grain size increased but the crystallization decreased after the ions were doped into the CPP structure. The K/Sr-CPP scaffolds yielded a higher compressive strength and a better degradation property than the pure CPP scaffold. The MTT assay and in vivo results reveal that the K/Sr-CPP scaffolds exhibited a better cell biocompatibility and a tissue biocompatibility than CPP and hydroxyapatite scaffolds. This study proves the potential applications of K/Sr-CPP scaffolds in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Pereira DR, Silva-Correia J, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Hydrogels in acellular and cellular strategies for intervertebral disc regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:85-98. [PMID: 22072398 DOI: 10.1002/term.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is an extremely common illness syndrome that causes patient suffering and disability and requires urgent solutions to improve the quality of life of these patients. Treatment options aimed to regenerate the intervertebral disc (IVD) are still under development. The cellular complexity of IVD, and consequently its fine regulatory system, makes it a challenge to the scientific community. Biomaterials-based therapies are the most interesting solutions to date, whereby tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE&RM) strategies are included. By using such strategies, i.e., combining biomaterials, cells, and biomolecules, the ultimate goal of reaching a complete integration between native and neo-tissue can be achieved. Hydrogels are promising materials for restoring IVD, mainly nucleus pulposus (NP). This study presents an overview of the use of hydrogels in acellular and cellular strategies for intervertebral disc regeneration. To better understand IVD and its functioning, this study will focus on several aspects: anatomy, pathophysiology, cellular and biomolecular performance, intrinsic healing processes, and current therapies. In addition, the application of hydrogels as NP substitutes will be addressed due to their similarities to NP mechanical properties and extracellular matrix. These hydrogels can be used in cellular strategies when combined with cells from different sources, or in acellular strategies by performing the functionalization of the hydrogels with biomolecules. In addition, a brief summary of therapies based on simple injection for primary biological repair will be examined. Finally, special emphasis will focus on reviewing original studies reporting on the use of autologous cells and biomolecules such as platelet-rich plasma and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Pereira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Univ. Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, S. Cláudio de Barco, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Theodoropoulos JS, De Croos JNA, Park SS, Pilliar R, Kandel RA. Integration of tissue-engineered cartilage with host cartilage: an in vitro model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469:2785-95. [PMID: 21403985 PMCID: PMC3171526 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-1856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed a tissue-engineered biphasic cartilage bone substitute construct which has been shown to integrate with host cartilage and differs from autologous osteochondral transfer in which integration with host cartilage does not occur. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Develop a reproducible in vitro model to study the mechanisms regulating tissue-engineered cartilage integration with host cartilage, (2) compare the integrative properties of tissue-engineered cartilage with autologous cartilage and (3) determine if chondrocytes from the in-vitro formed cartilage migrate across the integration site. METHODS A biphasic construct was placed into host bovine osteochondral explant and cultured for up to 8 weeks (n = 6 at each time point). Autologous osteochondral implants served as controls (n = 6 at each time point). Integration was evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally, biochemically and biomechanically. Chondrocytes used to form cartilage in vitro were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate which allowed evaluation of cell migration into host cartilage. RESULTS Histologic assessment demonstrated that tissue-engineered cartilage integrated over time, unlike autologous osteochondral implant controls. Biochemically there was an increase in collagen content of the tissue-engineered implant over time but was well below that for native cartilage. Integration strength increased between 4 and 8 weeks as determined by a pushout test. Fluorescent cells were detected in the host cartilage up to 1.5 mm from the interface demonstrating chondrocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS Tissue-engineered cartilage demonstrated improved integration over time in contrast to autologous osteochondral implants. Integration extent and strength increased with culture duration. There was chondrocyte migration from tissue-engineered cartilage to host cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This in vitro integration model will allow study of the mechanism(s) regulating cartilage integration. Understanding this process will facilitate enhancement of cartilage repair strategies for the treatment of chondral injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Theodoropoulos
- Orthopedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Suite 476C, Toronto, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - J. N. Amritha De Croos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sam S. Park
