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Gao Z, Ge C, Baker RC, Tikekar RV, Buchanan RL. Enhancement of Thermal Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in Apple Juice at 58°C by Inclusion of Butyl Para-Hydroxybenzoate and Malic Acid. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1515-1521. [PMID: 35960953 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT After studies with powdered infant formula indicated that the enhancement of thermal inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii by butyl para-hydroxybenzoate (BPB) was blocked by high protein concentrations, we hypothesized that BPB would retain its synergistic activity in foods with limited protein and lipid concentrations. This hypothesis was tested by examining the ability of BPB to enhance the thermal inactivation of C. sakazakii 607 at 58°C in commercial apple juice, including examining the effects of pH and possible synergistic effects with malic acid. Apple juice was adjusted to designated pH values of 3.2 to 9.0, supplemented with selected concentrations of BPB (≤125 ppm), inoculated with early-stationary-phase C. sakazakii 607, and thermally treated (58°C) for 15 min with a submerged coil apparatus. The same methods were used to study the enhancement of thermal inactivation by malic acid. Samples were plated on tryptic soy agar for recovery and enumeration. Survival curves were plotted, and D-values were calculated by linear regression and compared using the Tukey honestly significant difference test. BPB significantly enhanced thermal inactivation in a concentration dependent manner, with D-values of a few seconds at the original pH (3.8). The enhancement of thermal inactivation was pH dependent over the pH range of 3.4 to 9.0. Malic acid enhanced thermal inactivation; the pH was decreased from 3.8 to 3.2. These results support the hypothesis that BPB can enhance the thermal inactivation of C. sakazakii in low-protein and low-lipid foods. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongtao Ge
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert C Baker
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing 101047, People's Republic of China
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, People's Republic of China.,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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von Eiff C, Kohnen W, Becker K, Jansen B. Modern Strategies in the Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 28:1146-56. [PMID: 16353121 DOI: 10.1177/039139880502801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of medical devices either for temporary or permanent use has become an indispensible part of almost all fields of medicine. However, foreign bodies are associated with a substantial risk of bacterial and fungal infections. Implant-associated infections significantly contribute to the still increasing problem of nosocomial infections. To reduce the incidence of such infections, specific guidelines providing evidence-based recommendations and comprising both technological and nontechnological strategies for prevention have been established. Strict adherence to hygienic rules during insertion or implantation of the device are aspects of particular importance. Besides such basic and indispensable aspects, the development of new materials which could withstand microbial adherence and colonization has become a major topic in recent years. Modification of surface by primarily physico-chemical methods may lead to a change in specific and unspecific interactions with microorganisms and, thus, to a reduction in microbial adherence. Medical devices made out of a material that would be ideally antiadhesive or at least colonization-resistant would be the most suitable candidates to avoid colonization and subsequent infection. However, it appears impossible to create a surface with an absolute “zero”-adherence due to thermodynamical reasons and due to the fact that a modified material surface is in vivo rapidly covered by plasma and connective tissue proteins. Therefore, another concept for the prevention of implant-associated infections involves the impregnation of devices with various antimicrobial substances such as antibiotics, antiseptics, and/or metals. In fact, already commercially available materials for clinical use such as antimicrobial catheters have been introduced, in part with considerable impact on subsequent infections. However, future studies are warranted to translate the knowledge on the pathogenesis of device-associated infections into applicable prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Eiff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster Hospital and Clinics, Münster, Germany.
