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A comprehensive review on natural occurrence, synthesis and biological activities of glycolipids. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Overview on Glycosylated Lipids Produced by Bacteria and Fungi: Rhamno-, Sophoro-, Mannosylerythritol and Cellobiose Lipids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 181:73-122. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Niu Y, Wu J, Wang W, Chen Q. Production and characterization of a new glycolipid, mannosylerythritol lipid, from waste cooking oil biotransformation by Pseudozyma aphidis ZJUDM34. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:937-948. [PMID: 30918636 PMCID: PMC6418456 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipids possessing unique biosurfactant properties. However, the prices of substrates currently used for MEL formation caused its unsustainable commercial development. Waste cooking oil poses significant ecological and economical problems. Thus, the production of MELs from used waste cooking oil using the biotransformation route is one of the better alternatives to utilize it efficiently and economically. This work aims at the production of MELs using waste cooking oil instead of soybean oil and evaluating the major characteristics and compositions of MELs. The titers reached 61.50 g/L by the optimization of culture medium, higher than the counterpart (10.25 ± 0.32 g/L) of the nonoptimized medium. MELs exhibited good surface activity and better performance in contrast to MELs grown on soybean oil. The water phase behavior of MEL-A was also evaluated. The process showed higher productivity of MELs with better surface activity and application stability than the conventional process using soybean oil. The findings of this study imply that the use of inexpensive fermentation substrates associated with straightforward downstream processing is expected to have a great impact on the economy of MEL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwu Niu
- Department of Food Science and NutritionZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianan Wu
- Department of Food Science and NutritionZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agriculture ProductsZhejiang Academy of Agriculture SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and NutritionZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Bae IH, Lee SH, Oh S, Choi H, Marinho PA, Yoo JW, Ko JY, Lee ES, Lee TR, Lee CS, Kim DY. Mannosylerythritol lipids ameliorate ultraviolet A-induced aquaporin-3 downregulation by suppressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in cultured human keratinocytes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:113-120. [PMID: 30820155 PMCID: PMC6384198 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipids and have several pharmacological efficacies. MELs also show skin-moisturizing efficacy through a yet-unknown underlying mechanism. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a membrane protein that contributes to the water homeostasis of the epidermis, and decreased AQP3 expression following ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation of the skin is associated with reduced skin moisture. No previous study has examined whether the skin-moisturizing effect of MELs might act through the modulation of AQP3 expression. Here, we report for the first time that MELs ameliorate the UVA-induced downregulation of AQP3 in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT keratinocytes). Our results revealed that UVA irradiation decreases AQP3 expression at the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but that MEL treatment significantly ameliorated these effects. Our mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor analysis revealed that phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38, mediates UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation, and that MEL treatment significantly suppressed the UVA-induced phosphorylation of JNK. To explore a possible mechanism, we tested whether MELs could regulate the expression of peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which acts as a potent transcription factor for AQP3 expression. Interestingly, UVA irradiation significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ in HaCaT keratinocytes, whereas a JNK inhibitor and MELs significantly rescued this effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that MELs ameliorate UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation in HaCaT keratinocytes by suppressing JNK activation to block the decrease of PPAR-γ. Collectively, our findings suggest that MELs can be used as a potential ingredient that modulates AQP3 expression to improve skin moisturization following UVA irradiation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hong Bae
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Soojung Oh
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Hyeongwon Choi
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | | | - Jae Won Yoo
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Jae Young Ko
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Tailor-made mannosylerythritol lipids: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6877-6884. [PMID: 29926140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are a type of glycolipid biosurfactant produced by basidiomycetous yeasts, most notably those belonging to the genera Pseudozyma and Ustilago. Mannosylerythritol lipids are environmentally friendly and possess many unique functions, such as gene delivery, bio-activation, and human skin repair, and thus have potential applications in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agriculture, food, and environmental industries. However, MELs will require overcoming same issues related to the commercialization, e.g., expansion of the structure and function variety and cost reduction. In the past decade, various studies have attempted to tailor production of targeted MELs in order to expand the utility of these biosurfactants. Moreover, the rapid development of genomic sequencing techniques will enhance our ability to modify MEL producers. In this review, we focus on current research into the tailored production of MELs, including conventional and advanced approaches.