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Suite 476C, Toronto, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Robert Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rita A. Kandel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada ,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Leung VYL, Tam V, Chan D, Chan BP, Cheung KMC. Tissue engineering for intervertebral disk degeneration. Orthop Clin North Am 2011; 42:575-83, ix. [PMID: 21944593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many challenges confront intervertebral disk engineering owing to complexity and the presence of extraordinary stresses. Rebuilding a disk of native function could be useful for removal of the symptoms and correction of altered spine kinematics. Improvement in understanding of disk properties and techniques for disk engineering brings promise to the fabrication of a functional motion segment for the treatment of disk degeneration. Increasing sophistication of techniques available in biomedical sciences will bring its application into clinics. This review provides an account of current progress and challenges of intervertebral disk bioengineering and discusses means to move forward and toward bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Y L Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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36
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Zhao Y, Waldman SD, Flynn LE. The effect of serial passaging on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine adipose-derived stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:414-27. [PMID: 21893933 DOI: 10.1159/000329254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent an excellent cell source for the development of regenerative therapies for a broad variety of tissue disorders. Commonly, in vitro expansion is necessary to obtain sufficient cell populations for research purposes and clinical applications. Although it has been demonstrated that human ASCs can maintain their adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic potential in long-term culture (up to 15 passages), it is not guaranteed that a satisfactory level of differentiation is achievable in later passages. In this study, we investigated the self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity of bovine ASCs, isolated from the interdigital fat pad, and explored how serial passaging influences the cells. A proliferation study examined the changes in growth kinetics from passage 1 to 5, and multilineage (adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis) differentiation studies were conducted to compare the potential between passage 2 (P2) and passage 5 (P5). From the proliferation study, a statistically significant change in the doubling time did not appear until P5. In the differentiation study, both P2 and P5 ASCs could be stimulated to undergo multilineage differentiation under specific culturing conditions. However, adipogenic and chondrogenic cultures showed significantly lower levels of differentiation in the P5-induced cultures. In contrast, P5-induced osteogenic cultures had higher alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity than P2-induced cultures, suggesting an increase in the osteogenic response with serial passaging. Overall, bovine ASCs are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation; however, long-term in vitro expansion has a negative effect on adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, while potentially favoring osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada
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Lee WD, Hurtig MB, Kandel RA, Stanford WL. Membrane Culture of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Yields Better Tissue Than Pellet Culture for Engineering Cartilage-Bone Substitute Biphasic Constructs in a Two-Step Process. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:939-48. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Whitaik David Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark B. Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita A. Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Niyama K, Ide N, Onoue K, Okabe T, Wakitani S, Takagi M. Construction of osteochondral-like tissue graft combining β-tricalcium phosphate block and scaffold-free centrifuged chondrocyte cell sheet. J Orthop Sci 2011; 16:613-21. [PMID: 21713422 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-011-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of a β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) block with a scaffold-free chondrocyte sheet formed by the centrifugation of chondrocytes in a well was investigated with the aim of constructing an osteochondral-like structure. METHODS Human and porcine articular cartilage chondrocytes were respectively centrifuged in a 96-well plate or cell culture insert (0.32 cm(2)) that was set in a 24-well plate, cultivated in the respective vessel for 3 weeks, and the cell sheets were harvested. In some cases, a cylindrical βTCP block (diameter 5 mm, height 3 mm) was placed on the sheet on days 1-7. The sheet size, cell number, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulation were determined. RESULTS The use of a 96-well plate for not suspension but adhesion culture and the initial centrifugation of a well containing cells were crucial to obtaining a uniformly thick cell sheet. The glycosaminoglycan density of the harvested cell sheet was comparable to that of the pellet culture. An inoculum cell number of more than 31 × 10(5) cells tended to result in a curved cell sheet. Culture involving 18.6 × 10(5) cells and the 96-well plate for adhesion culture showed no curving of the cell sheet (thickness of 0.85 mm), and these were found to be the best of the culture conditions tested. The timing of the addition of a βTCP block to the cell sheet (1-7 days) markedly affected the balance between the thickness of cell sheet parts on and in the βTCP block. CONCLUSION Centrifugation and subsequent cultivation of chondrocytes (18.6 × 10(5) cells) in a 96-well plate for adhesion culture led to the production of a scaffold-free cartilage-like cell sheet with a thickness of 0.85 mm. A combined osteochondral-like structure was produced by putting a βTCP block on the cell sheet. The thickness of the cell sheet on the βTCP block and the binding strength between the cell sheet and the βTCP block could be optimized by adjusting the inoculum cell number and timing of βTCP block addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Niyama