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3
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Rad AY, Ayhan H, Pişkin E. Adhesion of Different Bacterial Strains to Low-Temperature Plasma Treated Biomedical Silicon Catheter Surfaces. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159801300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two different strains of five different bacteria were isolated and characterized. Contact angles were measured by a captive-bubble technique. Surface free energies were calculated from the contact angles and hydrophobicities were evaluated by p-xylene adhesion. The zeta potentials and surface charges of the bacteria were measured. The contact angles of the gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria were in the range of 48-69° and 43.5-55°, respectively. While corresponding surface free energies were in the limits of 45.4-51.6 erg·cm2 and 51.7-61.8 erg·cm−2, respectively. The p-xylene adhesions were parallel to hydrophobicity defined by contact angles, and 32.2-80.3% and 2.3-36.6% for the gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria, respectively. The zeta potentials for these bacteria were from −650.2 to + 17.5 mV and from -159.6 to -6.0 mV respectively. Most of the bacteria were negatively charged, except the CNS-2 and CPS-1 strains. In the second part of the study, the attachment of these bacteria to Si® catheters and to DMAEMA and AAc plasma treated Si® catheters were investigated. The hydrophobic bacteria attached best to the hydrophobic Si(r) catheter. Both plasma treatments caused significant drops in bacterial attachment in most cases. The effects of AAc plasma treatment were more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yousefi Rad
- Hacettepe University, Chemical Engineering Department, Bioengineering Division and Tübitak-Centre of Excellence, Polymeric Biomaterials, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H. Ayhan
- Hacettepe University, Chemical Engineering Department, Bioengineering Division and Tübitak-Centre of Excellence, Polymeric Biomaterials, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E. Pişkin
- Hacettepe University, Chemical Engineering Department, Bioengineering Division and Tübitak-Centre of Excellence, Polymeric Biomaterials, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhu X, Tang L, Wee KH, Zhao YH, Bai R. Immobilization of silver in polypropylene membrane for anti-biofouling performance. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:773-786. [PMID: 21781019 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.603830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method was developed to immobilize silver onto polypropylene (PP) membrane surfaces for improved anti-biofouling performance. A commercial PP membrane was first grafted with the thiol functional groups, and then silver ions were immobilized onto the PP membrane surface through coordinating with the thiol groups. The immobilized silver was found to be very stable, with only ~1.1% of the immobilized silver being leached out during a leaching test. The surface of the modified membrane (PPS-Ag) was examined with ATR-FTIR and XPS analysis, which verified the successful grafting of the thiol groups and the coordination of silver ions on the membrane surface. The surface properties of the membrane were also characterized by SEM, AFM and water contact angle measurements. The PPS-Ag membrane was found to have a smoother and more hydrophilic surface than the PP membrane. Both Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, were used to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofouling performance of the PPS-Ag membrane. From disk diffusion experiments, the PPS-Ag membrane exhibited the capability of inhibiting the growth of both the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria tested. The anti-biofouling performance of the membrane was assessed by immersion in a mixed suspension of E. coli and S. aureus and filtration tests. The PPS-Ag membrane showed a stable and significantly enhanced anti-biofouling performance as compared with the PP membrane. The results in this study demonstrate that biofouling of a PP membrane can be sufficiently overcome through immobilizing silver onto the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Ko KS, Lee JY, Song JH, Peck KR. In vitro evaluation of antibiotic lock technique for the treatment of Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis biofilms. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1722-6. [PMID: 21165285 PMCID: PMC2995224 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.12.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidaemia associated with intravascular catheter-associated infections is of great concern due to the resulting high morbidity and mortality. The antibiotic lock technique (ALT) was previously introduced to treat catheter-associated bacterial infections without removal of catheter. So far, the efficacy of ALT against Candida infections has not been rigorously evaluated. We investigated in vitro activity of ALT against Candida biofilms formed by C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis using five antifungal agents (caspofungin, amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole). The effectiveness of antifungal treatment was assayed by monitoring viable cell counts after exposure to 1 mg/mL solutions of each antibiotic. Fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole eliminated detectable viability in the biofilms of all Candida species within 7, 10, and 14 days, respectively, while caspofungin and amphotericin B did not completely kill fungi in C. albicans and C. glabrata biofilms within 14 days. For C. tropicalis biofilm, caspofungin lock achieved eradication more rapidly than amphotericin B and three azoles. Our study suggests that azoles may be useful ALT agents in the treatment of catheter-related candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Soo Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Song