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Paulino BN, Pessôa MG, Mano MCR, Molina G, Neri-Numa IA, Pastore GM. Current status in biotechnological production and applications of glycolipid biosurfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10265-10293. [PMID: 27844141 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are natural compounds with surface activity and emulsifying properties produced by several types of microorganisms and have been considered an interesting alternative to synthetic surfactants. Glycolipids are promising biosurfactants, due to low toxicity, biodegradability, and chemical stability in different conditions and also because they have many biological activities, allowing wide applications in different fields. In this review, we addressed general information about families of glycolipids, rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, and trehalose lipids, describing their chemical and surface characteristics, recent studies using alternative substrates, and new strategies to improve of production, beyond their specificities. We focus in providing recent developments and trends in biotechnological process and medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nicolau Paulino
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Marina Gabriel Pessôa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mario Cezar Rodrigues Mano
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Food Engineering, UFVJM, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iramaia Angélica Neri-Numa
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria Pastore
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo - Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
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The transcriptomic profile of Pseudozyma aphidis during production of mannosylerythritol lipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:1375-88. [PMID: 25586580 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycetous fungus Pseudozyma aphidis is able to convert vegetable oils to abundant amounts of the biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) with a unique product pattern of MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C, and MEL-D. To investigate the metabolism of MEL production, we analyzed the transcriptome of P. aphidis DSM 70725 under MEL-inducing and non-inducing conditions using deep sequencing. Following manual curation of the previously described in silico gene models based on RNA-Seq data, we were able to generate an experimentally verified gene annotation containing 6347 genes. Using this database, our expression analysis revealed that only four of the five cluster genes required for MEL synthesis were clearly induced by the presence of soybean oil. The acetyltransferase encoding gene PaGMAT1 was expressed on a much lower level, which may explain the secretion of MEL with different degrees of acetylation in P. aphidis. In parallel to MEL synthesis, microscopic observations showed morphological changes accompanied by expression of genes responsible for cell development, indicative of a coregulation between MEL synthesis and cell morphology. In addition a set of transcription factors was identified which may be responsible for regulation of MEL synthesis and cell development. The upregulation of genes required for nitrogen metabolism and other assimilation processes indicate additional metabolic pathways required under the MEL-inducing conditions used. We also searched for a conserved gene cluster for cellobiose lipids (CL) but only found seven genes with limited homology distributed over the genome. However, we detected characteristic TLC spots in fermentations using P. aphidis DSM 70725, indicative of CL secretion.
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Yu M, Liu Z, Zeng G, Zhong H, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Li M, He X, He Y. Characteristics of mannosylerythritol lipids and their environmental potential. Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:63-72. [PMID: 25723622 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are promising biosurfactants containing two glycosyl derivatives and various fatty acids, which are mainly secreted by Pseudozyma as well as Ustilago. In this review, the latest research is demonstrated on production conditions, structural diversity, self-assembling properties and versatile biochemical functions of MELs. The genetic study and synthetic pathways, which mainly influence the type and yield of MELs production. Due to the excellent surface activity, biocompatibility and restorative function, MELs can be used in enviornmental industry, which has not been widely noted. In this paper, the current status of research on enviornmental potential of MELs has been discussed including petroleum degradation, bioconversion of chemical wastes and enhanced bioremediation of amphiphilic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yongbing Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yan He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Roelants SLKW, De Maeseneire SL, Ciesielska K, Van Bogaert INA, Soetaert W. Biosurfactant gene clusters in eukaryotes: regulation and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3449-61. [PMID: 24531239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BSs) are a class of secondary metabolites representing a wide variety of structures that can be produced from renewable feedstock by a wide variety of micro-organisms. They have (potential) applications in the medical world, personal care sector, mining