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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Kraft JJ, Jeong C, Novotny JE, Seacrist T, Chan G, Domzalski M, Turka CM, Richardson DW, Dodge GR. Effects of Hydrostatic Loading on a Self-Aggregating, Suspension Culture-Derived Cartilage Tissue Analog. Cartilage 2011; 2:254-64. [PMID: 26069584 PMCID: PMC4300810 DOI: 10.1177/1947603510383686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many approaches are being taken to generate cartilage replacement materials. The goal of this study was to use a self-aggregating suspension culture model of chondrocytes with mechanical preconditioning. DESIGN Our model differs from others in that it is based on a scaffold-less, self-aggregating culture model that produces a cartilage tissue analog that has been shown to share many similarities with the natural cartilage phenotype. Owing to the known loaded environment under which chondrocytes function in vivo, we hypothesized that applying force to the suspension culture-derived chondrocyte biomass would improve its cartilage-like characteristics and provide a new model for engineering cartilage tissue analogs. RESULTS In this study, we used a specialized hydrostatic pressure bioreactor system to apply mechanical forces during the growth phase to improve biochemical and biophysical properties of the biomaterial formed. We demonstrated that using this high-density suspension culture, a biomaterial more consistent with the hyaline cartilage phenotype was produced without any foreign material added. Unpassaged chondrocytes responded to a physiologically relevant hydrostatic load by significantly increasing gene expression of critical cartilage molecule collagen and aggrecan along with other cartilage relevant genes, CD44, perlecan, decorin, COMP, and iNOS. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a self-aggregating bioreactor model without foreign material or scaffold in which chondrocytes form a cartilage tissue analog with many features similar to native cartilage. This study represents a promising scaffold-less, methodological advancement in cartilage tissue engineering with potential translational applications to cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Kraft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Changhoon Jeong
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - John E. Novotny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Thomas Seacrist
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Gilbert Chan
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Marcin Domzalski
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Christina M. Turka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Dean W. Richardson
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA,George R. Dodge, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081 or
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Hoenig E, Winkler T, Mielke G, Paetzold H, Schuettler D, Goepfert C, Machens HG, Morlock MM, Schilling AF. High amplitude direct compressive strain enhances mechanical properties of scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1401-11. [PMID: 21247246 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult cartilage has a limited healing capacity. Damages resulting from disease or injury increase over time and cause severe pain. One approach to reinstate the cartilage function is tissue engineering (TE). However, the generation of TE cartilage is time consuming and expensive and its properties are so far suboptimal. As in vivo cartilage is subject to loading, it is assumed that mechanical stimulation may enhance the quality of TE cartilage. In this study the short-term influence of variable compressive strain amplitudes on mechanical and biochemical properties of scaffold-free TE cartilage was investigated. Primary porcine chondrocytes were isolated, proliferated, redifferentiated, and transferred onto hydroxyapatite carriers, resulting in scaffold-free cartilage-carrier constructs. These constructs were placed in a custom-made bioreactor. Compression amplitudes of 5%, 10%, and 20% were applied. In each experiment four constructs were loaded with dynamic compression (3000 cycles/day, 1 Hz) for 14 days and four constructs served as unloaded control. The cartilage was evaluated biochemically, histological, and mechanically. No difference in glycosaminoglycan or collagen content between the loaded and the control groups was found. However, a positive correlation between compression amplitude and normalized Young's modulus was detected (R(2)=0.59, p<0.001). The highest compression amplitude of 20% had the strongest positive effect on the mechanical properties of the TE cartilage (Young's modulus increase of 241±28% compared to unloaded control). The data presented suggest that preconditioning with higher load amplitudes might be an attractive way of generating stiffer tissue and may help accelerating the cultivation of mechanically competent TE cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hoenig