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ruggeri V, Francolini I, Donelli G, Piozzi A. Synthesis, characterization, andin vitro activity of antibiotic releasing polyurethanes to prevent bacterial resistance. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:287-98. [PMID: 17120216 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Central venous catheters are a major cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Different attempts have been made to incorporate antimicrobial agents into catheters, particularly directed at the surface-coating of devices. To facilitate the antimicrobial adsorption, various cationic surfactants, which however showed several problems, have been used. On the other hand, impregnated catheters with only antimicrobials have demonstrated a short-term duration due to the difficulties to deliver the drug slowly. Thus, in order to obtain high antimicrobial-polymer affinity we synthesized or modified polyurethanes to introduce different functional groups. Polymers were loaded with two antibiotics, cefamandole nafate and rifampin (RIF), chosen for both their functional groups and their action spectrum. The in vitro release behavior showed that the elution of drugs depended on the matrix hydrophilicity and on the antibiotic-polymer and antibiotic-antibiotic interactions. To increase the amount of drug released, polyethylene glycol (PEG) used as a pore forming agent at different molecular weights was incorporated in the polymer bulk with antibiotics. As for the in vitro antimicrobial activity of matrices, assessed by Kirby-Bauer test, it was seen that antibiotics released from various formulations inhibited the bacterial growth and exerted a synergistic effect when both were present. In particular, PEG10000-containing polymer was active against the RIF-resistant S. aureus strain up to 23 days. These results suggest that the combined entrapping of antibiotics and pore formers in these novel polymer systems could be promising to prevent the bacterial colonization and to control the emergence of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, PO BOX no 34, Roma 62, Italy
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Norris P, Noble M, Francolini I, Vinogradov AM, Stewart PS, Ratner BD, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. Ultrasonically controlled release of ciprofloxacin from self-assembled coatings on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm prevention. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4272-9. [PMID: 16189108 PMCID: PMC1251529 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.10.4272-4279.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indwelling prostheses and subcutaneous delivery devices are now routinely and indispensably employed in medical practice. However, these same devices often provide a highly suitable surface for bacterial adhesion and colonization, resulting in the formation of complex, differentiated, and structured communities known as biofilms. The University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials group has developed a novel drug delivery polymer matrix consisting of a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel coated with ordered methylene chains that form an ultrasound-responsive coating. This system was able to retain the drug ciprofloxacin inside the polymer in the absence of ultrasound but showed significant drug release when low-intensity ultrasound was applied. To assess the potential of this controlled drug delivery system for the targeting of infectious biofilms, we monitored the accumulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on hydrogels with and without ciprofloxacin and with and without exposure to ultrasound (a 43-kHz ultrasonic bath for 20 min daily) in an in vitro flow cell study. Biofilm accumulation from confocal images was quantified and statistically compared by using COMSTAT biofilm analysis software. Biofilm accumulation on ciprofloxacin-loaded hydrogels with ultrasound-induced drug delivery was significantly reduced compared to the accumulation of biofilms grown in control experiments. The results of these studies may ultimately facilitate the future development of medical devices sensitive to external ultrasonic impulses and capable of treating or preventing biofilm growth via "on-demand" drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Norris
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, 366 EPS Building, Montana State University--Bozeman, 59717, USA
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9
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Phaneuf MD, Bide MJ, Hannel SL, Platek MJ, Monahan TS, Contreras MA, Phaneuf TM, LoGerfo FW. Development of an infection-resistant, bioactive wound dressing surface. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:666-76. [PMID: 16028237 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trauma, whether caused by an accident or in an intentional manner, results in significant morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to develop a novel biomaterial surface in vitro and ex vivo that provides both localized infection resistance nd hemostatic properties. Our hypothesis is that a combination of specific surface characteristics can be successfully incorporated into a single biomaterial. Functional groups were created with woven Dacron (Cntrl) material via exposure to ethylenediamine (C-EDA). The antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was then applied to the C-EDA material using pad/autoclave technique (C-EDA-AB) followed by surface immobilization of the coagulation cascade enzyme thrombin (C-EDA-AB-Thrombin). Antimicrobial activity by the C-EDA-AB surface persisted for 5 days compared with Cntrl and dipped controls, which lasted <1 h. C-EDA-AB-Thrombin surfaces had 2.6- and 105-fold greater surface thrombin activity compared with nonspecifically bound thrombin and Cipro-dyed surfaces, respectively. Surface thrombus formation ex vivo was evident after 1 min of exposure, with thrombus organization evident by 2.5 min. In contrast, C-EDA-AB and Cntrl segments showed only blood protein adsorption on the fibers. Thus, this study demonstrated that Cipro and thrombin can be simultaneously incorporated onto a biomaterial surface while maintaining their respective biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Phaneuf
- BioSurfaces, 171 Main Street, Suite 302, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, USA.