processes, food industry, cosmetics, crop protection, pharmaceuticals, bio-remediation, household detergents, paper and pulp industry, textiles, paint industries, etc. Especially glycolipid BSs like sophorolipids (SLs), rhamnolipids (RLs), mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) and cellobioselipids (CBLs) have been described to provide significant opportunities to (partially) replace chemical surfactants. The major two factors currently limiting the penetration of BSs into the market are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the rather high production price linked with the productivity. One of the keys to resolve the above mentioned bottlenecks can be found in the genetic engineering of natural producers. This could not only result in more efficient (economical) recombinant producers, but also in a diversification of the spectrum of available BSs as such resolving both limiting factors at once. Unraveling the genetics behind the biosynthesis of these interesting biological compounds is indispensable for the tinkering, fine tuning and rearrangement of these biological pathways with the aim of obtaining higher yields and a more extensive structural variety. Therefore, this review focuses on recent developments in the investigation of the biosynthesis, genetics and regulation of some important members of the family of the eukaryotic glycolipid BSs (MELs, CBLs and SLs). Moreover, recent biotechnological achievements and the industrial potential of engineered strains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L K W Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Sajna KV, Sukumaran RK, Jayamurthy H, Reddy KK, Kanjilal S, Prasad RB, Pandey A. Studies on biosurfactants from Pseudozyma sp. NII 08165 and their potential application as laundry detergent additives. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Islam N, Carbonell RG, Rojas OJ. Specificity and regenerability of short peptide ligands supported on polymer layers for immunoglobulin G binding and detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8030-8037. [PMID: 23834414 DOI: 10.1021/am4021186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the specificity, regenerability, and excellent storage stability of short peptide-based systems for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The bioactive component consisted of acetylated-HWRGWVA (Ac-HWRGWVA), a peptide with high IgG binding affinity, which was immobilized onto copolymer matrixes of poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(AMA-co-HEMA)). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) were utilized with other complementary techniques to systematically investigate interfacial activities, mainly IgG binding performance as a function of the graft density and degree of polymerization of the poly(AMA-co-HEMA) support layer. Results from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicate that the bioactive system is highly specific to IgG and resistant to nonspecific interactions when tested in mixed protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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Morita T, Fukuoka T, Imura T, Kitamoto D. Production of mannosylerythritol lipids and their application in cosmetics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4691-700. [PMID: 23584242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipid biosurfactants abundantly produced by different basidiomycetous yeasts such as Pseudozyma, and show not only excellent interfacial properties but also versatile biochemical actions. These features of MELs make their application in new technology areas possible. Recently, the structural and functional variety of MELs was considerably expanded by advanced microbial screening methods. Different types of MELs bearing different hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts have been reported. The genes responsible for MEL biosynthesis were identified, and their genetic study is now in progress, aiming to control the chemical structure. The excellent properties leading to practical cosmetic ingredients, i.e., moisturization of dry skin, repair of damaged hair, activation of fibroblast and papilla cells and antioxidant and protective effects in skin cells, have been demonstrated on the yeast glycolipid biosurfactants. In this review, the current status of research and development on MELs, particularly the commercial application in cosmetics, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Fukuoka T, Yanagihara T, Imura T, Morita T, Sakai H, Abe M, Kitamoto D. The diastereomers of mannosylerythritol lipids have different interfacial properties and aqueous phase behavior, reflecting the erythritol configuration. Carbohydr Res 2012; 351:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Onghena M, Geens T, Goossens E, Wijnants M, Pico Y, Neels H, Covaci A, Lemiere F. Analytical characterization of mannosylerythritol lipid biosurfactants produced by biosynthesis based on feedstock sources from the agrofood industry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1263-75. [PMID: 21318245 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are currently one of the most promising biosurfactants because of their multifunctional applications and good biodegradability. Depending on the yeast strain and the feedstock used for the fermentation process, structural variations in the MELs obtained occur. Therefore, MELs produced by Pseudozyma aphidis DSMZ 70725 with a soybean oil feedstock were characterized by chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS). Column chromatography with silica provided fractionation of the different types of MEL. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with MS was employed for the analysis of the MEL fractions and crude mixtures. A characteristic MS pattern for the MELs was obtained and indications of the presence of new MEL homologues, showing the incorporation of longer and more unsaturated fatty acid chains than previously reported, were given. Gas chromatography-MS analysis confirmed the presence of such unsaturated fatty acid chains in the MELs, demonstrating the incorporation of fatty acids with lengths ranging from C(8) to C(14) and with up to two unsaturations per chain. The incorporation of C(16) and C(18) fatty acid chains requires further investigation. MS/MS data allowed the unambiguous identification of the fatty acids present in the MELs. The product ion spectra also revealed the presence of a new isomeric class of MELs, bearing an acetyl group on the erythritol moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Onghena
- Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Karel de Grote University College, Research Group Industrial Biotechnology, Salesianenlaan 30, 2660 Hoboken, Antwerp, Belgium
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Enzymatic synthesis of a novel glycolipid biosurfactant, mannosylerythritol lipid-D and its aqueous phase behavior. Carbohydr Res 2010; 346:266-71. [PMID: 21163471 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) produced by yeasts are one of the most promising glycolipid biosurfactants. In this study, we succeeded in the preparation of a novel MEL homolog having no acetyl groups, namely MEL-D. MEL-D was synthesized by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetyl groups from a known MEL, and identified as 4-O-[2',3'-di-O-alka(e)noyl-β-d-mannopyranosyl]-(2R,3S)-erythritol. The obtained MEL-D showed a higher critical aggregation concentration (CAC=1.2 × 10(-5)M) and hydrophilicity compared to known MELs, retaining an excellent surface tension lowering activity (the surface tension at the CAC was 24.5mN/m). In addition, we estimated the binary phase diagram of the MEL-D-water system based on a combination of visual inspection, polarized optical microscopy, and SAXS measurement. From these results, MEL-D was found to self-assemble into a lamellar (L(α)) structure over all ranges of concentration. Meanwhile, the one-phase L(α) region of MEL-D was extended wider than those of known MELs. MEL-D might keep more water between the polar layers in accordance with the extension of the interlayer spacing (d). These results suggest that the newly obtained MEL-D would facilitate the application of MELs in various fields as a lamellar-forming glycolipid with higher hydrate ability.
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Arutchelvi J, Doble M. Mannosylerythritol Lipids: Microbial Production and Their Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14490-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Rodrigues LR, Teixeira JA. Biomedical and therapeutic applications of biosurfactants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 672:75-87. [PMID: 20545275 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5979-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, several applications of biosurfactants with medical purposes have been reported. Biosurfactants are considered relevant molecules for applications in combating many diseases and as therapeutic agents due to their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Furthermore, their role as anti-adhesive agents against several pathogens illustrate their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical insertional materials leading to a reduction of a large number of hospital infections without the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. Biomedical and therapeutic perspectives of biosurfactants applications are presented and discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia R Rodrigues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Kitamoto D, Morita T, Fukuoka T, Konishi MA, Imura T. Self-assembling properties of glycolipid biosurfactants and their potential applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fukuoka T, Kawamura M, Morita T, Imura T, Sakai H, Abe M, Kitamoto D. A basidiomycetous yeast, Pseudozyma crassa, produces novel diastereomers of conventional mannosylerythritol lipids as glycolipid biosurfactants. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2947-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Yang H, Gurgel P, Carbonell R. Hexamer peptide affinity resins that bind the Fc region of human immunoglobulin G. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Mannosylerythritol lipids: a review. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1559-70. [PMID: 18716809 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are surface active compounds that belong to the glycolipid class of biosurfactants (BSs). MELs are produced by Pseudozyma sp. as a major component while Ustilago sp. produces them as a minor component. Although MELs have been known for over five decades, they recently regained attention due to their environmental compatibility, mild production conditions, structural diversity, self-assembling properties and versatile biochemical functions. In this review, the MEL producing microorganisms, the production conditions, their applications, their diverse structures and self-assembling properties are discussed. The biosynthetic pathways and the regulatory mechanisms involved in the production of MEL are also explained here.