- Biomechanics Section, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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McGregor AJ, Amsden BG, Waldman SD. Chondrocyte repopulation of the zone of death induced by osteochondral harvest. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:242-8. [PMID: 21112408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Harvesting osteochondral grafts results in a zone of chondrocyte death (ZCD) in and around the periphery of the graft, creating a barrier for chondrocytes to migrate to the graft periphery, thus limiting cartilage-to-cartilage healing. The purpose of this study was to repopulate the induced ZCD through the combined effects of collagenase treatment and delivery of a chemotactic agent. DESIGN In bovine cartilage, the ZCD induced by the OATS™ osteochondral harvesting system was determined, followed by a corresponding collagenase treatment to penetrate the developed ZCD. The chemotactic potential of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-bb), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (2.5-100 ng/mL) was then assessed using a modified Boyden chamber assay to select an appropriate agent to induce chondrocyte migration. Afterwards, the combined effects of collagenase treatment and chondrocyte chemotaxis on the repopulation of an induced ZCD were examined in cartilage explants over a 4-week-period. RESULTS The OATS™ osteochondral harvesting system induced a significant ZCD (173 μm, 95% CI: [72-274 μm]) in the grafts. Chondrocyte chemotaxis was induced by all agents investigated at concentrations greater than 25 ng/mL. After 4 weeks in culture, collagenase treatment alone reduced the ZCD by approximately 40% relative to untreated explants. Coupling the collagenase treatment with 25 ng/mL IGF-I reduced the ZCD by approximately 80% relative to untreated explants, and 65% relative to explants treated only with collagenase. CONCLUSION Treating cartilage explants with collagenase and 25 ng/mL IGF-I resulted in a decreased ZCD after a 4-week-period, and increased chondrocyte density within the induced ZCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McGregor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Tran SC, Cooley AJ, Elder SH. Effect of a mechanical stimulation bioreactor on tissue engineered, scaffold-free cartilage. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1421-9. [PMID: 21274847 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Achieving sufficient functional properties prior to implantation remains a significant challenge for the development of tissue engineered cartilage. Many studies have shown chondrocytes respond well to various mechanical stimuli, resulting in the development of bioreactors capable of transmitting forces to articular cartilage in vitro. In this study, we describe the production of sizeable, tissue engineered cartilage using a novel scaffold-free approach, and determine the effect of perfusion and mechanical stimulation from a C9-x Cartigen bioreactor on the properties of the tissue engineered cartilage. We created sizable tissue engineered cartilage from porcine chondrocytes using a scaffold-free approach by centrifuging a high-density chondrocyte cell-suspension onto an agarose layer in a 50 mL tube. The gross and histological appearances, biochemical content, and mechanical properties of constructs cultured in the bioreactor for 4 weeks were compared to constructs cultured statically. Mechanical properties were determined from unconfined uniaxial compression tests. Constructs cultured in the bioreactor exhibited an increase in total GAG content, equilibrium compressive modulus, and dynamic modulus versus static constructs. Our study demonstrates the C9-x CartiGen bioreactor is able to enhance the biomechanical and biochemical properties of scaffold-free tissue engineered cartilage; however, no additional enhancement was seen between loaded and perfused groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Tran
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Siggers K, Frei H, Fernlund G, Rossi F. Effect of bone graft substitute on marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:877-85. [PMID: 20336765 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are ideally suited for tissue engineered bone grafts since they have the potential to regenerate bone, but may also maintain the homeostasis of the repaired tissue through their ability for self-renewal. An ideal bone graft substitute should support MSC self-renewal as well as differentiation to ensure complete bone defect regeneration and maintenance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of different substrate materials on MSC expansion and differentiation. Calcium polyphosphate (CPP), bone and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) were seeded with rat MSCs and maintained in culture conditions that promote cell expansion. At 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days cell numbers were determined by measuring their metabolic activity using a MTT assay and the frequency of cycling cells by 24 hr BrdU incorporation. Osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic marker expression in these cultures was measured by qRT-PCR. An initial drop in cell numbers was observed on all substrates. CPP and bone, but not HA/TCP supported an increase in proliferating cells at day 14 and 21. In addition, no upregulation of mature bone markers was observed in cells cultured on CPP and bone, which suggests that these substrates support the expansion of undifferentiated MSCs. In contrast, cell numbers on HA/TCP decreased with time and only rare BrdU positive cells were observed. This decrease in proliferation correlated with the down regulation of osteogenic progenitor markers and the substantial increase in mature osteocyte markers, indicating that HA/TCP favors MSC differentiation and maturation along the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Siggers