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10
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Zuvela M, Milićević M, Galun D, Lekić N, Basarić D, Tomić D, Petrović M, Palibrk I. Infekcija u hirurgiji kila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:9-26. [PMID: 16119310 DOI: 10.2298/aci0501009z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the operation of hernia is considered as a clean operation due to expected, low incidence of infection, on the spot of surgical work (SSI). The incidence of SSI in hernia surgery is more frequent then it is assumed. The important risk factors for SSI are the following: type of hernia (inguinal, incisional), operative approach (open - laparoscopic), usage of the prosthetic material and drainage. Comparing to inguinal hernia repair, incisional hernia repair, is more frequently followed by the infection. The laparoscopic operations are followed with the lower incidence of SSI then in the case of open operation. The usage of the mesh does not increase the incidence of SSI, although the consequences of the mesh infection may be severe. A type I of the prosthesis is more resistant to the infection then prosthesis II and III. The mesh infection (type I) never involves its body but it is present around sutures and bended edges. The mesh infection Type II involves entire prosthesis while in the case of Type III it is present in its peripheral part. In the case of SSI, a prosthesis Type I is possible to be saved, while prosthesis Type II must be removed completely; and the same is for the Type III (the partial removal is rarely suggested). The defect that remained after excision of non-resorptive prosthesis is a long-term and very complicated surgical problem. In regard to the position of the mesh, SSI is more common if the mesh is placed subcutaneously then in the case of sub-aponeurotic peri-muscular, pre-aponeurotic retromuscular or pre-peritoneal mesh placemen. If the infection is present the non-tension techniques using non-resorptive prosthetic implants are not recommended. the presence of drainage and its duration increases the incidence of SSI. It is more common for incisional hernioplasty then for inguinal hernia repair. If there is an indication for drainage it should be as short as possible. The cause of SSI for elective operations are bacteria?s that arrives from the skin, while in the case of opening of various organs dominant bacteria?s originate from them. The superficial infection does not lead to the recurrence, while it is very possible in the case for deep infection. There are no prospective studies that justify the usage of antibiotic prophylaxes in hernia surgery. The antibiotic prophylaxis in hernia surgery. The antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated for the clean operations when placing the implants and when severe complication is expected. The appearance of SSI increases the price of treatment and may lead to the recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zuvela
- Institut za bolesti digestivnog sistema KSC, Beograd
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Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA. Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:1335-73. [PMID: 12387298 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyl paraben (CAS No. 99-76-3) is a methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is a stable, non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics for over 50 years. Methyl paraben is readily and completely absorbed through the skin and from the gastrointestinal tract. It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, conjugated, and the conjugates are rapidly excreted in the urine. There is no evidence of accumulation. Acute toxicity studies in animals indicate that methyl paraben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral routes. In a population with normal skin, methyl paraben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing. In chronic administration studies, no-observed-effect levels (NOEL) as high as 1050 mg/kg have been reported and a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in the rat of 5700 mg/kg is posited. Methyl paraben is not carcinogenic or mutagenic. It is not teratogenic or embryotoxic and is negative in the uterotrophic assay. The mechanism of cytotoxic action of parabens may be linked to mitochondrial failure dependent on induction of membrane permeability transition accompanied by the mitochondrial depolarization and depletion of cellular ATP through uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Parabens are reported to cause contact dermatitis reactions in some individuals on cutaneous exposure. Parabens have been implicated in numerous cases of contact sensitivity associated with cutaneous exposure; however, the mechanism of this sensitivity is unknown. Sensitization has occurred when medications containing parabens have been applied to damaged or broken skin. Allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported, although rigorous evidence of the allergenicity of ingested paraben is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Soni
- Burdock Group, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
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12