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22
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Kitamoto D. [Naturally engineered glycolipid biosurfactants leading to distinctive self-assembling properties]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:695-706. [PMID: 18451615 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BS) are functional amphiphilic compounds produced by a variety of microorganisms. They show unique properties (e.g. mild production conditions, lower toxicity, and environmental compatibility) compared to chemically synthesized counterparts. The numerous advantages of BS have prompted applications not only in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries but in energy and environmental technologies as well. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are one of the most promising BS known, and are produced at yields of over 100 g/l from vegetable oils by yeast strains belonging to the genus Pseudozyma. MELs exhibit excellent surface-active and self-assembling properties leading to the formation of different lyotropic liquid crystals such as sponge (L(3)), bicontinuous cubic (V(2)) and lamella (L(alpha)) phases. They also show versatile biochemical actions, including antitumor and differentiation-inducing activities against human leukemia cells, rat pheochromocytoma cells and mouse melanoma cells. MELs also display high binding affinity toward different immunoglobulins and lectins, indicating great potentials as new affinity ligands for the glycoproteins. More significantly, the cationic liposomes bearing MELs increase dramatically the efficiency of gene transfection into mammalian cells via membrane fusion processes. The yeast BS should thus be novel nanobiomaterials, and broaden their applications in various advanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Kitamoto
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba City, Japan.
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A basidiomycetous yeast, Pseudozyma tsukubaensis, efficiently produces a novel glycolipid biosurfactant. The identification of a new diastereomer of mannosylerythritol lipid-B. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:555-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fukuoka T, Morita T, Konishi M, Imura T, Sakai H, Kitamoto D. Structural characterization and surface-active properties of a new glycolipid biosurfactant, mono-acylated mannosylerythritol lipid, produced from glucose by Pseudozyma antarctica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:801-10. [PMID: 17607573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which are glycolipid biosurfactants produced by Pseudozyma yeasts, show not only excellent interfacial properties but also versatile biochemical actions. In the course of MEL production from glucose as the sole carbon source, P. antarctica was found to produce unknown glycolipids more hydrophilic than conventional "di-acylated MELs," which have two fatty acyl esters on the mannose moiety. Based on a detailed characterization, the most hydrophilic one was identified as 4-O-(3'-O-alka(e)noyl-beta-D: -mannopyranosyl)-D: -erythritol namely, "mono-acylated MEL." The mono-acylated MEL reduced the surface tension of water to 33.8 mN/m at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3.6 x 10(-4) M, and its hydrophilic-lipophilic balance was tentatively calculated to be 12.15. The observed CMC was 100-fold higher than that of the MELs hitherto reported. Interestingly, of the yeast strains of the genus Pseudozyma, only P. antarctica and P. parantarctica gave the mono-acylated MEL from glucose, despite a great diversity of di-acylated MEL producers in the genus. These strains produced MELs including the mono-acylated one at a rate of 20-25%. From these results, the new MEL is likely to have great potential for use in oil-in-water-type emulsifiers and washing detergents because of its higher water solubility compared to conventional MELs and will thus contribute to facilitating a broad range of applications for the environmentally advanced surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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25
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Fukuoka T, Morita T, Konishi M, Imura T, Kitamoto D. Characterization of new glycolipid biosurfactants, tri-acylated mannosylerythritol lipids, produced by Pseudozyma yeasts. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1111-8. [PMID: 17417694 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipid biosurfactants produced by Pseudozyma yeasts. They show not only the excellent interfacial properties but also versatile biochemical actions. In the course of MEL production from soybean oil by P. antarctica and P. rugulosa, some new extracellular glycolipids (more hydrophobic than the previously reported di-acylated MELs) were found in the culture medium. The most hydrophobic one was identified as 1-O-alka(e)noyl-4-O-[(4',6'-di-O-acetyl-2',3'-di-O-alka(e)noyl)-beta-D-mannopyranosyl]-D-erythritol, namely tri-acylated MEL. Others were tri-acylated MELs bearing only one acetyl group. The tri-acylated MEL could be prepared by the lipase-catalyzed esterification of a di-acylated MEL with oleic acid implying that the new glycolipids are synthesized from di-acylated MELs in the culture medium containing the residual fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Imura T, Ito S, Azumi R, Yanagishita H, Sakai H, Abe M, Kitamoto D. Monolayers assembled from a glycolipid biosurfactant from Pseudozyma (Candida) antarctica serve as a high-affinity ligand system for immunoglobulin G and M. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:865-70. [PMID: 17342348 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A carbohydrate ligand system has been developed which is composed of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of mannosylerythritol lipid-A (MEL-A) from Pseudozyma antarctica, serving for human immunoglobulin G and M (HIgG and HIgM). The estimated binding constants from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement were Ka = 9.4 x 10(6) M(-1) for HIgG and 5.4 x 10(6) M(-1) for HIgM, respectively. The binding site was not in the Fc region of immunoglobulin but in the Fab region. Large amounts of HIgG and HIgM bound to MEL-A SAMs were directly observed by atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imura
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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Konishi M, Imura T, Fukuoka T, Morita T, Kitamoto D. A yeast glycolipid biosurfactant, mannosylerythritol lipid, shows high binding affinity towards lectins on a self-assembled monolayer system. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:473-80. [PMID: 17205206 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), which are glycolipid biosurfactants secreted by the Pseudozyma yeasts, show not only excellent surface-active properties but also versatile biochemical actions including antitumor and cell-differentiation activities. In order to address the biochemical actions, interactions between MEL-A, the major component of MEL, and different lectins were investigated using the surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The monolayer of MEL-A showed high binding affinity to concanavalin A (ConA) and Maackia amurensis lectin-I (MAL-I). The observed affinity constants for ConA and MAL-I were estimated to be 9.48 +/- 1.31 x 10(6) and 3.13 +/- 0.274 x 10(6) M(-1), respectively; the value was comparable to that of Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Man, which is one of the most specific probe to ConA. Significantly, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (1 mM) exhibited no binding inhibition between MEL-A and ConA. MEL-A is thus likely to self-assemble to give a high affinity surface, where ConA binds to the hydrophilic headgroup in a different manner from that generally observed in lectin-saccharide interactions. The binding manner should be related with the biochemical actions of MEL toward mammalian cells via protein-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Konishi
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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28
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Imura T, Ohta N, Inoue K, Yagi N, Negishi H, Yanagishita H, Kitamoto D. Naturally Engineered Glycolipid Biosurfactants Leading to Distinctive Self-Assembled Structures. Chemistry 2006; 12:2434-40. [PMID: 16374891 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling properties of "natural" glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosyl-erythritol lipids A and B (MEL-A, MEL-B), which are abundantly produced from yeast strains, were investigated by using the fluorescence-probe method, dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analysis, freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM), and synchrotron small/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analysis, among other methods. Both MEL-A and MEL-B exhibit excellent self-assembly properties at extremely low concentrations; they self-assemble into large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) just above their critical-aggregation concentration (CAC). The CAC(I) value was found to be 4.0x10(-6) M for MEL-A and 6.0x10(-6) M for MEL-B. Moreover, the self-assembled structure of MEL-A above a CAC(II) value of 2.0x10(-5) M was found to drastically change into sponge structures (L3) composed of a network of randomly connected bilayers that are usually obtained from a complicated multicomponent "synthetic" surfactant system. Interestingly, the average water-channel diameter of the sponge structure was 100 nm. This is relatively large compared with those obtained from "synthetic" surfactant systems. In addition, MEL-B, which has a hydroxyl group at the C-4' position on mannose instead of an acetyl group, gives only one CAC; the self-assembled structure of MEL-B seems to gradually move from LUV to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) with lattice constants of 4.4 nm, depending on the concentration. Furthermore, the lyotropic-liquid-crystal-phase observation at high concentrations demonstrates the formation of an inverted hexagonal phase (H2) for MEL-A, together with a lamella phase (L(alpha)) for MEL-B, indicating a difference between MEL-A and MEL-B molecules in the spontaneous curvature of the assemblies. These results clearly show that the difference in spontaneous curvature caused by the single acetyl group on the head group probably decides the direction of self-assembly of glycolipid biosurfactants. The unique and complex molecular structures with several chiral centers that are molecularly engineered by microorganisms must have led to the sophisticated self-assembling properties of the glycolipid biosurfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imura