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Gortzak Y, Kandel R, Deheshi B, Werier J, Turcotte RE, Ferguson PC, Wunder JS. The efficacy of chemical adjuvants on giant-cell tumour of bone. An in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 92:1475-9. [PMID: 21089702 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b10.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Various chemicals are commonly used as adjuvant treatment to surgery for giant-cell tumour (GCT) of bone. The comparative effect of these solutions on the cells of GCT is not known. In this study we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of sterile water, 95% ethanol, 5% phenol, 3% hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and 50% zinc chloride (ZnCI(2)) on GCT monolayer tumour cultures which were established from six patients. The DNA content, the metabolic activity and the viability of the cultured samples of tumour cells were assessed at various times up to 120 hours after their exposure to these solutions. Equal cytotoxicity to the GCT monolayer culture was observed for 95% ethanol, 5% phenol, 3% H(2)O(2) and 50% ZnCI(2). The treated samples showed significant reductions in DNA content and metabolic activity 24 hours after treatment and this was sustained for up to 120 hours. The samples treated with sterile water showed an initial decline in DNA content and viability 24 hours after treatment, but the surviving cells were viable and had proliferated. No multinucleated cell formation was seen in these cultures. These results suggest that the use of chemical adjuvants other than water could help improve local control in the treatment of GCT of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gortzak
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Spiteri C, Raizman I, Pilliar RM, Kandel RA. Matrix accumulation by articular chondrocytes during mechanical stimulation is influenced by integrin-mediated cell spreading. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:122-9. [PMID: 20128012 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that cyclic compression of newly forming bioengineered cartilage in vitro results in improved tissue formation via changes in expression of matrix metalloproteases, such as, MT1-MMP (membrane type metalloprotease), and increased synthesis of matrix molecules. Several studies have suggested an association between MT1-MMP and integrins, which are known to influence cell shape. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of compressive mechanical stimulation on cell shape and the role of integrins and MT1-MMP in mediating these changes and influencing matrix accumulation. Bovine articular chondrocytes were grown on the surface of a porous ceramic substrate for 72 h and then cyclically compressed for 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy and morphometric analysis demonstrated that compression induced a rapid, transient increase in chondrocyte spreading by 10 min, followed by a retraction to prestimulated size within 6 h. This was associated with increased accumulation of newly synthesized proteoglycans, as determined by quantification of radioisotope incorporation. Blocking the alpha5beta1 integrin, or its beta1 subunit, inhibited cell spreading and resulted in a partial inhibition of compression-induced increase in matrix accumulation. Knockdown of MT1-MMP expression partially inhibited cell retraction and resulted in a reduced matrix accumulation as well. These results suggest that chondrocyte spreading and retraction following cyclic compression in vitro regulates matrix accumulation. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate chondrocyte mechanotransduction may ultimately lead to the design of improved repair tissue for cartilage damage. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Spiteri
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissue Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5
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St-Pierre JP, Pilliar RM, Grynpas MD, Kandel RA. Calcification of cartilage formed in vitro on calcium polyphosphate bone substitutes is regulated by inorganic polyphosphate. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3302-9. [PMID: 20188870 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to the successful clinical application of bioengineered cartilage remains its integration to surrounding tissues upon implantation. One way to address this consists of generating biphasic constructs composed of articular cartilage formed in vitro on the top surface and integrated with the porous sub-surface of a bone substitute material - in the case of this study, calcium polyphosphate (CPP). To improve the mechanical integrity of the cartilage-bone substitute interface, attempts have been made to generate a zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) within the CPP-cartilage interface, thereby mimicking the native joint architecture. The purpose of this work was to establish the effects of the degradation products of CPP on cartilage calcification in order to explain the observed positioning of a ZCC away from the interface junction. It was determined that polyphosphate released from the CPP accumulates within in vitro-grown cartilage and inhibits cartilage calcification in a concentration and chain length (i.e. molecular weight) dependent manner. It was found that this effect is transient as chondrocytes express exopolyphosphatases which hydrolyze polyphosphate to release orthophosphate. Hence, the generation of biphasic constructs with a properly located ZCC will require tailoring of CPP substrates with lower degradation rates or the upregulation of exopolyphosphatases by chondrocytes.