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van Wachem PB, Hendriks M, Blaauw EH, Dijk F, Verhoeven MLPM, Cahalan PT, van Luyn MJA. (Electron) microscopic observations on tissue integration of collagen-immobilized polyurethane. Biomaterials 2002; 23:1401-9. [PMID: 11833490 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The foreign body reactions to collagen-immobilized polyurethane (PU-CI) films during subcutaneous implantation in rats were characterized. The underlying concept is that collagen-immobilization will improve the tissue integration. Since the method of collagen-immobilization involves the covalent coupling of collagen to an acrylic acid (AA) based surface graft, both non-modified PU and PU-AA were used as controls. Bare PU has a flat surface, whereas both PU-AA and PU-CI displayed a slightly roughened surface. Implantation showed that PU-CI induced early after implantation a far more intense foreign body reaction than PU and PU-AA. This reaction consisted of increased presence of fibrin, granulocytes and macrophages. Roughening of the surface as with PU-AA induced only a small increase in fibrin formation and cellular migration. At day 5 the reaction to PU-CI had slowed down; giant cell formation now slowly started but was decreased compared to PU and PU-AA. At day 10 capsules around each type of material looked similar, but in contrast to PU. PU-CI films could no longer be dissected from their capsules. Only at week 3 this also occurred with PU, at which time point again similar capsules with the three materials were observed. At week 6, of the three materials PU-CI showed the thinnest capsule with most immediate adherence of connective tissue. These results show that collagen-immobilization of PU increased the early tissue reaction and therefore the tissue integration. The thin capsule observed at 6 weeks may be beneficial in e.g. infectious circumstances, when easy access for immune reactions is needed. This, and the long-term performance of PU-CI will be a matter of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B van Wachem
- Department of Medical Biology, Groningen University, The Netherlands.
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Park JH, Lee KB, Kwon IC, Bae YH. PDMS-based polyurethanes with MPEG grafts: mechanical properties, bacterial repellency, and release behavior of rifampicin. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 12:629-45. [PMID: 11556741 DOI: 10.1163/156856201316883458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PDMS-based polyurethanes (PUs) grafted with monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) were synthesized to develop a coating material for urinary catheters with a silicone surface for minimizing urinary tract infections. MPEG was grafted on PDMS-based PUs by two methods depending on the PU synthetic routes: esterification and allophanate reactions. It was confirmed from mechanical characterization that an increase of the hard segment amount enhanced the ultimate strength and Young's modulus, while reducing elongation at the end-points. The incorporation of MPEG in PDMS-based PUs induced a decrease in tensile strength and Young's modulus, and increased elongation at the break point due to its high flexibility. When hydrated in distilled water, mechanical properties of all PUs synthesized in this study deteriorated due to water absorption. It was evident from the bacterial adhesion test that PDMS-based PUs showed moderate resistance to adhesion of E. coli on their surfaces compared to Pellethane, while the incorporation of MPEG significantly enhanced repellency to bacteria, including E. coli and S. epidermidis. We also studied the release behavior of an antibiotic drug, rifampicin, from the polymeric devices fabricated by solvent evaporation. Although rifampicin is hydrophilic and soluble in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, it showed a sustained release over 45 days from PDMS-based PUs with MPEG that were grafted on ethylene glycol residues by allophanate reaction. This release characteristic was predominantly influenced by a hydrogen bond interaction between the polymers and rifampicin, which was confirmed through an ATR-IR study. This may imply that the specific interaction is responsible for the delayed release. Considering the mechanical properties, morphologies of drug-incorporated polymeric matrices, and drug release behaviors, PDMS-based PU with MPEG that were grafted on ethylene glycol (a chain extender) residues by allophanate reaction showed better material properties for uretharal catheter coating pusposes in order to minimize urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Center for Biomaterials and Biotechnology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
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Phaneuf MD, Bide MJ, Szycher M, Gale MB, Huang H, Yang JC, LoGerfo FW, Quist WC. Development of infection resistant polyurethane biomaterials using textile dyeing technology. ASAIO J 2001; 47:634-40. [PMID: 11730202 DOI: 10.1097/00002480-200111000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is a major complication when using biomaterials such as polyurethane in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel infection resistant polyurethane biomaterial using textile dyeing technology. This procedure results in incorporation of the antibiotic into the polymer, resulting in a slow, sustained release of antibiotic from the material over time, without the use of exogenous binder agents. Polycarbonate based urethanes were synthesized that contained either a non-ionic (bdPU) or anionic (cPU) chain extender within the polymer backbone and cast into films. The fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was applied to bdPU and cPU using textile dyeing technology, with Cipro uptake determined by absorbance reduction of the "dyebath." These dyed bdPU/cPU samples were then evaluated for prolonged Cipro release and antimicrobial activity by means of spectrophotometric and zone of inhibition assays, respectively. Cipro release and antimicrobial activity by dyed cPU segments that were aggressively washed persisted over 9 days, compared with dyed bdPU and dipped cPU control segments that lasted < 24 hours. Dyed cPU segments, which remained in a static wash solution, maintained antimicrobial activity for 11 days (length of study), whereas controls again lost antimicrobial activity within 24 hours. Thus, application of Cipro to the cPU polymer by means of dyeing technology results in a slow sustained release of antibiotic with persistent bacteriocidal properties over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Phaneuf