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Rodrigues L, Banat IM, Teixeira J, Oliveira R. Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:609-18. [PMID: 16469849 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and potential commercial application of biosurfactants in the medical field has increased during the past decade. Their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This review looks at medicinal and therapeutic perspectives on biosurfactant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Rodrigues
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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Rau U, Nguyen LA, Roeper H, Koch H, Lang S. Downstream processing of mannosylerythritol lipids produced byPseudozyma aphidis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200401122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Rau U, Nguyen LA, Roeper H, Koch H, Lang S. Fed-batch bioreactor production of mannosylerythritol lipids secreted by Pseudozyma aphidis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:607-13. [PMID: 15729556 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of Pseudozyma aphidis, DSM 70725 and DSM 14930, were used for the bioreactor production of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs). Foam formation interfered substantially with the cultivation process. Soybean oil was simultaneously employed as both carbon source and anti-foam agent. Primary MEL formation occurred after nitrate limitation. After a first short time-period of nitrate limitation and further nitrate addition, MELs were secreted in spite of nitrate excess. The sedimentation of MEL-enriched beads indicated enhanced product formation. Maximum yield, productivity and yield coefficient of 165 g l(-1), 13.9 g l(-1) day(-1) and 0.92 g g(-1) were achieved using strain DSM 14930 with additional substrate-feeding (glucose, sodium nitrate, yeast extract) and a foam-controlled soybean oil supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany.
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Abstract
The main commercial use of biosurfactants is in pollution remediation because of their ability to stabilize emulsions. This enhances the solubility and availability of hydrophobic pollutants, thus increasing their potential for biodegradation. One useful property of many biosurfactants that has not been reviewed extensively is their antimicrobial activity. Several biosurfactants have strong antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Other medically relevant uses of biosurfactants include their role as anti-adhesive agents to pathogens, making them useful for treating many diseases and as therapeutic and probiotic agents. Here, we discuss some of the new and exciting applications and related developments of various microbial surfactants in the field of biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Rau U, Nguyen LA, Schulz S, Wray V, Nimtz M, Roeper H, Koch H, Lang S. Formation and analysis of mannosylerythritol lipids secreted by Pseudozyma aphidis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:551-9. [PMID: 15248042 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudozyma aphidis DSM 70725 was found to be a novel producer of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs). The MELs were quantified by HPLC. Glucose as carbon source for precultivation supported growth well. By contrast, at concentrations >30 g l(-1) in preculture, subsequent MEL formation in the main culture with soybean oil as sole carbon source was reduced. The type of substrate supply considerably influenced MEL formation. High concentrations of soybean oil (80 ml l(-1)) at init favored the production process when compared to a stepwise (20 ml l(-1)) addition. Mannose or erythritol were suitable second carbon sources that enhanced the MEL yield with soybean oil as preferred primary substrate. After 10 days, a maximum yield of 75 g l(-1) was attained during shake-flask cultivation. Biofuel (rapeseed oil methyl ester) also resulted in high yields of MEL, but glucose reduced the MEL yield. Analysis by GC-MS showed that all fatty acids contained in MEL and derived from soybean oil or related methyl ester were degraded by C2-units to differing extents. The surface (water/air) and interfacial (water/hexadecane) tension of the MELs produced from different carbon sources were reduced to a minimum of 26.2 mN m(-1) and 1 mN m(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:1227-34. [PMID: 14609010 DOI: 10.1002/yea.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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35
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KITAMOTO D. Production of Glycolipid Biosurfactants and Their Functional Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.5650/oleoscience.3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kitamoto D, Isoda H, Nakahara T. Functions and potential applications of glycolipid biosurfactants — from energy-saving materials to gene delivery carriers —. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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