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Arana CJ, Diamandis EP, Kandel RA. Cartilage tissue enhances proteoglycan retention by nucleus pulposus cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3395-403. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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De Croos JNA, Roughley PJ, Kandel RA. Improved bioengineered cartilage tissue formation following cyclic compression is dependent on upregulation of MT1-MMP. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:921-7. [PMID: 20058268 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of bioengineered cartilage tissue suitable for transplantation is a potential therapy to treat damaged cartilage. We have shown previously that the physical and biomechanical properties of bioengineered cartilage can be improved by the application of 30 min of cyclic compression by a mechanism involving sequential upregulation of gene and protein levels of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-13. In the current study, we demonstrated that MT1-MMP is critical to this response, as blocking the upregulation of MT1-MMP prevented the improvement in tissue formation. MT1-MMP seems to act by inducing tissue remodeling as evidenced by the presence of aggrecan degradation products by Western blot analysis and increased release of matrix molecules into the media. Release of these molecules was diminished when MT1-MMP upregulation was prevented. This matrix degradation was likely due to MT1-MMP, as under conditions where MMP-13 expression is maintained (stimulation in the presence of MT1-MMP siRNA) the release of these matrix molecules into the media was still prevented. It also appears that MT1-MMP does not regulate MMP-13 gene expression, as MT1-MMP-siRNA pretreatment had no effect on MMP-13 expression following mechanical stimulation. Further analysis of the anabolic genes and proteins involved in mechanically stimulated cartilage will lead to better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying tissue formation yielding improved bioengineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Amrith De Croos
- CIHR BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Suite 6-500, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Waldman SD, Usprech J, Flynn LE, Khan AA. Harnessing the purinergic receptor pathway to develop functional engineered cartilage constructs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:864-72. [PMID: 20346406 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimulation is a widely used method to enhance the formation and properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. While this approach can be highly successful, it may be more efficient and effective to harness the known underlying mechanotransduction pathways responsible. With this aim, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of directly stimulating the purinergic receptor pathway through exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in absence of externally applied forces. METHODS Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high density, 3D culture and supplemented with varying doses of ATP for up to 4 weeks. The effects on biosynthesis, extracellular matrix accumulation and mechanical properties were then evaluated. Experiments were also conducted to assess whether exogenous ATP elicited any undesirable effects, such as: inflammatory mediator release, matrix turn-over and mineralization. RESULTS Supplementation with ATP had a profound effect on the growth and maturation of the developed tissue. Exogenous ATP (62.5-250 microM) increased biosynthesis by 80-120%, and when stimulated for a period of 4 weeks resulted in increased matrix accumulation (80% increase in collagen and 60% increase in proteoglycans) and improved mechanical properties (6.5-fold increase in indentation modulus). While exogenous ATP did not stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators or induce mineralization, high doses of ATP (250 microM) elicited a 2-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression suggesting the emergence of a catabolic response. CONCLUSIONS Harnessing the ATP-purinergic receptor pathway is a highly effective approach to improve tissue formation and impart functional mechanical properties. However, the dose of ATP needs to be controlled as not to elicit a catabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Waldman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Woods BI, Sowa G, Vo N, Kang JD. A Change in Strategy: The Use of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering to Augment the Course of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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