- Vascular Surgery Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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15
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Kim JE, Kim SR, Lee SH, Lee CH, Kim DD. The effect of pore formers on the controlled release of cefadroxil from a polyurethane matrix. Int J Pharm 2000; 201:29-36. [PMID: 10867262 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various pore formers on the controlled release of an antibacterial agent from a polymeric device was examined in order to develop a novel biomaterial that prevents bacterial adhesion and growth on its surface. Cefadroxil was chosen as the model antibiotic and was incorporated into a polyurethane matrix by the solvent-casting method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1450, D-mannitol, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a pore former. The amount of cefadroxil released from various formulations at 37 degrees C was measured by HPLC. The morphological change of matrices before and after release studies was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The duration of antimicrobial activities of matrices against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis was evaluated by measuring the diameters of the inhibition zone. Changing the weight fraction and particle size of the pore formers/drug mixtures could control the release of cefadroxil from the matrix. The release rate of cefadroxil increased as the loading dose of the pore former increased (15<20<25%). Cefadroxil released from these devices exhibited antibacterial activity for 5-6 days. These results imply that an antibiotic-loaded polymeric device that could prevent bacterial infection on its surface can be formulated using appropriate pore formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 609-735, Pusan, South Korea
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16
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Rojas IA, Slunt JB, Grainger DW. Polyurethane coatings release bioactive antibodies to reduce bacterial adhesion. J Control Release 2000; 63:175-89. [PMID: 10640591 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the formulation of a biomedical grade polyurethane hydrogel coating containing solid dispersed bioactive antibodies cast from an organic solvent onto a model polymer biomaterial substrate. A prepolymer dispersion in anhydrous isopropanol containing a uniformly distributed slurry of 22 microm sieved commercial lyophilized polyclonal pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) solids was coated onto polymer substrates by simple immersion. Maximum antibody release was approximately 50 microg/cm(2) from a 15% w/w IgG polymer coating. In vitro antimicrobial studies utilized Escherichia coli to compare performance of bare uncoated tubing, hydrogel-coated tubing with added aqueous phase antibodies, and antibody-dispersed hydrogel-coated tubing. Bacterial adhesion was reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the presence of antibodies with the greatest reduction seen with the antibody releasing coating. The presence of antibody also significantly enhanced the killing of the bacteria in an in vitro opsonophagocytic assay using freshly isolated blood neutrophils over 2 h indicating that antibody bioactivity is maintained. This controlled release polyurethane hydrogel coating imparts infection resistance by exploiting the low adhesive properties of the biomedical grade hydrogel and the intrinsic bioactive role of the antibodies to reduce bacterial adhesion and promote clearance via natural immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Rojas
- The Anthony G. Gristina Institute for Biomedical Research, Herndon, VA 20170, USA
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17
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Gottenbos B, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Models for studying initial adhesion and surface growth in biofilm formation on surfaces. Methods Enzymol 1999; 310:523-34. [PMID: 10547816 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)10040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Gottenbos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Yousefi Rad A, Ayhan H, Kisa U, Pişkin E. Adhesion of different bacterial strains to low-temperature plasma treated biomedical PVC catheter surfaces. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1998; 9:915-29. [PMID: 9747985 DOI: 10.1163/156856298x00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, firstly five different bacteria (i.e. Coagulase positive and negative staphylococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with their different strains were isolated and used. The contact angle, surface free energy, p-xylene adhesion, and zeta potential of these bacteria were in the range of 43-69 deg, 45.4-61.8 erg cm(-2), 2.3-80.3%, and from -650.2 to + 17.5 mV, respectively. Most of the bacteria were negatively charged. Attachment of these bacteria to PVC catheter and its DMAEMA- and AAc-plasma treated forms were investigated. Bacterial attachment to the hydrophobic PVC catheter was high. Both plasma treatments caused significant drops in bacterial attachment in most of the cases. The effects of AAc-plasma treatment was more significant.
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20
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van Wachem PB, van Luyn MJ, de Wit AW, Raatjes D, Hendriks M, Verhoeven ML, Cahalan PT. Tissue reactions to bacteria-inoculated rat lead samples. II. Effect of local gentamicin release through surface-modified polyurethane tubing. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1997; 35:233-47. [PMID: 9135172 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199705)35:2<233::aid-jbm11>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A surface modification technique was developed to achieve controlled release of gentamicin from implanted polyurethane (PU) rat lead samples. PU tubing first was provided with an acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer surface graft and then loaded with gentamicin. This surface modification technique resulted in release of gentamicin base (GB) and was applied either to the inner luminal surface only (PU-GB-1x) or to both the inner and outer surfaces (PU-GB-2x). First we investigated whether the early tissue response was harmfully compromised when surface-modified rat lead samples were implanted without any infectious challenge. Additionally, the efficacy of this type of local gentamicin therapy was investigated by establishing its effect on tissue response and its ability to prevent lead-related infections after inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus. It was demonstrated that the applied surface modification(s) did not induce adverse effects although an increase in the infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages and an increase in the formation of wound fluid and fibrin were observed. This effect was stronger with PU-GB-2x than with PU-GB-1x. With bacterial inoculation the applied surface modification successfully suppressed the infectious challenge, PU-GB-2x more effectively than PU-GB-1x. PU-GB-2x also was more effective when compared to the gentamicin-delivery methods discussed in the first part of this two-part study, i.e., release through a vicinal gentamicin-containing collagen sponge and preoperative gentamicin solution-dipping of rat lead samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B van Wachem
- Groningen University, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, The Netherlands
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21
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An YH, Stuart GW, McDowell SJ, McDaniel SE, Kang Q, Friedman RJ. Prevention of bacterial adherence to implant surfaces with a crosslinked albumin coating in vitro. J Orthop Res 1996; 14:846-9. [PMID: 8893783 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100140526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium surfaces were coated with bovine serum albumin using carbodiimide, a crosslinking agent. The durability of the coated surfaces and the inhibitory effect of the albumin coating on bacterial adherence were tested in vitro for 20 consecutive days at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffered saline, with intermittent agitation. The results showed that only 10% of the coated bovine serum albumin decayed off the surface during the 20-day incubation period. The inhibition rate of the albumin coating on bacterial adherence remained high (greater than 8.5%) throughout the experiment. The results suggested potential use of this crosslinked albumin coating to reduce bacterial adherence and thus the subsequent possibility of prosthetic or implant infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Abstract
Because of the adoption of effective prophylactic measures such as improved operating room techniques and systemic antibiotics, the prosthetic infection rate for artificial joint procedures has been reduced to 1-2%. However, because of the devastating results and large number of prosthetic procedures, prosthetic infection remains a major challenge. Common pathogens and mechanisms of infection, methods of preventing bacterial adherence to biomaterial surfaces, and clinical preventive strategies for prosthetic infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Kohnen W, Jansen B. Polymer materials for the prevention of catheter-related infections. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 283:175-86. [PMID: 8825109 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-related infections are major problems in medicine because of severe consequences for the patient, prolongation of hospitalization, and increasing therapy costs. Beside progress in hygienic measures, development of catheters with antiinfective properties seems to be a promising approach to the prevention of such infections. Two approaches for infection-resistant catheter materials have been developed: materials with antiadhesive properties and materials with antimicrobial properties. Antiadhesive polymers shall prevent the adhesion of microorganisms to the medical device. However, up to now there has been no material which would lead to a complete inhibition of adherence ("zero adherence"). Materials with antimicrobial properties contain antimicrobial substances which are incorporated into the biomaterial or bound to the polymer surface. These devices seem to be effective in the prevention of "early onset infections". In this paper, an overview of the development and efficiency of antiadhesive or antimicrobial polymers is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kohnen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Universität zu Köln
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24
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25
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Rapid quantification of staphylococci adhered to titanium surfaces using image analyzed epifluorescence microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Riley DK, Classen DC, Stevens LE, Burke JP. A large randomized clinical trial of a silver-impregnated urinary catheter: lack of efficacy and staphylococcal superinfection. Am J Med 1995; 98:349-56. [PMID: 7709947 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antibacterial activity of silver-containing compounds has recently been employed in constructing medical devices, such as vascular and urinary catheters, that may be effective in blocking infection. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a silver oxide-coated urinary catheter. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1,309 hospitalized patients who required placement of an indwelling urinary catheter for 24 hours or longer were randomly assigned to receive either a silicone catheter coated externally with 5% silver oxide or a standard silicone elastomer-coated latex catheter. Daily catheter-urine specimens were collected aseptically and catheter-care violations were monitored daily for the duration of the catheterization. RESULTS Bacteriuria developed in 85 of 745 patients (11.4%) in the silver-coated catheter group and in 73 of 564 patients (12.9%) in the control group (P = 0.45). In women who did not receive antibiotics, the rates were 29.3% and 30.4%, respectively (P = 0.98). In men who did not receive antibiotics, the rate of bacteriuria was significantly higher with the silver-coated catheter (29.4% compared to 8.3%, respectively, P = 0.02). Staphylococcal species were isolated more often from the silver-coated catheter group than from the control group (25% versus 8% of all isolates, respectively, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study, the largest ever reported evaluating any silver-impregnated device, has not only failed to demonstrate the efficacy of silver in prevention of catheter-associated bacteriuria, as suggested in prior studies, but it has also shown a significantly increased incidence of bacteriuria in male patients and a significantly increased occurrence of staphylococcal bacteriuria. These results suggest the need for caution and for similar large-scale trials before silver-containing compounds are widely used for preventing device-associated infections, both in vascular and urinary catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA
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Golomb G, Avramoff A, Hoffman A. A new route of drug administration: intrauterine delivery of insulin and calcitonin. Pharm Res 1993; 10:828-33. [PMID: 8321850 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018948924992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight drugs in general, and peptides in particular, are usually delivered by parenteral route because they are poorly absorbed or degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. To optimize therapy, it is desirable to search for nonparenteral routes of administration and to deliver the drug in a controlled-release fashion. We report here on the absorption and the systemic biological effect of two peptides, insulin and calcitonin, after instillation into the uterus of the rat. Intrauterine delivery was compared to subcutaneous injections in intact and ovariectomized rats. In addition, we describe results of a preliminary study on calcitonin absorption from controlled-release matrices inserted in the rat uterus. The amount and duration of the hypoglycemic and the hypocalcemic effects induced by intrauterine delivery of insulin and calcitonin, respectively, were equivalent to those obtained after subcutaneous injections. The results were similar in intact and ovariectomized rats. It is concluded that the intrauterine administration of both insulin and calcitonin is bioequivalent to subcutaneous injection. The therapy of a number of clinically important diseases could benefit from this discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Golomb
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Over the review period, a significant amount of literature has been published documenting the impact of biofilms on engineered and biomedical systems. Reactor systems and analytical techniques have evolved to study the molecular chemistry and microbial ecology within biofilm layers only tens of micrometers thick, and various protocols have been developed to control cell adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bryers
- Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717-0398
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